401
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Shi Y, Elkhabaz A, Yousef Yengej FA, van den Dikkenberg J, Hennink WE, van Nostrum CF. π-π Stacking induced enhanced molecular solubilization, singlet oxygen production, and retention of a photosensitizer loaded in thermosensitive polymeric micelles. Adv Healthc Mater 2014; 3:2023-31. [PMID: 25388924 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT) by photosensitizers (PS)-loaded polymeric micelles (PM) is hampered by the tendency of PS to aggregate in PM and/or by premature release of PS in the blood circulation. In the present study, aromatic thermosensitive PM, characterized by π-π stacking interaction, are used to encapsulate an axially solketal-substituted silicon phthalocyanine (Si(sol)2 Pc) with enhanced loading capacity, smaller size, and significantly improved retention of Si(sol)2 Pc compared with systems based on thermosensitive PM lacking aromatic groups. Interestingly, Si(sol)2 Pc is much less prone to aggregation in the aromatic PM, i.e., the amount of Si(sol)2 Pc that could be encapsulated without aggregation is 330 times higher in the aromatic PM than in the nonaromatic PM. Furthermore, Si(sol)2 Pc in the aromatic PM in a molecularly dissolved (non-aggregated) form displays three times more efficient singlet oxygen production than Si(sol)2 Pc aggregated in the non-aromatic PM. As a result, the photocytotoxicity of Si(sol)2 Pc-loaded aromatic PM to B16F10 cells is increased, compared with that of the non-aromatic PM, while no significant cytotoxicity is observed in the dark. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis shows cell uptake of Si(sol)2 Pc loaded in the aromatic PM, and the Si(sol)2 Pc is taken up by the cells together with the micelles. The efficient singlet oxygen production of Si(sol)2 Pc dissolved in the aromatic PM makes it an interesting formulation for cancer PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Ahmed Elkhabaz
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Fjodor A. Yousef Yengej
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joep van den Dikkenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Cornelus F. van Nostrum
- Department of Pharmaceutics; Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS); Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 P.O. Box 80082 3508 TB Utrecht The Netherlands
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402
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Graves DB. Oxy-nitroso shielding burst model of cold atmospheric plasma therapeutics. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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403
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Musetti C, Spagnul C, Mion G, Da Ros S, Gianferrara T, Sissi C. DNA Targeting by Cationic Porphyrin–Ruthenium(II) Conjugates. Chempluschem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201402275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Musetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
- present address: Glaxo Smith Kline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426 (USA)
| | - Cinzia Spagnul
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Giuliana Mion
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Sivia Da Ros
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
| | - Teresa Gianferrara
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, p.le Europa 1, 34127 Trieste (Italy)
| | - Claudia Sissi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, v. Marzolo 5, 35131 Padova (Italy)
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404
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Monge-Fuentes V, Muehlmann LA, de Azevedo RB. Perspectives on the application of nanotechnology in photodynamic therapy for the treatment of melanoma. NANO REVIEWS 2014; 5:24381. [PMID: 25317253 PMCID: PMC4152551 DOI: 10.3402/nano.v5.24381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer and has been traditionally considered difficult to treat. The worldwide incidence of melanoma has been increasing faster than any other type of cancer. Early detection, surgery, and adjuvant therapy enable improved outcomes; nonetheless, the prognosis of metastatic melanoma remains poor. Several therapies have been investigated for the treatment of melanoma; however, current treatment options for patients with metastatic disease are limited and non-curative in the majority of cases. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proposed as a promising minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that employs three essential elements to induce cell death: a photosensitizer, light of a specific wavelength, and molecular oxygen. However, classical PDT has shown some drawbacks that limit its clinical application. In view of this, the use of nanotechnology has been considered since it provides many tools that can be applied to PDT to circumvent these limitations and bring new perspectives for the application of this therapy for different types of diseases. On that ground, this review focuses on the potential use of developing nanotechnologies able to bring significant benefits for anticancer PDT, aiming to reach higher efficacy and safety for patients with malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Monge-Fuentes
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Luis Alexandre Muehlmann
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bentes de Azevedo
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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405
