401
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Gobbi G, Bambico FR, Mangieri R, Bortolato M, Campolongo P, Solinas M, Cassano T, Morgese MG, Debonnel G, Duranti A, Tontini A, Tarzia G, Mor M, Trezza V, Goldberg SR, Cuomo V, Piomelli D. Antidepressant-like activity and modulation of brain monoaminergic transmission by blockade of anandamide hydrolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:18620-5. [PMID: 16352709 PMCID: PMC1317988 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0509591102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although anecdotal reports suggest that cannabis may be used to alleviate symptoms of depression, the psychotropic effects and abuse liability of this drug prevent its therapeutic application. The active constituent of cannabis, delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, acts by binding to brain CB1 cannabinoid receptors, but an alternative approach might be to develop agents that amplify the actions of endogenous cannabinoids by blocking their deactivation. Here, we show that URB597, a selective inhibitor of the enzyme fatty-acid amide hydrolase, which catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of the endocannabinoid anandamide, exerts potent antidepressant-like effects in the mouse tail-suspension test and the rat forced-swim test. Moreover, URB597 increases firing activity of serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus and noradrenergic neurons in the nucleus locus ceruleus. These actions are prevented by the CB1 antagonist rimonabant, are accompanied by increased brain anandamide levels, and are maintained upon repeated URB597 administration. Unlike direct CB1 agonists, URB597 does not exert rewarding effects in the conditioned place preference test or produce generalization to the discriminative effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in rats. The findings support a role for anandamide in mood regulation and point to fatty-acid amide hydrolase as a previously uncharacterized target for antidepressant drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gobbi
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada H1N 3V2
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402
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Mátyás F, Yanovsky Y, Mackie K, Kelsch W, Misgeld U, Freund TF. Subcellular localization of type 1 cannabinoid receptors in the rat basal ganglia. Neuroscience 2005; 137:337-61. [PMID: 16289348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Revised: 09/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, acting via type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1), are known to be involved in short-term synaptic plasticity via retrograde signaling. Strong depolarization of the postsynaptic neurons is followed by the endocannabinoid-mediated activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors, which suppresses GABA and/or glutamate release. This phenomenon is termed depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) or excitation (DSE), respectively. Although both phenomena have been reported to be present in the basal ganglia, the anatomical substrate for these actions has not been clearly identified. Here we investigate the high-resolution subcellular localization of CB1 receptors in the nucleus accumbens, striatum, globus pallidus and substantia nigra, as well as in the internal capsule, where the striato-nigral and pallido-nigral pathways are located. In all examined nuclei of the basal ganglia, we found that CB1 receptors were located on the membrane of axon terminals and preterminal axons. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the majority of these axon terminals were GABAergic, giving rise to mostly symmetrical synapses. Interestingly, preterminal axons showed far more intense staining for CB1, especially in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, whereas their terminals were only faintly stained. Non-varicose, thin unmyelinated fibers in the internal capsule also showed strong CB1-labeling, and were embedded in bundles of myelinated CB1-negative axons. The majority of CB1 receptors labeled by immunogold particles were located in the axonal plasma membrane (92.3%), apparently capable of signaling cannabinoid actions. CB1 receptors in this location cannot directly modulate transmitter release, because the release sites are several hundred micrometers away. Interestingly, both the CB1 agonist, WIN55,212-2, as well as its antagonist, AM251, were able to block action potential generation, but via a CB1 independent mechanism, since the effects remained intact in CB1 knockout animals. Thus, our electrophysiological data suggest that these receptors are unable to influence action potential propagation, thus they may not be functional at these sites, but are likely being transported to the terminal fields. The present data are consistent with a role of endocannabinoids in the control of GABA, but not glutamate, release in the basal ganglia via presynaptic CB1 receptors, but also call the attention to possible non-CB1-mediated effects of widely used cannabinoid ligands on action potential generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mátyás
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, PO Box 67, Budapest H-1450, Hungary
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403
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Grant I, Cahn BR. Cannabis and endocannabinoid modulators: Therapeutic promises and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:185-199. [PMID: 18806886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery that botanical cannabinoids such as delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol exert some of their effect through binding specific cannabinoid receptor sites has led to the discovery of an endocannabinoid signaling system, which in turn has spurred research into the mechanisms of action and addiction potential of cannabis on the one hand, while opening the possibility of developing novel therapeutic agents on the other. This paper reviews current understanding of CB1, CB2, and other possible cannabinoid receptors, their arachidonic acid derived ligands (e.g. anandamide; 2 arachidonoyl glycerol), and their possible physiological roles. CB1 is heavily represented in the central nervous system, but is found in other tissues as well; CB2 tends to be localized to immune cells. Activation of the endocannabinoid system can result in enhanced or dampened activity in various neural circuits depending on their own state of activation. This suggests that one function of the endocannabinoid system may be to maintain steady state. The therapeutic action of botanical cannabis or of synthetic molecules that are agonists, antagonists, or which may otherwise modify endocannabinoid metabolism and activity indicates they may have promise as neuroprotectants, and may be of value in the treatment of certain types of pain, epilepsy, spasticity, eating disorders, inflammation, and possibly blood pressure control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0680, USA
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404
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Silva de Melo LC, Cruz AP, Rios Valentim SJ, Marinho AR, Mendonça JB, Nakamura-Palacios EM. Delta(9)-THC administered into the medial prefrontal cortex disrupts the spatial working memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 183:54-64. [PMID: 16163518 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) disrupts working memory. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in the processing of working memory, and its medial portion (mPFC) is part of a brain reward circuit as constituted by the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. OBJECTIVE This study examined the involvement of the mPFC in the effects of Delta(9)-THC on spatial working memory. METHODS Ten male Wistar rats well-trained in a radial arm maze and with bilateral cannula implanted in the mPFC received Delta(9)-THC intra-cortically (Delta(9)-THC IC) at doses of 0 (VEH), 32, 100 or 180 microg, 5 min before a 5-s or a 1-h delayed task in order to measure a short- or long-term spatial working memory, respectively. By contrast, 11 other animals received Delta(9)-THC intraperitoneally (Delta(9)-THC IP) at doses of 0 (VEH), 0.32, 1 or 1.8 mg/kg, 30 min before a 5-s or a 1-h delayed task. Additionally, after a 15-day washout, the effect of an IP or IC pre-exposure of Delta(9)-THC was examined by repeating both dose-effect curves in a crossover order for the routes of administration. RESULTS Delta(9)-THC IP produced significantly larger number of errors at doses of 0.32 or 1 mg/kg as compared to VEH in the 1-h post-delay performance. Delta(9)-THC 100 microg IC also produced significantly larger number of errors as compared to VEH and also to the other doses (32 or 180 microg) IC in the 1-h post-delay performance. Previous exposure to Delta(9)-THC IP or IC did not significantly affect the disruptive effect of this cannabinoid. CONCLUSIONS Delta(9)-THC administered directly in the mPFC impaired 1-h delayed task in the radial arm maze in a manner similar to that observed for its systemic administration, suggesting that the mPFC is involved in the disruptive effects of Delta(9)-THC on spatial working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Carla Silva de Melo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468, B. Maruípe, 29042-755 Vitória, ES, Brazil
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405
