401
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Corinti S, Chiarantini L, Dominici S, Laguardia ME, Magnani M, Girolomoni G. Erythrocytes deliver Tat to interferon‐γ‐treated human dendritic cells for efficient initiation of specific type 1 immune responses in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.71.4.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Corinti
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and
| | - Laura Chiarantini
- Institute of Biochemistry Giorgio Fornaini, University of Urbino, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dominici
- Institute of Biochemistry Giorgio Fornaini, University of Urbino, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Magnani
- Institute of Biochemistry Giorgio Fornaini, University of Urbino, Italy
| | - Giampiero Girolomoni
- Laboratory of Immunology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and
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402
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Harizi H, Juzan M, Pitard V, Moreau JF, Gualde N. Cyclooxygenase-2-issued prostaglandin e(2) enhances the production of endogenous IL-10, which down-regulates dendritic cell functions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2255-63. [PMID: 11859113 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PGE(2) is a well-known immunomodulator produced in the immune response by APCs, such as dendritic cells (DCs), the most potent APC of the immune system. We investigated the PGE(2) biosynthetic capacity of bone marrow-derived DC (BM-DC) and the effects of PG on the APC. We observed that BM-DC produce PGE(2) and other proinflammatory mediators, such as leukotriene B(4) and NO, after LPS exposure. Constitutively present in BM-DC, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 did not contribute significantly to the total pool of PGE(2) compared with the LPS-induced COX-2-produced PGE(2). Treatment of BM-DC with exogenous PGE(2) induced the production of large amounts of IL-10 and less IL-12p70. In addition, selective inhibition of COX-2, but not COX-1, was followed by significant decrements in PGE(2) and IL-10, a concomitant restoration of IL-12 production, and an enhancement of DC stimulatory potential. In contrast, we found no demonstrable role for leukotriene B(4) or NO. In view of the potential of PGE(2) to stimulate IL-10, we examined the possibility that the suppressive effect of PGE(2) is mediated via IL-10. We found that exogenous IL-10 inhibits IL-12p70 production in the presence of NS-398, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, while the inhibitory effects of PGE(2) were totally reversed by anti-IL-10. We conclude that COX-2-mediated PGE(2) up-regulates IL-10, which down-regulates IL-12 production and the APC function of BM-DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedi Harizi
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux 2, 33076 Bordeaux, France
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403
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Stuart LM, Lucas M, Simpson C, Lamb J, Savill J, Lacy-Hulbert A. Inhibitory effects of apoptotic cell ingestion upon endotoxin-driven myeloid dendritic cell maturation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1627-35. [PMID: 11823490 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the sentinels of the immune system, able to interact with both naive and memory T cells. The recent observation that DCs can ingest cells dying by apoptosis has raised the possibility that DCs may, in fact, present self-derived Ags, initiating both autoimmunity and tumor-specific responses, especially if associated with appropriate danger signals. Although the process of ingestion of apoptotic cells has not been shown to induce DC maturation, the exact fate of these phagocytosing DCs remains unclear. In this paper we demonstrate that DCs that ingest apoptotic cells are able to produce TNF-alpha but have a diminished ability to produce IL-12 in response to external stimuli, a property that corresponds to a failure to up-regulate CD86. By single-cell analysis we demonstrate that these inhibitory effects are restricted to those DCs that have engulfed apoptotic cells, with bystander DCs remaining unaffected. These changes were independent of the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-beta1 and IL-10 and corresponded with a diminished capacity to stimulate naive T cells. Thus, the ingestion of apoptotic cells is not an immunologically null event but is capable of modulating DC maturation. These results have important implications for our understanding of the role of clearance of dying cells by DCs not only in the normal resolution of inflammation but also in control of subsequent immune responses to apoptotic cell-derived Ags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda M Stuart
- Medical Research Council Center for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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404
