401
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Torres-Pitarch A, Nielsen B, Canibe N, Jensen BB, Derkx P, Cantor MD, Blaabjerg K, Poulsen HD, Nørgaard JV. Tryptophan provision by dietary supplementation of a Bacillus subtilismutant strain in piglets. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2015.1131326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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402
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Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Comparison of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria effects, immune responses and rotavirus vaccines and infection in different host species. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 172:72-84. [PMID: 26809484 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Different probiotic strains of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera possess significant and widely acknowledged health-promoting and immunomodulatory properties. They also provide an affordable means for prevention and treatment of various infectious, allergic and inflammatory conditions as demonstrated in numerous human and animal studies. Despite the ample evidence of protective effects of these probiotics against rotavirus (RV) infection and disease, the precise immune mechanisms of this protection remain largely undefined, because of limited mechanistic research possible in humans and investigated in the majority of animal models. Additionally, while most human clinical probiotic trials are well-standardized using the same strains, uniform dosages, regimens of the probiotic treatments and similar host age, animal studies often lack standardization, have variable experimental designs, and non-uniform and sometime limited selection of experimental variables or observational parameters. This review presents selected data on different probiotic strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria and summarizes the knowledge of their immunomodulatory properties and the associated protection against RV disease in diverse host species including neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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403
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Melo ADB, Silveira H, Luciano FB, Andrade C, Costa LB, Rostagno MH. Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: Potential Roles in Promoting Gut Health in Weanling Piglets and Its Modulation by Feed Additives - A Review. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2016; 29:16-22. [PMID: 26732323 PMCID: PMC4698684 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal environment plays a critical role in maintaining swine health. Many factors such as diet, microbiota, and host intestinal immune response influence the intestinal environment. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an important apical brush border enzyme that is influenced by these factors. IAP dephosphorylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides, and flagellin, reducing bacterial toxicity and consequently regulating toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation and inflammation. It also desphosphorylates extracellular nucleotides such as uridine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate, consequently reducing inflammation, modulating, and preserving the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. The apical localization of IAP on the epithelial surface reveals its role on LPS (from luminal bacteria) detoxification. As the expression of IAP is reported to be downregulated in piglets at weaning, LPS from commensal and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria could increase inflammatory processes by TLR-4 activation, increasing diarrhea events during this phase. Although some studies had reported potential IAP roles to promote gut health, investigations about exogenous IAP effects or feed additives modulating IAP expression and activity yet are necessary. However, we discussed in this paper that the critical assessment reported can suggest that exogenous IAP or feed additives that could increase its expression could show beneficial effects to reduce diarrhea events during the post weaning phase. Therefore, the main goals of this review are to discuss IAP’s role in intestinal inflammatory processes and present feed additives used as growth promoters that may modulate IAP expression and activity to promote gut health in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D B Melo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - H Silveira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - F B Luciano
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - C Andrade
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - L B Costa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-000, Brazil
| | - M H Rostagno
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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404
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Sopková D, Hertelyová Z, Andrejčáková Z, Vlčková R, Gancarčíková S, Petrilla V, Ondrašovičová S, Krešáková L. The application of probiotics and flaxseed promotes metabolism of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pigs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1124333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Drahomíra Sopková
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdenka Hertelyová
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Andrejčáková
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Radoslava Vlčková
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Soňa Gancarčíková
- Institute of Gnotobiology and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Vladimír Petrilla
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Ondrašovičová
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Krešáková
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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405
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Wan J, Jiang F, Xu Q, Chen D, He J. Alginic acid oligosaccharide accelerates weaned pig growth through regulating antioxidant capacity, immunity and intestinal development. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18135j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alginic acid oligosaccharide (ALGO) is the lyase–lysate of alginic acid, which is a naturally occurring anionic polysaccharide isolated from the cell walls of seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Xu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science
- Dalian Ocean University
- Dalian 116023
- People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition
- Sichuan Agricultural University
- Chengdu 611130
- People's Republic of China
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406
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Yang H, Xiong X, Yin Y. Metabolomic analysis of intestinal epithelial cell maturation along the crypt–villus axis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27722a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The present experiment showed a gradual change in the metabolism of intestinal epithelial cells during maturation along CVA. Metabolism of fatty acids, amino acids, and glucose was significantly different between villus and crypt cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huansheng Yang
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
| | - Xia Xiong
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
| | - Yulong Yin
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Research Center of Healthy Breeding Livestock & Poultry
- Human Engineering & Research Center of Animal & Poultry Science
- Key Lab Agroecology Processing Subtropical Region
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407
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Zhou L, Fang L, Sun Y, Su Y, Zhu W. Effects of the dietary protein level on the microbial composition and metabolomic profile in the hindgut of the pig. Anaerobe 2015; 38:61-69. [PMID: 26723572 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a long-term low protein diet on the microbial composition and metabolomic profile in the hindgut of the pig. Thirty-six Duroc × Landrace × Large White growing barrows (70 days of age, 23.57 ± 1.77 kg) were randomly allocated to normal protein diet (NP) and low protein diet (LP) groups using a randomized block design. At the age of 170 days, the digesta in the hindguts of the pigs were collected for microbial and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or feed:gain ratio between the NP and LP groups. The concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs)/short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum decreased with the reduction of dietary protein. Pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA genes showed that LP diet significantly decreased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the cecum, and Streptococcus in the colon; however, the relative abundance of Prevotella and Coprococcus in the LP group was significantly higher than in the NP group in the cecum, and Sarcina, Peptostreptococcaceae incertae sedis, Mogibacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Coprococcus was higher in the colon. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that the dietary protein level mainly affected phenylalanine metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; the citrate cycle; pyruvate metabolism; and the alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Moreover, the correlation analysis of the combined datasets revealed some potential relationships between the colonic metabolites and certain microbial species. These results suggest that a low protein diet may modulate the microbial composition and metabolites of the hindgut, without affecting the growth performance of pigs; however, potential roles of this modulation to the health of pigs remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lingdong Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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408
