401
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García-Piñeres AJ, Lindenmeyer MT, Merfort I. Role of cysteine residues of p65/NF-κB on the inhibition by the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide and N-ethyl maleimide, and on its transactivating potential. Life Sci 2004; 75:841-56. [PMID: 15183076 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) are potent anti-inflammatory substances. It was previously shown that the anti-inflammatory effect could be partly explained by the inhibition of the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Whether they inhibit the DNA binding of NF-kappaB, the activation of the IkappaB-kinase, or both is still a matter of debate. The data supporting these hypotheses were obtained using different cell systems. In this contribution we analyzed the mechanism of the sesquiterpene lactone-mediated inhibition using different cell systems, and showed that in all the cell lines analyzed, SLs inhibited both NF-kappaB binding and the IkappaB-kinase, but that the former played a more preponderant role in the inhibition. These results again confirm the importance of cysteine 38 in the inhibition and regulation of NF-kappaB's function. Moreover, we compared the selectivity of the SL parthenolide with that of N-ethyl maleimide (NEM). We showed that NEM directly alkylated p65 as well as p50 of NF-kappaB, whereas SLs possess a selectivity towards p65. Finally, we studied the transactivating properties of various p65 mutants, to analyze the effect of exchanged cysteine residues in the DNA binding domain of NF-kappaB/p65 on its function and demonstrated that the transactivating potential of the mutants did not correlate with their DNA binding strenght.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J García-Piñeres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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402
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Liou LS, Sadhukhan PC, Bandyopadhyay SK, Rackley RR. Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin modulates nuclear factor kappa beta in two urothelial carcinoma cell lines. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2004; 539:599-621. [PMID: 15176315 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8889-8_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis S Liou
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Lerner Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Section of Voiding Dysfunction and Female Urology, Department of Urology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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403
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zou P. Effect of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed to NF-kappa B-RelA on Bcl-XL mRNA in extended drug resistance leukemia cell line HL-60/E6. JOURNAL OF TONGJI MEDICAL UNIVERSITY = TONG JI YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO 2004; 21:32-4. [PMID: 11523242 DOI: 10.1007/bf02888031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effect of NF-kappa B on bcl-x gene transcription in extended drug resistance leukemia cell line HL-60/E6, drug-resistant subline HL-60/E6 was derived by intermittently exposing HL-60 cells to 6 ng/ml epirubicin. Indirect immunofluorescence was used to demonstrate the location of NF-kappa B-RelA in HL-60/E6 cells. FCM analysis and RT-PCR were used to detect the efficiency of liposome-mediated ODN transfection and the change of bcl-XL mRNA levels after 5 mumol/L phosphorothioate (PS)-derivatized antisense (AS) oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) directed to RelA was transferred into HL-60/E6 cells. The results showed that RelA remained persistently active and located at the nuclei of HL-60/E6 cells, but in the cytoplasm of HL-60 cells, the efficiency of liposome-mediated ODN transfection was significantly higher than that of null ODN (P < 0.01 in 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h). Exposure of HL-60/E6 cells to 5 mumol/L AS-PS-ODN directed to RelA led to a maximal 40% decline of bcl-XL mRNA levels within 8 h. The inhibition rate of bcl-XL mRNA was (15 +/- 1.79)%, (28 +/- 2.34)%, (40 +/- 3.47)%, (20 +/- 1.54)%, in 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 15 h, respectively, but it was less than 15% in control group. It was concluded that NF-kappa B was involved in regulating bcl-x transcription. It was suggested that NF-kappa B was an important factor for drug resistance in leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030
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404
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Guerra S, López-Fernández LA, Conde R, Pascual-Montano A, Harshman K, Esteban M. Microarray analysis reveals characteristic changes of host cell gene expression in response to attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara infection of human HeLa cells. J Virol 2004; 78:5820-34. [PMID: 15140980 PMCID: PMC415835 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.5820-5834.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential use of the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain as a live recombinant vector to deliver antigens and elicit protective immune responses against infectious diseases demands a comprehensive understanding of the effect of MVA infection on human host gene expression. We used microarrays containing more than 15,000 human cDNAs to identify gene expression changes in human HeLa cell cultures at 2, 6, and 16 h postinfection. Clustering of the 410 differentially regulated genes identified 11 discrete gene clusters with altered expression patterns after MVA infection. Clusters 1 and 2 (accounting for 16.59% [68 of 410] of the genes) contained 68 transcripts showing a robust induction pattern that was maintained during the course of infection. Changes in cellular gene transcription detected by microarrays after MVA infection were confirmed for selected genes by Northern blot analysis and by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Upregulated transcripts in clusters 1 and 2 included 20 genes implicated in immune responses, including interleukin 1A (IL-1A), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-15 genes. MVA infection also stimulated the expression of NF-kappaB and components of the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway, including p50 and TRAF-interacting protein. A marked increase in the expression of histone family members was also induced during MVA infection. Expression of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family members WAS, WASF1, and the small GTP-binding protein RAC-1, which are involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganization, was enhanced after MVA infection. This study demonstrates that MVA infection triggered the induction of groups of genes, some of which may be involved in host resistance and immune modulation during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guerra
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Campus Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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405
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M’Baku-Glöckel M, Aka PV, Kirsch-Volders M. L'influence du génotype dans la réponse inflammatoire. NUTR CLIN METAB 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2004.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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406
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Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate inhibits NF-κB activation and enhances TNF-induced apoptosis in human breast cancer cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-004-0005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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407
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Sinai AP, Payne TM, Carmen JC, Hardi L, Watson SJ, Molestina RE. Mechanisms underlying the manipulation of host apoptotic pathways by Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:381-91. [PMID: 15003498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 10/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a productive infection by an obligate intracellular pathogen is dependent on subversion of cellular defences. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a property of metazoan cells that plays a critical role in inhibiting the proliferation of invasive organisms and viruses thereby protecting uninfected cells and limiting damage to the host organism. Not surprisingly, manipulation of the machinery of apoptosis plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several intracellular pathogens. Toxoplasma gondii, arguably one of the most successful protozoan pathogens, has evolved several strategies to inhibit both the initiation and propagation of the apoptotic cascade. Recent work from several groups indicates an exquisite level of sophistication in the mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis along its diverse pathways. Much of this ability appears to centre around the manipulation of host transcription, specifically of genes involved in the pro-survival/anti-apoptotic response effectively manipulating the infected cell into a highly anti-apoptotic state. The implications of these observations extend beyond Toxoplasma biology to the broader area of microbial pathogenesis and cell signalling in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sinai
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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408
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Jiang B, Xu S, Hou X, Pimentel DR, Cohen RA. Angiotensin II Differentially Regulates Interleukin-1-β-inducible NO Synthase (iNOS) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) Expression. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:20363-8. [PMID: 15001568 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II is implicated in pathophysiological processes associated with vascular injury and repair, which include regulating the expression of numerous NF-kappaB-dependent genes. The present study examined the effect of angiotensin II on interleukin-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation and the subsequent expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Neither NF-kappaB activation nor iNOS or VCAM-1 expression was induced in cells treated with angiotensin II alone. However, when added together with interleukin-1beta, angiotensin II, through activation of the AT(1) receptor, inhibited iNOS expression and enhanced VCAM-1 expression induced by the cytokine. The inhibitory effect of angiotensin II on iNOS expression was associated with a down-regulation of the sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and NF-kappaB by interleukin-1beta, whereas the effect on VCAM-1 was independent of ERK activation. The effect of angiotensin II on iNOS was abolished by inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) with SB203580, but not by inhibition of PI3 kinase with wortmannin or stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK) with JNK inhibitor II. Thus, angiotensin II, by a mechanism that requires the participation of p38 MAPK, differentially regulates the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes in response to interleukin-1beta stimulation by controlling the duration of activation of ERK and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Jiang
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Vascular Biology Unit, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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409
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Chen F. Reactive Oxygen Species in the Activation and Regulation of Intracellular Signaling Events. OXYGEN/NITROGEN RADICALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/b14147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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410
