401
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Chen C, Takahashi T, Nakagawa S, Inoue T, Kusumi I. Reinforcement learning in depression: A review of computational research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:247-67. [PMID: 25979140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite being considered primarily a mood disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by cognitive and decision making deficits. Recent research has employed computational models of reinforcement learning (RL) to address these deficits. The computational approach has the advantage in making explicit predictions about learning and behavior, specifying the process parameters of RL, differentiating between model-free and model-based RL, and the computational model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalography. With these merits there has been an emerging field of computational psychiatry and here we review specific studies that focused on MDD. Considerable evidence suggests that MDD is associated with impaired brain signals of reward prediction error and expected value ('wanting'), decreased reward sensitivity ('liking') and/or learning (be it model-free or model-based), etc., although the causality remains unclear. These parameters may serve as valuable intermediate phenotypes of MDD, linking general clinical symptoms to underlying molecular dysfunctions. We believe future computational research at clinical, systems, and cellular/molecular/genetic levels will propel us toward a better understanding of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Taiki Takahashi
- Department of Behavioral Science/Center for Experimental Research in Social Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Shin Nakagawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takeshi Inoue
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kusumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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402
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Oxidative and nitrosative stress in ADHD: possible causes and the potential of antioxidant-targeted therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 7:237-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s12402-015-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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403
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Tiernan CT, Edwin EA, Hawong HY, Ríos-Cabanillas M, Goudreau JL, Atchison WD, Lookingland KJ. Methylmercury impairs canonical dopamine metabolism in rat undifferentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells by indirect inhibition of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Toxicol Sci 2015; 144:347-56. [PMID: 25601988 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental neurotoxicant methylmercury (MeHg) disrupts dopamine (DA) neurochemical homeostasis by stimulating DA synthesis and release. Evidence also suggests that DA metabolism is independently impaired. The present investigation was designed to characterize the DA metabolomic profile induced by MeHg, and examine potential mechanisms by which MeHg inhibits the DA metabolic enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) in rat undifferentiated PC12 cells. MeHg decreases the intracellular concentration of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This is associated with a concomitant increase in intracellular concentrations of the intermediate metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylaldehyde (DOPAL) and the reduced metabolic product 3,4-dihydroxyethanol. This metabolomic profile is consistent with inhibition of ALDH, which catalyzes oxidation of DOPAL to DOPAC. MeHg does not directly impair ALDH enzymatic activity, however MeHg depletes cytosolic levels of the ALDH cofactor NAD(+), which could contribute to impaired ALDH activity following exposure to MeHg. The observation that MeHg shunts DA metabolism along an alternative metabolic pathway and leads to the accumulation of DOPAL, a reactive species associated with protein and DNA damage, as well as cell death, is of significant consequence. As a specific metabolite of DA, the observed accumulation of DOPAL provides evidence for a specific mechanism by which DA neurons may be selectively vulnerable to MeHg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea T Tiernan
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Ethan A Edwin
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Hae-Young Hawong
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Mónica Ríos-Cabanillas
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - John L Goudreau
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - William D Atchison
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Keith J Lookingland
- *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 *Neuroscience Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Osteopathic Medicine and Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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404
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Oxidative stress as an etiological factor and a potential treatment target of psychiatric disorders. Part 1. Chemical aspects and biological sources of oxidative stress in the brain. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:560-8. [PMID: 25933970 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a dysfunctional state of living cells, caused by the disturbance of the pro-/antioxidative equilibrium. This dynamic equilibrium, constitutive for all aerobic organisms, is an inevitable necessity of maintaining the level of oxidative factors on non-destructive value to the cell. Among these factors reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are the best known molecules. This review article shows the current state of knowledge on the chemical specificity, relative reactivity and main sources of ROS and RNS in biological systems. As a Part 1 to the report about the role of oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders (see Smaga et al., Pharmacological Reports, this issue), special emphasis is placed on biochemical determinants in nervous tissue, which predisposed it to oxidative damage. Oxidative stress can be identified based on the analysis of various biochemical indicators showing the status of antioxidant barrier or size of the damage. In our article, we have compiled the most commonly used biomarkers of oxidative stress described in the literature with special regard to potentially effective in the early diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes.