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Huang C, Song P, Fan P, Hou C, Thacker P, Ma X. Dietary Sodium Butyrate Decreases Postweaning Diarrhea by Modulating Intestinal Permeability and Changing the Bacterial Communities in Weaned Piglets. J Nutr 2015; 145:2774-80. [PMID: 26491121 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.217406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vast majority of substances used as alternatives to antibiotics produce inconsistent results and rarely equal the effectiveness of in-feed antibiotics. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of the combined use of sodium butyrate (SB) and reduced antibiotics in a piglet diet in promoting performance and to control weaning diarrhea. METHODS Piglets weaned at 28 d were randomly assigned to a corn-soybean meal control ration [negative control (NC)]; a similar ration with 50 mg kitasamycin/kg, 20 mg colistin sulfate/kg, and 1000 mg encapsulated SB/kg [reduced antibiotics + SB (ASB)]; or to a ration with 100 mg kitasamycin/kg and 40 mg colistin sulfate/kg [positive control (PC)] for 28 d. Performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal permeability, and changes in the bacterial communities in the ileum and colon were determined. RESULTS Weight gain and the ratio of weight gain to feed intake were significantly greater in the ASB and PC piglets than in the NC piglets (P < 0.05). Diarrhea incidence was lower in the ASB and PC piglets than in the NC piglets (P < 0.05). Urinary lactulose to mannitol ratios were 25% and 30% lower, respectively, whereas jejunal and colonic occludin protein expressions were significantly greater in the ASB and PC piglets compared with the NC piglets (P < 0.05). In the intestinal mucosa, malondialdehyde was lower in the ASB and PC piglets (by 42% and 43%, respectively), whereas tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was 63% lower in the ASB piglets and 59% lower in the PC piglets compared with the NC piglets (P < 0.05). 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis revealed a higher colonic Shannon index and a lower colonic Simpson index in the ASB and PC piglets than in the NC piglets. In addition, the ASB and PC treatments caused a striking decrease in Lactobacillaceae and a noticeable increase in Clostridiaceae in the ileal and colonic lumen, as well as increases in Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Bacteroidetes in the colonic lumen. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results support an important role for SB in improving performance and decreasing diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets by modulation of intestinal permeability and the bacterial communities in the ileum and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peixin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Phil Thacker
- Department of Animal and Poultry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; and
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Autophagy Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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409
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Hossain MM, Begum M, Nyachoti CM, Hancock JD, Kim IH. Dietary fenugreek seed extract improves performance and reduces fecal E. coli counts and fecal gas emission in lactating sows and suckling piglets. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hossain, M. M., Begum, M., Nyachoti, C. M., Hancock, J. D. and Kim, I. H. 2015. Dietary fenugreek seed extract improves performance and reduces fecal E. coli counts and fecal gas emission in lactating sows and suckling piglets. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 561–568. This study evaluated the efficacy of fenugreek seed extract (FSE) in sows and suckling piglets. The trial was conducted with 78 multiparous sows and their litters in a 28-d feeding trial, and one of three diets: CON (control, basal diet); FSE1 (basal diet+0.1% FSE), and FSE2 (basal diet+0.2% FSE). Piglets suckling sows fed the FSE1 and FSE2 diets had higher average daily gain compared with those suckling sows fed the CON from week 2 to weaning (linear, P<0.05). At weaning, sows fed the FSE1 and FSE2 diets had higher immunoglobulin G and lower low-density lipoprotein–cholesterol concentrations compared with those fed the CON diet (linear, P<0.05). Sows fed the FSE2 diet linearly reduced total cholesterol concentrations at weaning (P<0.05). Piglets suckling sows fed the FSE2 diet had higher immunoglobulin G and red blood cell concentrations compared with those suckling sows fed the CON diet (linear, P<0.05). Sows fed the FSE2 diet had higher apparent total tract digestibility of N and gross energy and reduced fecal E. coli counts and ammonia gas emission compared with those fed the CON diet at weaning (linear, P<0.05). In conclusion, results indicate that feeding sows a diet supplemented with FSE in late gestation and lactation improved performance in sows and suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Hossain
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, South Korea
| | - M. Begum
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, South Korea
| | - C. M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J. D. Hancock
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resource, and Science, Dankook University, No. 29 Anseodong, Cheonan, Choongnam, 330-714, South Korea
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410
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Stensland I, Kim JC, Bowring B, Collins AM, Mansfield JP, Pluske JR. A Comparison of Diets Supplemented with a Feed Additive Containing Organic Acids, Cinnamaldehyde and a Permeabilizing Complex, or Zinc Oxide, on Post-Weaning Diarrhoea, Selected Bacterial Populations, Blood Measures and Performance in Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with Enterotoxigenic E. coli. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:1147-68. [PMID: 26610577 PMCID: PMC4693207 DOI: 10.3390/ani5040403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding a diet supplemented with zinc oxide (ZnO) or a blend of organic acids, cinnamaldehyde and a permeabilizing complex (OACP) on post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD) and performance in pigs infected with enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were examined. Additionally, changes in selected bacterial populations and blood measures were assessed. A total of 72 pigs weaned at 22 d of age and weighing 7.2 ± 1.02 kg (mean ± SEM) was used. Treatments were: base diet (no antimicrobial compounds); base diet + 3 g ZnO/kg; base diet + 1.5 g OACP/kg. Dietary treatments started on the day of weaning and were fed ad libitum for 3 weeks. All pigs were infected with an F4 ETEC on d 4, 5 and 6 after weaning. The incidence of PWD was lower in pigs fed ZnO ( p = 0.026). Overall, pigs fed ZnO grew faster ( p = 0.013) and ate more ( p = 0.004) than the base diet-fed pigs, with OACP-fed pigs performing the same ( p > 0.05) as both the ZnO- and base diet-fed pigs. Feed conversion ratio was similar for all diets ( p > 0.05). The percentage of E. coli with F4 fimbriae was affected a day by treatment interaction ( p = 0.037), with more E. coli with F4 fimbriae found in pigs fed ZnO on d 11 ( p = 0.011) compared to base diet-fed pigs. Only significant time effects ( p < 0.05) occurred for blood measures. Under the conditions of this study, inclusion of OACP gave statistically similar production responses to pigs fed ZnO, however pigs fed ZnO had less PWD compared to OACP- and the base diet-fed pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn Stensland
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Jae Cheol Kim
- Pork Innovation, Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, South Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Bethany Bowring
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan 2567, Australia.
| | - Alison M Collins
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, PMB 4008, Narellan 2567, Australia.
| | - Josephine P Mansfield
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - John R Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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411
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Fan MZ, Archbold T. Novel and disruptive biological strategies for resolving gut health challenges in monogastric food animal production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:138-143. [PMID: 29767174 PMCID: PMC5945940 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Use of feed antibiotics as growth promoters for control of pathogens associated with monogastric food animal morbidity and mortality has contributed to the development of antimicrobial resistance, which has now become a threat to public health on a global scale. Presently, a number of alternative feed additives have been developed and are divided into two major categories, including 1) the ones that are supposed to directly and indirectly control pathogenic bacterial proliferation; and 2) the other ones that are intended to up-regulate host gut mucosal trophic growth, whole body growth performance and active immunity. A thorough review of literature reports reveal that efficacy responses of current alternative feed additives in replacing feed antibiotics to improve performances and gut health are generally inconsistent dependent upon experimental conditions. Current alternative feed additives typically have no direct detoxification effects on endotoxin lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and this is likely the major reason that their effects are limited. It is now understood that pathogenic bacteria mediate their negative effects largely through LPS interactions with toll-like receptor 4, causing immune responses and infectious diseases. Therefore, disruptive biological strategies and a novel and new generation of feed additives need to be developed to replace feed antibiotic growth promoters and to directly and effectively detoxify the endotoxin LPS and improve gut health and performance in monogastric food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Z Fan
- Center for Nutrition Modeling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Tania Archbold
- Center for Nutrition Modeling, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
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412
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Effect of dietary supplementation with protease on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression of weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:276-282. [PMID: 29767006 PMCID: PMC5940980 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, digestive enzymes and gene expression in weaned piglets. A total of 300 weaned piglets (21 days of age Duroc × Large White × Landrace; initial BW = 6.27 ± 0.45 kg) were randomly divided into 5 groups. The 5 diets were: 1) positive control diet (PC), 2) negative control diet (NC), and 3) protease supplementations, which were 100, 200, and 300 mg per kg NC diet. Results indicated that final BW, ADG, ADFI, crude protein digestibility, enzyme activities of stomach pepsin, pancreatic amylase and trypsin, plasma total protein, and intestinal villus height were higher for the PC diet and the supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet (P < 0.05). Supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH:CD) of duodenum, jejunum and ileum compared with NC diet (P < 0.05). Feed to gain ratio, diarrhea index, blood urea nitrogen, and diamine oxidase were lower for the PC diet and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet than for the NC diet (P < 0.05). Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mRNA abundance in duodenum than piglets fed the NC diet (P < 0.05), and supplementations of 100, 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the PepT1 mRNA abundance in duodenum (P < 0.05) comparing with the NC diet. Piglets fed the PC diet had a higher b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum than piglets fed the NC diet (P < 0.05), and supplementations of 200 and 300 mg protease per kg NC diet increased the b0,+AT mRNA abundance in jejunum and ileum comparing with the NC diet (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary protease supplementation increases growth performance in weaned piglets, which may contribute to the improvement of intestinal development, protein digestibility, nutrient transport efficiency, and health status of piglets when fed low digestible protein sources.