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Hart CL. Increasing treatment options for cannabis dependence: a review of potential pharmacotherapies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 80:147-59. [PMID: 15899556 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Revised: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that rates of cannabis dependence have increased substantially over the past several years, there are no medications approved for the treatment of cannabis dependence. This paper reviews data from recent research on cannabinoids that may be relevant for the development of pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence. Included in the discussion are findings from studies that have assessed the ability of medications to ameliorate cannabis-related abstinence symptoms in laboratory animals and human research participants. Data from studies that have investigated the effects of pharmacological agents on cannabis self-administration are also reviewed because these data may provide information critical for informing relapse prevention medication development efforts. The majority of published studies evaluating cannabis pharmacotherapies have focused on decreasing withdrawal symptoms: a growing number of medications reduce symptoms in laboratory animals, but the majority of these medications have not been tested in humans. Fewer studies have assessed the effects of potential cannabis treatment medications on cannabinoid-related reinforcing effects. In laboratory animals, only the CB1 cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant has shown promise. In humans, this medication has not been tested on cannabis reinforcing effects. To date, no medication has been shown to alter cannabis self-administration by humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl L Hart
- Division on Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Dr., Unit 120, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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406
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Di S, Boudaba C, Popescu IR, Weng FJ, Harris C, Marcheselli VL, Bazan NG, Tasker JG. Activity-dependent release and actions of endocannabinoids in the rat hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus. J Physiol 2005; 569:751-60. [PMID: 16239276 PMCID: PMC1464259 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.097477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous cannabinoids have been shown to significantly alter neuroendocrine output, presaging the emergence of endogenous cannabinoids as important signalling molecules in the neuroendocrine control of homeostatic and reproductive functions, including the stress response, energy metabolism and gonadal regulation. We showed recently that magnocellular and parvocellular neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus (SON) respond to glucocorticoids by releasing endocannabinoids as retrograde messengers to modulate the synaptic release of glutamate. Here we show directly for the first time that both of the main endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are released in an activity-dependent fashion from the soma/dendrites of SON magnocellular neurones and suppress synaptic glutamate release and postsynaptic spiking. Cannabinoid reuptake blockade increases activity-dependent endocannabinoid levels in the region of the SON, and results in the inhibition of synaptically driven spiking activity in magnocellular neurones. Together, these findings demonstrate an activity-dependent release of AEA and 2-AG that leads to the suppression of glutamate release and that is capable of shaping spiking activity in magnocellular neurones. This activity-dependent regulation of excitatory synaptic input by endocannabinoids may play a role in determining spiking patterns characteristic of magnocellular neurones under stimulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Di
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118-5698, USA
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407
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Jiang W, Zhang Y, Xiao L, Van Cleemput J, Ji SP, Bai G, Zhang X. Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:3104-16. [PMID: 16224541 PMCID: PMC1253627 DOI: 10.1172/jci25509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 08/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus in the adult mammalian brain contains neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) capable of generating new neurons, i.e., neurogenesis. Most drugs of abuse examined to date decrease adult hippocampal neurogenesis, but the effects of cannabis (marijuana or cannabinoids) on hippocampal neurogenesis remain unknown. This study aimed at investigating the potential regulatory capacity of the potent synthetic cannabinoid HU210 on hippocampal neurogenesis and its possible correlation with behavioral change. We show that both embryonic and adult rat hippocampal NS/PCs are immunoreactive for CB1 cannabinoid receptors, indicating that cannabinoids could act on CB1 receptors to regulate neurogenesis. This hypothesis is supported by further findings that HU210 promotes proliferation, but not differentiation, of cultured embryonic hippocampal NS/PCs likely via a sequential activation of CB1 receptors, G(i/o) proteins, and ERK signaling. Chronic, but not acute, HU210 treatment promoted neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of adult rats and exerted anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. X-irradiation of the hippocampus blocked both the neurogenic and behavioral effects of chronic HU210 treatment, suggesting that chronic HU210 treatment produces anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects likely via promotion of hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Neuropsychiatry Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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408
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Sipe JC, Waalen J, Gerber A, Beutler E. Overweight and obesity associated with a missense polymorphism in fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 29:755-9. [PMID: 15809662 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain endogenous cannabinoid system modulates reward and craving pathways and consequently may affect body weight. A naturally occurring missense polymorphism in the gene encoding fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary enzyme for inactivation of endocannabinoids, is associated with problem drug use. AIMS To investigate the relationship between the FAAH cDNA 385 A/A (P129T) polymorphism and overweight disorders in subjects of multiple ethnic backgrounds attending a medical screening clinic. SUBJECTS A total of 2667 subjects of white, black and Asian ancestry were genotyped and stratified by a standardized clinic-based assessment of body mass index (BMI, weight in kilograms/(height in meters)(2) or kg/m(2)). METHODS Subjects were genotyped for the FAAH cDNA 385 C --> A polymorphism using allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization methods by investigators blinded to all clinical information. BMI was calculated based on exact clinical measurements and World Health Organization ranges were used to stratify subjects. Statistical methods included the Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U-test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The homozygous FAAH 385 A/A genotype was significantly associated with overweight and obesity in white subjects (P=0.005) and in black subjects (P=0.05) but not in a small group of Asians. The median BMI for all subjects was significantly greater in the FAAH 385 A/A genotype group compared to heterozygote and wild-type groups (P=0.0001). In white subjects, there was an increasing frequency of the FAAH 385 A/A genotype with increasing BMI categories of overweight (P=0.02) and obese (P=0.006) with the same trend in black subjects. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest a role for the FAAH 385 A/A missense polymorphism as an endocannabinoid risk factor in overweight/obesity and may provide indirect evidence to support cannabinoid antagonist treatment strategies in overweight disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Sipe
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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409
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Becker K, Eder M, Zieglgänsberger W, Dodt HU. WIN 55,212-2 decreases the spatial spread of neocortical excitation in vitro. Neuroreport 2005; 16:993-6. [PMID: 15931075 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200506210-00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 'intrinsic optical signal' was used to monitor neuronal network excitability. The cannabinoid receptor type 1 agonist WIN 55,212-2 reduced the intensity and the spatial spread of the intrinsic optical signal and prolonged its kinetics in the rat neocortex in vitro. These effects were antagonized by the cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716A. Thus, our results suggest that neocortical network activity is modulated via the activation of cannabinoid receptors. The decrease of neocortical network excitability in the present study is probably due to a decreased excitability of glutamatergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Becker
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Neuropharmacology, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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410
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Craft RM. Sex differences in behavioral effects of cannabinoids. Life Sci 2005; 77:2471-8. [PMID: 15958268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the existing literature on sex differences in the effects of cannabinoid drugs on behavior, primarily in the adult rodent. These preclinical studies, taken together with preliminary reports of sex differences in cannabinoid effects in humans, suggest that sex of subject may be an important modulating factor in a variety of cannabinoid effects. When sex differences are found, females are usually more sensitive than males to cannabinoids. Both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables may contribute to sex differences in behavioral effects of cannabinoids. Given the significant therapeutic potential of cannabinoid agonists and antagonists--as well as their widespread recreational use--it will be important to determine the reliability and functional significance of, as well as mechanisms underlying sex differences in cannabinoid effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Craft
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, PO Box 644820 Pullman, WA 99164-4820, USA.
