401
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Fickenscher H, Hör S, Küpers H, Knappe A, Wittmann S, Sticht H. The interleukin-10 family of cytokines. Trends Immunol 2002; 23:89-96. [PMID: 11929132 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(01)02149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A family of interleukin-10 (IL-10)-related cytokines has emerged, comprising a series of herpesviral and poxviral members and several cellular sequence paralogs, including IL-19, IL-20, IL-22 [IL-10-related T-cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF)], IL-24 [melanoma differentiation-associated antigen 7 (MDA-7)] and IL-26 (AK155). Although the predicted helical structure of these homodimeric molecules is conserved, certain receptor-binding residues are variable and define the interaction with specific heterodimers of different type-2 cytokine receptors. This leads, through the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) factors, to diverse biological effects. For example, whereas IL-10 is a well-studied pleiotropic immunosuppressive and immunostimulatory cytokine, IL-22/IL-TIF mediates acute-phase response signals in hepatocytes and IL-20 induces the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, which has been proposed as a pathogenic mechanism of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Fickenscher
- Hygiene-Institut, Abteilung Virologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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402
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Lebedeva IV, Su ZZ, Chang Y, Kitada S, Reed JC, Fisher PB. The cancer growth suppressing gene mda-7 induces apoptosis selectively in human melanoma cells. Oncogene 2002; 21:708-18. [PMID: 11850799 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2001] [Revised: 10/22/2001] [Accepted: 10/30/2001] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Human melanoma cells growth arrest irreversibly, lose tumorigenic potential and terminally differentiate after treatment with a combination of fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) and the protein kinase C activator mezerein (MEZ). Applying subtraction hybridization to this model differentiation system permitted cloning of melanoma differentiation associated gene-7, mda-7. Expression of mda-7 inversely correlates with melanoma development and progression, with elevated expression in normal melanocytes and nevi and increasingly reduced expression in radial growth phase, vertical growth phase and metastatic melanoma. When expressed by means of a replication incompetent adenovirus (Ad.mda-7) growth of melanoma, but not normal early passage or immortal human melanocytes, is dramatically suppressed and cells undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis). Infection of metastatic melanoma cells with Ad.mda-7 results in an increase in cells in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle and changes in the ratio of pro-apoptotic (BAX, BAK) to anti-apoptotic (BCL-2, BCL-XL) proteins. Ad.mda-7 infection results in a temporal increase in mda-7 mRNA and intracellular MDA-7 protein in most of the melanocyte/melanoma cell lines and secretion of MDA-7 protein is readily detected following Ad.mda-7 infection of both melanocytes and melanoma cells. The present studies document a differential response of melanocytes versus melanoma cells to ectopic expression of mda-7 and support future applications of mda-7 for the gene-based therapy of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Lebedeva
- Department of Pathology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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403
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Ding Y, Qin L, Zamarin D, Kotenko SV, Pestka S, Moore KW, Bromberg JS. Differential IL-10R1 expression plays a critical role in IL-10-mediated immune regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:6884-92. [PMID: 11739506 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.12.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the differential receptor-binding specificity, affinity, and Janus kinase-STAT activation of cellular IL-10 (cIL-10) compared with viral IL-10 (vIL-10). Only cells expressing IL-10R1 bind human IL-10 or vIL-10. IL-10R2 does not bind to cIL-10 or vIL-10 alone and its presence does not enhance the receptor-binding affinity of cIL-10 or vIL-10, but it is essential for both cIL-10- and vIL-10-mediated signal transduction and immune regulation. Responses initiated by cIL-10 and vIL-10 were compared in B cell and mast cell lines, and demonstrated that the inability of vIL-10 to stimulate immune responses, as compared with human IL-10, is due to failure to initiate signaling. Absent signal transduction is due to low level expression of cell surface IL-10R1, since overexpressing IL-10R1 allows vIL-10 to initiate cIL-10-like signals and subsequent biological responses. These results are similar in primary cells, since splenocytes respond to both cIL-10 and vIL-10, while thymocytes respond only to cIL-10 and have very low mouse IL-10R1 but not mouse IL-10R2 expression. These data demonstrate that IL-10R1 expression plays a critical role in determining whether cells respond to IL-10. Modulation of cell surface IL-10R1 density might be an important mechanism for determining whether IL-10 leads to immunostimulation or immunosuppression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ding