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413
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Brousseau JP, Talbot G, Beaudoin F, Lauzon K, Roy D, Lessard M. Effects of probiotics Pediococcus acidilactici strain MA18/5M and Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. boulardii strain SB-CNCM I-1079 on fecal and intestinal microbiota of nursing and weanling piglets1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5313-26. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Brousseau
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - G. Talbot
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - F. Beaudoin
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - K. Lauzon
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - D. Roy
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - M. Lessard
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1M 0C8
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels (INAF), Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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414
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Lähteinen T, Rinttilä T, Koort JM, Kant R, Levonen K, Jakava-Viljanen M, Björkroth J, Palva A. Effect of a multispecies lactobacillus formulation as a feeding supplement on the performance and immune function of piglets. Livest Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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415
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Approaches to characterize extended spectrum beta-lactamase/beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in healthy organized vis-a-vis backyard farmed pigs in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:224-230. [PMID: 26423671 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to investigate the occurrence and to characterize the ESBL/beta-lactamase producing-Escherichia coli in healthy pigs of organized and backyard farms in West Bengal, India. Total 200 rectal swabs were collected randomly from healthy pigs maintained in four organized farms and 10 backyard farms (n=100 each) and 76 isolates were identified as E. coli from organized (48/100, 48%) and backyard pigs (28/100, 28%). Twelve E. coli isolates (6%) in the present study were detected to possess any of the ESBL/beta-lactamase genes studied. ESBL/beta-lactamase producers were isolated with significantly more frequency from backyard pigs than the organized farm pigs (p=0.026). Six of ESBL/beta-lactamase producing isolates were phenotypically confirmed as CTX-M producers and ten of them were confirmed as TEM/SHV producers. PCR and sequencing of the amplified product from representative isolates revealed the presence of blaCTX-M-9, blaSHV-12 and blaTEM-1. No unique combination of the studied beta lactamase genes for organized and backyard farm pig isolates was noted. The ESBL isolates belonged to O13, O55, O133, O153, O157, O158, O166, rough and OUT serogroups. The association of heat labile toxin (elt) (p<0.0005) with organized farm isolates and heat stable toxin (estA) (p=0.0143) with backyard piggery sector was significantly higher. The ESBL/beta-lactamase producers from organized farm (Ak/Ex) and indigenous pigs (Ak/Ex/Te; Ak/CoT/G) showed a characteristic phenotypical antibiotic resistance pattern. Two pairs of isolates from organized and backyard farm pigs showed clonal relationship indicating a possible transmission between the farms which were situated adjacently. Thus the present study revealed backyard farm pigs as major source of ESBL/beta-lactamase producing-E. coli associated with STa and characteristic antibiotic resistance pattern in India.
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416
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Waititu SM, Heo JM, Patterson R, Nyachoti CM. Dose-response effects of in-feed antibiotics on growth performance and nutrient utilization in weaned pigs fed diets supplemented with yeast-based nucleotides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:166-169. [PMID: 29767165 PMCID: PMC5945938 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dietary nucleotides are bioactive compounds with the potential to mitigate weaning-associated challenges in piglets. An experiment was conducted to determine the interaction effect of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) and a nucleotide-rich yeast extract (NRYE) on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE), and to establish whether NRYE supplementation may completely or partially replace AGP in diets for weaned pigs. In phase 1 and 2, corn, wheat, canola meal and soybean meal based diets, which were formulated to contain 0.0 or 0.1% NRYE with 0, 25, 50, 75 or 100% of the recommended AGP dosage, were fed to 108 twenty-one day old piglets (initial body weight 7.11 ± 0.9 kg; mean ± SD) from d 1 to 14 and 15 to 28, respectively. Overall, increasing AGP level in NRYE supplemented diets linearly decreased average daily gain (ADG) (P = 0.002) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) (P = 0.007); and quadratically decreased ATTD of DM (P = 0.001), CP (P = 0.003) and G:F (P = 0.017) during phase 2. Compared with control and pigs fed NRYE with 100% of recommended AGP dosage, pigs fed 0.1% NRYE without AGP had greater (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F in phase 2 and overall. In conclusion, supplementing 0.1% NRYE improved growth performance of pigs but this beneficial effect was reduced by increasing dietary AGP dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Waititu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jung M Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejon 305-764, South Korea
| | | | - Charles M Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Canada
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417
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Sugiharto S, Lauridsen C, Jensen B. Gastrointestinal ecosystem and immunological responses in E. coli challenged pigs after weaning fed liquid diets containing whey permeate fermented with different lactic acid bacteria. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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418
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Spitzer F, Speiser S, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Effect of different feed ingredients and additives on IPEC-J2 cells challenged with an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strain. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1463-71. [PMID: 26275434 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal porcine epithelial cell line IPEC-J2 was used as an in vitro model to assess effects of additives on the adhesion and cell toxic effects of a F4-positive (ETEC) and a F4-negative Escherichia coli (DSM 2840) strain. Bacterial adhesion was examined using flow cytometry in IPEC-J2 cells infected with bacteria stained with 5,6-carboxymethyl fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was performed to characterize the impact on IPEC-J2 monolayer integrity. The feed additives were prepared as aqueous extract and tested in different dilutions and incubation times. The F4-positive ETEC strain had a high adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells and reduced TEER shortly after the in vitro infection. The nonpathogenic E. coli strain DSM 2840 showed only low adhesion capacity and no TEER impairment. Infection with ETEC with added test extracts showed a reduction of bacterial adhesion to IPEC-J2 cells by an autolyzed yeast product (p < 0.05). Bovine colostrum, an additive containing thyme extract and an organic acid mix did not interfere with the ETEC adherence. The TEER decrease of the IPEC-J2 monolayer after ETEC infection was not affected by the added substances. In conclusion, interference with epithelial adhesion might be a protective mechanism of the tested yeast extract, indicating that the cell culture model might be suitable as screening tool to complement in vivo challenge trials with piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Spitzer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Speiser
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - W Vahjen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
| | - J Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 49, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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419
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Feed Fermentation with Reuteran- and Levan-Producing Lactobacillus reuteri Reduces Colonization of Weanling Pigs by Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5743-52. [PMID: 26070673 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01525-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of feed fermentation with Lactobacillus reuteri on growth performance and the abundance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in weanling piglets. L. reuteri strains produce reuteran or levan, exopolysaccharides that inhibit ETEC adhesion to the mucosa, and feed fermentation was conducted under conditions supporting exopolysaccharide formation and under conditions not supporting exopolysaccharide formation. Diets were chosen to assess the impact of organic acids and the impact of viable L. reuteri bacteria. Fecal samples were taken throughout 3 weeks of feeding; at the end of the 21-day feeding period, animals were euthanized to sample the gut digesta. The feed intake was reduced in pigs fed diets containing exopolysaccharides; however, feed efficiencies did not differ among the diets. Quantification of L. reuteri by quantitative PCR (qPCR) detected the two strains used for feed fermentation throughout the intestinal tract. Quantification of E. coli and ETEC virulence factors by qPCR demonstrated that fermented diets containing reuteran significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the copy numbers of genes for E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin in feces compared to those achieved with the control diet. Any fermented feed significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the abundance of E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin in colonic digesta at 21 days; reuteran-containing diets reduced the copy numbers of the genes for E. coli and the heat-stable enterotoxin below the detection limit in samples from the ileum, the cecum, and the colon. In conclusion, feed fermentation with L. reuteri reduced the level of colonization of weaning piglets with ETEC, and feed fermentation supplied concentrations of reuteran that may specifically contribute to the effect on ETEC.