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Xia CQ, Kao KJ. Heparin induces differentiation of CD1a+ dendritic cells from monocytes: phenotypic and functional characterization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:1131-8. [PMID: 11801647 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.3.1131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in initiation and regulation of immune responses. DCs derived from human monocytes can be classified according to presence of CD1a molecules. Although CD1a+ DCs can be prepared from monocytes in media containing GM-CSF, IL-4, and FCS, it has been reported that CD1a+ DCs could not be easily obtained from monocytes using media containing human serum or plasma. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that heparin can reliably induce differentiation of CD1a+ DCs from monocytes with or without autologous serum or plasma. The development of CD1a+ DCs is heparin concentration dependent (0-50 U/ml). Comparing with CD1a- DCs developed without heparin, CD1a+ DCs express higher CD40 and CD80 and lower CD86. Both CD1a+ and CD1a- DCs express similar levels of HLA-DR. CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD40 are proportionally up-regulated when both types of DCs are stimulated with LPS or LPS plus IFN-gamma. The effect of heparin is neutralized by heparin-binding proteins, such as protamine sulfate, platelet factor-4, and beta-thromboglobulin. Functionally, heparin-treated DCs respond to LPS or LPS plus IFN-gamma with higher IL-10 and less IL-12 production than heparin-untreated DCs. Heparin-treated DCs are more potent in priming allogeneic and autologous CD4+ T cells to proliferate and to produce both type 1 and type 2 cytokines. The results of our study show that CD1a+ DCs can be prepared from monocytes ex vivo without using xenogeneic serum and may be used for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Xia
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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405
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Mazzoni A, Young HA, Spitzer JH, Visintin A, Segal DM. Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 11748270 DOI: 10.1172/jci200113930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases such as allergy and asthma are characterized by increases in Th2 cells and serum IgE antibodies. The binding of allergens to IgE on mast cells triggers the release of several mediators, of which histamine is the most prevalent. Here we show that histamine, together with a maturation signal, acts directly upon immature dendritic cells (iDCs), profoundly altering their T cell polarizing capacity. We demonstrate that iDCs express two active histamine receptors, H1 and H2. Histamine did not significantly affect the LPS-driven maturation of iDCs with regard to phenotypic changes or capacity to prime naive T cells, but it dramatically altered the repertoire of cytokines and chemokines secreted by mature DCs. In particular, histamine, acting upon the H2 receptor for a short period of time, increased IL-10 production and reduced IL-12 secretion. As a result, histamine-matured DCs polarized naive CD4(+) T cells toward a Th2 phenotype, as compared with DCs that had matured in the absence of histamine. We propose that the Th2 cells favor IgE production, leading to increased histamine secretion by mast cells, thus creating a positive feedback loop that could contribute to the severity of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1360, USA
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406
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Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC. Avoiding horror autotoxicus: the importance of dendritic cells in peripheral T cell tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:351-8. [PMID: 11773639 PMCID: PMC117564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.231606698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2001] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system generally avoids horror autotoxicus or autoimmunity, an attack against the body's own constituents. This avoidance requires that self-reactive T cells be actively silenced or tolerized. We propose that dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in establishing tolerance, especially in the periphery, after functioning T cells have been produced in the thymus. In the steady state, meaning in the absence of acute infection and inflammation, DCs are in an immature state and not fully differentiated to carry out their known roles as inducers of immunity. Nevertheless, immature DCs continuously circulate through tissues and into lymphoid organs, capturing self antigens as well as innocuous environmental proteins. Recent experiments have provided direct evidence that antigen-loaded immature DCs silence T cells either by deleting them or by expanding regulatory T cells. This capacity of DCs to induce peripheral tolerance can work in two opposing ways in the context of infection. In acute infection, a beneficial effect should occur. The immune system would overcome the risk of developing autoimmunity and chronic inflammation if, before infection, tolerance were induced to innocuous environmental proteins as well as self antigens captured from dying infected cells. For chronic or persistent pathogens, a second but dire potential could take place. Continuous presentation of a pathogen by immature DCs, HIV-1 for example, may lead to tolerance and active evasion of protective immunity. The function of DCs in defining immunologic self provides a new focus for the study of autoimmunity and chronic immune-based diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Marvin Steinman
- Laboratories of Cellular Physiology and Immunology, and Molecular Immunology and Howard Hughes Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
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407