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Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light-based intervention with a long and successful clinical track record for both oncology and non-malignancies. In cancer patients, a photosensitizing agent is intravenously, orally or topically applied and allowed time to preferentially accumulate in the tumor region. Light of the appropriate wavelength and intensity to activate the particular photosensitizer employed is then introduced to the tumor bed. The light energy will activate the photosensitizer, which in the presence of oxygen should allow for creation of the toxic photodynamic reaction generating reactive oxygen species. The photodynamic reaction creates a cascading series of events including initiation of apoptotic and necrotic pathways both in tumor and neovasculature, leading to permanent lesion destruction often with upregulation of the immune system. Cutaneous phototoxicity from unintentional sunlight exposure remains the most common morbidity from PDT. This paper will highlight current research and outcomes from the basic science and clinical applications of oncologic PDT and interpret how these findings may lead to enhanced and refined future PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- 21st Century Oncology, 801 WH Smith Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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406
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Banik B, Somyajit K, Nagaraju G, Chakravarty AR. Oxovanadium(iv) catecholates of terpyridine bases for cellular imaging and photocytotoxicity in red light. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02687j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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407
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Kardeh S, Ashkani-Esfahani S, Alizadeh AM. Paradoxical action of reactive oxygen species in creation and therapy of cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 735:150-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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408
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Zhang H, Li H, Yang L, Deng Z, Luo H, Ye D, Bai Z, Zhu L, Ye W, Wang L, Chen L. The ClC-3 chloride channel associated with microtubules is a target of paclitaxel in its induced-apoptosis. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2615. [PMID: 24026363 PMCID: PMC3770968 DOI: 10.1038/srep02615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidences show that cationic fluxes play a pivotal role in cell apoptosis. In this study, the roles of Cl− channels in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis were investigated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2Z cells. Chloride current and apoptosis were induced by paclitaxel and inhibited by chloride channel blockers. Paclitaxel-activated current possessed similar properties to volume-activated chloride current. After ClC-3 was knocked-down by ClC-3-siRNA, hypotonicity-activated and paclitaxel-induced chloride currents were obviously decreased, indicating that the chloride channel involved in paclitaxel-induced apoptosis may be ClC-3. In early apoptotic cells, ClC-3 was up-regulated significantly; over-expressed ClC-3 was accumulated in cell membrane to form intercrossed filaments, which were co-localized with α-tubulins; changes of ultrastructures and decrease of flexibility in cell membrane were detected by atomic force microscopy. These suggest that ClC-3 is a critical target of paclitaxel and the involvement of ClC-3 in apoptosis may be associated with its accumulation with membrane microtubules and its over activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhang
- 1] Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China [2] Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China [3]
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409
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Wan MT, Lin JY. Current evidence and applications of photodynamic therapy in dermatology. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2014; 7:145-63. [PMID: 24899818 PMCID: PMC4038525 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s35334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In photodynamic therapy (PDT) a photosensitizer – a molecule that is activated by light – is administered and exposed to a light source. This leads both to destruction of cells targeted by the particular type of photosensitizer, and immunomodulation. Given the ease with which photosensitizers and light can be delivered to the skin, it should come as no surprise that PDT is an increasingly utilized therapeutic in dermatology. PDT is used commonly to treat precancerous cells, sun-damaged skin, and acne. It has reportedly also been used to treat other conditions including inflammatory disorders and cutaneous infections. This review discusses the principles behind how PDT is used in dermatology, as well as evidence for current applications of PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn T Wan
- Melanoma Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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410