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420
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Ileal amino acid digestibility in egg from hyperimmunized-hens fed to weaned pigs and piglet response to diets contain egg products. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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421
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Trevisi P, Colombo M, Priori D, Fontanesi L, Galimberti G, Calò G, Motta V, Latorre R, Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Pagotto U, Gherpelli Y, D'Inca R, Bosi P. Comparison of three patterns of feed supplementation with live Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on postweaning diarrhea, health status, and blood metabolic profile of susceptible weaning pigs orally challenged with Escherichia coli F4ac1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:2225-33. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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422
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Effect of bovine colostrum feeding in comparison with milk replacer and natural feeding on the immune responses and colonisation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the intestinal tissue of piglets. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:923-34. [PMID: 25743486 PMCID: PMC4392705 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514003201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of feeding bovine colostrum (BC) to piglets in comparison with feeding a milk replacer (MR) and conventional rearing by the sow on the intestinal immune system and number of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colonising the intestinal tissue. Piglets (23-d-old) were allocated to one of the following four groups: (1) killed at the beginning of the experiment (Base); (2) separated from the sow and fed BC (BC-fed); (3) separated from the sow and fed a MR (MR-fed); (4) kept with the sow (Sow-Milk). Blood was sampled on days 1 and 8, and faecal samples were collected on days 1, 3, 5 and 8. On day 8, piglets were killed and gastrointestinal digesta and intestinal segments were collected. The frequency of diarrhoea was found to be higher (P≤ 0·019) in MR-fed piglets than in BC-fed and Sow-Milk piglets. Piglets from the MR-fed group had the lowest lactic acid bacteria:haemolytic E. coli ratio (Ptreat= 0·064) in the faeces. The number of E. coli colonising the intestinal tissue was higher (P< 0·001) in piglets from the MR-fed group than in those from the BC-fed and Sow-Milk groups. Piglets from the Sow-Milk group had a higher (P= 0·020) mucosal IgG concentration than those from the MR-fed group, but did not exhibit any difference when compared with piglets from the Base and BC-fed groups. Piglets from the BC-fed group exhibited a reduced (P≤ 0·037) expression level of Toll-like receptor-4 in the intestinal mucosa when compared with those from the MR-fed and Sow-Milk groups. The expression level of IL-2 was higher (P≤ 0·051) in piglets from the MR-fed group than in those from the other treatment groups. In conclusion, feeding BC rather than MR to the piglets reduced the colonisation of intestine by ETEC and modulated the intestinal immune system, whereas no differences were observed in piglets fed BC and conventionally reared by the sows.
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423
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Opapeju FO, Rodriguez-Lecompte JC, Rademacher M, Krause DO, Nyachoti CM. Low crude protein diets modulate intestinal responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas-2014-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Opapeju, F. O., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J. C., Rademacher, M., Krause, D. O. and Nyachoti, C. M. 2015. Low crude protein diets modulate intestinal responses in weaned pigs challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 71–78. Effects of dietary crude protein (CP) content on intestinal indicators of infection and diarrhea in pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 were investigated. Forty piglets [body weight (BW)=6.96±0.45, mean±SD], housed four per pen, were randomly allotted to two diets (five pens per diet): a 22.2% CP or a 17.3% CP supplemented with amino acids. Diets contained the same amount of standardized ileal digestible Lys, Met+Cys, Thr, Trp based on the ideal amino acid ratio. Isoleucine and Val were added to the 17.3% CP diet up to the level in the 22.2% CP diet. All other nutrients were as per National Research Council (1998) specification. Three piglets per pen were serially slaughtered on days 3, 5, and 7 after weaning for evaluation of intestinal hydrolases (data reported elsewhere). On day 8 post-weaning, the remaining pigs were inoculated with 6 mL of ETEC suspension (1010 CFU mL−1) and slaughtered 20 h later. Mucosal-associated ETEC was detected in higher counts (3.17±0.63 log10 CFU g−1 digesta) in 80% of pigs fed the 22.2% CP diet compared with 20% of those fed the 17.3% CP diet in which the counts were also lower (2.00±log10 CFU g−1 digesta). Pigs fed the 22.2% CP diet tended (P=0.09) to have fewer goblet cells with sialomucins in jejunal villi compared with those fed the 17.3% CP diet. The expression of toll-like receptors 4 and 5 was unaffected by diet but the expression of sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1 was higher (P=0.04) in the jejunum of pigs fed the 22.2% CP diet compared with those fed the 17.3% CP diet. The results suggest that feeding a low-CP diet decreases ETEC proliferation and attachment in the intestinal mucosa and this is accompanied by a reduced expression of sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. O. Opapeju
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - J. C. Rodriguez-Lecompte
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - M. Rademacher
- Evonik Degussa GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - D. O. Krause
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - C. M. Nyachoti
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2
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424
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Comparison of the biological activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-expressed intracellular EGF, extracellular EGF, and tagged EGF in early-weaned pigs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:7125-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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425
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Mazurek J, Bok E, Stosik M, Baldy-Chudzik K. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from pigs during metaphylactic trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole treatment and in the post-exposure period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2150-63. [PMID: 25689993 PMCID: PMC4344717 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) resistance in commensal E. coli from pigs was tested in this study. E. coli was derived from three groups of piglets in successive stages of metaphylactic therapy and from two groups of sows 10 and 18 weeks after the treatment. MIC values of TMP and SMX were determined for a total of 352 strains. The presence of resistance genes (dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12, dfrA17, sul1, sul2, sul3) and class 1 and 2 integron-associated dfrA gene cassettes was tested. Resistance to TMP was very high during the administration of the antimicrobial (from 97 to 100%) and amounted to 86% and 69% in the post-exposure period; MIC > 32 mg/L. The isolates from all groups of pigs were resistant to sulfamethoxazole, with MIC > 1028 mg/L. The dfrA1 and sul1 genes (as part of integrons) dominated in E. coli from piglets, but the dfrA12 and sul1 genes were prevalent in E. coli from sows. Coexistence of the different dfrA genes was detected in 71 isolates from all groups of swine. Transcription analysis revealed that most of these genes were not transcribed, particularly gene cassettes of class 1 integrons. The research revealed a high level of resistance associated with the metaphylactic treatment, persistence and circulation of resistance in bacterial populations. Diverse genetic background with multiple and not transcribed resistance genes was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mazurek
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bok
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Michał Stosik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Baldy-Chudzik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Monte Cassino 21b, 65-561 Zielona Góra, Poland.
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426
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Down-regulation of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) gene expression in the colon of piglets is linked to bacterial protein fermentation and pro-inflammatory cytokine-mediated signalling. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:610-7. [PMID: 25656974 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of bacterial metabolites on monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression in pigs using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro approaches. Piglets (n 24) were fed high-protein (26 %) or low-protein (18 %) diets with or without fermentable carbohydrates. Colonic digesta samples were analysed for a broad range of bacterial metabolites. The expression of MCT1, TNF-α, interferon γ (IFN-γ) and IL-8 was determined in colonic tissue. The expression of MCT1 was lower and of TNF-α and IL-8 was higher with high-protein diets (P< 0·05). MCT1 expression was positively correlated with l-lactate, whereas negatively correlated with NH₃ and putrescine (P< 0·05). The expression of IL-8 and TNF-α was negatively correlated with l-lactate and positively correlated with NH₃ and putrescine, whereas the expression of IFN-γ was positively correlated with histamine and 4-ethylphenol (P< 0·05). Subsequently, porcine colonic tissue and Caco-2 cells were incubated with Na-butyrate, NH₄Cl or TNF-α as selected bacterial metabolites or mediators of inflammation. Colonic MCT1 expression was higher after incubation with Na-butyrate (P< 0·05) and lower after incubation with NH₄Cl or TNF-α (P< 0·05). Incubation of Caco-2 cells with increasing concentrations of these metabolites confirmed the up-regulation of MCT1 expression by Na-butyrate (linear, P< 0·05) and down-regulation by TNF-α and NH₄Cl (linear, P< 0·05). The high-protein diet decreased the expression of MCT1 in the colon of pigs, which appears to be linked to NH₃- and TNF-α-mediated signalling.