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411
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Melamede R. Harm reduction--the cannabis paradox. Harm Reduct J 2005; 2:17. [PMID: 16179090 PMCID: PMC1261530 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7517-2-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This article examines harm reduction from a novel perspective. Its central thesis is that harm reduction is not only a social concept, but also a biological one. More specifically, evolution does not make moral distinctions in the selection process, but utilizes a cannabis-based approach to harm reduction in order to promote survival of the fittest. Evidence will be provided from peer-reviewed scientific literature that supports the hypothesis that humans, and all animals, make and use internally produced cannabis-like products (endocannabinoids) as part of the evolutionary harm reduction program. More specifically, endocannabinoids homeostatically regulate all body systems (cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, excretory, immune, nervous, musculo-skeletal, reproductive). Therefore, the health of each individual is dependant on this system working appropriately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Melamede
- Biology Department, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, 80918, USA.
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412
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Abstract
Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is the most frequently used illicit drug in Australia. Therefore, oral health care providers are likely to encounter patients who are regular users. An upward trend in cannabis use is occurring in Australia, with 40 per cent of the population aged 14 and above having used the drug. There are three main forms of cannabis: marijuana, hash and hash oil, all of which contain the main psychoactive constituent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Cannabis is most commonly smoked, however it can be added to foods. THC from cannabis enters the bloodstream and exerts its effects on the body via interaction with endogenous receptors. Cannabis affects almost every system of the body, particularly the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems. It also has acute and chronic effects on the mental health of some users. Therefore, chronic abuse is a concern because of its negative effects on general physical and mental health. Cannabis abusers generally have poorer oral health than non-users, with an increased risk of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Cannabis smoke acts as a carcinogen and is associated with dysplastic changes and pre-malignant lesions within the oral mucosa. Users are also prone to oral infections, possibly due to the immunosuppressive effects. Dental treatment on patients intoxicated on cannabis can result in the patient experiencing acute anxiety, dysphoria and psychotic-like paranoiac thoughts. The use of local anaesthetic containing epinephrine may seriously prolong tachycardia already induced by an acute dose of cannabis. Oral health care providers should be aware of the diverse adverse effects of cannabis on general and oral health and incorporate questions about patients' patterns of use in the medical history.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cho
- Dental School, The University of Adelaide, South Australia.
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413
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Carai MAM, Colombo G, Gessa GL. Rimonabant: The first therapeutically relevant cannabinoid antagonist. Life Sci 2005; 77:2339-50. [PMID: 15935395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present paper synthetically reviews the multiple experimental lines of evidence indicating the ability of the prototypic cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist, rimonabant (also known as SR 141716), to suppress the reinforcing/rewarding properties of different drugs of abuse, including cocaine, heroin, nicotine and alcohol, in laboratory rodents. This paper also reviews the data demonstrating that rimonabant reduces food intake and body weight in laboratory animals and humans. Taken together, the data reviewed here suggest that rimonabant may constitute a new and potentially effective medication for the treatment of drug addiction and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro A M Carai
- Bernard B. Brodie Department of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Viale Diaz 182, I-09126 Cagliari (CA), Italy.
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414
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The completion of the human genome sequence has spurred investigation of the genetic contribution to substance dependence. In this article some of the recent scientific evidence for genetic determinants of opioid and cocaine dependence is reviewed. METHOD An electronic search of the medical literature was conducted to locate published studies relevant to the genetics of opioid and cocaine dependence. The collected information judged to be most pertinent is described and discussed. RESULTS Genetic epidemiologic studies support a high degree of heritable vulnerability for both opioid and cocaine dependence. Polymorphisms in the genes coding for dopamine receptors and transporter, opioid receptors, endogenous opioid peptides, cannabinoid receptors, and serotonin receptors and transporter all appear to be associated with the phenotypic expression of this vulnerability once opioids or cocaine are consumed. CONCLUSIONS Despite this initial progress, identification of specific genes and quantification of associated risk for the expression of each gene remain to be elucidated. While alteration of an individual's genome to change the phenotype seems remote, future interventions for treatment of opioid and cocaine dependence may include precise medications targeted to block the effects of proteins that have been identified through genetic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Saxon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington School of Medicine; Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
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415
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Jones DS, Krotick S, Johnson B, Morrison AP. Waiting for rescue: an attorney who will not advocate for himself. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2005; 13:244-56. [PMID: 16126610 DOI: 10.1080/10673220500250989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139, USA.
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416
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Morishita J, Okamoto Y, Tsuboi K, Ueno M, Sakamoto H, Maekawa N, Ueda N. Regional distribution and age-dependent expression of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D in rat brain. J Neurochem 2005; 94:753-62. [PMID: 15992380 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamine) and other bioactive long-chain N-acylethanolamines are thought to be formed from their corresponding N-acylphosphatidylethanolamines by a specific phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD) in the brain as well as other tissues. However, regional distribution of NAPE-PLD in the brain has not been examined. In the present study, we investigated the expression levels of NAPE-PLD in nine different regions of rat brain by enzyme assay, western blotting and real-time PCR. The NAPE-PLD activity was detected in all the tested brain regions with the highest activity in thalamus. Similar distribution patterns of NAPE-PLD were observed at protein and mRNA levels. We also found a remarkable increase in the expression levels of protein and mRNA of the brain NAPE-PLD with development, which was in good agreement with the increase in the activity. The age-dependent increase was also seen with several brain regions and other NAPE-PLD-enriched organs (heart and testis). p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, which inhibited recombinant NAPE-PLD dose-dependently, strongly inhibited the enzyme of all the brain regions. These results demonstrated wide distribution of NAPE-PLD in various brain regions and its age-dependent expression, suggesting the central role of this enzyme in the formation of anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Morishita
- Department of Biochemistry, Kagawa University School of Medicine, Kagawa, Japan
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417
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Centonze D, Rossi S, Prosperetti C, Tscherter A, Bernardi G, Maccarrone M, Calabresi P. Abnormal sensitivity to cannabinoid receptor stimulation might contribute to altered gamma-aminobutyric acid transmission in the striatum of R6/2 Huntington's disease mice. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1583-9. [PMID: 15953496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the earliest neurochemical alterations observed in both Huntington's disease (HD) patients and HD animal models is the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system, an alteration that precedes the development of identifiable striatal neuropathology. How this alteration impacts striatal synaptic transmission is unknown. METHODS We measured the effects of cannabinoid receptor stimulation on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic synaptic currents recorded from striatal neurons of R6/2 HD mice in the early phase of their disease. RESULTS The sensitivity of striatal GABA synapses to cannabinoid receptor stimulation is severely impaired in R6/2 HD mice. In particular, whereas in control animals activation of cannabinoid CB1 receptors results in a significant inhibition of both evoked and spontaneous GABA-mediated synaptic events by a presynaptic mechanism, in R6/2 mice this treatment fails to reduce GABA currents but causes, in contrast, a slight increase of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs). CONCLUSIONS Experimental HD was also associated with enhanced frequency of sIPSCs, a result consistent with the conclusion that loss of cannabinoid-mediated control of GABA transmission might contribute to hyperactivity of GABA synapses in the striatum of HD mice. Accordingly, spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents, which were not upregulated in R6/2 mice, were still sensitive to cannabinoid receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università di Tor Vergata, Italy.