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Jia N, Zhang S, Shao P, Bagia C, Janjic JM, Ding Y, Bai M. Cannabinoid CB2 receptor as a new phototherapy target for the inhibition of tumor growth. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1919-29. [PMID: 24779700 DOI: 10.1021/mp5001923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The success of targeted cancer therapy largely relies upon the selection of target and the development of efficient therapeutic agents that specifically bind to the target. In the current study, we chose a cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) as a new target and used a CB2R-targeted photosensitizer, IR700DX-mbc94, for phototherapy treatment. IR700DX-mbc94 was prepared by conjugating a photosensitizer, IR700DX, to mbc94, whose binding specificity to CB2R has been previously demonstrated. We found that phototherapy treatment using IR700DX-mbc94 greatly inhibited the growth of CB2R positive tumors but not CB2R negative tumors. In addition, phototherapy treatment with nontargeted IR700DX did not show significant therapeutic effect. Similarly, treatment with IR700DX-mbc94 without light irradiation or light irradiation without the photosensitizer showed no tumor-inhibitory effect. Taken together, IR700DX-mbc94 is a promising phototherapy agent with high target-specificity. Moreover, CB2R appears to have great potential as a phototherapeutic target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningyang Jia
- Department of Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University , Shanghai 200438, P. R. China
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411
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Shirasu N, Yamada H, Shibaguchi H, Kuroki M, Kuroki M. Potent and specific antitumor effect of CEA-targeted photoimmunotherapy. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2697-710. [PMID: 24740257 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is limited by the insufficient efficacy and specificity of photosensitizers. We herein describe a highly effective and selective tumor-targeted PDT using a near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer, IRDye700DX, conjugated to a human monoclonal antibody (Ab) specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The antitumor effects of this Ab-assisted PDT, called photoimmunotherapy (PIT), were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The Ab-IRDye conjugate induced potent cytotoxicity against CEA-positive tumor cells after NIR-irradiation, whereas CEA-negative cells were not affected at all, even in the presence of excess photoimmunoconjugate. We found an equivalent phototoxicity and a predominant plasma membrane localization of Ab-IRDye after both one and six hours of incubation. Either no or little caspase activation and membrane peroxidation were observed in PIT-treated cells and a panel of scavengers for reactive oxygen species showed only partial inhibition of the phototoxic effect. Strikingly, Ab-IRDye retained significant phototoxicity even under hypoxia. We established a xenograft model, which allowed us to sensitively investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PIT by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. Luciferase-expressing MKN-45-luc human gastric carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into both flanks of nude mice. NIR-irradiation was performed for only the tumor on one side. In vivo imaging and measurement of the tumor size revealed that a single PIT treatment, with intraperitoneal administration of Ab-IRDye and subsequent NIR-irradiation, caused rapid cell death and significant inhibition of tumor growth, but only on the irradiated side. Together, these data suggest that Ab-IRDye-mediated PIT has great potential as an anticancer therapeutics targeting CEA-positive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Shirasu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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412
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Pernot M, Barry NP, Bastogne T, Frochot C, Barberi-Heyob M, Therrien B. Rational design of an arene ruthenium chlorin conjugate for in vivo anticancer activity. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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413
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414
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Prasad P, Pant I, Khan I, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Mitochondria-Targeted Photoinduced Anticancer Activity of Oxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Curcumin in Visible Light. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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415
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Two combined photosensitizers: a goal for more effective photodynamic therapy of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1122. [PMID: 24625981 PMCID: PMC3973236 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved therapeutic modality for the treatment of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, mainly cancer. It involves the selective uptake of a photosensitizer (PS) by neoplastic tissue, which is able to produce reactive oxygen species upon irradiation with light, leading to tumor regression. Here a synergistic cell photoinactivation is reported based on the simultaneous administration of two PSs, zinc(II)-phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and the cationic porphyrin meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (TMPyP) in three cell lines (HeLa, HaCaT and MCF-7), using very low doses of PDT. We detected changes from predominant apoptosis (without cell detachment) to predominant necrosis, depending on the light dose used (2.4 and 3.6 J/cm2, respectively). Analysis of changes in cytoskeleton components (microtubules and F-actin), FAK protein, as well as time-lapse video microscopy evidenced that HeLa cells were induced to undergo apoptosis, without losing adhesion to the substrate. Moreover, 24 h after intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice, ZnPc and TMPyP were preferentially accumulated in the tumor area. PDT with combined treatment produced significant retardation of tumor growth. We believe that this combined and highly efficient strategy (two PSs) may provide synergistic curative rates regarding conventional photodynamic treatments (with one PS alone).