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427
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Park B, Jung D, Kang S, Ko Y, Ha D, Kwon C, Park M, Han J, Jang I, Lee C. Effects of dietary supplementation of a zinc oxide product encapsulated with lipid on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activities in weanling pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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428
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Kim SJ, Kwon CH, Park BC, Lee CY, Han JH. Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide dietary supplement, on growth parameters and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs artificially infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015; 57:4. [PMID: 26290724 PMCID: PMC4540299 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-014-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of a lipid-encapsulated Zinc oxide on growth parameters and intestinal mucosal morphology piglets born to Duroc-sired Landrace × Yorkshire dams. Twenty-four 30-day-old piglets weaned at 25 days of age were orally challenged with 5 × 10(8) colony forming units of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 and fed one of the four diets for 7 days: (i) a nursery basal diet containing 100-ppm ZnO (referred to as BASAL), (ii) BASAL supplemented with 120-ppm apramycin (referred to as ANTIBIO), (iii) BASAL with 2,400-ppm ZnO (referred to as HIGH), and BASAL containing 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO (referred to as LE). All piglets were killed at the end of the experiment for histological examination on the intestine. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG), the villus height: crypt depth (CD) ratio in the ileum, and the goblet cell density of the villus and crypt in the duodenum, jejunum, and colon were greater in the LE-fed group that those of the BASAL (p < 0.05). Fecal consistency score (FCS) and the CD ratio in the ileum were less in the LE-fed group, compared to the BASAL-fed one (p < 0.05). The effects observed in the LE-fed group were almost equal to those of the HIGH-fed group as well as even superior to those of the ANTIBIO-fed group. Taken together, our results imply that dietary supplementation of 100-ppm lipid-encapsulated ZnO is as effective as that of 2,400-ppm ZnO for promoting growth diarrhea and intestinal morphology caused by ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Park
- R & D Institute, Sunjin Co., Ltd, 517-3 Doonchon-dong, Kangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-060 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
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429
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Huang C, Zang J, Song P, Fan P, Chen J, Liu D, He P, Ma X. Effects of particle size and drying methods of corn on growth performance, digestibility and haematological and immunological characteristics of weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:30-45. [DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.1002673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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430
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Postma M, Stärk KDC, Sjölund M, Backhans A, Beilage EG, Lösken S, Belloc C, Collineau L, Iten D, Visschers V, Nielsen EO, Dewulf J. Alternatives to the use of antimicrobial agents in pig production: A multi-country expert-ranking of perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment. Prev Vet Med 2015; 118:457-66. [PMID: 25650306 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nineteen alternatives to antimicrobial agents were ranked on perceived effectiveness, feasibility and return on investment (ROI) from 0 (not effective, not feasible, no ROI) to 10 (fully effective, completely feasible, maximum ROI) by 111 pig health experts from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. The top 5 measures in terms of perceived effectiveness were (1) improved internal biosecurity, (2) improved external biosecurity, (3) improved climate/environmental conditions, (4) high health/Specific Pathogen Free/disease eradication and (5) increased vaccination. The top 5 measures in terms of perceived feasibility were (1) increased vaccination, (2) increased use of anti-inflammatory products, (3) improved water quality, (4) feed quality/optimization and (5) use of zinc/metals. The top 5 measures in terms of perceived ROI were (1) improved internal biosecurity, (2) zinc/metals, (3) diagnostics/action plan, (4) feed quality/optimization and (5) climate/environmental improvements. Univariate linear regression showed that veterinary practitioners rank internal biosecurity, vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality optimization and climate/environmental on average highest, while researchers and professors focused more on increased use of diagnostics and action plans. Financial incentives/penalties ranked low in all countries. Belgian respondents ranked feed quality significantly lower compared to the German respondents while reduction of stocking density was ranked higher in Belgium compared to Denmark. Categorical Principal Component Analysis applied to the average ranking supported the finding that veterinary practitioners had a preference for more practical, common and already known alternatives. The results showed that improvements in biosecurity, increased use of vaccination, use of zinc/metals, feed quality improvement and regular diagnostic testing combined with a clear action plan were perceived to be the most promising alternatives to antimicrobials in industrial pig production based on combined effectiveness, feasibility and ROI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Postma
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Katharina D C Stärk
- Safe Food Solutions Inc. SAFOSO AG, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marie Sjölund
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annette Backhans
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7070, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Straße 9, D-49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Svenja Lösken
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büscheler Straße 9, D-49456 Bakum, Germany
| | | | - Lucie Collineau
- Safe Food Solutions Inc. SAFOSO AG, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise Iten
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), Consumer Behavior, Clausiusstrasse 37, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vivianne Visschers
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Environmental Decisions (IED), Consumer Behavior, Clausiusstrasse 37, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth O Nielsen
- Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Axelborg, Axeltorv 3, DK-1609 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeroen Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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431
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Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus dietary supplementation on the performance, intestinal barrier function, rectal microflora and serum immune function in weaned piglets challenged with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 107:883-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0380-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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432
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Capozzalo MM, Kim JC, Htoo JK, de Lange CFM, Mullan BP, Hansen CF, Resink JW, Stumbles PA, Hampson DJ, Pluske JR. Effect of increasing the dietary tryptophan to lysine ratio on plasma levels of tryptophan, kynurenine and urea and on production traits in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli. Arch Anim Nutr 2015; 69:17-29. [PMID: 25562691 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.995972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This experiment examined if immune system stimulation of weaner pigs, initiated by inoculation an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli (ETEC), increased the requirement for dietary tryptophan (Trp), modulated the inflammatory response, altered plasma levels of Trp and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn) and effected post-weaning diarrhoea. Individually housed pigs (n = 72) weaned at 21 d of age were allocated to one of six treatments (n = 12) according to a two by three factorial arrangement of (1) with or without ETEC infection and (2) three dietary ratios of standardised ileal digestible (SID) Trp to lysine (Lys) (SID Trp:Lys) of 0.16, 0.20 or 0.24, in a completely randomised block design. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets (per kg 14.13 MJ ME, 12.4 g SID Lys, 195 g crude protein) for 3 weeks after weaning. Pigs were infected with ETEC (O149:K98:K88) at 72, 96 and 120 h after weaning and then bled on day 3, 11 and 19. An increased dietary Trp:Lys ratio increased plasma Trp and Kyn (p < 0.001) without effect of infection. On day 3, pigs fed 0.24 SID Trp:Lys had lower levels of plasma urea than at 0.20 Trp:Lys (p = 0.047) and on day 11, plasma urea was lower at 0.20 than at 0.16 SID Trp:Lys (p = 0.007). Infection increased (p = 0.039) the diarrhoea index and deteriorated faecal consistency from day 4-10 (p < 0.05). Treatments did not affect haptoglobin and acid soluble glycoprotein levels or daily gain and feed intake. However, 0.24 SID Trp:Lys improved (p = 0.021) feed efficiency without an effect of infection. In conclusion, in the absence of dietary antibiotic growth promotants, increasing the dietary SID Trp:Lys ratio to 0.24 improved feed conversion ratio after weaning and increased plasma levels of Trp and Kyn regardless of infection with E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeka M Capozzalo
- a School of Veterinary and Life Sciences , Murdoch University , Murdoch , Western Australia , Australia
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433
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Pieper R, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Dietary fibre and crude protein: impact on gastrointestinal microbial fermentation characteristics and host response. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/an15278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota in animal health and nutrition has become the subject of intensive research. Carbohydrates and crude protein are major components of swine diets and numerous studies have been performed looking at the effect of inclusion of dietary fibre with possible functional properties. In recent years, our understanding of the diversity and functionality of the gastrointestinal tract microbiota has increased further enabling the possibility for their targeted modulation. However, favouring potential beneficial bacteria, inhibiting possible pathogens or promotion of the formation of desired metabolites, is complex and underlies many factors and uncertainties. Approaches targeting this complex ecosystem (and discussed in this review) include the utilisation of fermentable carbohydrates such as resistant starch, cereal 1–3/1–4 β-glucans, arabinoxylans, inulin or other sources from legumes and industrial by-products. In addition, strategies regarding protein level and the protein : carbohydrate ratio are discussed briefly. Results are both promising and sometimes rather disillusioning considering the dietary concentrations needed to show biologically relevant effects. Deriving recommendations for an optimal inclusion rate of dietary fibre for weaning, growing pigs and sows and maximum levels for dietary crude protein may be one of the main challenges in the near future in the swine industry.