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418
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Lane SD, Cherek DR, Lieving LM, Tcheremissine OV. Marijuana effects on human forgetting functions. J Exp Anal Behav 2005; 83:67-83. [PMID: 15762381 PMCID: PMC1193701 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.2005.22-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It has long been known that acute marijuana administration impairs working memory (e.g., the discrimination of stimuli separated by a delay). The determination of which of the individual components of memory are altered by marijuana is an unresolved problem. Previous human studies did not use test protocols that allowed for the determination of delay-independent (initial discrimination) from delay-dependent (forgetting or retrieval) components of memory. Using methods developed in the experimental analysis of behavior and signal detection theory, we tested the acute effects of smoked marijuana on forgetting functions in 5 humans. Immediately after smoking placebo, a low dose, or a high dose of marijuana (varying in delta9-THC content), subjects completed delayed match-to-sample testing that included a range of retention intervals within each test session (0.5, 4, 12, and 24 s). Performances (discriminability) at each dose were plotted as forgetting functions, as described and developed by White and colleagues (White, 1985; White & Ruske, 2002). For all 5 subjects, both delta9-THC doses impaired delay-dependent discrimination but not delay-independent discrimination. The outcome is consistent with current nonhuman studies examining the role of the cannabinoid system on delayed matching procedures, and the data help illuminate one behavioral mechanism through which marijuana alters memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Lane
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, UTHSC-Houston, 1300 Mousund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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419
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Soderstrom K, Tian Q, Valenti M, Di Marzo V. Endocannabinoids link feeding state and auditory perception-related gene expression. J Neurosci 2005; 24:10013-21. [PMID: 15525787 PMCID: PMC6730237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3298-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Singing by adult male zebra finches is a learned behavior important for courtship, kin recognition, and nest defense (Zann, 1996) and is inhibited by both brief periods of limited food availability and systemic injection of cannabinoids. These similar effects on singing, combined with increasing evidence for endocannabinoid involvement in feeding behavior, led us to evaluate a possible shared mechanism. We found that limited food availability both reduces singing in a cannabinoid antagonist-reversible manner and increases levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonyl glycerol in various brain regions including the caudal telencephalon, an area that contains auditory telencephalon including the L2 subfield of L (L2) and caudal medial nidopallium (NCM). Development and use of an anti-zebra finch cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antibody demonstrates distinct, dense cannabinoid receptor expression within song regions including Area X, lMAN (lateral magnocellular nucleus of anterior nidopallium), HVC, RA (robust nucleus of arcopallium), and L2. NCM receives L2 projections and is implicated in integration of auditory information. Activity in this area, determined through expression of the transcription factor ZENK, is increased after exposure to unfamiliar song. Because previous work has shown that these novel song-stimulated increases in NCM activity are mitigated by cannabinoid exposure, we tested and found that similar effects on ZENK expression are produced by limiting food. Limited food-related reductions in the activity of NCM neurons were reversed by the cannabinoid antagonist SR141716A (N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide), implicating CB1 cannabinoid receptor involvement. Taken together, these experiments indicate a link between feeding state and gene expression related to auditory perception that is mediated by endocannabinoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Soderstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA.
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420
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Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, McClay J, Murray R, Harrington H, Taylor A, Arseneault L, Williams B, Braithwaite A, Poulton R, Craig IW. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 57:1117-27. [PMID: 15866551 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 734] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/18/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence documents that cannabis use by young people is a modest statistical risk factor for psychotic symptoms in adulthood, such as hallucinations and delusions, as well as clinically significant schizophrenia. The vast majority of cannabis users do not develop psychosis, however, prompting us to hypothesize that some people are genetically vulnerable to the deleterious effects of cannabis. METHODS In a longitudinal study of a representative birth cohort followed to adulthood, we tested why cannabis use is associated with the emergence of psychosis in a minority of users, but not in others. RESULTS A functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene moderated the influence of adolescent cannabis use on developing adult psychosis. Carriers of the COMT valine158 allele were most likely to exhibit psychotic symptoms and to develop schizophreniform disorder if they used cannabis. Cannabis use had no such adverse influence on individuals with two copies of the methionine allele. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence of a gene x environment interaction and suggest that a role of some susceptibility genes is to influence vulnerability to environmental pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avshalom Caspi
- Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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421
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Abstract
The evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of cannabinoids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) is increasing but is not as yet convincing. Although several trials have reported no significant effect, the majority of the evidence which supports a beneficial effect on spasticity and pain is based on subjective measurements in trials where unblinding was likely to be a problem. The available clinical trial data suggest that the adverse side effects associated with using cannabis-based medicinal extracts (CBMEs) are generally mild, such as dry mouth, dizziness, somnolence, nausea and intoxication, and in no case did toxicity develop. However, most of these trials were run over a period of months and it is possible that other adverse side effects, not seen in these short-term studies, could develop with long-term use. Despite the evidence that cannabinoids can disrupt cognitive function and promote depression, on the basis of current data, such adverse effects seem unlikely to be associated with the use of CBMEs. Likewise, there is no evidence to suggest that their effects on balance and motor control, or immune function, may be clinically significant. There is, however, reason to be concerned about the use of therapeutic cannabinoids by people predisposed to psychosis and by pregnant women, given the increasing evidence of their adverse effects on the fetus. In conclusion, given the modest therapeutic effects of cannabinoids demonstrated so far, and the risk of long-term adverse side effects, there is reason to be cautious about their use in the treatment of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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422
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Butovsky E, Juknat A, Goncharov I, Elbaz J, Eilam R, Zangen A, Vogel Z. In vivo up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in specific brain areas by chronic exposure to Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Neurochem 2005; 93:802-11. [PMID: 15857384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are widely abused drugs. Here we show that chronic administration of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the active psychotropic agent in marijuana and hashish, at 1.5 mg per kg per day intraperitoneally for 7 days, increases the expression, at both mRNA and protein levels, of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in specific rat brain areas, notably in those involved in reward and addiction. Real-time PCR revealed a 10-fold up-regulation of BDNF mRNA in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) upon chronic Delta(9)-THC treatment, but there was no change at 3 or 24 h after a single injection. Smaller increases in mRNA levels were found in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), medial prefrontal cortex and paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Immunohistochemistry showed large increases in BDNF-stained cells in the NAc (5.5-fold), posterior VTA (4-fold) and PVN (1.7-fold), but no change was observed in the anterior VTA, hippocampus or dorsal striatum. Altogether, our study indicates that chronic exposure to Delta(9)-THC up-regulates BDNF in specific brain areas involved with reward, and provides evidence for different BDNF expression in the anterior and posterior VTA. Moreover, BDNF is known to modulate synaptic plasticity and adaptive processes underlying learning and memory, leading to long-term functional and structural modification of synaptic connections. We suggest that Delta(9)-THC up-regulation of BDNF expression has an important role in inducing the neuroadaptive processes taking place upon exposure to cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Butovsky
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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423