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416
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van Leeuwen-van Zaane F, van Driel PB, Gamm UA, Snoeks TJ, de Bruijn HS, van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel A, Löwik CW, Sterenborg HJ, Amelink A, Robinson DJ. Microscopic analysis of the localization of two chlorin-based photosensitizers in OSC19 tumors in the mouse oral cavity. Lasers Surg Med 2014; 46:224-34. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Floor van Leeuwen-van Zaane
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Pieter B.A.A. van Driel
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Ute A. Gamm
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J.A. Snoeks
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Henriëtte S. de Bruijn
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Angelique van der Ploeg-van den Heuvel
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Clemens W.G.M. Löwik
- Department of Radiology; Leiden University Medical Centre; P.O. Box 9600 2300 RC Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Henricus J.C.M. Sterenborg
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Amelink
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Dominic J. Robinson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy; Erasmus MC; P.O. Box 2040 3000 CA Rotterdam The Netherlands
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417
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Banik B, Somyajit K, Hussain A, Nagaraju G, Chakravarty AR. Carbohydrate-appended photocytotoxic (imidazophenanthroline)-oxovanadium(iv) complexes for cellular targeting and imaging. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:1321-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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418
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Woźniak M, Hotowy K, Czapińska E, Duś-Szachniewicz K, Szczuka I, Gamian E, Gamian A, Terlecki G, Ziółkowski P. Early induction of stress-associated Src activator/Homo sapiens chromosome 9 open reading frame 10 protein following photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 11:27-33. [PMID: 24280438 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are proteins, responsible for many basic cell functions (transmission of extracellular signals to cytoplasm or nucleus, cell growth, proliferation, migration, survival), which are activated and overexpressed in response to acute oxidative stress, especially tyrosine kinases. The oxidative stress-associated Src activator/Homo sapiens chromosome 9 open reading frame 10 protein (Ossa/C9orf10) protects cancer cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by Src family kinases activation. METHODS In this study precursor of protoporphyrin IX, 5-aminolevulinic acid and its encapsulated form were used in treating MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. After light illumination, cells were collected at different time points and used for evaluation (immunocytochemistry, Western blot analysis) of expression of above proteins, c-Src and Ossa. RESULTS Our results showed that 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy caused decrease of c-Src expression at 7h after irradiation. The strongest expression was observed at 24h after treatment. Encapsulated form of 5-aminolevulinic acid in terms of PDT caused similar changes of expression of c-Src protein. Furthermore, we observed strong Ossa expression at 7h after treatment in comparison to very low expression at time points 0, 18 and 24h. CONCLUSION We would like to emphasize that our results showed high expression of Ossa at early time interval after PDT, which was accompanied by a low expression of c-Src kinase, what could protect cancer cells from PDT through activation of c-Src in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Woźniak
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hotowy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Czapińska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Izabela Szczuka
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Gamian
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Terlecki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Ziółkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland.
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419
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Prasad P, Khan I, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. Mitochondria‐Targeting Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex as a Near‐IR Light Photocytotoxic Agent. Chemistry 2013; 19:17445-55. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201303487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Puja Prasad
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐23600683
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore‐560012, Karnataka (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐23600999
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore‐560012, Karnataka (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐23600999
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka (India), Fax: (+91) 80‐23600683
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420