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Bueso-Ramos CE, Rocha FC, Shishodia S, Medeiros LJ, Kantarjian HM, Vadhan-Raj S, Estrov Z, Smith TL, Nguyen MH, Aggarwal BB. Expression of constitutively active nuclear-kappa B RelA transcription factor in blasts of acute myeloid leukemia. Hum Pathol 2004; 35:246-53. [PMID: 14991544 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B regulates cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Little is known about NF-kappa B in myeloid malignancies. In this report, we assessed NF-kappa B in a group of myeloid neoplasms by using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and immunofluorescence methods in freshly isolated leukemia cells. We analyzed 30 cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), 5 cases of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 3 cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), 15 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase (CML-CP), and 2 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML-BC). Unstimulated cells (bone marrow and peripheral blood) from 17 normal donors and apheresis samples from 6 peripheral blood stem cell donors treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) were used as controls. When EMSA was used, NF-kappa B was elevated in 14 of 30 (47%) cases of AML, in both cases of CML-BC, and in all reference donors treated with G-CSF, but it was at basal levels in all cases of MDS and CML-CP and in normal donors (P = <.01). Immunofluorescence analysis confirmed strong nuclear RelA/NF-kappa B immunoreactivity in AML blasts but not in normal bone marrow. Bcl-2, a downstream molecule, was expressed in cases with elevated NF-kappa B, but not in cases with basal levels of NF-kappa B, suggesting that NF-kappa B is active and provides the cells with survival advantages in vivo. These results suggest that suppression of NF-kappa B may be a useful therapeutic strategy for a subset of patients with AML.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Blotting, Western
- Child
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Karyotyping
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelomonocytic, Chronic/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- NF-kappa B/analysis
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/analysis
- Transcription Factor RelA
- Transcriptional Activation
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Bueso-Ramos
- Department of Hematopathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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411
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Ma TY, Iwamoto GK, Hoa NT, Akotia V, Pedram A, Boivin MA, Said HM. TNF-alpha-induced increase in intestinal epithelial tight junction permeability requires NF-kappa B activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004; 286:G367-76. [PMID: 14766535 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00173.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) patients have an abnormal increase in intestinal epithelial permeability. The defect in intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier has been proposed as an important etiologic factor of CD. TNF-alpha increases intestinal TJ permeability. Because TNF-alpha levels are markedly increased in CD, TNF-alpha increase in intestinal TJ permeability could be a contributing factor of intestinal permeability defect in CD. Our purpose was to determine some of the intracellular mechanisms involved in TNF-alpha modulation of intestinal epithelial TJ permeability by using an in vitro intestinal epithelial system consisting of filter-grown Caco-2 monolayers. TNF-alpha produced a concentration- and time-dependent increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability correlated with Caco-2 NF-kappa B activation. Inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B activation by selected NF-kappa B inhibitors, curcumin and triptolide, prevented the increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability, indicating that NF-kappa B activation was required for the TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. This increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was accompanied by down-regulation of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 proteins and alteration in junctional localization of ZO-1 proteins. TNF-alpha modulation of ZO-1 protein expression and junctional localization were also prevented by NF-kappa B inhibitors. TNF-alpha did not induce apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, suggesting that apoptosis was not the mechanism involved in TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability. These results demonstrate for the first time that TNF-alpha-induced increase in Caco-2 TJ permeability was mediated by NF-kappa B activation. The increase in permeability was associated with NF-kappa B-dependent downregulation of ZO-1 protein expression and alteration in junctional localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Y Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA.
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412
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Wang X, Wang Q, Hu W, Evers BM. Regulation of phorbol ester-mediated TRAF1 induction in human colon cancer cells through a PKC/RAF/ERK/NF-κB-dependent pathway. Oncogene 2004; 23:1885-95. [PMID: 14981539 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1207312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) are cytoplasmic adapter proteins that link a wide variety of cell surface receptors to the apoptotic signaling cascade. The purpose of this study was to delineate the signaling pathways and TRAF1 promoter elements responsible for phorbol ester-mediated TRAF1 induction in human colon cancers. Here, we found that the PKC activators, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and bryostatin I, induced TRAF1 mRNA expression; pretreatment with actinomycin D blocked PMA-mediated TRAF1 expression suggesting induction at the transcriptional level. In contrast, expression of other TRAFs (TRAF2, 3 and 4) was minimally altered by PMA. Various PKC isoform-selective inhibitors blocked PMA-mediated TRAF1 mRNA and promoter stimulation; rottlerin, a selective PKCdelta inhibitor, had no effect suggesting that Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoforms (e.g., PKCalpha and betaI) play a role in TRAF1 regulation. In addition, the MEK/ERK inhibitors, PD98059 and UO126, suppressed PMA-stimulated TRAF1 promoter activity indicating a role for ERK in TRAF1 induction. Moreover, cotransfection of a dominant-negative Raf-1 (Raf-C4) significantly reduced PMA-stimulated TRAF1 promoter activity whereas transfection of dominant-negative Ras or treatment with Ras inhibitors had minimal to no effect on TRAF1 induction suggesting dependence on Raf, but not Ras, activation. Finally, site-specific mutagenesis of functional NF-kappaB sites (particularly the most proximal site) in the TRAF1 promoter significantly decreased PMA-mediated promoter activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate selective induction of TRAF1 in human colon cancer cells through a Ca(2+)-dependent PKC/Raf-1/ERK/NF-kappaB-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Wang
- Department of Surgery and Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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413
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Zhao Y, Joshi-Barve S, Barve S, Chen LH. Eicosapentaenoic Acid Prevents LPS-Induced TNF-α Expression by Preventing NF-κB Activation. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 23:71-8. [PMID: 14963056 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2004.10719345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have shown that fish oil supplementation inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production in mice and human subjects; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor that plays an important role in controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory genes including TNF-alpha. Activation of NF-kappaB has been shown to mediate the maximal expression of TNF-alpha in human monocytes. NF-kappaB is kept in an inactive form in the cytoplasm by IkappaB, the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappaB complex. Phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IkappaB lead to NF-kappaB activation. OBJECTIVES The effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a major n-3 fatty acid in fish oil, on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of TNF-alpha and activation of NF-kappaB were investigated. The mechanism underlying EPA modulation of NF-kappaB activation was also studied. METHODS Human monocytic THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with EPA and stimulated with LPS. The levels of secreted TNF-alpha were determined by ELISA. The DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB was analyzed by EMSA. The degradation and phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha were examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS TNF-alpha production and expression induced by LPS were significantly decreased in cells pre-incubated with EPA. LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation, translocation of p65 subunit to the nucleus, phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaB-alpha were partially prevented by EPA. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that suppression of the TNF-alpha expression by EPA is partly attributed to its inhibitory effect on NF-kappaB activation. EPA appears to prevent NF-kappaB activation by preventing the phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0054, USA
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414
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Yamamoto K, Shioi T, Uchiyama K, Miyamoto T, Sasayama S, Matsumori A. Attenuation of virus-induced myocardial injury by inhibition of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor signal and decreased nuclear factor-kappa B activation in knockout mice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 42:2000-6. [PMID: 14662266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examined the role of angiotensin II (Ang-II) in a murine model of viral myocarditis. BACKGROUND Ang-II plays an important role in the pathophysiology of various cardiovascular disorders. However, the role of Ang-II in inflammatory heart diseases is not known. METHODS Four-week-old wild-type (WT) and Ang-II type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) knockout (KO) mice were inoculated with the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). Survival, histopathology, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) in the heart were examined. RESULTS The 14-day survival was significantly increased in KO compared with WT mice. Histopathologic scores for myocardial necrosis (0.86 +/- 0.69 vs. 2.44 +/- 0.88, p < 0.01) and cellular infiltration (0.86 +/- 0.38 vs. 2.33 +/- 0.50, p < 0.01) were lower in KO than in WT mice. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was increased 43.2-fold, that of interleukin-1-beta (IL-1-beta) 45.8-fold, and the activity of NF-kB 2.24-fold by EMCV inoculation in WT mice (each p < 0.01), but not in KO mice (5.9-fold, 6.3-fold, and 1.12-fold, respectively, each p = NS). The AT(1)R blocker also significantly attenuated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of NF-kB in virus-inoculated WT mice. Intravenous Ang-II injection enhanced the activation of NF-kB (2.28-fold, p < 0.01) and increased the expression of TNF-alpha (2.31-fold, p < 0.01) and IL-1-beta (2.45-fold, p < 0.01) in heart tissue of WT but not KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the AT(1)R signal is obligatory for the development of virus-induced myocardial injury through the proinflammatory action of Ang-II via the NF-kB/cytokine pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanjo Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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415