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Vlachou S, Nomikos GG, Panagis G. CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonists increase intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 179:498-508. [PMID: 15821959 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-2050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Addictive drugs have a number of commonalities in animal behavioral models. They lower intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds, support self-administration, and produce conditioned place preference (CPP). However, cannabinoids appear atypical as drugs of abuse, since there are controversial data in the literature concerning their reinforcing properties. OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of cannabinoids on brain reward using the rate-frequency curve shift paradigm of ICSS. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). Rate-frequency functions were determined by logarithmically decreasing the number of cathodal pulses in a stimulation train from a value that sustained maximal responding to one that did not sustain responding. After brain stimulation reward thresholds stabilized rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of the potent CB1 receptor agonists WIN 55,212-2 (graded doses 0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg), CP 55,940 (graded doses 10, 30, 56 and 100 microg/kg), or HU-210 (graded doses 10, 30, 100 microg/kg). RESULTS With the exception of the highest dose of all cannabinoid agonists tested, which significantly increased the threshold frequency required for MFB ICSS, all other doses of the tested drugs did not affect ICSS thresholds. The CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A reversed the actions of WIN 55,212-2 and CP 55,940, but not HU-210. However, the selective CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist AM 251 counteracted the effect of HU-210. Both CB1 receptor antagonists, at the doses used in the present study, did not affect reward thresholds by themselves. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicate that cannabinoid agonists do not exhibit reinforcing properties in the ICSS paradigm, but rather have an inhibitory influence on reward mechanisms. The results suggest that the anhedonic effects of cannabinoids are probably mediated by cannabinoid CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Vlachou
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100 Rethymnon, Crete, Greece
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424
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Crippa JA, Lacerda ALT, Amaro E, Busatto Filho G, Zuardi AW, Bressan RA. [Brain effects of cannabis--neuroimaging findings]. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2005; 27:70-8. [PMID: 15867988 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462005000100016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug. Despite this, only a small number of studies have investigated the long-term neurotoxic consequences of cannabis use. Structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are powerful research tools to investigate possible cannabis-induced pathophysiological changes. A computer literature review was conducted in the MEDLINE and PsycLIT databases between 1966 and November of 2004 with the search terms 'cannabis', 'marijuana', 'neuroimaging', 'magnetic resonance', 'computed tomography', 'positron emission tomography', 'single photon emission computed tomography", 'SPET', 'MRI' and 'CT'. Structural neuroimaging studies have yielded conflicting results. Most studies report no evidence of cerebral atrophy or regional changes in tissue volumes, and one study suggested that long-term users who started regular use on early adolescence have cerebral atrophy as well as reduction in gray matter. However, several methodological shortcomings limit the interpretation of these results. Functional neuroimaging studies have reported increases in neural activity in regions that may be related with cannabis intoxication or mood-change effects (orbital and mesial frontal lobes, insula, and anterior cingulate) and decreases in activity of regions related with cognitive functions impaired during acute intoxication. The important question whether residual neurotoxic effects occur after prolonged and regular use of cannabis remains unclear, with no study addressing this question directly. Better designed neuroimaging studies, combined with cognitive evaluation, may be elucidative on this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alexandre Crippa
- Departamento de Neurologia, Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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425
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Lane SD, Cherek DR, Tcheremissine OV, Lieving LM, Pietras CJ. Acute marijuana effects on human risk taking. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005; 30:800-9. [PMID: 15775958 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established a relationship between marijuana use and risky behavior in natural settings. A limited number of laboratory investigations of marijuana effects on human risk taking have been conducted. The present study was designed to examine the acute effects of smoked marijuana on human risk taking, and to identify behavioral mechanisms that may be involved in drug-induced changes in the probability of risky behavior. Using a laboratory measure of risk taking designed to address acute drug effects, 10 adults were administered placebo cigarettes and three doses of active marijuana cigarettes (half placebo and half 1.77%; 1.77%; and 3.58% Delta9-THC) in a within-subject repeated-measures experimental design. The risk-taking task presented subjects with a choice between two response options operationally defined as risky and nonrisky. Data analyses examined cardiovascular and subjective effects, response rates, distribution of choices between the risky and nonrisky option, and first-order transition probabilities of trial-by-trial data. The 3.58% THC dose increased selection of the risky response option, and uniquely shifted response probabilities following both winning and losing outcomes following selection of the risky option. Acute marijuana administration thereby produced measurable changes in risky decision making under laboratory conditions. Consistent with previous risk-taking studies, shifts in trial-by-trial response probabilities at the highest dose suggested a change in sensitivity to both reinforced and losing risky outcomes. Altered sensitivity to consequences may be a mechanism in drug-induced changes in risk taking. Possible neurobiological sites of action related to THC are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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426
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Favrat B, Ménétrey A, Augsburger M, Rothuizen LE, Appenzeller M, Buclin T, Pin M, Mangin P, Giroud C. Two cases of "cannabis acute psychosis" following the administration of oral cannabis. BMC Psychiatry 2005; 5:17. [PMID: 15804348 PMCID: PMC1079888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most commonly used illegal drug and its therapeutic aspects have a growing interest. Short-term psychotic reactions have been described but not clearly with synthetic oral THC, especially in occasional users. CASE PRESENTATIONS We report two cases of healthy subjects who were occasional but regular cannabis users without psychiatric history who developed transient psychotic symptoms (depersonalization, paranoid feelings and derealisation) following oral administration of cannabis. In contrast to most other case reports where circumstances and blood concentrations are unknown, the two cases reported here happened under experimental conditions with all subjects negative for cannabis, opiates, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines and alcohol, and therefore the ingested dose, the time-events of effects on behavior and performance as well as the cannabinoid blood levels were documented. CONCLUSION While the oral route of administration achieves only limited blood concentrations, significant psychotic reactions may occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Favrat
- Unité de Médecine du Trafic, Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Annick Ménétrey
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Chimie Forensiques (LTCF), Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Augsburger
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Chimie Forensiques (LTCF), Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura E Rothuizen
- Division de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monique Appenzeller
- Division de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Pin
- Unité de Médecine du Trafic, Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Mangin
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Chimie Forensiques (LTCF), Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Giroud
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Chimie Forensiques (LTCF), Institut Universitaire de Médecine Légale (IUML), Rue du Bugnon 21, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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427
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain is defined as a chronic pain condition that occurs or persists after a primary lesion or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system. Traumatic injury of peripheral nerves also increases the excitability of nociceptors in and around nerve trunks and involves components released from nerve terminals (neurogenic inflammation) and immunological and vascular components from cells resident within or recruited into the affected area. Action potentials generated in nociceptors and injured nerve fibers release excitatory neurotransmitters at their synaptic terminals such as L-glutamate and substance P and trigger cellular events in the central nervous system that extend over different time frames. Short-term alterations of neuronal excitability, reflected for example in rapid changes of neuronal discharge activity, are sensitive to conventional analgesics, and do not commonly involve alterations in activity-dependent gene expression. Novel compounds and new regimens for drug treatment to influence activity-dependent long-term changes in pain transducing and suppressive systems (pain matrix) are emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Zieglgänsberger
- Department of Clinical Neuropharmacology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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428
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Woolridge E, Barton S, Samuel J, Osorio J, Dougherty A, Holdcroft A. Cannabis use in HIV for pain and other medical symptoms. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 29:358-67. [PMID: 15857739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite the major benefits of antiretroviral therapy on survival during HIV infection, there is an increasing need to manage symptoms and side effects during long-term drug therapy. Cannabis has been reported anecdotally as being beneficial for a number of common symptoms and complications in HIV infections, for example, poor appetite and neuropathy. This study aimed to investigate symptom management with cannabis. Following Ethics Committee approval, HIV-positive individuals attending a large clinic were recruited into an anonymous cross-sectional questionnaire study. Up to one-third (27%, 143/523) reported using cannabis for treating symptoms. Patients reported improved appetite (97%), muscle pain (94%), nausea (93%), anxiety (93%), nerve pain (90%), depression (86%), and paresthesia (85%). Many cannabis users (47%) reported associated memory deterioration. Symptom control using cannabis is widespread in HIV outpatients. A large number of patients reported that cannabis improved symptom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Woolridge