- Institute for Gene Therapy and Molecular Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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404
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Aggarwal S, Xie MH, Maruoka M, Foster J, Gurney AL. Acinar cells of the pancreas are a target of interleukin-22. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:1047-53. [PMID: 11798462 DOI: 10.1089/107999001317205178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) (also reported as IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, IL-TIF) is a recently identified cytokine found to signal through a receptor comprising the class II cytokine receptor family members IL-10Rbeta/CRF2-4 and IL-22R. Previous work has established that IL-10Rbeta, also a component of the IL10R complex, exhibits a broad distribution of mRNA expression. Here, we observe that IL-22R exhibits a restricted expression pattern, with highest levels of mRNA expression in pancreas and detectable expression in multiple other tissues, particularly liver, small intestine, colon, and kidney. We find that isolated primary pancreatic acinar cells and the acinar cell line 266-6 respond to IL-22 with activation of Stat3 and changes in gene transcription. IL-22 mediates robust induction of mRNA for pancreatitis-associated protein (PAP1)/Reg2 and osteopontin (OPN). PAP1 is a secreted protein related to the Reg family of trophic factors and was initially characterized as a protein elevated in pancreatitis. In vivo injection of IL-22 resulted in rapid induction of PAP1 in pancreas, a response not observed in mice deficient in IL-10Rbeta. These results support the conclusion that IL-10Rbeta is a required common component of both the IL-10 and IL-22 receptors and suggest that IL-22 may play a role in the immune response in pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aggarwal
- The Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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405
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Huang EY, Madireddi MT, Gopalkrishnan RV, Leszczyniecka M, Su Z, Lebedeva IV, Kang D, Jiang H, Lin JJ, Alexandre D, Chen Y, Vozhilla N, Mei MX, Christiansen KA, Sivo F, Goldstein NI, Mhashilkar AB, Chada S, Huberman E, Pestka S, Fisher PB. Genomic structure, chromosomal localization and expression profile of a novel melanoma differentiation associated (mda-7) gene with cancer specific growth suppressing and apoptosis inducing properties. Oncogene 2001; 20:7051-63. [PMID: 11704829 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2001] [Revised: 08/01/2001] [Accepted: 08/07/2001] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in cellular differentiation are frequent occurrences in human cancers. Treatment of human melanoma cells with recombinant fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) and the protein kinase C activator mezerein (MEZ) results in an irreversible loss in growth potential, suppression of tumorigenic properties and induction of terminal cell differentiation. Subtraction hybridization identified melanoma differentiation associated gene-7 (mda-7), as a gene induced during these physiological changes in human melanoma cells. Ectopic expression of mda-7 by means of a replication defective adenovirus results in growth suppression and induction of apoptosis in a broad spectrum of additional cancers, including melanoma, glioblastoma multiforme, osteosarcoma and carcinomas of the breast, cervix, colon, lung, nasopharynx and prostate. In contrast, no apparent harmful effects occur when mda-7 is expressed in normal epithelial or fibroblast cells. Human clones of mda-7 were isolated and its organization resolved in terms of intron/exon structure and chromosomal localization. Hu-mda-7 encompasses seven exons and six introns and encodes a protein with a predicted size of 23.8 kDa, consisting of 206 amino acids. Hu-mda-7 mRNA is stably expressed in the thymus, spleen and peripheral blood leukocytes. De novo mda-7 mRNA expression is also detected in human melanocytes and expression is inducible in cells of melanocyte/melanoma lineage and in certain normal and cancer cell types following treatment with a combination of IFN-beta plus MEZ. Mda-7 expression is also induced during megakaryocyte differentiation induced in human hematopoietic cells by treatment with TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate). In contrast, de novo expression of mda-7 is not detected nor is it inducible by IFN-beta+MEZ in a spectrum of additional normal and cancer cells. No correlation was observed between induction of mda-7 mRNA expression and growth suppression following treatment with IFN-beta+MEZ and induction of endogenous mda-7 mRNA by combination treatment did not result in significant intracellular MDA-7 protein. Radiation hybrid mapping assigned the mda-7 gene to human chromosome 1q, at 1q 32.2 to 1q41, an area containing a cluster of genes associated with the IL-10 family of cytokines. Mda-7 represents a differentiation, growth and apoptosis associated gene with potential utility for the gene-based therapy of diverse human cancers.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Division/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 1/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Dimethyl Sulfoxide/pharmacology
- Diterpenes
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Glioblastoma/pathology
- Growth Substances/biosynthesis
- Growth Substances/genetics
- Growth Substances/isolation & purification
- HL-60 Cells/metabolism
- HL-60 Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/pharmacology