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434
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In situ prebiotics for weaning piglets: in vitro production and fermentation of potato galacto-rhamnogalacturonan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1668-78. [PMID: 25527557 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03582-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Postweaning diarrhea (PWD) in pigs is a leading cause of economic loss in pork production worldwide. The current practice of using antibiotics and zinc to treat PWD is unsustainable due to the potential of antibiotic resistance and ecological disturbance, and novel methods are required. In this study, an in vitro model was used to test the possibility of producing prebiotic fiber in situ in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the piglet and the prebiotic activity of the resulting fiber in the terminal ileum. Soluble fiber was successfully produced from potato pulp, an industrial waste product, with the minimal enzyme dose in a simulated upper GI tract model extracting 26.9% of the initial dry matter. The fiber was rich in galactose and galacturonic acid and was fermented at 2.5, 5, or 10 g/liter in a glucose-free medium inoculated with the gut contents of piglet terminal ileum. Fermentations of 5 g/liter inulin or 5 g/liter of a purified potato fiber were used as controls. The fibers showed high fermentability, evident by a dose-dependent drop in pH and an increase in the organic acid content, with lactate in particular being increased. Deep sequencing showed a significant increase in the numbers of Lactobacillus and Veillonella organisms and an insignificant increase in the numbers of Clostridium organisms as well as a decrease in the numbers of Streptococcus organisms. Multivariate analysis showed clustering of the treatment groups, with the group treated with purified potato fiber being clearly separated from the other groups, as the microbiota composition was 60% Lactobacillus and almost free of Clostridium. For animal studies, a dosage corresponding to the 5-g/liter treatment is suggested.
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435
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Jang I, Kwon CH, Ha DM, Jung DY, Kang SY, Park MJ, Han JH, Park BC, Lee CY. Effects of a lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide supplement on growth performance and intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities in weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 56:29. [PMID: 26290718 PMCID: PMC4540302 DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of varying lipid content and dietary concentration of a lipid-encapsulated (LE) ZnO product to those of native ZnO and thereby to find insights into optimal lipid coating and dosage of the Zn supplement. A total of 192 21-d-old weanling pigs were allotted to 48 pens, after which each six pens received a ZnO-free basal diet supplemented with 125 ppm ZnO (100 ppm Zn; BASAL), 2,500 ppm Zn as native ZnO (HIGH), or 100 or 200 ppm Zn as LE ZnO (LE-100 or LE-250) containing 8%, 10%, or 12% lipid [LE-8%, LE-10%, or LE-12%, respectively; 2 × 3 factorial arrangement within the LE-ZnO diets (LE-ALL)] for 14 d. Forty pigs were killed at the end for histological and biochemical examinations. None of ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, and fecal consistency score differed between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations were greater (p <0.05) in the HIGH vs. LE-ALL group, but did not differ between LE-ALL and BASAL, between LE-100 and -250, or among LE-8%, -10%, and -12% groups. Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater CD in the duodenum in the LE-ALL vs. HIGH group. Additionally, VH and CD in the duodenum and VH:CD in the jejunum were greater in the LE-250 vs. LE-100 group. Specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and leucine aminopeptidase in these intestinal regions and those of amylase and trypsin in the pancreas were not influenced by the lipid content or dietary concentration of LE ZnO and also did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater pancreatic amylase activity in the former vs. HIGH group. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the LE ZnO, regardless of its lipid percentage or supplementation level examined in this study, has no significant effect on growth performance, fecal consistency, or digestive enzyme activities of weanling pigs under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insurk Jang
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Min Ha
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yun Jung
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kang
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jong Park
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Park
- R & D Institute, Sunjin Co., Ltd, 517-3 Doonchon-dong, Kangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-060 Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Young Lee
- The Regional Animal Industry Center, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju, 660-758 Republic of Korea
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436
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A review on prebiotics and probiotics for the control of dysbiosis: present status and future perspectives. Animal 2014; 9:43-8. [PMID: 25336177 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114002584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis or dysbacteriosis is defined as a shift in the intestinal microbiota composition resulting in an imbalance between beneficial and harmful bacteria. Since the ban on the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed in the EU, dysbiosis has emerged as a major problem in intensive animal production. Prebiotics and probiotics are currently under investigation as possible alternatives to growth-promoting antibiotics, as their mode of action is thought to be based largely on a modulation of the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota. In this review, we analyse the currently available data from both animal and human nutrition that document the potential and limitations of prebiotics and probiotics for the control of dysbiosis. An impressive number of empirical feeding trials have been carried out in healthy animals, yielding sometimes contradictory results. More in-depth studies have revealed the complexity of the interactions taking place in the lower intestinal tract, thus illustrating that pre- and probiotics cannot be a simple replacement for growth-promoting antibiotics. Although there are indications that the strategic use of pre- and probiotics can provide major benefits, there is still a lack of basic knowledge on the delicate interactions between the microbiota, the host and the feed components, which hampers the widespread use of these valuable feed additives.
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437
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Heo JM, Kim JC, Yoo J, Pluske JR. A between-experiment analysis of relationships linking dietary protein intake and post-weaning diarrhea in weanling pigs under conditions of experimental infection with an enterotoxigenic strain ofEscherichia coli. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:286-93. [DOI: 10.1111/asj.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon South Korea
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - Jae Cheol Kim
- Department of Agriculture and Food; Pork Innovation; South Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Jaehong Yoo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon South Korea
| | - John R. Pluske
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences; Murdoch University; Murdoch Western Australia Australia
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438
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Sugiharto S, Jensen BB, Hedemann MS, Lauridsen C. Comparison of casein and whey in diets on performance, immune responses and metabolomic profile of weanling pigs challenged withEscherichia coliF4. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
- Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University, Semarang Central Java, 50275, Indonesia
| | - B. B. Jensen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - M. S. Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - C. Lauridsen
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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439
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Molist F, van Eerden E, Parmentier H, Vuorenmaa J. Effects of inclusion of hydrolyzed yeast on the immune response and performance of piglets after weaning. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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440
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Li Q, Brendemuhl JH, Jeong KC, Badinga L. Effects of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth and immune response of weanling pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 56:7. [PMID: 26290696 PMCID: PMC4540291 DOI: 10.1186/2055-0391-56-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The recognition that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) possess potent anti-inflammatory properties in human models has prompted studies investigating their efficacy for animal growth and immunity. This study examined the effect of feeding an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet on growth and immune response of weanling piglets. Newly weaned pigs (averaging 27 ± 2 days of age and 8.1 ± 0.7 kg of body weight) were assigned randomly to receive a control (3% vegetable oil, n = 20) or n-3 PUFA-supplemented (3% marine n-3 PUFA, n = 20) diet for 28 day after weaning. Female pigs consuming the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet were lighter at week 4 post-weaning than those fed the vegetable oil supplement. Weanling pigs gained more weight, consumed more feed and had better growth to feed ratios between days 14 and 28 than between days 0 and 14 post-weaning. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) decreased between days 0 (87.2 ± 17.0 ng/mL) and 14 (68.3 ± 21.1 ng/mL) after weaning and then increased again by day 28 (155.2 ± 20.9 ng/mL). In piglets consuming the vegetable oil-enriched diet, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) increased from 37.6 ± 14.5 to 102.9 ± 16.6 pg/mL between days 0 and 14 post-weaning and remained high through day 28 (99.0 ± 17.2 pg/mL). The TNF-α increase detected in the piglets fed vegetable oil was not observed in the piglets fed n-3 PUFA. Results indicate that weaning induces considerable immune stress in piglets and that this stress can be mitigated by dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhang Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 USA
| | - Joel H Brendemuhl
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 USA
| | - Kwang C Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 USA
| | - Lokenga Badinga
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611 USA
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441