- Magill Department of Anesthesia, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
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429
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of rimonabant, a new selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. DATA SOURCES Primary literature and review articles were obtained via a MEDLINE search (1966-November 2004) using the key terms obesity, smoking cessation, cannabinoid, rimonabant, SR 141716, and SR 141716a. Additional studies and abstracts were identified from the bibliographies of reviewed literature. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Studies and review articles related to rimonabant and the endocannabinoid system were reviewed. Data pertinent to this article were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Rimonabant is a selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Recent data have demonstrated beneficial effects of rimonabant in obesity, smoking cessation, and metabolic syndrome. Animal studies using rimonabant have shown a positive role for reducing hunger, caloric intake, and body weight and in increasing satiety. In humans, rimonabant appears to be effective for treatment of obesity and smoking cessation. Ongoing studies will examine the effect of rimonabant on obesity, metabolic syndrome, smoking cessation, and alcohol abuse. To date, the incidence of adverse effects with rimonabant has been slightly greater than placebo, with the most common being nausea. CONCLUSIONS Rimonabant appears to be a promising drug in an entirely new class called selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonists. The drug may be approved for treatment of obesity and smoking cessation in 2005. Additional studies are ongoing that may provide information on other clinical uses for this medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Thomas Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy and Health Professionals, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 67178-0401, USA.
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430
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Abstract
Currently, the treatment of Tourette's syndrome (TS) is unsatisfactory. Therefore, there is expanding interest in new therapeutical strategies. Anecdotal reports suggested that the use of cannabis might improve not only tics, but also behavioural problems in patients with TS. A single-dose, cross-over study in 12 patients, as well as a 6-week, randomised trial in 24 patients, demonstrated that Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the most psychoactive ingredient of cannabis, reduces tics in TS patients. No serious adverse effects occurred and no impairment on neuropsychological performance was observed. If well-established drugs either fail to improve tics or cause significant adverse effects, in adult patients, therapy with Delta9-THC should be tried. At present, it remains unclear whether herbal cannabis, different natural or synthetic cannabinoid CB1-receptor agonists or agents that interfere with the inactivation of endocannabinoids, may have the best adverse effect profile in TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten R Müller-Vahl
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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431
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Matochik JA, Eldreth DA, Cadet JL, Bolla KI. Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 77:23-30. [PMID: 15607838 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Revised: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana is the most widely used illicit substance in the United States; however, previous imaging studies have not detected altered brain structure in marijuana users compared to non-users. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate possible differences in brain tissue composition in a group of 11 heavy marijuana users and a group of 8 non-users. All participants were male. Statistical comparisons were made at the voxel level on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images to determine differences in gray matter and white matter tissue density. Compared to non-users, marijuana users had lower gray matter density in a cluster of voxels in the right parahippocampal gyrus (P = 0.0001), and greater density bilaterally near the precentral gyrus and the right thalamus (P < 0.04). Marijuana users also had lower white matter density in the left parietal lobe (P = 0.03), and higher density around the parahippocampal and fusiform gyri on the left side compared to non-users (P < 0.002). Longer duration of marijuana use (in years) was significantly correlated with higher white matter tissue density in the left precentral gyrus (P = 0.045). Our preliminary results suggest evidence of possible structural differences in the brain of heavy marijuana users, and localize regions for further investigation of the effects of marijuana in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Matochik
- Intramural Research Program, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224-6823, USA.
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432
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Jockers-Scherübl MC, Danker-Hopfe H, Mahlberg R, Selig F, Rentzsch J, Schürer F, Lang UE, Hellweg R. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor serum concentrations are increased in drug-naive schizophrenic patients with chronic cannabis abuse and multiple substance abuse. Neurosci Lett 2005; 371:79-83. [PMID: 15500971 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2004] [Revised: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) are critically implicated in development and maintenance of function of neurons. Neurodevelopment is reported to be impaired in schizophrenia and vulnerable schizophrenic brains may be more sensitive to toxic influences. Thus, cannabis as a neurotoxin, may be more harmful to schizophrenic brains than to non-schizophrenic brains when used chronically. And neurotoxic events may promote disease-onset and lead to exaggerated release of neurotrophins. We investigated 157 drug-naive first-episode schizophrenic patients and found significantly elevated BDNF serum concentrations (by up to 34%) in patients with chronic cannabis abuse (n = 35, p < 0.001) or multiple substance abuse (n = 20, p < 0.001) prior to disease onset. Drug-naive schizophrenic patients without cannabis consumption showed similar results to normal controls and cannabis controls without schizophrenia. Thus, raised BDNF serum levels are not related to schizophrenia and/or substance abuse itself but may reflect a cannabis-related idiosyncratic damage of the schizophrenic brain. In line with this hypothesis, disease onset was 5.2 years earlier in the cannabis-consuming group (p = 0.0111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Jockers-Scherübl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
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433
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Abstract
Classic and novel data strengthen the idea of a prominent role for the endocannabinoid signaling system in the control of movement. This finding is supported by three-fold evidence: (1) the abundance of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor subtype, but also of CB2 and vanilloid VR1 receptors, as well as of endocannabinoids in the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, the areas that control movement; (2) the demonstration of a powerful action, mostly of an inhibitory nature, of plant-derived, synthetic, and endogenous cannabinoids on motor activity, exerted by modulating the activity of various classic neurotransmitters; and (3) the occurrence of marked changes in endocannabinoid transmission in the basal ganglia of humans affected by several motor disorders, an event corroborated in animal models of these neurological diseases. This three-fold evidence has provided support to the idea that cannabinoid-based compounds, which act at key steps of the endocannabinoid transmission [receptors, transporter, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)], might be of interest because of their potential ability to alleviate motor symptoms and/or provide neuroprotection in a variety of neurological pathologies directly affecting basal ganglia structures, such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea, or indirectly, such as multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. The present chapter will review the knowledge on this issue, trying to establish future lines for research into the therapeutic potential of the endocannabinoid system in motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernández-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular III, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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434
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Voytek B, Berman SM, Hassid BD, Simon SL, Mandelkern MA, Brody AL, Monterosso J, Ling W, London ED. Differences in regional brain metabolism associated with marijuana abuse in methamphetamine abusers. Synapse 2005; 57:113-5. [PMID: 15906384 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Voytek
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, USA
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435
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Neuhaus O, Kieseier BC, Klimke A, Gaebel W, Hohlfeld R, Hartung HP. [Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis. Opportunity or hazard?]. DER NERVENARZT 2004; 75:1022-6. [PMID: 15156287 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-004-1738-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on patient reports, animal data, and in vitro experiments, evidence has emerged indicating a positive effect of cannabinoids as symptomatic treatment of spasticity and pain in multiple sclerosis. The recently published CAMS study was the first multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III trial to examine the efficacy of cannabinoids on symptoms related to MS. There was no treatment effect of cannabinoids on the primary outcome measure, a difference in the reduction of spasticity as assessed by the so-called Ashworth score. In contrast, significant effects on patient-reported spasticity and pain were documented. A major problem of the study was a high degree of patient unmasking in the active treatment group. In this review, the results of the CAMS study are discussed in the context of previous trials, the putative mechanism of action of cannabinoids and their adverse event profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Neuhaus
- Neurologische Klinik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf.