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Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Tenuzzo BA, Dini L. In vitro and in vivo clearance of Rose Bengal Acetate-PhotoDynamic Therapy-induced autophagic and apoptotic cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:765-78. [PMID: 23828594 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213494552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the clearance of Rose Bengal Acetate (RBAc)-PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT)-generated apoptotic and autophagic HeLa cells by murine and human macrophages. Indeed, phagocytosis of dead cells drives the therapeutic efficacy of PDT through both efficient removal of dead/dying cells and macrophages response evoked during engulfment and, up to now, clearance of dying photosensitized cells has been less investigated than PDT mechanisms of cell death induction. RBAc-PDT ensures a long onset of cytotoxicity and a time-related cell death of HeLa cells by signals originating from or converging on almost all intracellular organelles. On this basis, to clarify whether the efficacious cell death commitment is followed by an efficient clearance mechanism, we primarily focused on the analysis of 'eat me' signals exposure and 'find me' signals release, and then investigated the migration, recognition, engulfment and response of murine Raw 264.7 and human blood isolated macrophages. Dead cells secreted 'find me' signals, i.e. fractalkine and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70), to recruit macrophages and promote their fast phagocytosis. Macrophages phagocytosed apoptotic and autophagic PDT-treated cells more efficiently than the respective positive controls, i.e. puromycin-induced apoptotic and Earle's balanced salt solution-starved autophagic cells. Phagocytosis depends on the glycans exposed on dead cells. The macrophages internalization of photokilled cells elicits the production of Interleukin-10, Transforming Growth Factor-β and Tumour Necrosis Factor-α by macrophages. TNFα production, along with HSP70 release and plasma membrane translocation on dead cells, suggest an immunogenic impact of RBAc-PDT. In fact, macrophages, activated fibroblasts and endothelial cells colonized the inoculum site of photosensitized cells in rat calf muscles, endorsing the hypothesis of immunogenic elicitation of RBAc-PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Panzarini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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421
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Barathan M, Mariappan V, Shankar EM, Abdullah BJJ, Goh KL, Vadivelu J. Hypericin-photodynamic therapy leads to interleukin-6 secretion by HepG2 cells and their apoptosis via recruitment of BH3 interacting-domain death agonist and caspases. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e697. [PMID: 23807226 PMCID: PMC3702308 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a capable therapeutic modality for the treatment of cancer. PDT is a targeted cancer therapy that reportedly leads to tumor cell apoptosis and/or necrosis by facilitating the secretion of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of multiple apoptotic mediators in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, PDT also triggers oxidative stress that directs tumor cell killing and activation of inflammatory responses. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the role of PDT in facilitating tumor cell apoptosis remain ambiguous. Here, we investigated the ability of PDT in association with hypericin (HY) to induce tumor cell apoptosis by facilitating the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and secretion of Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines in human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells. To discover if any apoptotic mediators were implicated in the enhancement of cell death of HY-PDT-treated tumor cells, selected gene profiling in response to HY-PDT treatment was implemented. Experimental results showed that interleukin (IL)-6 was significantly increased in all HY-PDT-treated cells, especially in 1 μg/ml HY-PDT, resulting in cell death. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of apoptotic genes, such as BH3-interacting-domain death agonist (BID), cytochrome complex (CYT-C) and caspases (CASP3, 6, 7, 8 and 9) was remarkably higher in HY-PDT-treated HepG2 cells than the untreated HepG2 cells, entailing that tumor destruction of immune-mediated cell death occurs only in PDT-treated tumor cells. Hence, we showed that HY-PDT treatment induces apoptosis in HepG2 cells by facilitating cytotoxic ROS, and potentially recruits IL-6 and apoptosis mediators, providing additional hints for the existence of alternative mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity in hepatocellular carcinoma, which contribute to long-term suppression of tumor growth following PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barathan
- Tropical Infectious Disease Research and Education Center (TIDREC), Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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422
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Vermathen M, Marzorati M, Bigler P. Self-assembling properties of porphyrinic photosensitizers and their effect on membrane interactions probed by NMR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:6990-7001. [PMID: 23687989 DOI: 10.1021/jp403331n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation and membrane penetration of porphyrinic photosensitizers play crucial roles for their efficacy in photodynamic therapy. The current study was aimed at comparing the aggregation behavior of selected photosensitizers and correlating it with membrane affinity. Self-assembling properties of 15 amphiphilic free-base chlorin and porphyrin derivatives bearing carboxylate substituents were studied in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) by (1)H NMR spectroscopy, making use of ring current induced aggregation shifts. All compounds exhibited aggregation in PBS to a different degree with dimers or oligomers showing slow aggregate growth over time. Aggregate structures were proposed on the basis of