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Buntinx M, Gielen E, Van Hummelen P, Raus J, Ameloot M, Steels P, Stinissen P. Cytokine-induced cell death in human oligodendroglial cell lines. II: Alterations in gene expression induced by interferon-? and tumor necrosis factor-? J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:846-61. [PMID: 15160396 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), can initiate dual effects resulting in either cell growth or cell death. In this study, the human oligodendroglial cell lines HOG and MO3.13 were used as a model to study the molecular mechanisms of cytokine-induced cell death in human oligodendrocytes. We have previously shown that TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induce apoptosis in both oligodendroglial cell lines within 72 hr. In the present study, the cell death pathways operating within these cells were further investigated at the gene expression level. Both cell lines express a broad repertoire of caspases and apoptosis-related genes. Some of these genes are specifically up-regulated by cytokine treatment; e.g., caspase-1 is up-regulated by IFN-gamma. In addition to direct cytotoxic effects, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha also enhance the expression of Fas, TNFR1, and MHC class I molecules in both cell lines. This suggests that cytokines can make oligodendrocytes more vulnerable to different cell death pathways in an inflammatory environment. cDNA microarray analysis of the HOG cell line revealed that TNF-alpha induces genes that regulate apoptosis, survival, inflammation, cell metabolism, and cell signaling. The data suggest that oligodendroglial cells activate both death and survival pathways upon cytokine challenges. However, the survival pathways seem to be unable to compete with the death signal after more than 24 hr of cytokine treatment. These results may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at interfering with cytokine-induced cell death of oligodendrocytes in patients with multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mieke Buntinx
- Biomedisch Onderzoeksinstituut, Limburgs Universitair Centrum and School of Life Sciences, Transnationale Universiteit Limburg, Universitaire Campus A, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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416
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van't Land B, Blijlevens NMA, Marteijn J, Timal S, Donnelly JP, de Witte TJM, M'Rabet L. Role of curcumin and the inhibition of NF-κB in the onset of chemotherapy-induced mucosal barrier injury. Leukemia 2003; 18:276-84. [PMID: 14671640 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) by, for instance, curcumin is becoming an important new approach in combination with chemotherapy or irradiation for the treatment of a variety of cancers including haematological malignancies. A dose-limiting side effect of anticancer therapy in the gastrointestinal tract is mucosal barrier injury. It is hypothesised that mucosal barrier injury is initiated and amplified by proinflammatory-and NF-kappaB-regulated mediators. Therefore, the effect of NF-kappaB inhibition was studied in the onset of mucosal barrier injury. In response to cytostatic drug treatment (arabinoside cytosine (Ara-C) and methotrexate (MTX)), NF-kappaB was activated in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) resulting in an NF-kappaB-related induction of tumour necrosis factor alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. NF-kappaB inhibition increased the susceptibility of IEC-6 cells to Ara-C as well as MTX-induced cell death when obtained by the addition of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), but not using curcumin. In an animal model for MTX-induced mucosal barrier injury, the induction of NF-kappaB-related cytokines and chemokines was detected upon treatment with MTX. Despite increased susceptibility shown in vitro, the inhibition of NF-kappaB resulted in a partial amelioration of villous atrophy normally seen in the small intestine upon MTX treatment. These results show that the inhibition of NF-kappaB does not increase intestinal side effects of the anticancer treatment, suggesting a safe use of curcumin and CAPE in combination with anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- B van't Land
- Numico-Research, Department of Condition and Disease Specific Research, CA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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417
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Karban AS, Okazaki T, Panhuysen CIM, Gallegos T, Potter JJ, Bailey-Wilson JE, Silverberg MS, Duerr RH, Cho JH, Gregersen PK, Wu Y, Achkar JP, Dassopoulos T, Mezey E, Bayless TM, Nouvet FJ, Brant SR. Functional annotation of a novel NFKB1 promoter polymorphism that increases risk for ulcerative colitis. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 13:35-45. [PMID: 14613970 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a major transcription regulator of immune response, apoptosis and cell-growth control genes, and is upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease. The NFKB1 gene encodes the NF-kappaB p105/p50 isoforms. Genome-wide screens in IBD families show evidence for linkage on chromosome 4q where NFKB1 maps. We sequenced the NFKB1 promoter, exon 1 and all coding exons in 10 IBD probands and two controls, and identified six nucleotide variants, including a common insertion/deletion promoter polymorphism (-94ins/delATTG). Using pedigree-based transmission disequilibrium tests, we observed modest evidence for linkage disequilibrium (LD), independent of linkage, between the -94delATTG allele and UC in 131 out of 235 IBD pedigrees with UC offspring (P=0.047-0.052). This allele was also more frequent in the 156 non-Jewish UC probands from the 235 IBD pedigrees than in 149 non-Jewish controls (P=0.015). The -94delATTG association with UC was replicated in a second set of 258 unrelated, non-Jewish UC cases and 653 new, non-Jewish controls (P=0.021). Nuclear proteins from normal human colon tissue and colonic cell lines, but not ileal tissue, showed significant binding to -94insATTG but not to -94delATTG containing oligonucleotides. NFKB1 promoter/exon 1 luciferase reporter plasmid constructs containing the -94delATTG allele and transfected into either HeLa or HT-29 cell lines showed less promoter activity than comparable constructs containing the -94insATTG allele. Therefore, we have identified the first potentially functional polymorphism of NFKB1 and demonstrated its genetic association with a common human disease, ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir S Karban
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1503 E. Jefferson Street, Room B136, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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418
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Jiang B, Xu S, Hou X, Pimentel DR, Brecher P, Cohen RA. Temporal control of NF-kappaB activation by ERK differentially regulates interleukin-1beta-induced gene expression. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:1323-9. [PMID: 14581482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307521200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells, sustained activation of ERK is required for interleukin-1beta to persistently activate NF-kappaB. Without ERK activation, interleukin-1beta induces only acute and transient NF-kappaB activation. The present study examined whether the temporal control of NF-kappaB activation by ERK could differentially regulate the expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD). Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells with interleukin-1beta induced the expression of iNOS, COX-2, VCAM-1, and Mn-SOD in a time-dependent manner, but with different patterns. Either PD98059 or U0126, selective inhibitors of MEK, or overexpression of a dominant negative MEK-1 inhibited interleukin-1beta- induced ERK activation and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 but had essentially no effect on the expression of VCAM-1 and Mn-SOD. The expression of these genes was inhibited when NF-kappaB activation was down-regulated by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, or by overexpression of an I-kappaBalpha mutant that prevented both the transient and the persistent activation of NF-kappaB. Inhibition of ERK did not affect interleukin-1beta-induced I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and degradation but attenuated I-kappaBbeta degradation. Thus, although NF-kappaB activation was essential for interleukin-1beta induction of each of the proteins studied, gene expression was differentially regulated by ERK and by the duration of NF-kappaB activation. These results reveal a novel functional role for ERK as an important temporal regulator of NF-kappaB activation and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Jiang
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
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419
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Hagi-Pavli E, Farthing PM, Kapas S. Stimulation of adhesion molecule expression in human endothelial cells (HUVEC) by adrenomedullin and corticotrophin. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 286:C239-46. [PMID: 14534081 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00036.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adrenomedullin (AM) and corticotrophin (ACTH) are both vasoactive peptides produced by a variety of cell types, including endothelial cells. Although AM and ACTH are considered to be important in the control of blood pressure and the response to stress, respectively, their role in inflammation and the immune response has not been clarified. This study shows, with the use of a cell-based ELISA, that AM and ACTH induce cell surface expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, VCAM-1, and ICAM-1 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Furthermore, this effect appears to be mediated in part via elevation of cAMP, given that both peptides elevate cAMP, the cell-permeable cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP is able to mimic induction of all three cell adhesion molecules and the effect of AM and ACTH is inhibited by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor SQ-22536. These findings demonstrate a role for AM and ACTH in the regulation of the immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Hagi-Pavli
- Molecular Signalling Group, Clinical Science Research Centre, Barts & the London Queen Mary University of London, 2 Newark St., London E1 2AD, UK
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420
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Abstract
Cross-talk between cell-surface receptor C(k) and intracellular receptors (liver X receptor-alpha and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors) controls a set of crucial genes that maintain a finely orchestrated balance between various cellular processes involved in cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation. Abnormal cross-talk of these receptors can lead to several human diseases, particularly atherosclerosis, cancer and autoimmune diseases. As our understanding of the complex signaling events that link these receptors to human health improves, we are beginning to appreciate the enormous potential of the proposed cross-talk model of cholesterol receptors in the prevention and/or treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kaul
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, 160-012, Chandigarh, India.