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436
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Krishnamurthy M, Li W, Moore BM. Synthesis, biological evaluation, and structural studies on N1 and C5 substituted cycloalkyl analogues of the pyrazole class of CB1 and CB2 ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2004; 12:393-404. [PMID: 14723958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of N1 and C5 substituted cycloalkyl and C5 4-methylphenyl analogues of the N-(piperidin-1-yl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide class of cannabinoid ligands were synthesized. The analogues were evaluated for CB1 and CB2 receptor binding affinities and receptor subtype selectivity. The effects of pyrazole substitution on ligand conformation and as such receptor affinities was not readily apparent; therefore, the geometries of the N1 and C5 substituents relative to the pyrazole ring were studied using high field NMR spectroscopy and systematic molecular mechanics geometry searches. An analysis of the relative ring geometries and functional group orientations provides new insight into the structural requirements of the CB1 and CB2 ligand binding pocket.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biochemistry/methods
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Humans
- Ligands
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Conformation
- Piperidines/chemistry
- Piperidines/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/chemistry
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathangi Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee-Memphis, 847 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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437
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Ilan AB, Smith ME, Gevins A. Effects of marijuana on neurophysiological signals of working and episodic memory. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2004; 176:214-22. [PMID: 15502936 PMCID: PMC1463999 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-004-1868-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana, Delta9-THC, activates cannabinoid receptors, which are especially abundant in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Acute marijuana smoking can disrupt working memory (WM) and episodic memory (EM) functions that are known to rely on these regions. However, the effects of marijuana on the brain activity accompanying such cognitive processes remain largely unexplored. OBJECTIVES To examine such effects on performance and neurophysiological signals of these functions, EEG recordings were obtained from ten subjects (5M, 5F) performing cognitive tasks before and after smoking marijuana (3.45% Delta9-THC) or a placebo. WM was assessed with a spatial N-back task, and EM was evaluated with a test requiring recognition of words after a 5-10 min delay between study and test. RESULTS Marijuana increased heart rate and decreased global theta band EEG power, consistent with increased autonomic arousal. Responses in the WM task were slower and less accurate after smoking marijuana, accompanied by reduced alpha band EEG reactivity in response to increased task difficulty. In the EM task, marijuana was associated with an increased tendency to erroneously identify distracter words as having been previously studied. In both tasks, marijuana attenuated stimulus-locked event-related potentials (ERPs). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that marijuana disrupted both sustained and transient attention processes resulting in impaired memory task performance. In subjects most affected by marijuana a pronounced ERP difference between previously studied words and new distracter words was also reduced, suggesting disruption of neural mechanisms underlying memory for recent study episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Ilan
- San Francisco Brain Research Institute & SAM Technology, 425 Bush Street, San Francisco, CA 94108, USA.
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438
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439
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Rey JM, Martin A, Krabman P. Is the party over? Cannabis and juvenile psychiatric disorder: the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43:1194-205. [PMID: 15381886 DOI: 10.1097/01.chi.0000135623.12843.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To critically review cannabis research during the past 10 years in relation to rates of use, behavioral problems, and mental disorders in young people. METHOD Studies published in English between 1994 and 2004 were identified through systematic searches of literature databases. The material was selectively reviewed focusing on child and adolescent data. RESULTS In the 27 years between 1976 and 2002, approximately half of all 12th graders had been exposed to cannabis in the United States. There is growing evidence that early and regular marijuana use is associated with later increases in depression, suicidal behavior, and psychotic illness and may bring forward the onset of schizophrenia. Most of the recent data reject the view that marijuana is used to self-medicate psychotic or depressive symptoms. Research on treatment is very limited. CONCLUSIONS Research on the mental health effects of cannabis has increased dramatically. Although doubts still remain about the role of cannabis in the causation of juvenile psychiatric disorder, the weight of the evidence points in the direction of early and regular cannabis use having substantial negative effects on psychosocial functioning and psychopathology.
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440
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441
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Abstract
This review analyses the therapeutic usefulness of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and its potential to induce adverse reactions on humans. During the last 30 years an enormous amount of research was carried out resulting in the disclosure of the cannabinoid system in Central Nervous System, with its CB(1) and CB(2) receptors, and the agonist anandamide. Under the clinical point of view, Delta(9)-THC produces some therapeutic benefits which are beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the effects on nausea/emesis due to cancer chemotherapy, as appetite promoter, on some painful conditions and on symptoms of multiple sclerosis are clearly demonstrated. Delta(9)-THC is not devoid of ill effects. On the cognitive domain it impairs the human capacity to discriminate time intervals and space distances, vigilance, memory and the performance for mental work. On the psychic area Delta(9)-THC may induce unpleasant reactions such as disconnected thoughts, panic reactions, disturbing changes in perception, delusions and hallucinatory experiences. However, the long term effects on the psyche and cognition are not known as there are no reports of prolonged use of Delta(9)-THC. Actually, it has been proposed by WHO that Delta(9)-THC should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Drugs, as it does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and its abuse is rare if at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Carlini
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Paulista School of Medicine, Rua Botucatu, 862-1 andar-Ed. Ciências Biomédicas 04023-062-São Paulo-SP, Brazil.
