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Dyrek N, Wikarek A, Niemiec M, Kocełak P. Selected musculoskeletal disorders in patients with thyroid dysfunction, diabetes, and obesity. Reumatologia 2023; 61:305-317. [PMID: 37745138 PMCID: PMC10515130 DOI: 10.5114/reum/170312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many medical conditions affect the skeletal system and constitute independent risk factors for fractures. The action of thyroid hormones is necessary to maintain adequate development, mineralization, and bone strength. Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and pathological fractures. In hypothyroidism, the changes in the quality of bone structure lead to an increase in the frequency of fractures. Excessive body weight negatively impacts fracture risk, increases the risk of osteoarthritis and accelerates the development of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with an increased risk of bone fractures despite different etiopathogenesis due to the duration of the disease and the pro-inflammatory state, the incorporation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) into the bone matrix, and microvascular disorders. This study summarizes the current literature on the influence of thyroid dysfunction, obesity, and diabetes on the skeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Dyrek
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Science, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wikarek
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Science, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Niemiec
- Students’ Scientific Society at the Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Science, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Kocełak
- Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Science, The Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
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Zheng S, Zhou J, Wang K, Wang X, Li Z, Chen N. Associations of Obesity Indices with Bone Mineral Densities and Risk of Osteoporosis Stratified Across Diabetic Vascular Disease in T2DM Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:3459-3468. [PMID: 36353667 PMCID: PMC9639375 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s384266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate associations of obesity indices with bone mineral densities (BMD) and risk of osteoporosis in T2DM patients totally and stratified across presence of any diabetic cardiovascular complications. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses of baseline information on a cohort of 250 T2DM patients were conducted in Xiamen, China. Obesity indices included body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist and waist hip ratio (WHR). BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at three different sites, and osteoporosis was defined based on the minimum T-scores of BMD. Presence of any diabetic vascular complications was confirmed by checking their medical records histories. RESULTS Among the 250 T2DM patients, 50 (20.0%) were defined as osteoporosis. Multivariable linear regression and multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that igher obesity indices, including body weight, BMI and waist, but neither body height nor waist hip ratio, were positively associated with the minimum T-scores of BMD and had significantly decreased risk of osteoporosis. Stratified analyses across presence of any of diabetic vascular complications showed similar results for those with any of diabetic vascular complications, while no significant association between obesity indices and minimum T-scores of BMD was found for those without. Postmenopausal women (vs men) and ever drinking were significantly associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, and the adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) were 5.165 (1.762-15.138, p = 0.003) and 3.789 (1.087-13.214, p = 0.037), respectively. None of metabolic profiles, including systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c and blood uric acid, was significantly associated with either minimum T-scores of BMD or risk of osteoporosis. CONCLUSION Associations of obesity indices with either BMD or risk of osteoporosis in T2DM patients varied by presence of any diabetic vascular complication and should be not interpreted as causal without considering the often-unmeasured effect modification by health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silan Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingqi Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Translational Medicine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Zhibin Li, Epidemiology Research Unit, Translational Medicine Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, No. 55 Zhenhai Road, Xiamen, 361003, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-592-2137364, Fax +86-592-2137557, Email
| | - Ning Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Ning Chen, Department of Endocrinology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University Xiamen Branch, No. 668 Jinhu Road, Xiamen, 361003, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-592-3501990, Email
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Farooqui KJ, Mithal A, Kerwen AK, Chandran M. Type 2 diabetes and bone fragility- An under-recognized association. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:927-935. [PMID: 33932745 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes and osteoporosis are common chronic disorders with growing prevalence in the aging population. Skeletal fragility secondary to diabetes increases the risk of fractures and is underestimated by currently available diagnostic tools like fracture risk assessment (FRAX) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In this narrative review we describe the relationship and pathophysiology of skeletal fragility and fractures in Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), effect of glucose lowering medications on bone metabolism and the approach to diagnosing and managing osteoporosis and bone fragility in people with diabetes (PWD). METHODS A literature search was conducted on PubMed for articles in English that focused on T2DM and osteoporosis or bone/skeletal fragility. Articles considered to be of direct clinical relevance to physicians practicing diabetes were included. RESULTS T2DM is associated with skeletal fragility secondary to compromised bone remodeling and bone turnover. Long duration, poor glycemic control, presence of chronic complications, impaired muscle function, and anti-diabetic medications like thiazolidinediones (TZD) are risk factors for fractures among PWD. Conventional diagnostic tools like DXA and FRAX tool underestimate fracture risk in diabetes. Presence of diabetes does not alter response to anti-osteoporotic treatment in post-menopausal women. CONCLUSION Estimation of fragility fracture risk should be included in standard of care for T2DM along with screening for traditional complications. Physicians should proactively screen for and manage osteoporosis in people with diabetes. It is important to consider effects on bone health when selecting glucose lowering agents in people at risk for fragility fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid J Farooqui
- Max Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, Delhi, India.