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421
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a highly versatile heterodiatomic molecule that effects a variety of actions in the vasculture. Originally identified as a principal determination of vascular tone, nitric oxide has since been recognized to exert anti thrombotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects in the vasculture. At higher concentrations and in the setting of other oxidants, nitric oxide can promote vascular pathology. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of nitric oxides actions in vascular biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walford
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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422
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Cho H, Lee J, Kwak NJ, Lee KH, Rha S, Kim YH, Cho YY, Yang KH, Kim K, Lim Y. Silica induces nuclear factor-kappaB activation through TAK1 and NIK in Rat2 cell line. Toxicol Lett 2003; 143:323-30. [PMID: 12849693 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(03)00193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Silica has been known to be a factor in acute cell injury and chronic pulmonary fibrosis. In Rat2 fibroblasts, silica induced the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), which plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of many genes involved in the subsequent inflammatory response. In addition, we observed that transforming growth factor-beta activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and NF-kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) were involved in silica-mediated NF-kappaB activation in Rat2 cells. The dominant negative mutant forms of TAK1 and NIK inhibited the silica-induced NF-kappaB activation in Rat2 cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that endogenous TAK1 is phosphorylated in silica-stimulated Rat2 cells. These results indicate that TAK1 functions as a critical mediator in the silica-induced signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeYoung Cho
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Youngdunpo-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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423
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Haloui M, Meilhac O, Jandrot-Perrus M, Michel JB. Atorvastatin limits the pro-inflammatory response of rat aortic smooth muscle cells to thrombin. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 474:175-84. [PMID: 12921859 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(03)02043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin, a serine protease, plays an important role in the progression of atherosclerosis. How atorvastatin could limit the pro-inflammatory response to thrombin was studied in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells. The variations in expression of interleukin-6, heme oxygenase-1, p(22phox) and Mox-1 mRNAs were evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Interleukin-6 release was determined using the B9 cell assay. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) translocation was analysed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and RhoA protein translocation by Western blot. Thrombin activated interleukin-6 secretion and mRNA expression in smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent manner. The greatest effect on mRNA expression was obtained after 1 h of stimulation. Preincubation (72 h) of the cells with various concentrations of atorvastatin prevented this effect. Simultaneous addition of mevalonate overcame this statin effect. Thrombin was without effect on p(22phox) and heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression but, after 3 h of stimulation, induced a two-fold increase in that of Mox-1. Preincubation with atorvastatin dose-dependently downregulated this Mox-1 mRNA expression. In addition, thrombin induced NF-kappaB translocation and membrane translocation of RhoA in smooth muscle cells which were both prevented by pre-treatment of the cells by atorvastatin. These data demonstrate the ability of atorvastatin to prevent the induction by thrombin of a pro-inflammatory phenotype in smooth muscle cells.
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424
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Lebron F, Vassallo R, Puri V, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii cell wall beta-glucans initiate macrophage inflammatory responses through NF-kappaB activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:25001-8. [PMID: 12716885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301426200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
beta-Glucans are major structural components of fungi. We have recently reported that the pathogenic fungus Pneumocystis carinii assembles a beta-glucan-rich cell wall that potently activates alveolar macrophages to release pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Purified P. carinii beta-glucans predictably induce both cytokine generation and associated neutrophilic lung inflammation. Herein, we demonstrate that P. carinii beta-glucan-induced macrophage stimulation results from activation of NF-kappaB. Although analogous to macrophage activation induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), P. carinii beta-glucan-induced macrophage NF-kappaB activation exhibits distinctly different kinetics, with slower induction and longer duration compared with LPS stimulation. Macrophage activation in response to P. carinii beta-glucan was also substantially inhibited with the NF-kappaB antagonist pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. In addition to different kinetics of NF-kappaB activation, P. carinii beta-glucan and LPS also utilize different receptor systems to induce macrophage activation. Macrophages from Toll-like receptor 4-deficient and wild type mice produced equivalent amounts of tumor necrosis factor alpha when stimulated with P. carinii beta-glucan. However, Toll-like receptor 4-deficient macrophages were refractory to stimulation with LPS. In contrast, MyD88-deficient macrophages exhibited a significant (though partial) blunted response to P. carinii beta-glucan. These data demonstrate that P. carinii beta-glucan acts as potent inducer of macrophage activation through NF-kappaB utilizing cellular receptors and signaling pathways distinct from LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Lebron
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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425
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Poynter ME, Irvin CG, Janssen-Heininger YMW. A prominent role for airway epithelial NF-kappa B activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced airway inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:6257-65. [PMID: 12794158 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the causal role of airway epithelial NF-kappaB activation in evoking airway inflammation, a transgenic mouse was created expressing a mutant version of the inhibitory protein I-kappaBalpha. This I-kappaBalpha superrepressor (I-kappaBalpha(SR)) acts to repress NF-kappaB activation exclusively in airway epithelial cells, under the transcriptional control of the rat CC10 promoter (CC10-I-kappaBalpha(SR)). Compared with transgene-negative littermates, intranasal instillation of LPS did not induce nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB in airway epithelium of CC10-I-kappaBalpha(SR) transgenic mice. Consequently, the influx of neutrophils into the airways and secretion of the NF-kappaB-regulated neutrophilic chemokine, macrophage-inflammatory protein-2, and the inflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha, were markedly reduced in CC10-I-kappaBalpha(SR) mice relative to the transgene-negative mice exposed to LPS. Despite an inability to activate NF-kappaB in airway epithelium, resident alveolar macrophages from transgene-positive mice were capable of activating NF-kappaB in a manner indistinguishable from transgene-negative mice. These findings demonstrate that airway epithelial cells play a prominent role in orchestrating the airway inflammatory response to LPS and suggest that NF-kappaB signaling in these cells is important for modulating innate immune responses to microbial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Poynter
- Vermont Lung Center and Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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426
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Donaldson K, Stone V, Borm PJA, Jimenez LA, Gilmour PS, Schins RPF, Knaapen AM, Rahman I, Faux SP, Brown DM, MacNee W. Oxidative stress and calcium signaling in the adverse effects of environmental particles (PM10). Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 34:1369-82. [PMID: 12757847 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the potential role that oxidative stress plays in the adverse effects of PM(10). The central hypothesis is that the ability of PM(10) to cause oxidative stress underlies the association between increased exposure to PM(10) and both exacerbations of lung disease and lung cancer. Pulmonary inflammation may also underlie the cardiovascular effects seen following increased PM(10), although the mechanisms of the cardiovascular effects of PM(10) are not well understood. PM(10) is a complex mix of various particle types and several of the components of PM(10) are likely to be involved in the induction of oxidative stress. The most likely of these are transition metals, ultrafine particle surfaces, and organic compounds. In support of this hypothesis, oxidative stress arising from PM(10) has been shown to activate a number of redox-responsive signaling pathways in lung target cells. These pathways are involved in expression of genes that play a role in responses relevant to inflammation and pathological change, including MAPKs, NF-kappaB, AP-1, and histone acetylation. Oxidative stress from particles is also likely to play an important role in the carcinogenic effects associated with PM(10) and hydroxyl radicals from PM(10) cause DNA damage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Donaldson
- Colt/ELEGI Laboratories, Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, Scotland, UK.