temperature dependent chemical shift changes. All chlorin compounds revealed similar aggregation maps with their hydrophobic sides overlapping and their carboxylate groups protruding toward the exterior. In contrast, for the porphyrin compounds, the carboxylate groups were located in overlapping regions. Membrane interactions were probed using 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) bilayer vesicles and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DHPC) micelles as models. The chlorin derivatives had higher membrane affinity and were all monomerized by DHPC micelles as opposed to the porphyrin compounds. The observed differences were attributed to the different aggregate structures proposed for the chlorin and porphyrin derivatives. Free accessibility of the carboxylate groups seemed to promote initial surface interaction with phospholipid bilayers and micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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423
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Allison RR, Moghissi K. Oncologic photodynamic therapy: clinical strategies that modulate mechanisms of action. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:331-41. [PMID: 24284082 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an elegant minimally invasive oncologic therapy. The clinical simplicity of photosensitizer (PS) drug application followed by appropriate illumination of target leading to the oxygen dependent tumor ablative Photodynamic Reaction (PDR) has gained this treatment worldwide acceptance. Yet the true potential of clinical PDT has not yet been achieved. This paper will review current mechanisms of action and treatment paradigms with critical commentary on means to potentially improve outcome using readily available clinical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron R Allison
- Medical Director 21st Century Oncology, 801 WH Smith Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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424
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Shirmanova MV, Serebrovskaya EO, Lukyanov KA, Snopova LB, Sirotkina MA, Prodanetz NN, Bugrova ML, Minakova EA, Turchin IV, Kamensky VA, Lukyanov SA, Zagaynova EV. Phototoxic effects of fluorescent protein KillerRed on tumor cells in mice. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2013; 6:283-90. [PMID: 22696211 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201200056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
KillerRed is known to be a unique red fluorescent protein displaying strong phototoxic properties. Its effectiveness has been shown previously for killing bacterial and cancer cells in vitro. Here, we investigated the photototoxicity of the protein on tumor xenografts in mice. HeLa Kyoto cell line stably expressing KillerRed in mitochondria and in fusion with histone H2B was used. Irradiation of the tumors with 593 nm laser led to photobleaching of KillerRed indicating photosensitization reaction and caused significant destruction of the cells and activation of apoptosis. The portion of the dystrophically changed cells increased from 9.9% to 63.7%, and the cells with apoptosis hallmarks from 6.3% to 14%. The results of this study suggest KillerRed as a potential genetically encoded photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Shirmanova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005 Minin Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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425
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Ruiz-González R, Acedo P, Sánchez-García D, Nonell S, Cañete M, Stockert JC, Villanueva A. Efficient induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells by a novel cationic porphycene photosensitizer. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 63:401-14. [PMID: 23517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we analyze the photobiological properties of 2,7,12-tris(α-pyridinio-p-tolyl)-17-(p-(methoxymethyl)phenyl) porphycene (Py3MeO-TBPo) in Hela cells, in order to assess its potential as a new photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy of cultured tumor cells. Using 0.5 μM Py3MeO-TBPo, flow cytometry studies demonstrated an increase of intracellular drug levels related to the incubation time, reaching a maximum at 18 h. LysoTracker(®) Green (LTG) and MitoTracker(®) Green (MTG) probes were used to identify the subcellular localization. Upon exposure to ultraviolet excitation, red porphycene fluorescence was detected as red granules in the cytoplasm that colocalized with LTG. No significant toxic effects were detected for Py3MeO-TBPo in the dark at concentrations below 1 μM. In contrast, Py3MeO-TBPo combined with red-light irradiation induced concentration- and fluence-dependent HeLa cells inactivation. Besides, all photodynamic protocols assayed induced a clear effect of cell detachment inhibition after trypsin treatment. Both apoptotic and necrotic cell death mechanisms can occur in HeLa cells depending on the experimental protocol. After 18 h incubation with 0.5 μM Py3MeO-TBPo and subsequent red light irradiation (3.6 J/cm(2)), a high number of cells die by apoptosis, as evaluated by morphological alterations, immunofluorescent relocalization of Bax from cytosol to mitochondria, and TUNEL assay. Likewise, immunofluorescence techniques showed that cytochrome c is released from mitochondria into cytosol in cells undergoing apoptosis, which occurs immediately after relocation of Bax in mitochondria. The highest amount of apoptosis appeared 24 h after treatment (70%) and this cell death occurred without cell detachment to the substrate. In contrast, with 0.75 μM Py3MeO-TBPo and 3.6 