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Pieper R, Boudry C, Bindelle J, Vahjen W, Zentek J. Interaction between dietary protein content and the source of carbohydrates along the gastrointestinal tract of weaned piglets. Arch Anim Nutr 2014; 68:263-80. [PMID: 24979393 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2014.932962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) can reduce metabolites derived from dietary protein fermentation in the intestine of pigs, the interaction between site of fermentation and substrate availability along the gut is still unclear. The current study aimed at determining the impact of two different sources of carbohydrates in diets with low or very high protein content on microbial metabolite profiles along the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. Thirty-six piglets (n = 6 per group) were fed diets high (26%, HP) or low (18%, LP) in dietary protein and with or without two different sources of carbohydrates (12% sugar beet pulp, SBP, or 8% lignocellulose, LNC) in a 2 × 3 factorial design. After 3 weeks, contents from stomach, jejunum, ileum, caecum, proximal and distal colon were taken and analysed for major bacterial metabolites (D-lactate, L-lactate, short chain fatty acids, ammonia, amines, phenols and indols). Results indicate considerable fermentation of CHO and protein already in the stomach. HP diets increased the formation of ammonia, amines, phenolic and indolic compounds throughout the different parts of the intestine with most pronounced effects in the distal colon. Dietary SBP inclusion in LP diets favoured the formation of cadaverine in the proximal parts of the intestine. SBP mainly increased CHO-derived metabolites such as SCFA and lactate and decreased protein-derived metabolites in the large intestine. Based on metabolite profiles, LNC was partly fermented in the distal large intestine and reduced mainly phenols, indols and cadaverine, but not ammonia. Multivariate analysis confirmed more diet-specific metabolite patterns in the stomach, whereas the CHO addition was the main determinant in the caecum and proximal colon. The protein level mainly influenced the metabolite patterns in the distal colon. The results confirm the importance of CHO source to influence the formation of metabolites derived from protein fermentation along the intestinal tract of the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pieper
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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442
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Metzler-Zebeli BU, Deckardt K, Schollenberger M, Rodehutscord M, Zebeli Q. Lactic acid and thermal treatments trigger the hydrolysis of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate and modify the abundance of lower myo-inositol phosphates in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101166. [PMID: 24967651 PMCID: PMC4072750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Barley is an important source of dietary minerals, but it also contains myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) that lowers their absorption. This study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations (0.5, 1, and 5%, vol/vol) of lactic acid (LA), without or with an additional thermal treatment at 55°C (LA-H), on InsP6 hydrolysis, formation of lower phosphorylated myo-inositol phosphates, and changes in chemical composition of barley grain. Increasing LA concentrations and thermal treatment linearly reduced (P<0.001) InsP6-phosphate (InsP6-P) by 0.5 to 1 g compared to the native barley. In particular, treating barley with 5% LA-H was the most efficient treatment to reduce the concentrations of InsP6-P, and stimulate the formation of lower phosphorylated myo-inositol phosphates such as myo-inositol tetraphosphate (InsP4) and myo-inositol pentaphosphates (InsP5). Also, LA and thermal treatment changed the abundance of InsP4 and InsP5 isomers with Ins(1,2,5,6)P4 and Ins(1,2,3,4,5)P5 as the dominating isomers with 5% LA, 1% LA-H and 5% LA-H treatment of barley, resembling to profiles found when microbial 6-phytase is applied. Treating barley with LA at room temperature (22°C) increased the concentration of resistant starch and dietary fiber but lowered those of total starch and crude ash. Interestingly, total phosphorus (P) was only reduced (P<0.05) in barley treated with LA-H but not after processing of barley with LA at room temperature. In conclusion, LA and LA-H treatment may be effective processing techniques to reduce InsP6 in cereals used in animal feeding with the highest degradation of InsP6 at 5% LA-H. Further in vivo studies are warranted to determine the actual intestinal P availability and to assess the impact of changes in nutrient composition of LA treated barley on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara U. Metzler-Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Deckardt
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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443
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Lactulose and Lactobacillus plantarum, a potential complementary synbiotic to control postweaning colibacillosis in piglets. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4879-86. [PMID: 24907322 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00770-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of a prebiotic oligosaccharide lactulose, a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum, or their synbiotic combination to control postweaning colibacillosis in pigs was evaluated using an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88 oral challenge. Seventy-two weanlings were fed four diets: a control diet (CTR), that diet supplemented with L. plantarum (2 × 10(10) CFU · day(-1)) (LPN), that diet supplemented with 10 g · kg(-1) lactulose (LAC), or a combination of the two treatments (SYN). After 7 days, the pigs were orally challenged. Six pigs per treatment were euthanized on days 6 and 10 postchallenge (PC). Inclusion of lactulose improved the average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.05) and increased lactobacilli (P < 0.05) and the percentage of butyric acid (P < 0.02) in the colon. An increase in the ileum villous height (P < 0.05) and a reduction of the pig major acute-phase protein (Pig-MAP) in serum (P < 0.01) were observed also. The inclusion of the probiotic increased numbers of L. plantarum bacteria in the ileum and colon (P < 0.05) and in the total lactobacilli in the colon and showed a trend to reduce diarrhea (P = 0.09). The concentrations of ammonia in ileal and colonic digesta were decreased (P < 0.05), and the villous height (P < 0.01) and number of ileal goblet cells (P < 0.05) increased, at day 10 PC. A decrease in plasmatic tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (P < 0.01) was also seen. The positive effects of the two additives were combined in the SYN treatment, resulting in a complementary synbiotic with potential to be used to control postweaning colibacillosis.
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444
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Kwon CH, Lee CY, Han SJ, Kim SJ, Park BC, Jang I, Han JH. Effects of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated zinc oxide on colibacillosis, growth and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Anim Sci J 2014; 85:805-13. [PMID: 24799095 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated (coated) zinc oxide ZnO on post-weaning diarrhea (colibacillosis) in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-two 35-day-old weaned piglets were orally challenged with 3 × 10(10) colony forming units of ETEC K88 while eight piglets received no challenge (control). Each eight challenged piglets received a diet containing 100 ppm ZnO (low ZnO), 2500 ppm ZnO (high ZnO) or 100 ppm of lipid (10%)-coated ZnO (coated ZnO) for 7 days; control pigs received the low ZnO diet. Daily gain, goblet cell density in the villi of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and villus height in the jejunum and ileum, which decreased due to the challenge, were equally greater in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO group. Fecal consistency score, serum interleukin-8 concentration, subjective score of fecal E. coli shedding, and digesta pH in the stomach, jejunum and ileum, which increased due to the challenge, were equally low in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO. Results suggest that a low level of coated ZnO might well substitute for a pharmacological level of native ZnO in dietary supplementation to alleviate colibacillosis of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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445
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Yang C, Zhu X, Liu N, Chen Y, Gan H, Troy FA, Wang B. Lactoferrin up-regulates intestinal gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors BDNF, UCHL1 and alkaline phosphatase activity to alleviate early weaning diarrhea in postnatal piglets. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:834-42. [PMID: 24824862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying how dietary lactoferrin (Lf) impacts gut development and maturation and protects against early weaning diarrhea are not well understood. In this study, we supplemented postnatal piglets with an Lf at a dose level of 155 and 285 mg/kg/day from 3 to 38 days following birth. Our findings show that the high dose of Lf up-regulated messenger RNA expression levels of genes encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 (ubiquitin thiolesterase (UCHL1) and, to a lesser extent, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, in the duodenum (P<.05). Piglets in the high and low Lf group had 30% and 7% larger jejunal crypts compared with the control group (P<.05). Escherichia coli 16S rRNA copy number per gram of ascending colon contents was significantly reduced (P=.001), while the copy number of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus spp. was not affected. In addition, Lf increased intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity (P<.05) and delayed the onset of food transitional diarrhea, reducing its frequency and duration (P<.05). The incidence of diarrhea in the high and low Lf groups was decreased 54% and 15%, respectively, compared with the control group (P=.035). In summary, these findings provide new evidence that dietary Lf supplementation up-regulated gene expression of BDNF and UCHL1, decreased the colon microbiota of E. coli, improved gut maturation and reduced early weaning diarrhea in piglets. The molecular basis underlying these findings suggests that Lf may enhance gut development and immune function by providing new insight into the gut-brain-microbe axis that has not been previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Yang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xi Zhu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Ni Liu
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hexia Gan
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Frederic A Troy
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; School of Animal and Veterinary Science, Charles Sturt University NSW 2678, Australia.