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427
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Hah N, Lee ST. An absolute role of the PKC-dependent NF-kappaB activation for induction of MMP-9 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 305:428-33. [PMID: 12745093 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00788-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in inflammation, tumor cell invasion, and metastasis. We found that phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated invasion of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) SNU-387 and SNU-398 cells and that PMA induced the secretion of MMP-9 in the cells, but did not induce the secretion of MMP-2. The PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion was abolished by treatment of a pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X, and an inhibitor of NF-kappaB activation, sulfasalazine, and partly inhibited by treatment of inhibitors of ERK pathway, PD98059 and U0126. In addition, the PMA-stimulated activation of the MMP-9 promoter was completely inhibited by a mutation of the NF-kappaB site within the MMP-9 promoter, but not completely by mutations of two AP-1 sites. Moreover, the MMP-9 induction by HGF and TNF-alpha was also completely inhibited by GF109203X and sulfasalazine, but not by PD98059 and U0126. These data demonstrate that the PKC-dependent NF-kappaB activation is absolute for MMP-9 induction and that the PKC-dependent ERK activation devotes to increase the expression level of MMP-9, in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasun Hah
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, and Protein Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
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428
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Neu B, Puschmann AJ, Mayerhofer A, Hutzler P, Grossmann J, Lippl F, Schepp W, Prinz C. TNF-alpha induces apoptosis of parietal cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 65:1755-60. [PMID: 12754112 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection can be associated with chronic gastric inflammation and hypochlorhydria with increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines. The current study investigated the effects of TNF-alpha on programmed death of gastric parietal cells. TNF-alpha induced apoptosis of parietal cells in isolated perfused rat stomachs at 10ng/mL. In isolated and highly enriched rat parietal cells, 10ng/mL TNF-alpha induced a 2.6-fold increase in the apoptotic rate. The 55kDa protein of TNFR-1 but not the 75kDa of TNFR-2 was detected by Western blot analysis. TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis of isolated parietal cells was inhibited by pretreatment with different NF-kappaB-inhibitors, nitric oxide synthase inhibitors and with antisense-oligodeoxynucleotides against the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB. Investigation of downstream signaling pathways of apoptosis revealed that TNF-alpha induced the expression of iNOS, but failed to stimulate the activity of caspase 3. The TNF-alpha effect on gastric parietal cells may contribute to the atrophy and hypochlorhydria of the gastric mucosa observed during chronic H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Neu
- Second Department of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, D-81675, Munich, Germany.
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429
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Andriollo M, Favier A, Guiraud P. Adriamycin activates NF-kappaB in human lung carcinoma cells by IkappaBalpha degradation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003; 413:75-82. [PMID: 12706343 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9861(03)00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of adriamycin (ADR) in signaling activation of NF-kappaB in ADR-sensitive and -resistant GLC(4) human small-cell lung carcinoma. ADR activated NF-kappaB only in ADR-sensitive GLC(4) cells in a time- and dose-dependant manner by stimulating IkappaBalpha degradation after 4h. Activation of NF-kappaB in response to tumor necrosis factor was intact in both cell lines. Topoisomerase II, a target for a number of chemotherapeutic agents, was depleted in both types of GLC(4) cells after ADR treatment, suggesting the stabilization of transient DNA-topoisomerase II complexes. Another transcription factor, Sp1, was activated by ADR, demonstrating the nonspecificity of NF-kappaB activation in ADR-sensitive GLC(4) cells. These findings indicated that resistance to ADR in ADR-sensitive GLC(4) cells did not involve the NF-kappaB transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Andriollo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Stress Oxydant, MNERT JE538 CEA LRC 8M, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France.
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430
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Vanden Berghe W, De Bosscher K, Vermeulen L, De Wilde G, Haegeman G. Induction and repression of NF-kappa B-driven inflammatory genes. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2003:233-78. [PMID: 12355719 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04660-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W Vanden Berghe
- Unit of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction, Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gent-VIB, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
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431
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Gough SM, McDonald M, Chen XN, Korenberg JR, Neri A, Kahn T, Eccles MR, Morris CM. Refined physical map of the human PAX2/HOX11/NFKB2 cancer gene region at 10q24 and relocalization of the HPV6AI1 viral integration site to 14q13.3-q21.1. BMC Genomics 2003; 4:9. [PMID: 12697057 PMCID: PMC153515 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2002] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome band 10q24 is a gene-rich domain and host to a number of cancer, developmental, and neurological genes. Recurring translocations, deletions and mutations involving this chromosome band have been observed in different human cancers and other disease conditions, but the precise identification of breakpoint sites, and detailed characterization of the genetic basis and mechanisms which underlie many of these rearrangements has yet to be resolved. Towards this end it is vital to establish a definitive genetic map of this region, which to date has shown considerable volatility through time in published works of scientific journals, within different builds of the same international genomic database, and across the differently constructed databases. RESULTS Using a combination of chromosome and interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), BAC end-sequencing and genomic database analysis we present a physical map showing that the order and chromosomal orientation of selected genes within 10q24 is CEN-CYP2C9-PAX2-HOX11-NFKB2-TEL. Our analysis has resolved the orientation of an otherwise dynamically evolving assembly of larger contigs upstream of this region, and in so doing verifies the order and orientation of a further 9 cancer-related genes and GOT1. This study further shows that the previously reported human papillomavirus type 6a DNA integration site HPV6AI1 does not map to 10q24, but that it maps at the interface of chromosome bands 14q13.3-q21.1. CONCLUSIONS This revised map will allow more precise localization of chromosome rearrangements involving chromosome band 10q24, and will serve as a useful baseline to better understand the molecular aetiology of chromosomal instability in this region. In particular, the relocation of HPV6AI1 is important to report because this HPV6a integration site, originally isolated from a tonsillar carcinoma, was shown to be rearranged in other HPV6a-related malignancies, including 2 of 25 genital condylomas, and 2 of 7 head and neck tumors tested. Our finding shifts the focus of this genomic interest from 10q24 to the chromosome 14 site.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Order/genetics
- Genes, Neoplasm/genetics
- Genetic Markers/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B p52 Subunit
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- PAX2 Transcription Factor
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Physical Chromosome Mapping/methods
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Virus Infections/genetics
- Virus Integration/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl M Gough
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margaret McDonald
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Xiao-Ning Chen
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, UCLA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Julie R Korenberg
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, UCLA and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Antonino Neri
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Molecular Genetics, Ospedale Policlinico, IRCCS, University of Milan, School of Medicine, Milan, 20122 Italy
| | - Tomas Kahn
- Deutsches Bank AG, Expert Team Life Sciences, P7, 10-15, D-68161 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Pathology Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Christine M Morris
- Cancer Genetics Research Group, Christchurch School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Christchurch, New Zealand
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432
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Kitamura H, Matsushita Y, Iwanaga T, Mori K, Kanehira K, Fujikura D, Morimatsu M, Saito M. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of the IkappaB protein MAIL in B-lymphocytes and macrophages. ARCHIVES OF HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY 2003; 66:53-62. [PMID: 12703554 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecule possessing ankyrin-repeats induced by lipopolysaccharide (MAIL), a recently cloned nuclear IkappaB protein induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in lymphoid organs, is involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. The present in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses revealed the distinct expression of the MAIL mRNA and protein in B-lymphocytes of the white pulp of the spleen and cortical lymphoid follicles of lymph nodes in LPS-injected mice. MAIL signals were also localized in F4/80-positive macrophages in these organs. LPS clearly induced MAIL expression in cultured B-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, but only faintly so in T-lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. MAIL was also induced by inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and -6, and tumor necrosis factor in cultured cells. Northern blot, Western blot, and in situ hybridization analyses showed that the major expression product of the Mail gene was a long splicing variant (MAIL-L) rather than a short one, both in lymphoid organs and cultured cells. These results collectively indicate that LPS induces MAIL-L predominantly in B-lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kitamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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433