- Interleukins
- K562 Cells/metabolism
- K562 Cells/pathology
- Male
- Melanocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma/chemistry
- Melanoma/genetics
- Melanoma/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/isolation & purification
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Osteosarcoma/pathology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Recombinant Proteins
- Terpenes/pharmacology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Huang
- Department of Urology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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406
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Starnes T, Robertson MJ, Sledge G, Kelich S, Nakshatri H, Broxmeyer HE, Hromas R. Cutting edge: IL-17F, a novel cytokine selectively expressed in activated T cells and monocytes, regulates angiogenesis and endothelial cell cytokine production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4137-40. [PMID: 11591732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel secreted cytokine, termed IL-17F, was cloned using nested RACE PCR. This cytokine bears homology to IL-17. IL-17F was expressed only in activated CD4(+) T cells and activated monocytes. Recombinant human IL-17F did not stimulate the proliferation of hematopoietic progenitors or the migration of mature leukocytes. However, it markedly inhibited the angiogenesis of human endothelial cells and induced endothelial cells to produce IL-2, TGF-beta, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Starnes
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Walther Oncology Center, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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407
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Gruenberg BH, Schoenemeyer A, Weiss B, Toschi L, Kunz S, Wolk K, Asadullah K, Sabat R. A novel, soluble homologue of the human IL-10 receptor with preferential expression in placenta. Genes Immun 2001; 2:329-34. [PMID: 11607789 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2001] [Revised: 07/06/2001] [Accepted: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine receptor family type 2 (CRF2) comprises receptors for important immunomediators like interferons and interleukin-10 (IL-10). We identified a novel member of this family which represents the first exclusively soluble receptor in this group and was therefore designated as CRF2-soluble 1 (CRF2-s1). The CRF2-s1 gene covers about 28 kb and is located on chromosome 6 in close proximity to the CRF2 members interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor 1 and IL-20 receptor 1. It comprises seven exons and generates two different mRNA splice variants, CRF2-s1-long and CRF2-s1-short. CRF2-s1-long and CRF2-s1-short encode proteins of 263 and 231 amino acids, respectively. A comparison of predicted protein structures led to the postulation that each receptor variants binds a different ligand. Quantitative analysis of human mRNA expression revealed a very restricted pattern for both splice forms. CRF2-s1 turned out to be the first member of this receptor family which was expressed neither in resting nor in stimulated leucocyte populations. CRF2-s1-long was only expressed in placenta, whereas CRF2-s1-short was additionally expressed in human mammary gland and, at a lower level, in skin, spleen, thymus and stomach. The preferential expression of CRF2-s1 in placenta suggests a role for this receptor in establishing and maintaining successful pregnancy.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Base Sequence
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Computational Biology
- Databases, Genetic
- Exons/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Introns/genetics
- Leukocytes/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity
- Physical Chromosome Mapping
- Placenta/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Gruenberg
- Department of Experimental Dermatology, Schering AG, D-13342 Berlin, Germany
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408
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Dumoutier L, Leemans C, Lejeune D, Kotenko SV, Renauld JC. Cutting edge: STAT activation by IL-19, IL-20 and mda-7 through IL-20 receptor complexes of two types. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3545-9. [PMID: 11564763 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-related cytokines include IL-20 and IL-22, which induce, respectively, keratinocyte proliferation and acute phase production by hepatocytes, as well as IL-19, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 7, and AK155, three cytokines for which no activity nor receptor complex has been described thus far. Here, we show that mda-7 and IL-19 bind to the previously described IL-20R complex, composed by cytokine receptor family 2-8/IL-20Ralpha and DIRS1/IL-20Rbeta (type I IL-20R). In addition, mda-7 and IL-20, but not IL-19, bind to another receptor complex, composed by IL-22R and DIRS1/IL20Rbeta (type II IL-20R). In both cases, binding of the ligands results in STAT3 phosphorylation and activation of a minimal promoter including STAT-binding sites. Taken together, these results demonstrate that: 1) IL-20 induces STAT activation through IL-20R complexes of two types; 2) mda-7 and IL-20 redundantly signal through both complexes; and 3) IL-19 signals only through the type I IL-20R complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Avenue Hippocrate 74, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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409