J/cm(2) irradiation, morphological changes showed a preferential necrotic cell death. Singlet oxygen was identified as the cytotoxic agent involved in cell photoinactivation. Moreover, cell cultures pre-exposed to the singlet oxygen scavenger sodium azide showed pronounced protection against the loss of viability induced by Py3MeO-TBPo and light. Different changes in distribution and organization of cytoskeletal elements (microtubules and actin microfilaments) as well as the protein vinculin, after apoptotic and necrotic photodynamic treatments have been analyzed. Neither of these two cell death mechanisms (apoptosis or necrosis) induced cell detachment. In summary, Py3MeO-TBPo appears to meet the requirements for further scrutiny as a very good photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy: it is water soluble, has a high absorption in the red spectral region (where light penetration in tissue is higher), and is able to induce effective high apoptotic rate (70%) related to the more widely studied photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Ruiz-González
- Grup d'Enginyeria Molecular, Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, Barcelona 08017, Spain
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426
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Laranjo M, Serra AC, Abrantes M, Piñeiro M, Gonçalves AC, Casalta-Lopes J, Carvalho L, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Rocha-Gonsalves A, Botelho F. 2-Bromo-5-hydroxyphenylporphyrins for photodynamic therapy: Photosensitization efficiency, subcellular localization and in vivo studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2013; 10:51-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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427
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Allison RR, Moghissi K. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms. Clin Endosc 2013; 46:24-9. [PMID: 23422955 PMCID: PMC3572346 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light based therapy used to ablate tumors. As practiced in oncology a photosensitizing agent is applied and then activated by a specific wavelength and energy of light. This light energy in the presence of oxygen will lead to the creation of the photodynamic reaction which is cyto and vasculo toxic. This paper will review the mechanisms of action of PDT and how they may be manipulated to improve clinical outcome in cancer patients.
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428
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Shen XM, Zheng BY, Huang XR, Wang L, Huang JD. The first silicon(iv) phthalocyanine–nucleoside conjugates with high photodynamic activity. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10398-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50910a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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429
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Panzarini E, Inguscio V, Dini L. Immunogenic cell death: can it be exploited in PhotoDynamic Therapy for cancer? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:482160. [PMID: 23509727 PMCID: PMC3591131 DOI: 10.1155/2013/482160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) could represent the keystone in cancer management since tumor cell death induction is crucial as well as the control of cancer cells revival after neoplastic treatment. In this context, the immune system plays a fundamental role. The concept of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) has been proposed to explain the immunogenic potential of stressed or dying/dead cells. ICD relies on DAMPs released by or exposed on dying cells. Once released, DAMPs are sensed by immune cells, in particular Dendritic Cells (DCs), acting as activators of Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs), that in turn stimulate both innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, by exposing DAMPs, dying cancer cells change their surface composition, recently indicated as vital for the stimulation of the host immune system and the control of residual ill cells. It is well established that PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) for cancer treatment ignites the immune system to elicit a specific antitumor immunity, probably linked to its ability in inducing exposure/release of certain DAMPs, as recently suggested. In the present paper, we discuss the DAMPs associated with PDT and their role in the crossroad between cancer cell death and immunogenicity in PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology (Di.S.Te.B.A.), University of Salento, Via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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430
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Higgins SLH, Brewer KJ. Durch rotes Licht aktivierbare multifunktionelle Agentien für die photodynamische Therapie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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431
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Higgins SLH, Brewer KJ. Designing Red-Light-Activated Multifunctional Agents for the Photodynamic Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11420-2. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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432