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Menges M, Rössner S, Voigtländer C, Schindler H, Kukutsch NA, Bogdan C, Erb K, Schuler G, Lutz MB. Repetitive injections of dendritic cells matured with tumor necrosis factor alpha induce antigen-specific protection of mice from autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2002; 195:15-21. [PMID: 11781361 PMCID: PMC2196016 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to induce T cell immunity, whereas immature DCs induce T cell tolerance. Here we describe that injections of DCs matured with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (TNF/DCs) induce antigen-specific protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Maturation by TNF-alpha induced high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules on DCs, but they remained weak producers of proinflammatory cytokines. One injection of such TNF/DCs pulsed with auto-antigenic peptide ameliorated the disease score of EAE. This could not be observed with immature DCs or DCs matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus anti-CD40. Three consecutive injections of peptide-pulsed TNF/DCs derived from wild-type led to the induction of peptide-specific predominantly interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4(+) T cells and complete protection from EAE. Blocking of IL-10 in vivo could only partially restore the susceptibility to EAE, suggesting an important but not exclusive role of IL-10 for EAE prevention. Notably, the protection was peptide specific, as TNF/DCs pulsed with unrelated peptide could not prevent EAE. In conclusion, this study describes that stimulation by TNF-alpha results in incompletely matured DCs (semi-mature DCs) which induce peptide-specific IL-10-producing T cells in vivo and prevent EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauritius Menges
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen 91052, Germany
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408
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived cells of both lymphoid and myeloid stem cell origin that populate all lymphoid organs including the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as nearly all nonlymphoid tissues and organs. Although DCs are a moderately diverse set of cells, they all have potent antigen-presenting capacity for stimulating naive, memory, and effector T cells. DCs are members of the innate immune system in that they can respond to dangers in the host environment by immediately generating protective cytokines. Most important, immature DCs respond to danger signals in the microenvironment by maturing, i.e., differentiating, and acquiring the capacity to direct the development of primary immune responses appropriate to the type of danger perceived. The powerful adjuvant activity that DCs possess in stimulating specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses has made them targets in vaccine development strategies for the prevention and treatment of infections, allograft reactions, allergic and autoimmune diseases, and cancer. This review addresses the origins and migration of DCs to their sites of activity, their basic biology as antigen-presenting cells, their roles in important human diseases and, finally, selected strategies being pursued to harness their potent antigen-stimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F Lipscomb
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5301, USA.
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409
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Abstract
Tumour-associated viruses produce antigens that, on the face of it, are ideal targets for immunotherapy. Unfortunately, these viruses are experts at avoiding or subverting the host immune response. Cervical-cancer-associated human papillomavirus (HPV) has a battery of immune-evasion mechanisms at its disposal that could confound attempts at HPV-directed immunotherapy. Other virally associated human cancers might prove similarly refractive to immuno-intervention unless we learn how to circumvent their strategies for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Tindle
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, Royal Children's Hospital, Herston, Australia.
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410
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Mazzoni A, Young HA, Spitzer JH, Visintin A, Segal DM. Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1865-73. [PMID: 11748270 PMCID: PMC209473 DOI: 10.1172/jci13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic diseases such as allergy and asthma are characterized by increases in Th2 cells and serum IgE antibodies. The binding of allergens to IgE on mast cells triggers the release of several mediators, of which histamine is the most prevalent. Here we show that histamine, together with a maturation signal, acts directly upon immature dendritic cells (iDCs), profoundly altering their T cell polarizing capacity. We demonstrate that iDCs express two active histamine receptors, H1 and H2. Histamine did not significantly affect the LPS-driven maturation of iDCs with regard to phenotypic changes or capacity to prime naive T cells, but it dramatically altered the repertoire of cytokines and chemokines secreted by mature DCs. In particular, histamine, acting upon the H2 receptor for a short period of time, increased IL-10 production and reduced IL-12 secretion. As a result, histamine-matured DCs polarized naive CD4(+) T cells toward a Th2 phenotype, as compared with DCs that had matured in the absence of histamine. We propose that the Th2 cells favor IgE production, leading to increased histamine secretion by mast cells, thus creating a positive feedback loop that could contribute to the severity of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mazzoni
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1360, USA
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411