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Filosto M, Tonin P, Vattemi G, Savio C, Rizzuto N, Tomelleri G. Transcription factors c-Jun/activator protein-1 and nuclear factor-kappa B in oxidative stress response in mitochondrial diseases. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2003; 29:52-9. [PMID: 12581340 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2003.00411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to oxygen free radical (ROS) generation with consequent oxidative stress and cellular damage. Recently, activation of the cellular antioxidant system and apoptosis were demonstrated in skeletal muscle fibres from patients with mitochondrial diseases, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of ROS generation, is a chemical inducer of gene expression able to activate apoptosis and to promote the antioxidant response through the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor. Using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, we evaluated the expression of NF-kappaB and AP-1 in muscle biopsies from patients with mitochondrial disease. In addition, we examined the expression of factors involved in their activation, such as NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) and phosphorylated Jun-N-terminal kinase (p-JNK). Most fibres with respiratory chain dysfunction displayed nuclear staining for activated c-Jun/AP-1, but not for NF-kappaB. The same fibres reacted for p-JNK. Only some ragged red fibres immunoreacted for NIK. These data suggest that AP-1 is involved in the oxidative stress response in muscle fibres from patients with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Filosto
- Department of Neurological Sciences and Vision, Section of Clinical Neurology, University of Verona, Italy
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434
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Abstract
The immune system is involved in host defense against infectious agents, tumor cells, and environmental insults. Inflammation is an important component of the early immunologic response. Inappropriate or dysfunctional immune responses underlie acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related compounds that have important roles in inflammation and in the regulation of immunity. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of AA in cell membranes by EPA. This leads to decreased production of AA-derived mediators, through several mechanisms, including decreased availability of AA, competition for cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) enzymes, and decreased expression of COX-2 and 5-LOX. This alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 FA. However, n-3 FA have a number of other effects that might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this effect. For example, dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines and can modulate adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n-3 FA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory. There are indications that the inclusion of fish oil in enteral and parenteral formulae is beneficial to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, Southampton SO16 7PX, United Kingdom.
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435
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Gupta S, Purcell NH, Lin A, Sen S. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB is necessary for myotrophin-induced cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Biol 2002; 159:1019-28. [PMID: 12486112 PMCID: PMC2173971 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200207149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates expression of a variety of genes involved in immune responses, inflammation, proliferation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Here, we show that in rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes, activation of NF-kappaB is involved in the hypertrophic response induced by myotrophin, a hypertrophic activator identified from spontaneously hypertensive rat heart and cardiomyopathic human hearts. Myotrophin treatment stimulated NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity, accompanied by IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation and degradation. Consistently, myotrophin-induced NF-kappaB activation was enhanced by wild-type IkappaB kinase (IKK) beta and abolished by the dominant-negative IKKbeta or a general PKC inhibitor, calphostin C. Importantly, myotrophin-induced expression of two hypertrophic genes (atrial natriuretic factor [ANF] and c-myc) and also enhanced protein synthesis were partially inhibited by a potent NF-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithio-carbamate (PDTC), and calphostin C. Expression of the dominant-negative form of IkappaB-alpha or IKKbeta also partially inhibited the transcriptional activity of ANF induced by myotrophin. These findings suggest that the PKC-IKK-NF-kappaB pathway may play a critical role in mediating the myotrophin-induced hypertrophic response in cardiomyocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Alkaloids
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Benzophenanthridines
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation
- Genes, Dominant
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Hypertrophy
- I-kappa B Proteins/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myocardium/cytology
- Myocardium/pathology
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/metabolism
- Phenanthridines/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Transport
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Wistar
- Time Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhiranjan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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436
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Abstract
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are found in high proportions in oily fish and fish oils. The n-3 PUFA are structurally and functionally distinct from the n-6 PUFA. Typically, human inflammatory cells contain high proportions of the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid and low proportions of n-3 PUFA. The significance of this difference is that arachidonic acid is the precursor of 2-series prostaglandins and 4-series leukotrienes, which are highly-active mediators of inflammation. Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of arachidonic acid in inflammatory cell membranes by EPA. This change leads to decreased production of arachidonic acid-derived mediators. This response alone is a potentially beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of n-3 PUFA. However, n-3 PUFA have a number of other effects which might occur downstream of altered eicosanoid production or might be independent of this activity. For example, animal and human studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and can decrease adhesion molecule expression. These effects occur at the level of altered gene expression. This action might come about through antagonism of the effects of arachidonic acid-derived mediators or through more direct actions on the intracellular signalling pathways which lead to activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFB). Recent studies have shown that n-3 PUFA can down regulate the activity of the nuclear transcription factor NFB. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms in some animal models of chronic inflammatory disease and to protect against the effects of endotoxin and similar inflammatory challenges. Clinical studies have reported that oral fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis and among some patients with asthma, supporting the idea that the n-3 PUFA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory. There are indications that inclusion of n-3 PUFA in enteral and parenteral formulas might be beneficial to patients in intensive care or post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Bassett Crescent East, UK.
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437
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Curran JE, Weinstein SR, Griffiths LR. Polymorphic variants of NFKB1 and its inhibitory protein NFKBIA, and their involvement in sporadic breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2002; 188:103-7. [PMID: 12406554 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-kappaB) is a transcription factor responsible for modulating the expression of many genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and metastasis. NF-kappaB interacts with IkappaB inhibitory proteins to regulate gene expression. This study investigated common variants within the genes coding for NF-kappaB and IkappaB, NFKB1 and NFKBIA, for involvement in sporadic breast cancer. Genotypes were determined in a population of breast cancer affected individuals and age-matched controls. Results do not support an involvement of the tested NFKB1 and NFKBIA polymorphisms in susceptibility to sporadic breast cancer, in the tested Caucasian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne E Curran
- Genomics Research Centre and Wesley Research Institute, School of Health Science, Griffith University Gold Coast, Parklands Drive, 9726, Southport, Qld, Australia
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438
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439
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Jiang B, Xu S, Brecher P, Cohen RA. Growth factors enhance interleukin-1 beta-induced persistent activation of nuclear factor-kappa B in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22:1811-6. [PMID: 12426209 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000037679.60584.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) is required for interleukin-1beta to persistently activate nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and concomitantly express inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). The present study examined whether platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) could influence the VSMC response to interleukin-1beta via an ERK-related signaling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of VSMCs with PDGF or EGF alone potently induced ERK phosphorylation and DNA synthesis but did not induce NF-kappaB activation or iNOS expression. However, either PDGF or EGF markedly enhanced interleukin-1beta-induced persistent NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression but did not affect the early and transient NF-kappaB activation. Growth factor-induced DNA synthesis was attenuated in the presence of interleukin-1beta. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation with selective inhibitors (PD98059 or U0126) attenuated interleukin-1beta-induced persistent NF-kappaB activation and iNOS expression in either the absence or presence of the growth factors. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that interleukin-1beta-induced expression of NF-kappaB-dependent genes, such as iNOS, is potentiated in the presence of growth factors through a mechanism requiring ERK-dependent enhanced NF-kappaB activation, and the results also suggest that NF-kappaB activation is not required for PDGF or EGF to trigger DNA synthesis in VSMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/chemistry
- Aorta, Thoracic/cytology
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/physiology
- Enzyme Activation/physiology
- Epidermal Growth Factor/metabolism
- Growth Substances/metabolism
- Interleukin-1/physiology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/physiology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/physiology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Jiang
- Vascular Biology Unit, Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass 02118, USA.