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405
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Tanner JA, Chenoweth MJ, Tyndale RF. Pharmacogenetics of nicotine and associated smoking behaviors. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 23:37-86. [PMID: 25655887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13665-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarizes genetic factors that contribute to variation in nicotine pharmacokinetics and nicotine's pharmacological action in the central nervous system (CNS), and how this in turn influences smoking behaviors. Nicotine, the major psychoactive compound in cigarette smoke, is metabolized by a number of enzymes, including CYP2A6, CYP2B6, FMOs, and UGTs, among others. Variation in the genes encoding these enzymes, in particular CYP2A6, can alter the rate of nicotine metabolism and smoking behaviors. Faster nicotine metabolism is associated with higher cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence, as well as lower quit rates. Variation in nicotine's CNS targets and downstream signaling pathways can also contribute to interindividual differences in smoking patterns. Binding of nicotine to neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediates the release of several neurotransmitters including dopamine and serotonin. Genetic variation in nAChRs, and in transporter and enzyme systems that leads to altered CNS levels of dopamine and serotonin, is associated with a number of smoking behaviors. To date, the precise mechanism underpinning many of these findings remains unknown. Considering the complex etiology of nicotine addiction, a more comprehensive approach that assesses the contribution of multiple gene variants, and their interaction with environmental factors, will likely improve personalized therapeutic approaches and increase smoking cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne Tanner
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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406
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Krishna A, Biryukov M, Trefois C, Antony PMA, Hussong R, Lin J, Heinäniemi M, Glusman G, Köglsberger S, Boyd O, van den Berg BHJ, Linke D, Huang D, Wang K, Hood L, Tholey A, Schneider R, Galas DJ, Balling R, May P. Systems genomics evaluation of the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line as a model for Parkinson's disease. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1154. [PMID: 25528190 PMCID: PMC4367834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human neuroblastoma cell line, SH-SY5Y, is a commonly used cell line in studies related to neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and neurodegenerative diseases. Although this cell line is often used as a cellular model for Parkinson’s disease, the relevance of this cellular model in the context of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative diseases has not yet been systematically evaluated. Results We have used a systems genomics approach to characterize the SH-SY5Y cell line using whole-genome sequencing to determine the genetic content of the cell line and used transcriptomics and proteomics data to determine molecular correlations. Further, we integrated genomic variants using a network analysis approach to evaluate the suitability of the SH-SY5Y cell line for perturbation experiments in the context of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD. Conclusions The systems genomics approach showed consistency across different biological levels (DNA, RNA and protein concentrations). Most of the genes belonging to the major Parkinson’s disease pathways and modules were intact in the SH-SY5Y genome. Specifically, each analysed gene related to PD has at least one intact copy in SH-SY5Y. The disease-specific network analysis approach ranked the genetic integrity of SH-SY5Y as higher for PD than for Alzheimer’s disease but lower than for Huntington’s disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis for loss of function perturbation experiments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1154) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhimanyu Krishna
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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407
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Whitfield AC, Moore BT, Daniels RN. Classics in chemical neuroscience: levodopa. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:1192-7. [PMID: 25270271 DOI: 10.1021/cn5001759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa was the first and most successful breakthrough in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). It is estimated that PD affects approximately 1 million people in the United States alone. Although PD was discovered in 1817, prior to levodopa's discovery there was not an effective treatment for managing its symptoms. In 1961, Hornykiewicz pioneered the use of levodopa to enhance dopamine levels in the striatum, significantly improving symptoms in many patients. With the addition of carbidopa in 1974, the frequency of gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) was significantly reduced, leading to the modern treatment of PD. Although levodopa treatment is more than 50 years old, it remains the "gold standard" for PD treatment. This Review describes in detail the synthesis, metabolism, pharmacology, ADRs, and importance of levodopa therapy to neuroscience in the past and present.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Connor Whitfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37204, United States
| | - Ben T. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37204, United States