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Subramaniam PS, Torres BA, Johnson HM. So many ligands, so few transcription factors: a new paradigm for signaling through the STAT transcription factors. Cytokine 2001; 15:175-87. [PMID: 11563878 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2001.0905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P S Subramaniam
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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410
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Crepaldi L, Gasperini S, Lapinet JA, Calzetti F, Pinardi C, Liu Y, Zurawski S, de Waal Malefyt R, Moore KW, Cassatella MA. Up-regulation of IL-10R1 expression is required to render human neutrophils fully responsive to IL-10. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2312-22. [PMID: 11490020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that IL-10 fails to trigger Stat3 and Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation in freshly isolated human neutrophils. In this study, we report that IL-10 can nonetheless induce Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation and the binding of Stat1 and Stat3 to the IFN-gamma response region or the high-affinity synthetic derivative of the c-sis-inducible element in neutrophils that have been cultured for at least 3 h with LPS. Similarly, the ability of IL-10 to up-regulate suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 mRNA was dramatically enhanced in cultured neutrophils and, as a result, translated into the SOCS-3 protein. Since neutrophils' acquisition of responsiveness to IL-10 required de novo protein synthesis, we assessed whether expression of IL-10R1 or IL-10R2 was modulated in cultured neutrophils. We detected constitutive IL-10R1 mRNA and protein expression in circulating neutrophils, at levels which were much lower than those observed in autologous monocytes or lymphocytes. In contrast, IL-10R2 expression was comparable in both cell types. However, IL-10R1 (but not IL-10R2) mRNA and protein expression was substantially increased in neutrophils stimulated by LPS. The ability of IL-10 to activate Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation and SOCS-3 synthesis and to regulate IL-1 receptor antagonist and macrophage-inflammatory protein 1beta release in LPS-treated neutrophils correlated with this increased IL-10R1 expression, and was abolished by neutralizing anti-IL-10R1 and anti-IL-10R2 Abs. Our results demonstrate that the capacity of neutrophils to respond to IL-10, as assessed by Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation, SOCS-3 expression, and modulation of cytokine production, is very dependent on the level of expression of IL-10R1.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Crepaldi
- Department of Pathology, General Pathology Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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411
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Xu W, Presnell SR, Parrish-Novak J, Kindsvogel W, Jaspers S, Chen Z, Dillon SR, Gao Z, Gilbert T, Madden K, Schlutsmeyer S, Yao L, Whitmore TE, Chandrasekher Y, Grant FJ, Maurer M, Jelinek L, Storey H, Brender T, Hammond A, Topouzis S, Clegg CH, Foster DC. A soluble class II cytokine receptor, IL-22RA2, is a naturally occurring IL-22 antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:9511-6. [PMID: 11481447 PMCID: PMC55483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.171303198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2001] [Accepted: 06/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-22 is an IL-10 homologue that binds to and signals through the class II cytokine receptor heterodimer IL-22RA1/CRF2-4. IL-22 is produced by T cells and induces the production of acute-phase reactants in vitro and in vivo, suggesting its involvement in inflammation. Here we report the identification of a class II cytokine receptor designated IL-22RA2 (IL-22 receptor-alpha 2) that appears to be a naturally expressed soluble receptor. IL-22RA2 shares amino acid sequence homology with IL-22RA1 (also known as IL-22R, zcytor11, and CRF2-9) and is physically adjacent to IL-20Ralpha and IFN-gammaR1 on chromosome 6q23.3-24.2. We demonstrate that IL-22RA2 binds specifically to IL-22 and neutralizes IL-22-induced proliferation of BaF3 cells expressing IL-22 receptor subunits. IL-22RA2 mRNA is highly expressed in placenta and spleen by Northern blotting. PCR analysis using RNA from various tissues and cell lines showed that IL-22RA2 was expressed in a range of tissues, including those in the digestive, female reproductive, and immune systems. In situ hybridization revealed the dominant cell types expressing IL-22RA2 were mononuclear cells and epithelium. Because IL-22 induces the expression of acute phase reactants, IL-22RA2 may play an important role as an IL-22 antagonist in the regulation of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Xu
- ZymoGenetics Inc., Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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412
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpesviridae/physiology
- Humans
- Infections
- Inflammation
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Interleukin-10/therapeutic use
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Primates
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Moore
- Department of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304, USA.