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440
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Pollet S, Bottex-Gauthier C, Li M, Potier P, Favier A, Vidal D. Insight into some of the signaling pathways triggered by a lipid immunomodulator. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2002; 24:527-46. [PMID: 12510789 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120016034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The use of non specific immunomodulatory agents takes an important place in the aspecific host response to invading microorganisms. In this context, antimicrobial properties of royal jelly have been ascribed to organic acids (mainly 10 hydroxy-2-decenoic acid or 10-HDA) and proteins. We synthesized a derivative of 10-HDA, the 1-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)2,3-(10-hydroxy2-decenoyl)(E) glycerol referred as diHDA-glycerol which was previously found to protect mice against virulent Salmonella typhimurium challenge through more adequate immune regulations. This study was conducted to further investigate some of the signaling pathways followed by diHDA-glycerol in cell transduction. Members of NF-kappaB transcription factors are key regulators of many cytokines acting on immunity and they control genes involved in responses to numerous signals such as bacterial products. Therefore, we investigated some parameters acting on NF-kappaB translocation in U937 cells after diHDA-glycerol treatment. Due to the chemical structure of the molecule we also investigated the sphingomyelinase pathway. Our results showed that diHDA-glycerol induced a rapid NF-kappaB translocation as a consequence of IkappaB-alpha proteolysis. An intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may also account for NF-kappaB activation, without de novo protein synthesis. DiHDA-glycerol induced a strong activation of neutral sphingomyelinase, suggesting an important role of sphingolipids in the regulatory responses induced by diHDA-glycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pollet
- Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées Emile Pardé, 24 avenue des Maquis du Grésivaudan, 38702 La Tronche cedex, France
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441
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Cameron P, Bingham D, Paul A, Pavelka M, Cameron S, Rotondo D, Plevin R. Essential role for verotoxin in sustained stress-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B signaling, stimulated by Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Vero cells. Infect Immun 2002; 70:5370-80. [PMID: 12228261 PMCID: PMC128335 DOI: 10.1128/iai.70.10.5370-5380.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (strains E30480 and PM601) and the associated verotoxins (VTs), VT1 and VT2, on stress-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) signaling were investigated with Vero cells, which are extremely sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of E. coli O157:H7 in vitro. Cell-free supernatants prepared from E30480 and PM601 cultures and purified VT1 and VT2 stimulated a strong and prolonged (>4-h) activation of both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. However, JNK activity stimulated in response to E30480 supernatants was substantially reduced following pretreatment with anti-VT1 and anti-VT2 antibodies, while a VT1 and VT2 gene knockout mutant of PM601 was unable to stimulate JNK activity. E30480 supernatants also caused a sustained activation of NF-kappaB DNA binding, degradation of inhibitory kappa B alpha (IkappaBalpha), and an increase in inhibitory kappa B kinase alpha activity, although PM601 supernatants and VT1 and VT2 had no effect. However, preincubation with VTs prolonged the transient activation of NF-kappaB and IkappaBalpha degradation stimulated by either tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 1beta, while preincubation with anti-VT antibodies prevented the prolonged loss of IkappaBalpha and partially reduced DNA binding in response to E30480 supernatants. These results strongly suggest that in Vero cells, VT plays an essential role in sustained JNK and NF-kappaB signaling in response to E. coli O157:H7 and that this action may underpin their cell-selective cytotoxic effects. These studies also suggest that another component released by strain E30480 contributes to the early activation of JNK and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Cameron
- Department of Physiology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow G4 ONR, Scotland.
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442
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López-Franco O, Suzuki Y, Sanjuán G, Blanco J, Hernández-Vargas P, Yo Y, Kopp J, Egido J, Gómez-Guerrero C. Nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitors as potential novel anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of immune glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 161:1497-505. [PMID: 12368222 PMCID: PMC1867308 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B regulates several genes implicated in the inflammatory response and represents an interesting therapeutic target. We examined the effects of gliotoxin (a fungal metabolite) and parthenolide (a plant extract), which possess anti-inflammatory activities in vitro, on the progression of experimental glomerulonephritis. In the anti-Thy 1.1 rat model, gliotoxin (75 micro g/rat/day, 10 days, n = 18 rats) markedly reduced proteinuria, glomerular lesions, and monocyte infiltration. In anti-mesangial cell nephritis in mice, parthenolide (70 micro g/mouse/day, 7 days, n = 17 mice) significantly decreased proteinuria, hematuria, and glomerular proliferation. NF-kappa B activity, localized in glomerular and tubular cells, was attenuated by either gliotoxin or parthenolide, in association with diminished renal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. In cultured mesangial cells and monocytes, gliotoxin and parthenolide inhibited NF-kappa B activation and expression of inflammatory genes induced by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines, by blocking the phosphorylation/degradation of the I kappa B(alpha) subunit. In summary, gliotoxin and parthenolide prevent proteinuria and renal lesions by inhibiting NF-kappa B activation and expression of regulated genes. This may represent a novel approach for the treatment of immune and inflammatory renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar López-Franco
- Renal and Vascular Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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443
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Wolf R, Matz H, Orion E, Tüzün B, Tüzün Y. Miscellaneous treatments, I: sulfasalazine and pentoxifylline: unapproved uses, dosages, or indications. Clin Dermatol 2002; 20:531-46. [PMID: 12435524 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(02)00270-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rechovot, Israel.
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444
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Meng AH, Ling YL, Zhang XP, Zhang JL. Anti-inflammatory effect of cholecystokinin and its signal transduction mechanism in endotoxic shock rat. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:712-7. [PMID: 12174384 PMCID: PMC4656326 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i4.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the anti-inflammatory effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxic shock (ES) and further investigate its signal transduction pathways involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB-α.
METHODS: Eighty-four rats were divided randomly into four groups: LPS (8 mg·kg-1, iv) induced ES; CCK-8 (40 μg·kg-1, iv) pretreatment 10 min before LPS (8 mg·kg-1); CCK-8 (40 μg·kg-1, iv) or normal saline (control) groups. The inflammatory changes of lung and spleen, phagocytic function of alveolar macrophage, quantification of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were investigated in rats by using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, phagocytosis of Candida albicans and differential cell counting. Nitric oxide (NO) production in serum, lung and spleen was measured with the Griess reaction. The mechanism involving p38 MAPK and IκB-α signal pathways was investigated by Western blot.