| | - R. Nathan Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Nashville, Tennessee 37204, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6600, United States
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408
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Ouzzine M, Gulberti S, Ramalanjaona N, Magdalou J, Fournel-Gigleux S. The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases of the blood-brain barrier: their role in drug metabolism and detoxication. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:349. [PMID: 25389387 PMCID: PMC4211562 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) form a multigenic family of membrane-bound enzymes expressed in various tissues, including brain. They catalyze the formation of β-D-glucuronides from structurally unrelated substances (drugs, other xenobiotics, as well as endogenous compounds) by the linkage of glucuronic acid from the high energy donor, UDP-α-D-glucuronic acid. In brain, UGTs actively participate to the overall protection of the tissue against the intrusion of potentially harmful lipophilic substances that are metabolized as hydrophilic glucuronides. These metabolites are generally inactive, except for important pharmacologically glucuronides such as morphine-6-glucuronide. UGTs are mainly expressed in endothelial cells and astrocytes of the blood brain barrier (BBB). They are also associated to brain interfaces devoid of BBB, such as circumventricular organ, pineal gland, pituitary gland and neuro-olfactory tissues. Beside their key-role as a detoxication barrier, UGTs play a role in the steady-state of endogenous compounds, like steroids or dopamine (DA) that participate to the function of the brain. UGT isoforms of family 1A, 2A, 2B and 3A are expressed in brain tissues to various levels and are known to present distinct but overlapping substrate specificity. The importance of these enzyme species with regard to the formation of toxic, pharmacologically or physiologically relevant glucuronides in the brain will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ouzzine
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine "Ingénierie Moléculaire, Physiopathologie Articulaire" Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sandrine Gulberti
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine "Ingénierie Moléculaire, Physiopathologie Articulaire" Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Nick Ramalanjaona
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine "Ingénierie Moléculaire, Physiopathologie Articulaire" Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jacques Magdalou
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine "Ingénierie Moléculaire, Physiopathologie Articulaire" Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Sylvie Fournel-Gigleux
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine "Ingénierie Moléculaire, Physiopathologie Articulaire" Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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409
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Yamamoto S, Seto ES. Dopamine dynamics and signaling in Drosophila: an overview of genes, drugs and behavioral paradigms. Exp Anim 2014; 63:107-19. [PMID: 24770636 PMCID: PMC4160991 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.63.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in dopamine (DA) signaling have been implicated in a number of human neurologic
and psychiatric disorders. Similarly, defects in DA signaling in the fruit fly,
Drosophila melanogaster, have also been associated with several
behavioral defects. As most genes involved in DA synthesis, transport, secretion, and
signaling are conserved between species, Drosophila is a powerful genetic
model organism to study the regulation of DA signaling in vivo. In this
review, we will provide an overview of the genes and drugs that regulate DA biology in
Drosophila. Furthermore, we will discuss the behavioral paradigms that
are regulated by DA signaling in flies. By analyzing the genes and neuronal circuits that
govern such behaviors using sophisticated genetic, pharmacologic, electrophysiologic, and
imaging approaches in Drosophila, we will likely gain a better
understanding about how this neuromodulator regulates motor tasks and cognition in
humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston,TX77030, USA
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410
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Dzamko N, Geczy CL, Halliday GM. Inflammation is genetically implicated in Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2014; 302:89-102. [PMID: 25450953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation has long been associated with the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) but the extent to which it is a cause or consequence is sill debated. Over the past decade a number of genes have been implicated in PD. Relatively rare missense mutations in genes such as LRRK2, Parkin, SNCA and PINK1 are causative for familial PD whereas more common variation in genes, including LRRK2, SNCA and GBA, comprise risk factors for sporadic PD. Determining how the function of these genes and the proteins they encode are altered in PD has become a priority, as results will likely provide much needed insights into contributing causes. Accumulating evidence indicates that many of these genes function in pathways that regulate aspects of immunity, particularly inflammation, suggesting close associations between PD and immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
| | - C L Geczy
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - G M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia.