| | - Ambrish Mithal
- Max Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, Delhi, India
| | - Ann Kwee Kerwen
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Manju Chandran
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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Kalaitzoglou E, Fowlkes JL, Popescu I, Thrailkill KM. Diabetes pharmacotherapy and effects on the musculoskeletal system. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3100. [PMID: 30467957 PMCID: PMC6358500 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes have a significantly higher fracture risk than age-matched persons without diabetes, attributed to disease-specific deficits in the microarchitecture and material properties of bone tissue. Therefore, independent effects of diabetes drugs on skeletal integrity are vitally important. Studies of incretin-based therapies have shown divergent effects of different agents on fracture risk, including detrimental, beneficial, and neutral effects. The sulfonylurea class of drugs, owing to its hypoglycemic potential, is thought to amplify the risk of fall-related fractures, particularly in the elderly. Other agents such as the biguanides may, in fact, be osteo-anabolic. In contrast, despite similarly expected anabolic properties of insulin, data suggests that insulin pharmacotherapy itself, particularly in type 2 diabetes, may be a risk factor for fracture, negatively associated with determinants of bone quality and bone strength. Finally, sodium-dependent glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors have been associated with an increased risk of atypical fractures in select populations, and possibly with an increase in lower extremity amputation with specific SGLT2I drugs. The role of skeletal muscle, as a potential mediator and determinant of bone quality, is also a relevant area of exploration. Currently, data regarding the impact of glucose lowering medications on diabetes-related muscle atrophy is more limited, although preclinical studies suggest that various hypoglycemic agents may have either aggravating (sulfonylureas, glinides) or repairing (thiazolidinediones, biguanides, incretins) effects on skeletal muscle atrophy, thereby influencing bone quality. Hence, the therapeutic efficacy of each hypoglycemic agent must also be evaluated in light of its impact, alone or in combination, on musculoskeletal health, when determining an individualized treatment approach. Moreover, the effect of newer medications (potentially seeking expanded clinical indication into the pediatric age range) on the growing skeleton is largely unknown. Herein, we review the available literature regarding effects of diabetes pharmacotherapy, by drug class and/or by clinical indication, on the musculoskeletal health of persons with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Kalaitzoglou
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John L Fowlkes
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Iuliana Popescu
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kathryn M Thrailkill
- University of Kentucky Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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Valderrábano RJ, Linares MI. Diabetes mellitus and bone health: epidemiology, etiology and implications for fracture risk stratification. Clin Diabetes Endocrinol 2018; 4:9. [PMID: 29721333 PMCID: PMC5918531 DOI: 10.1186/s40842-018-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal fractures can result when there are co-morbid conditions that negatively impact bone strength. Fractures represent an important source of morbidity and mortality, especially in older populations. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has reached worldwide epidemic proportions and is increasingly being recognized as a risk factor for fracture. Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes have different effects on bone mineral density but share common pathways, which lead to bone fragility. In this review, we discuss the available data on diabetes and fractures, bone density and the clinical implications for fracture risk stratification in current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Valderrábano
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Dominion Tower 1400 NW 10th Ave, Ste. 805A, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Maria I Linares
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Dominion Tower 1400 NW 10th Ave, Ste. 805A, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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de Waard EAC, Driessen JHM, de Jong JJA, van Geel TACM, Henry RMA, van Onzenoort HAW, Schram MT, Dagnelie PC, van der Kallen CJ, Sep SJS, Stehouwer CDA, Schaper NC, Koster A, Savelberg HHCM, Neef C, Geusens PPMM, de Vries F, van den Bergh JPW. The association between insulin use and volumetric bone mineral density, bone micro-architecture and bone strength of the distal radius in patients with type 2 diabetes - The Maastricht study. Bone 2017; 101:156-161. [PMID: 28487133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been associated with an increased risk of fractures, despite normal to increased bone mineral density (BMD). Insulin use is one of the factors linked to this increased fracture risk. However, direct negative effects of insulin on bone quality are not expected since insulin is thought to be anabolic to bone. In this cross-sectional study the association between insulin use and volumetric BMD (vBMD), bone micro-architecture and bone strength of the distal radius, as measured with HR-pQCT, was examined. Data from 50 participants with T2DM of The Maastricht Study (mean age 62±7.5years, 44% women) was used. Participants were classified as insulin user (n=13) or non-insulin user (n=37) based on prescription data. Linear regression analysis was used to estimate the association between current insulin use and HR-pQCT derived parameters. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, glycated hemoglobin A1c and T2DM duration, insulin use was associated with lower total vBMD (standardized beta (β):-0.56 (95% CI:-0.89 to -0.24)), trabecular vBMD (β:-0.58 (95% CI:-0.87 to -0.30)), trabecular thickness (β:-0.55 (95% CI:-0.87 to -0.23)), cortical thickness (β:-0.41 (95% CI:-0.74 to -0.08)), log cortical pore volume (β:-0.43 (95% CI:-0.73 to -0.13)), bone stiffness (β:-0.39 (95% CI:-0.62 to -0.17)) and failure load (β:-0.39 (95% CI:-0.60 to -0.17)) when compared to the non-insulin users. Insulin use was not associated with cortical vBMD, trabecular number, trabecular separation, cortical porosity and cortical pore diameter. This study indicates that insulin use is negatively associated with bone density, bone micro-architectural and bone strength parameters. These findings may partly explain the previously observed increased fracture risk in insulin users, although there may be residual confounding by other factors related to disease severity in insulin users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A C de Waard