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442
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Ashton JC, Zheng Y, Liu P, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Immunohistochemical characterisation and localisation of cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein in the rat vestibular nucleus complex and the effects of unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Brain Res 2004; 1021:264-71. [PMID: 15342275 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
CB1 receptor expression has been reported to be low in the brainstem compared with the forebrain, and low in the vestibular nucleus complex (VNC) compared with other regions in the brainstem. However, a frequent effect of cannabis is dizziness and loss of balance. This may be due to the activation of cannabinoid receptors in the central vestibular pathways. We used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of CB1 receptor protein in the VNC, and Western blotting to measure CB1 receptor expression in the VNC following unilateral vestibular deafferentation (UVD); the hippocampal CA1, CA2/3 and dentate gyrus (DG) regions were also analysed for comparison. This study confirms a previous electrophysiological demonstration that CB1 receptors exist in significant densities in the VNC and are likely to contribute to the neurochemical control of the vestibular reflexes. Nonetheless, CB1 receptor expression did not change significantly in the VNC during vestibular compensation. In addition, despite some small but significant changes in CB1 receptor expression in the CA2/3 and the DG following UVD, in no case were these differences statistically significant in comparison to both control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Adams Building, Frederick Street, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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443
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Ashton JC, Appleton I, Darlington CL, Smith PF. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor protein expression in the rat choroid plexus: a possible involvement of cannabinoids in the regulation of cerebrospinal fluid. Neurosci Lett 2004; 364:40-2. [PMID: 15193752 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the brain are expressed on axon terminals presynaptic to neurons that express fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Postsynaptic FAAH catabolizes endocannabinoids which act as short-range transmitters. It has been previously shown that FAAH is also expressed in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus. Using immunohistochemisty, we found that CB1 receptor protein is also expressed in choroid plexus epithelia. This is consistent with the hypothesis that FAAH in choroid plexus epithelial cells catabolizes endocannabinoids close to their site of action. Cannabinoids may then act directly on choroid plexus cells, and thereby contribute to the regulation of the composition of the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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444
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D'Amico M, Cannizzaro C, Preziosi P, Martire M. Inhibition by anandamide and synthetic cannabimimetics of the release of [3H]D-aspartate and [3H]GABA from synaptosomes isolated from the rat hippocampus. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:1553-61. [PMID: 15260134 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000029569.20266.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CB) can act as retrograde synaptic mediators of depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition or excitation in hippocampus. This mechanism may underlie the impairment of some cognitive processes produced by these compounds, including short-term memory formation in the hippocampus. In this study, we investigated several compounds known to interact with CB receptors, evaluating their effects on K(+)-evoked release of [3H]D-aspartate ([3H]D-ASP) and [3H]GABA from superfused synaptosomes isolated from the rat hippocampus. [3H]D-ASP and [3H]GABA release were inhibited to different degrees by the synthetic cannabinoids WIN 55,212-2; CP 55,940, and arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide/N-(2-chloroethyl)-5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenamide (ACEA), as well as by the endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA), and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Both types of release were also inhibited by capsaicin. The inhibition produced by each of the cannabinoid compounds and capsaicin was unaffected by capsazepine or by the CB1-receptor antagonists AM-251 and SR141716A. The mechanism underlying AEA- and synthetic CB-induced inhibition of the release of [3H]GABA and [3H]D-ASP from rat hippocampal synaptosomes might not involve activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Amico
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University of S. Heart, Rome, Italy
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445
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Centonze D, Battista N, Rossi S, Mercuri NB, Finazzi-Agrò A, Bernardi G, Calabresi P, Maccarrone M. A critical interaction between dopamine D2 receptors and endocannabinoids mediates the effects of cocaine on striatal gabaergic Transmission. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29:1488-97. [PMID: 15100701 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that endocannabinoids are implicated in drug addiction. In the present study, we have addressed the interaction between cocaine and endocannabinoid system by means of neurochemical and neurophysiological experiments in rat brain slices. Using gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry, we have found that cocaine increased the levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide in the striatum, a brain area primarily involved in the compulsive drug-seeking and drug-taking behaviors typical of addiction. This effect was attenuated by pharmacological inhibition of D2-like receptors but not D1-like receptors, and it was mimicked by D2-like but not D1-like receptor stimulation. The cocaine-induced increase in anandamide concentrations was attributable to both stimulation of its synthesis and inhibition of its degradation, as suggested by the ability of cocaine and quinpirole, a D2-like receptor agonist, to enhance the activity of NAPE-phospholipase D and to inhibit fatty acid amide hydrolase. By means of electrophysiological recordings from single striatal neurons, we have then observed that the ability of cocaine to inhibit, via D2-like receptors, GABA transmission was partially prevented following blockade of cannabinoid receptors, suggesting that endocannabinoids may act as downstream effectors in the action of cocaine in the striatum. Understanding the molecular and physiological effects of drugs of abuse in the brain is essential for the development of effective strategies against addiction.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Amidohydrolases/metabolism
- Animals
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacokinetics
- Arachidonic Acids/pharmacology
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/enzymology
- Cocaine/pharmacology
- Cyclohexanols/metabolism
- Dopamine Agonists/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Dronabinol/analogs & derivatives
- Dronabinol/pharmacology
- Electrophysiology
- Endocannabinoids
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Neostriatum/drug effects
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Polyunsaturated Alkamides
- Quinpirole/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/drug effects
- Synaptosomes/metabolism
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Centonze
- Clinica Neurologica, Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Tor Vergata & IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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446
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Wingerchuk
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA.
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447
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Chaturvedi K. Cannabis as a psychotropic medication. Br J Psychiatry 2004; 185:78. [PMID: 15231563 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.185.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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448
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Lane SD, Cherek DR, Pietras CJ, Tcheremissine OV. Acute marijuana effects on response–reinforcer relations under multiple variable-interval schedules. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15:305-9. [PMID: 15252282 DOI: 10.1097/01.fbp.0000135003.80318.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute marijuana administration may alter response-reinforcer relationships via a change in reinforcer efficacy, but may also impair coordination and motor function. One approach to evaluating drug effects on both motor function and reinforcer efficacy involves fitting the matching law equation to data obtained under multiple variable interval (VI) schedules. The present report describes an experiment that examined the effects of acute marijuana on response properties using this approach. Six human subjects responded under a multiple VI schedule for monetary reinforcers after smoking placebo and two active doses of marijuana. The low marijuana dose produced unsystematic changes in responding. As measured by the matching law equation parameters (k and rB), at the high dose five subjects showed a decrease-motor-related properties of response rate and four subjects' responding indicated a decrease in reinforcer efficacy. These data raise the possibility that, at high doses, marijuana administration alters both motor function and reinforcer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Lane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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449
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Derkinderen P, Valjent E, Darcel F, Damier P, Girault JA. Cannabis et récepteurs cannabinoïdes : de la physiopathologie aux possibilités thérapeutiques. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2004; 160:639-49. [PMID: 15247852 DOI: 10.1016/s0035-3787(04)71013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cannabis has been used as a medicine for several centuries, the therapeutic properties of cannabis preparations (essentially haschich and marijuana) make them far most popular as a recreational drugs. STATE OF THE ART Scientific studies on the effects of cannabis were advanced considerably by the identification in 1964 of cannabinoid D9-tetrahydrocannadinol (THC), recognized as the major active constituent of cannabis. Cloning of the centrally located CB1 receptor in 1990 and the identification of the first endogenous ligand of the CB1 receptor, anandamide, in 1992 further advanced our knowledge. PERSPECTIVE AND CONCLUSIONS Progress has incited further research on the biochemistry and pharmacology of the cannabinoids in numerous diseases of the central nervous system. In the laboratory animal, cannabinoids have demonstrated potential in motion disorders, demyelinizing disease, epilepsy, and as anti-tumor and neuroprotector agents. Several clinical studies are currently in progress, but therapeutic use of cannabinoids in humans couls be hindered by undesirable effects, particularly psychotropic effects. CB1 receptor antagonists also have interesting therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Derkinderen
- Service de Neurologie et Centre d'investigations cliniques, CHU de Nantes, Hôpital Laënnec, Nantes.
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450
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