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413
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Abstract
The newly discovered cytokine interleukin-20 (IL-20) is structurally related to IL-10, yet it appears to be an autocrine factor for keratinocytes that regulates their participation in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Rich
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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414
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Josephson K, Logsdon NJ, Walter MR. Crystal structure of the IL-10/IL-10R1 complex reveals a shared receptor binding site. Immunity 2001; 15:35-46. [PMID: 11485736 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a dimeric cytokine that plays a central role in suppressing inflammatory responses. These activities are dependent on the interaction of IL-10 with its high-affinity receptor (IL-10R1). This intermediate complex must subsequently recruit the low-affinity IL-10R2 chain before cell signaling can occur. Here we report the 2.9 A crystal structure of IL-10 bound to a soluble form of IL-10R1 (sIL-10R1). The complex consists of two IL-10s and four sIL-10R1 molecules. Several residues in the IL-10/sIL-10R1 interface are conserved in all IL-10 homologs and their receptors. The data suggests that formation of the active IL-10 signaling complex occurs by a novel molecular recognition paradigm where IL-10R1 and IL-10R2 both recognize the same binding site on IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Josephson
- Center for Macromolecular Crystallography, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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415
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Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV, Esterova E, Dickensheets H, Donnelly RP, Pestka S. Identification, cloning, and characterization of a novel soluble receptor that binds IL-22 and neutralizes its activity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7096-103. [PMID: 11390454 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
With the use of a partial sequence of the human genome, we identified a gene encoding a novel soluble receptor belonging to the class II cytokine receptor family. This gene is positioned on chromosome 6 in the vicinity of the IFNGR1 gene in a head-to-tail orientation. The gene consists of six exons and encodes a 231-aa protein with a 21-aa leader sequence. The secreted mature protein demonstrates 34% amino acid identity to the extracellular domain of the IL-22R1 chain. Cross-linking experiments demonstrate that the protein binds IL-22 and prevents binding of IL-22 to the functional cell surface IL-22R complex, which consists of two subunits, the IL-22R1 and the IL-10R2c chains. Moreover, this soluble receptor, designated IL-22-binding protein (BP), is capable of neutralizing IL-22 activity. In the presence of the IL-22BP, IL-22 is unable to induce Stat activation in IL-22-responsive human lung carcinoma A549 cells. IL-22BP also blocked induction of the suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) gene expression by IL-22 in HepG2 cells. To further evaluate IL-22BP action, we used hamster cells expressing a modified IL-22R complex consisting of the intact IL-10R2c and the chimeric IL-22R1/gammaR1 receptor in which the IL-22R1 intracellular domain was replaced with the IFN-gammaR1 intracellular domain. In these cells, IL-22 activates biological activities specific for IFN-gamma, such as up-regulation of MHC class I Ag expression. The addition of IL-22BP neutralizes the ability of IL-22 to induce Stat activation and MHC class I Ag expression in these cells. Thus, the soluble receptor designated IL-22BP inhibits IL-22 activity by binding IL-22 and blocking its interaction with the cell surface IL-22R complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kotenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Medicine and Dentistry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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416
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Dumoutier L, Lejeune D, Colau D, Renauld JC. Cloning and characterization of IL-22 binding protein, a natural antagonist of IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor/IL-22. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7090-5. [PMID: 11390453 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The class II cytokine receptor family includes the receptors for IFN-alphabeta, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor/IL-22. By screening genomic DNA databases, we identified a gene encoding a protein of 231 aa, showing 33 and 34% amino acid identity with the extracellular domains of the IL-22 receptor and of the IL-20R/cytokine receptor family 2-8, respectively, but lacking the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. A lower but significant sequence identity was found with other members of this family such as the IL-10R (29%), cytokine receptor family 2-4/IL-10Rbeta (30%), tissue factor (26%), and the four IFN receptor chains (23-25%). This gene is located on chromosome 6q24, at 35 kb from the IFNGR1 gene, and is expressed in various tissues with maximal expression in breast, lungs, and colon. The recombinant protein was found to bind IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor/IL-22, and to inhibit the activity of this cytokine on hepatocytes and intestinal epithelial cells. We propose to name this natural cytokine antagonist IL-22BP for IL-22 binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch and the Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Université de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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417