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Koski GK, Lyakh LA, Rice NR. Rapid lipopolysaccharide-induced differentiation of CD14(+) monocytes into CD83(+) dendritic cells is modulated under serum-free conditions by exogenously added IFN-gamma and endogenously produced IL-10. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3773-81. [PMID: 11745398 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3773::aid-immu3773>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that about half of purified CD14(+) peripheral blood monocytes cultured under serum-free conditions and treated with GM-CSF and bacterial LPS rapidly (2 - 4 day) differentiate into CD83(+) dendritic cells (DC). The remaining cells retain the CD14(+)/CD83(-) monocyte/macrophage phenotype. In order to identify factors that influence whether monocytes differentiate into DC or remain on the monocyte/macrophage developmental pathway, we evaluated the effects of exogenously added IFN-gamma and endogenously produced IL-10 on the proportion and function of CD14(+) monocytes that adopt DC characteristics in response to LPS. IFN-gamma priming dramatically increased the proportion of monocytes that adopted stable DC characteristics in response to LPS, improved their T cell allosensitizing capacity, and enhanced levels of secreted IL-12 heterodimer. IFN-gamma priming also suppressed the production of IL-10, a cytokine known to have inhibitory effects on DC differentiation. When monocytes were treated with LPS plus IL-10-neutralizing antibodies, dramatically enhanced DC differentiation, IL-12 secretion, and T cell allosensitizing capacity were observed, mimicking in many respects the effects of IFN-gamma priming. IFN-gamma primed cells still displayed appreciable sensitivity to exogenously added IL-10, suggesting that attenuated IL-10 secretion is partially responsible for the enhancing effects of IFN-gamma. These studies therefore identify IFN-gamma as a DC differentiation co-factor for CD14(+) monocytes, and IL-10 as an autocrine/paracrine inhibitor of DC differentiation, linking these agents for the first time as mutually opposed regulators that govern whether CD14(+) cells differentiate into DC upon contact with LPS or remain on the monocyte/macrophage developmental pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Koski
- Regulation of Cell Growth Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA.
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412
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Novak N, Haberstok J, Kraft S, Siekmann L, Allam JP, Bieber T. Standardized extracts from Chinese herbs induce IL-10 production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and alter their differentiation in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:588-93. [PMID: 11590386 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a treatment for atopic dermatitis has been evaluated in clinical trials. Until now, the underlying mechanism of this treatment has remained completely elusive; this is particularly true of its putative effects on dendritic cells (DCs), which might play a pivotal role in the disease. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of a standardized extract from 10 Chinese herbs that was successfully used in clinical trials on the generation of monocyte-derived DCs from atopic donors. METHODS Detailed phenotypic and functional exploration of DCs generated in the presence of IL-4 and GM-CSF and treated with different concentrations of TCM or a placebo control was performed. RESULTS TCM profoundly affected the morphology and phenotype of the developing DCs. They lost their typical dendritic morphology and decreased their expression of CD1a as well as the low-affinity IgE receptor CD23. Most importantly, TCM-exposed DCs exhibited a diminished stimulatory activity toward autologous antigen-specific and allogeneic T cells while secreting high amounts of IL-10. CONCLUSION TCM induces immunopharmacologic alterations on DCs from atopic donors in vitro. These alterations might account, at least in part, for the therapeutic effect of this treatment in AD in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Novak
- Department of Dermatology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, Germany
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413
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Silva RA, Pais TF, Appelberg R. Blocking the receptor for IL-10 improves antimycobacterial chemotherapy and vaccination. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:1535-41. [PMID: 11466374 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.3.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel approaches are required for the prevention and therapy of mycobacterial infections since the only vaccine in use, bacillus Calmette-Guérin, is poorly effective and chemotherapy is long and often ineffective in sterilizing the infection. We used a mouse model of Mycobacterium avium infection to address the usefulness of a mAb able to block IL-10R both in treatment of primary infections and in conventional multidrug therapy and subunit vaccination. Treatment of infected mice with this mAb during the entire period of experimental infection had little impact on the course of M. avium infection, with a slight improvement in the resistance of infected mice observed in the liver and spleen at day 30 of infection, which was associated with increased macrophage activation and priming of CD4(+) T cells for IFN-gamma production. Administration of this mAb later in infection had no effect on its course, but improved the effectiveness of chemotherapy when the latter was started in a chronic phase of infection. Also, the anti-IL-10R mAb acted as an adjuvant in the induction of protective immunity upon vaccination with a mycobacterial subunit preparation.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Blocking/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antitubercular Agents/administration & dosage
- Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mycobacterium avium Complex/immunology
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/drug therapy
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-10
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Silva
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology of Infection, Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua do Casmpo Alegre 823, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
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