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446
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Sugiharto S, Hedemann MS, Lauridsen C. Plasma metabolomic profiles and immune responses of piglets after weaning and challenge with E. coli. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:17. [PMID: 24624922 PMCID: PMC3995590 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The processes of weaning and exposure to pathogenic bacteria induce stress responses, which may alter the metabolism. In this study, we investigated the changes in plasma metabolites and immune responses in piglets in response to the stress induced by weaning and Escherichia coli challenge. Results Fecal dry matter decreased (P = 0.003) and nearly half (44.4%) the piglets developed diarrhea on day 2 and 3 postweaning. The concentration of plasma immunoglobulin A was higher (P < 0.001) on day 11 postweaning than on day 0 or 4 postweaning. The levels of white blood cells increased continuously (P < 0.001) from day 0 to day 11 postweaning. Differences in the percentages of neutrophils (P = 0.029) and lymphocytes (P = 0.022) were seen, but the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio did not differ in the period after weaning. A clear separation of the metabolomic profile data for day 0 and day 4 postweaning was observed with a principal components analysis (PCA) scores plot, and the data for day 11 were located between those for day 0 and day 4 postweaning. The plasma levels of proline, taurine, and carnitine were higher, whereas those of betaine, creatine, L-arginine and acetylcarnitine were lower on day 4 postweaning than on day 0. Levels of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine were either higher or lower after weaning, depending on the chain lengths or characters of these metabolites. Conclusions Our results show a clear separation in the plasma metabolomic profiles of piglets that corresponded to the fecal responses to stress on the piglets induced by weaning or exposure to a pathogen (E. coli). These plasma metabolite profiles suggest that the challenges induced proinflammatory responses in the piglets, resulting in postweaning diarrhea, which was associated with higher concentrations of IgA in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugiharto Sugiharto
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, Tjele 8830, Denmark.
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447
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Bergeron N, Robert C, Guay F. Antioxidant status and inflammatory response in weanling piglets fed diets supplemented with arginine and zinc. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2013-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bergeron, N., Robert, C. and Guay, F. 2014. Antioxidant status and inflammatory response in weanling piglets fed diets supplemented with arginine and zinc. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 94: 87–97. Dietary supplementation with zinc oxide (Zn oxide) and arginine (Arg) is known to improve growth in weanling piglets. The mechanism of action is not yet well understood, although antioxidant effects and inflammatory responses may be involved. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Zn and Arg supplementation on the antioxidant status and inflammatory response of piglets. Thirty-two 20-d-old weanling piglets were placed for 12 d on diets supplemented or not with Zn (2500 mg Zn oxide kg−1) and Arg (1%), designated ZN0ARG0, ZN2500ARG0, ZN0ARG1 and ZN2500ARG1. On day 12, blood samples were taken before and 3 h after intra-peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 µg kg−1). The piglets were euthanized just after the second blood sample, and samples of mucosae were taken from the jejunum and ileum for determination of mRNA expression and morphological observation. Zn supplementation decreased plasma malondialdehyde measured before LPS injection (P<0.05). Arg supplementation increased the ferric-reducing ability of plasma (indicator of antioxidant status) measured after LPS injection (P<0.05). Piglets fed Zn-supplemented diets had lower total plasma superoxide-dismutase (SOD) activity (P<0.05) but higher plasma tumour necrosis factor-α (P<0.05) after LPS injection. Zinc-supplemented diets increased metallothionein-1 expression and total antioxidant capacity in the ileum and jejunum (P<0.05) and decreased interleukin-10 expression (P<0.05) in the ileum. In the jejunum, the combination of Zn and Arg supplementation increased villus height (Arg×Zn, P<0.05). These results indicate that Zn may reduce systemic oxidation and improve the antioxidant status in the jejunal and ileal mucosae. However, Zn and Arg supplementation did not appear to act synergistically to enhance antioxidant status or reduce inflammation in weanling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bergeron
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Claude Robert
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada G1V 0A6
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448
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449
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Goodband B, Tokach M, Dritz S, DeRouchey J, Woodworth J. Practical starter pig amino acid requirements in relation to immunity, gut health and growth performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2014; 5:12. [PMID: 24533455 PMCID: PMC3975956 DOI: 10.1186/2049-1891-5-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system activation begins a host of physiological responses. Infectious agents are recognized by monocytes and macrophages which in turn stimulate cytokine production. It is the hormone-like factors called cytokines that orchestrate the immune response. The classic responses observed with immune system activation and cytokine production include: anorexia, fever, lethargy, recruitment of other immune cells, and phagocytosis. While production of immune system components is known to require some amino acids, increases in amino acid requirements are more than offset by the associated decrease in protein accretion and increased muscle protein degradation that also accompanies immune system activation. However, the biggest impact of cytokine production is a decrease in feed intake. Therefore, as feed intake decreases, the energy needed to drive protein synthesis is also decreased. This suggests that diets should still be formulated on a similar calorie:lysine ratio as those formulated for non-immune challenged pigs. The evidence is sparse or equivocal for increasing nutrient requirements during an immune challenge. Nutritionists and swine producers should resist the pressure to alter the diet, limit feed, or add expensive feed additives during an immune challenge. While immune stimulation does not necessitate changes in diet formulation, when pigs are challenged with non-pathogenic diarrhea there are potential advantages on gut health with the increased use of crystalline amino acids rather than intact protein sources (i.e., soybean meal). This is because reducing crude protein decreases the quantity of fermentable protein entering the large intestine, which lowers post weaning diarrhea. It also lowers the requirement for expensive specialty protein sources or other protein sources such as soybean meal that present immunological challenges to the gut. The objective of this review is two-fold. The first is to discuss immunity by nutrition interactions, or lack thereof, and secondly, to review amino acid requirement estimates for nursery pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Mike Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Steve Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Joel DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
| | - Jason Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506-0201, USA
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450
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Rist VTS, Weiss E, Sauer N, Mosenthin R, Eklund M. Effect of dietary protein supply originating from soybean meal or casein on the intestinal microbiota of piglets. Anaerobe 2014; 25:72-9. [PMID: 24176945 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary composition is a major factor influencing the intestinal microbial ecosystem of pigs. To alleviate weaning-associated disorders, variations in dietary protein supply may beneficially affect microbial composition in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. A total of 48 piglets, fitted with simple ileal T-cannulas, was used to examine the effect of protein supply of either highly digestible casein or less digestible, fiber-rich soybean meal (SBM) on the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Gene copies of 7 bacteria groups were determined by real-time PCR in ileal digesta and feces. Ileal counts of total eubacteria, the Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium Cluster XIVa were higher (P < 0.001) in the casein-based diets. Fecal counts of all analyzed bacterial groups were higher for the SBM-based diets (P < 0.001), apart from Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05) which were higher in the casein-based diets. Ileal counts of lactobacilli linearly increased as the crude protein level was increased up to 335 g/kg (P < 0.01). The Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group linearly decreased in ileal samples (P < 0.01) and increased in fecal samples (P < 0.05) as the crude protein level in the SBM-based diet was increased. Both, protein level and protein source may affect intestinal microbial balance. Higher dietary protein levels in combination with diets low in fiber contents might stimulate proliferation of protein fermenting bacteria in piglet's large intestine. Further studies are warranted to clarify, whether this would be associated with intestinal disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa T S Rist
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eva Weiss
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadja Sauer
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rainer Mosenthin
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Meike Eklund
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 8, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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