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411
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Gershanik OS. Improving L-dopa therapy: the development of enzyme inhibitors. Mov Disord 2014; 30:103-13. [PMID: 25335824 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of levodopa produced a monumental change in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Limitations in its bioavailability and tolerability led to the search for drugs that could improve its pharmacokinetics and safety profile. Dopa-decarboxylase inhibitors were the first such drugs that were developed, and their use in combination with L-dopa has become standard practice. Increasing knowledge on the metabolism of L-dopa allowed the identification of additional targets for intervention in an attempt to improve the symptomatic efficacy of L-dopa. Monoamineoxidase inhibitors, enhancing the central bioavailability of dopamine by blocking its metabolism, were the next step, and despite controversies regarding their efficacy, they have remained as valuable adjuncts to l-dopa in the treatment of PD. More recently, the introduction of potent, selective catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors have found their place in the therapeutic armamentarium of PD and are prescribed in combination with l-dopa to prolong the duration of its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar S Gershanik
- Institute of Neuroscience, Favaloro Foundation University Hospital, Solis 461, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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412
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Srivastava S, Sinha D, Saha PP, Marthala H, D'Silva P. Magmas functions as a ROS regulator and provides cytoprotection against oxidative stress-mediated damages. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1394. [PMID: 25165880 PMCID: PMC4454327 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Redox imbalance generates multiple cellular damages leading to oxidative stress-mediated pathological conditions such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer progression. Therefore, maintenance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is most important that involves well-defined antioxidant machinery. In the present study, we have identified for the first time a component of mammalian protein translocation machinery Magmas to perform a critical ROS regulatory function. Magmas overexpression has been reported in highly metabolically active tissues and cancer cells that are prone to oxidative damage. We found that Magmas regulates cellular ROS levels by controlling its production as well as scavenging. Magmas promotes cellular tolerance toward oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant enzyme activity, thus preventing induction of apoptosis and damage to cellular components. Magmas enhances the activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes, causing reduced ROS production. Our results suggest that J-like domain of Magmas is essential for maintenance of redox balance. The function of Magmas as a ROS sensor was found to be independent of its role in protein import. The unique ROS modulatory role of Magmas is highlighted by its ability to increase cell tolerance to oxidative stress even in yeast model organism. The cytoprotective capability of Magmas against oxidative damage makes it an important candidate for future investigation in therapeutics of oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - D Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - P P Saha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - H Marthala
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - P D'Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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413
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Saha T, Dutta S, Rajamma U, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. A pilot study on the contribution of folate gene variants in the cognitive function of ADHD probands. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:2058-67. [PMID: 25079255 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic abnormalities in components important for the folate cycle confer risk for various disorders since adequate folate turnover is necessary for normal methylation, gene expression and chromosome structure. However, the system has rarely been studied in children diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that ADHD related cognitive deficit could be attributed to abnormalities in the folate cycle and explored functional single nucleotide polymorphisms in methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (rs2236225), reduced folate carrier (rs1051266), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (rs1801131 and rs1801133) in families with ADHD probands (N = 185) and ethnically matched controls (N = 216) recruited following the DSM-IV. After obtaining informed written consent for participation, peripheral blood was collected for genomic DNA isolation and PCR-based analysis of target sites. Data obtained was analyzed by UNPHASED. Interaction between sites was analyzed by the multi dimensionality reduction (MDR) program. Genotypic frequencies of the Indian population were strikingly different from other ethnic groups. rs1801133 "T" allele showed biased transmission in female probands (p < 0.05). Significant difference in genotypic frequencies for female probands was also noticed. rs1801131 and rs1801133 showed an association with low intelligence quotient (IQ). MDR analysis exhibited independent effects and contribution of these sites to IQ, thus indicating a role of these genes in ADHD related cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, 482, Madudah, Plot I-24, Sec.-J, E.M. Bypass, Kolkata, 700107, India
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414
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Tan YP, Chan EWC. Antioxidant, antityrosinase and antibacterial properties of fresh and processed leaves of Anacardium occidentale and Piper betle. FOOD BIOSCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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415