RESULTS: Inflammatory changes of lung and spleen induced by LPS were alleviated by CCK-8, the increase of NO induced by LPS in serum, lung and spleen was significantly inhibited and the neutrophil infiltration in BAL was significantly reduced by CCK-8. The number of neutrophils was (52 ± 10) × 106 cells•L-1 in LPS group, while it decreased to (18 ± 4) × 106 cells•L-1 in CCK-8+LPS (P < 0.01). The phagocytic rate of CCK-8 group increased to (62.49 ± 9.49)%, compared with control group (48.16 ± 14.20)%, P < 0.05. The phagocytosis rate was (85.14 ± 4.64)% in LPS group, which reduced to (59.33 ± 3.14)% in CCK-8+LPS group (P < 0.01). The results of phagocytosis indexes showed similar changes. CCK-8 may play an important role in increasing the expression of p38 MAPK and decreasing the degradation of IκB-α in lung and spleen of ES rats.
CONCLUSION: CCK-8 can result in anti-inflammatory effects, which may be related to activation of p38 MAPK and inhibition on the degradation of IκB-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Meng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, Hebei Province, China
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445
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Abstract
Among transcriptional regulatory proteins described, NF-kappaB seems particularly important in modulating the expression of immunoregulatory genes relevant in critical illness, inflammatory diseases, apoptosis, and cancer. In particular, NF-kappaB plays a central role in regulating the transcription of cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other mediators. The biochemical basis by which diverse stimuli converge to activate or intervene this family of transcription factors is still largely unknown. The NF-kappaB transcription factor family represents an important group of regulators of a broad range of genes involved in cellular responses to inflammatory and other kinds of signals. Knockout mouse studies have also revealed a key role for this family in broad physiological processes, including immune function and metabolism. Overall, specificity seems to exist in the role of each transcriptional complex in gene transcription and physiological function. Each NF-kappaB complex displays distinct affinities for the different DNA-binding sites present in the promoters of NF-kappaB-regulated genes, and this may contribute to some of the specificity exhibited. The identification of specific components of the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway provides an opportunity to define mechanisms at the biochemical level by which specific members of the NF-kappaB family are activated. Furthermore, this may identify specific targets for selective inhibition or promotion of NF-kappaB functions. Further studies will be required to elucidate mechanisms regulating specificity and selectivity of NF-kappaB function, as well as its role in different diseases, prior to potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwu Sun
- Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
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446
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Russo MP, Bennett BL, Manning AM, Brenner DA, Jobin C. Differential requirement for NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in the induction of NF-kappaB by IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and Fas. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C347-57. [PMID: 12055104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00166.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined the role of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB)-inducing kinase (NIK) in distinct signaling pathways leading to NF-kappaB activation. We show that a dominant-negative form of NIK (dnNIK) delivered by adenoviral (Ad5dnNIK) vector inhibits Fas-induced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression in HT-29 and HeLa cells. Interleukin (IL)-1beta- and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced NF-kappaB activation and kappaB-dependent gene expression are inhibited in HeLa cells but not in Ad5dnNIK-infected HT-29 cells. Moreover, Ad5dnNIK failed to sensitize HT-29 cells to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis at an early time point. However, cytokine- and Fas-induced signals to NF-kappaB are finally integrated by the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex, since IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, and IL-8 gene expression were strongly inhibited in HT-29 and HeLa cells overexpressing dominant-negative IKKbeta (Ad5dnIKKbeta). Our findings support the concept that cytokine signaling to NF-kappaB is redundant at the level of NIK. In addition, this study demonstrates for the first time the critical role of NIK and IKKbeta in Fas-induced NF-kappaB signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P Russo
- Department of Medicine and Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7080, USA
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447
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Li YH, Tullus K. Microbial infection and inflammation in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:723-32. [PMID: 12067832 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia or chronic lung disease of prematurity is a prolonged respiratory failure with multifactorial etiology in very low birth-weight neonates. This review summarizes current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of different infections and inflammatory responses that are involved in the development of chronic lung disease of prematurity.
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MESH Headings
- Chronic Disease
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/microbiology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/pathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/virology
- Inflammation/microbiology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/virology
- Lung Diseases/microbiology
- Lung Diseases/pathology
- Lung Diseases/physiopathology
- Lung Diseases/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Li
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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448
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Jeong DW, Yoo MH, Kim TS, Kim JH, Kim IY. Protection of mice from allergen-induced asthma by selenite: prevention of eosinophil infiltration by inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:17871-6. [PMID: 11897787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200808200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential anti-inflammatory effect of sodium selenite in a mouse model of asthma was investigated. Selenite was injected into the peritoneum of allergen (ovalbumin)-sensitized mice before allergen challenge. Ovalbumin challenge resulted in activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and an increase in the expression of cell adhesion molecules (intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin, which are encoded by NF-kappaB-dependent genes) in lung tissue as well as in the recruitment of eosinophils to lung airways. These effects of ovalbumin challenge were all inhibited by pretreatment of mice with selenite. Selenite administration also increased the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase in lung tissue. Furthermore, supplementation of A549 human airway epithelial cell cultures with selenite increased glutathione peroxidase activity as well as inhibited both the generation of hydrogen peroxide and the activation of NF-kappaB induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha in these cells. Selenite also reversed in vitro the activation of NF-kappaB induced by this cytokine in intact A549 cells. These results suggest that selenite regulates the activity of NF-kappaB by increasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase, thereby removing potential activators of NF-kappaB, and possibly also by direct oxidation of critical sulfhydryl groups of this transcription factor. These effects of selenite likely underlie its anti-inflammatory action in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Won Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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449
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Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Kristensen K, Richelsen B. Effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines on leptin production in human adipose tissue in vitro. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2002; 190:91-9. [PMID: 11997182 DOI: 10.1016/s0303-7207(02)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is synthesized in adipocytes and acts primarily through central pathways suppressing appetite and increasing the metabolic rate in rodents as well as in humans. Recently leptin has also been suggested to have peripheral effects and be involved in insulin action. Since cytokines and chemokines may have effects on appetite regulation as well as on some of the obesity-related complications e.g. insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, we investigated the effects of various cytokines and chemokines on leptin production in human adipose tissue fragments in vitro. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from healthy normal to overweight females was incubated for up to 48 h with the cytokines: tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and the chemokine: interleukin-8 (IL-8). IL-1beta (50 ng/ml) and TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) decreased leptin production by 30-50% (P<0.05) and gene expression by 80-90% (P<0.05). In contrast, IL-6 and IL-8 had no effect on either leptin production or leptin gene expression. Interestingly, IL-1beta elicited a biphasic effect on leptin release with an incremental phase observed within 4 h with no concomitant change in leptin gene expression, followed by a long-lasting inhibition of leptin release and leptin gene expression. This could suggest that IL-1beta through a post-translational pathway induced an acute increase in leptin-secretion, perhaps through the release of leptin from a pre-formed pool within the adipose tissue. The long-term decrease in both leptin secretion and transcription could indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta and TNF-alpha might influence the circulating leptin levels and thereby influence the adipose tissue to brain signalling, which could be of importance in relation to the obesity-associated diseases such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens M Bruun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus Amtssygehus, Aarhus University Hospital and Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Tage Hansensgade 2, Denmark.
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Chen F, Shi X. Intracellular signal transduction of cells in response to carcinogenic metals. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2002; 42:105-21. [PMID: 11923072 DOI: 10.1016/s1040-8428(01)00211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that several metals and metal-containing compounds are potent mutagens and carcinogens. These metals include chromium, arsenic, vanadium, nickel, and others. During the last two decades, chemical and cellular studies have contributed enormously to our understanding of the mechanisms of metal-induced pathophysiological processes. Although each of these metals is unique in its mechanism of action, some common signaling molecules, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), may be shared by many of the carcinogenic metals. New techniques are now available to reveal the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in precise molecular terms. In this review, we focused our attentions on carcinogenic metal-induced signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappaB, cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression, three crucial steps or events involved in the transformation and carcinogenesis. This review summarizes current knowledge and our recent studies concerning intracellular signal transduction pathways initiated by carcinogenic metals and the cross-talk that occurs among these pathways in cells in response to metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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