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Milla Sanabria L, Rodríguez ME, Cogno IS, Rumie Vittar NB, Pansa MF, Lamberti MJ, Rivarola VA. Direct and indirect photodynamic therapy effects on the cellular and molecular components of the tumor microenvironment. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:36-45. [PMID: 23046998 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel cancer treatment. It involves the activation of a photosensitizer (PS) with light of specific wavelength, which interacts with molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that lead to tumor cell death. When a tumor is treated with PDT, in addition to affect cancer cells, the extracellular matrix and the other cellular components of the microenvironment are altered and finally this had effects on the tumor cells survival. Furthermore, the heterogeneity in the availability of nutrients and oxygen in the different regions of a tridimensional tumor has a strong impact on the sensitivity of cells to PDT. In this review, we summarize how PDT affects indirectly to the tumor cells, by the alterations on the extracellular matrix, the cell adhesion and the effects over the immune response. Also, we describe direct PDT effects on cancer cells, considering the intratumoral role that autophagy mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) has on the efficiency of the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Milla Sanabria
- Department of Molecular Biology, National University of Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina
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433
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Schulten R, Novak B, Schmitz B, Lübbert H. Comparison of the uptake of 5-aminolevulinic acid and its methyl ester in keratinocytes and skin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:969-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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434
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Ahn MY, Yoon HE, Kwon SM, Lee J, Min SK, Kim YC, Ahn SG, Yoon JH. Synthesized Pheophorbide a-mediated photodynamic therapy induced apoptosis and autophagy in human oral squamous carcinoma cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:17-25. [PMID: 22742535 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2012.01187.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pheophorbide a (Pa) is a chlorine-based photosensitizer derived from an ethnopharmacological herb, and our group recently synthesized Pa by the removal of a magnesium ion and a phytyl group from chlorophyll-a. In this study, the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with synthesized Pa was examined in a human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. METHODS Cells were treated with PDT with Pa, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential [ΔΨ (m)] were examined. Apoptosis was measured using annexin V staining and immunoblot. Autophagy was characterized by the increase in LC3B-II and the formation of autophagosome and acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs). RESULTS Pa-PDT inhibited the proliferation of OSCC cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pa-PDT increased the number of apoptotic cells by inactivating ERK pathway. Pa-PDT also induced autophagy in OSCC cells evidenced by the increased levels of LC3 type II expression and the accumulation of AVOs. The inhibition of autophagy enhanced Pa-PDT-mediated cytotoxicity through an increase in necrosis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that synthesized Pa-PDT exerts anti-tumor effects by inducing apoptosis and autophagy and provide novel evidence that Pa-PDT induces autophagy, and autophagy inhibition enhances Pa-PDT-mediated necrosis in OSCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Young Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Research Center for Oral disease Regulation of Aged, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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435
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Novel nanostructural photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy: in vitro studies. Int J Pharm 2012; 430:129-40. [PMID: 22525077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizing properties of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (p-THPP) functionalized by covalent attachment of one chain of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular weight of 350, 2000, or 5000 Da (p-THPP-PEG(350), p-THPP-PEG(2000), p-THPP-PEG(5000)) were studied in vitro. Dark and photo cytotoxicity of these photosensitizers delivered in solution or embedded in liposomes were evaluated on two cell lines: a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT 116) and a prostate cancer cell line (DU 145), and compared with these treated with free p-THPP. The attachment of PEG chains results in the pronounced reduction of the dark cytotoxicity of the parent porphyrin. Cell viability tests have demonstrated that the phototoxicity of pegylated porphyrins is dependent on the length of PEG chain and p-THPP-PEG(2000) exhibited the highest photodynamic efficacy for both cell lines. The encapsulation into liposomes did not improve the PDT effect. However, the liposomal formulation of p-THPP-PEG(2000) showed a greater tendency to induce apoptosis in both cell lines than the parent or pegylated porphyrin delivered in solution. The colocalization of p-THPP, p-THPP-PEG(2000) and p-THPP-PEG(2000) enclosed in liposomes with fluorescent markers for lysosomes, mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus (GA) was determined in the HCT 116 line. The p-THPP exhibited ubiquitous intracellular distribution with a preference for membranes: mitochondria, ER, GA, lysosomes and plasma membrane. Fluorescence of p-THPP-PEG(2000) was observed within the cytoplasm, with a stronger signal detected in membranous organelle: mitochondria, ER, GA and lysosomes. In contrast, p-THPP-PEG(2000) delivered in liposomes gave a distinct lysosomal pattern of localization.
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