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Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W. Moore
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Rene de Waal Malefyt
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Robert L. Coffman
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
| | - Anne O'Garra
- Departments of Molecular Biology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Pharmacology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304
- Departments of Immunology, DNAX Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology Inc., Palo Alto, California 94304;,
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418
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Kotenko SV, Izotova LS, Mirochnitchenko OV, Esterova E, Dickensheets H, Donnelly RP, Pestka S. Identification of the functional interleukin-22 (IL-22) receptor complex: the IL-10R2 chain (IL-10Rbeta ) is a common chain of both the IL-10 and IL-22 (IL-10-related T cell-derived inducible factor, IL-TIF) receptor complexes. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:2725-32. [PMID: 11035029 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007837200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)-related T cell-derived inducible factor (IL-TIF; provisionally designated IL-22) is a cytokine with limited homology to IL-10. We report here the identification of a functional IL-TIF receptor complex that consists of two receptor chains, the orphan CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, the second chain of the IL-10 receptor complex. Expression of the CRF2-9 chain in monkey COS cells renders them sensitive to IL-TIF. However, in hamster cells both chains, CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, must be expressed to assemble the functional IL-TIF receptor complex. The CRF2-9 chain (or the IL-TIF-R1 chain) is responsible for Stat recruitment. Substitution of the CRF2-9 intracellular domain with the IFN-gammaR1 intracellular domain changes the pattern of IL-TIF-induced Stat activation. The CRF2-9 gene is expressed in normal liver and kidney, suggesting a possible role for IL-TIF in regulating gene expression in these tissues. Each chain, CRF2-9 and IL-10R2, is capable of binding IL-TIF independently and can be cross-linked to the radiolabeled IL-TIF. However, binding of IL-TIF to the receptor complex is greater than binding to either receptor chain alone. Sharing of the common IL-10R2 chain between the IL-10 and IL-TIF receptor complexes is the first such case for receptor complexes with chains belonging to the class II cytokine receptor family, establishing a novel paradigm for IL-10-related ligands similar to the shared use of the gamma common chain (gamma(c)) by several cytokines, including IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Kotenko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-5635, USA.
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419
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Lee J, Ho WH, Maruoka M, Corpuz RT, Baldwin DT, Foster JS, Goddard AD, Yansura DG, Vandlen RL, Wood WI, Gurney AL. IL-17E, a novel proinflammatory ligand for the IL-17 receptor homolog IL-17Rh1. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:1660-4. [PMID: 11058597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008289200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We report identification of interleukin (IL)-17E, a novel member of the IL-17 family of cytokines. IL-17E is a ligand for the recently identified protein termed EVI27/IL-17BR, which we term IL-17 receptor homolog 1 (IL-17Rh1) in light of the multiple reported ligand-receptor relationships. Murine EVI27 was identified through its location at a common site of retroviral integration in BXH2 murine myeloid leukemias. IL-17Rh1 shows highest level expression in kidney with moderate expression in multiple other organs, whereas IL-17E mRNA was detected at very low levels in several peripheral tissues. IL-17E induces activation of NF-kappaB and stimulates production of the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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420
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Blumberg H, Conklin D, Xu WF, Grossmann A, Brender T, Carollo S, Eagan M, Foster D, Haldeman BA, Hammond A, Haugen H, Jelinek L, Kelly JD, Madden K, Maurer MF, Parrish-Novak J, Prunkard D, Sexson S, Sprecher C, Waggie K, West J, Whitmore TE, Yao L, Kuechle MK, Dale BA, Chandrasekher YA. Interleukin 20: discovery, receptor identification, and role in epidermal function. Cell 2001; 104:9-19. [PMID: 11163236 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(01)00187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A structural, profile-based algorithm was used to identify interleukin 20 (IL-20), a novel IL-10 homolog. Chromosomal localization of IL-20 led to the discovery of an IL-10 family cytokine cluster. Overexpression of IL-20 in transgenic (TG) mice causes neonatal lethality with skin abnormalities including aberrant epidermal differentiation. Recombinant IL-20 protein stimulates a signal transduction pathway through STAT3 in a keratinocyte cell line, demonstrating a direct action of this ligand. An IL-20 receptor was identified as a heterodimer of two orphan class II cytokine receptor subunits. Both receptor subunits are expressed in skin and are dramatically upregulated in psoriatic skin. Taken together, these results demonstrate a role in epidermal function and psoriasis for IL-20, a novel cytokine identified solely by bioinformatics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Blumberg
- Department of Genetics, ZymoGenetics, Inc., 1201 Eastlake Avenue E, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
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