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Gruden MA, Davydova TV, Narkevich VB, Fomina VG, Wang C, Kudrin VS, Morozova-Roche LA, Sewell RDE. Intranasal administration of alpha-synuclein aggregates: a Parkinson's disease model with behavioral and neurochemical correlates. Behav Brain Res 2014; 263:158-68. [PMID: 24480422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which both alpha-synuclein (α-syn) and dopamine (DA) have a critical role. Our previous studies instigated a novel PD model based on nasal inoculation with α-syn aggregates which expressed parkinsonian-like behavioral and immunological features. The current study in mice substantiated the robustness of the amyloid nasal vector model by examining behavioral consequences with respect to DA-ergic neurochemical corollaries. In vitro generated α-syn oligomers and fibrils were characterized using atomic force microscopy and the thioflavin T binding assay. These toxic oligomers or fibrils administered alone (0.48 mg/kg) or their 50:50 combination (total dose of 0.48 mg/kg) were given intranasally for 14 days and "open-field" behavior was tested on days 0, 15 and 28 of the protocol. Behavioral deficits at the end of the 14-day dosing regime and on day 28 (i.e., 14 days after treatment completion) induced rigidity, hypokinesia and immobility. This was accompanied by elevated nigral but not striatal DA, DOPAC and HVA concentrations in response to dual administration of α-syn oligomers plus fibrils but not the oligomers by themselves. α-Syn fibrils intensified not only the hypokinesia and immobility 14 days post treatment, but also reduced vertical rearing and enhanced DA levels in the substantia nigra. Only nigral DA turnover (DOPAC/DA but not HVA/DA ratio) was augmented in response to fibril treatment but there were no changes in the striatum. Compilation of these novel behavioral and neurochemical findings substantiate the validity of the α-syn nasal vector model for investigating parkinsonian-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Gruden
- P.K. Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Davydova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor B Narkevich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina G Fomina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90187, Sweden
| | - Vladimir S Kudrin
- Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Medical Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Robert D E Sewell
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK.
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416
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Payami H, Factor SA. Promise of pharmacogenomics for drug discovery, treatment and prevention of Parkinson's disease. A perspective. Neurotherapeutics 2014; 11:111-6. [PMID: 24258196 PMCID: PMC3899479 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0237-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a heterogeneous array of motor and non-motor features. Anti-PD drugs that are in use target only the motor symptoms, may lose efficacy over time, and can cause serious adverse effects such as dyskinesia and psychosis. There are currently no preventative or disease modifying treatments. All attempts to develop disease modifying drugs have failed. Pharmacogenomics (PGx) has the potential to change the way new drugs are developed and the way drugs are prescribed. By using genetic markers that correlate with, and can therefore predict drug response, clinical trials can be designed to be enriched with individuals who are most likely to benefit from the drug, maximizing drug's efficacy, minimizing its adverse effects, and boosting the odds of successful drug discovery. Clinical application of PGx will help physicians to quickly and accurately determine the right drugs and the right doses for individuals, avoiding the lengthy trial and error approaches and adverse effects. In combination with known protective factors such as nicotine and caffeine, PGx may enable development of personalized methods for PD prevention and, by extension, care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haydeh Payami
- New York State Department of Health, Division of Genetics, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, 12208, USA,
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417
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Gomes BR, Siqueira-Soares RDC, dos Santos WD, Marchiosi R, Soares AR, Ferrarese-Filho O. The effects of dopamine on antioxidant enzymes activities and reactive oxygen species levels in soybean roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e977704. [PMID: 25482756 PMCID: PMC4622826 DOI: 10.4161/15592324.2014.977704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current work, we investigated the effects of dopamine, an neurotransmitter found in several plant species on antioxidant enzyme activities and ROS in soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) roots. The effects of dopamine on SOD, CAT and POD activities, as well as H2O2, O2(•-), melanin contents and lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Three-day-old seedlings were cultivated in half-strength Hoagland nutrient solution (pH 6.0), without or with 0.1 to 1.0 mM dopamine, in a growth chamber (25°C, 12 h photoperiod, irradiance of 280 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) for 24 h. Significant increases in melanin content were observed. The levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation decreased at all concentrations of dopamine tested. The SOD activity increased significantly under the action of dopamine, while CT activity was inhibited and POD activity was unaffected. The results suggest a close relationship between a possible antioxidant activity of dopamine and melanin and activation of SOD, reducing the levels of ROS and damage on membranes of soybean roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ribeiro Gomes
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Wanderley Dantas dos Santos
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Anderson Ricardo Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry; Department of Biochemistry; State University of Maringá; Maringá, PR, Brazil
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418
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Meikle MN, Prieto JP, Urbanavicius J, López X, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Prunell G, Scorza MC. Anti-aggressive effect elicited by coca-paste in isolation-induced aggression of male rats: Influence of accumbal dopamine and cortical serotonin. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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