- Maastricht University, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J H M Driessen
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J J A de Jong
- Maastricht University, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - T A C M van Geel
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Family Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - R M A Henry
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - H A W van Onzenoort
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Department of Pharmacy, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M T Schram
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Heart and Vascular Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - P C Dagnelie
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - C J van der Kallen
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - S J S Sep
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - C D A Stehouwer
- Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - N C Schaper
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - A Koster
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Social Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - H H C M Savelberg
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University, Department of Human Movement Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - C Neef
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - P P M M Geusens
- CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; University of Hasselt, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - F de Vries
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht, The Netherlands; MRC Epidemiology Lifecourse Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - J P W van den Bergh
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Maastricht University Medical Center+, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht, The Netherlands; VieCuri Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Venlo, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
There are several mechanisms by which diabetes could affect bone mass and strength. These mechanisms include insulin deficiency; hyperglycemia; the accumulation of advanced glycation end products that may influence collagen characteristics; marrow adiposity and bone inflammation. Furthermore, associated diabetic complications and treatment with thaizolidinediones may also increase risk of fracturing. The following article provides its readers with an update on the latest information pertaining to diabetes related bone skeletal fragility. In the authors' opinion, future studies are needed in order to clarify the impact of different aspects of diabetes metabolism, glycemic control, and specific treatments for diabetes on bone. Given that dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is a poor predictor of bone morbidity in this group of patients, there is a need to explore novel approaches for assessing bone quality. It is important that we develop a better understanding of how diabetes affects bone in order to improve our ability to protect bone health and prevent fractures in the growing population of adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiemh Abdalrahman
- a Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
| | - Suet Ching Chen
- a Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
| | - Jessie Ruijun Wang
- a Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Yorkhill, Glasgow G3 8SJ, UK
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9
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Li Y, Liu H, Sato Y. The association between the serum C-peptide level and bone mineral density. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83107. [PMID: 24358252 PMCID: PMC3865098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although serum C-peptide was previously considered biologically inactive, a growing number of recent studies have shown that it is an active peptide with important physiologic functions. The present study aimed to investigate the association of serum C-peptide level with bone mineral density (BMD) in residents of the United States. Methods The study included 6,625 participants aged 12–85 years. Total and regional BMD were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Stratified multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the association of the serum C-peptide level with BMD. Three regression models were produced for each stratum. All models were adjusted for ethnicity, height, weight, education level, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol use, triglycerides and creatinine level, and models 2 and 3 were further adjusted for the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels, respectively. Results Sex-specific results showed a significant association between the serum C-peptide level and total BMD in both sexes. Stratified analyses based on age and body mass index showed that serum C-peptide levels were significantly negatively associated with most regional BMD, and most of these associations remained significant after stratification based on the serum insulin level. Conclusion The serum C-peptide level was significantly negatively associated with the total and most regional BMD. These findings suggest that serum C-peptide may have biological activity associated with bone metabolism and therefore serum C-peptide control is advisable in order to reduce the risk of low bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Hua Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yasuto Sato
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health II, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Di Somma C, Rubino M, Faggiano A, Vuolo L, Contaldi P, Tafuri N, Andretti M, Savastano S, Colao A. Spinal deformity index in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrine 2013; 43:651-8. [PMID: 23229683 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9848-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate bone metabolism, density, and quality in patients with diabetes type 2 using DEXA and spinal deformity index (SDI), a surrogate index of bone quality. Fifty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were studied; exclusion criteria were diseases and medications that affect bone and mineral metabolism. Mean age was 65 ± 7 years. Mean diabetes duration was 10 ± 7 years and mean HbA1C was 6.6 ± 0.5 %. BMI was 30 ± 4. Fifty-six sex, age, and BMI matched served as controls. All subjects underwent a clinical and biochemical examination. Spinal and femoral neck BMD were measured by DEXA, and a spine radiography was performed to assess vertebral fractures and to calculate SDI. Mean serum 25-OH vitamin D levels were 19.6 ± 3.7 ng/ml in patients and 30 ± 14 ng/ml in controls (p < 0.01). PTH serum levels were 47.9 ± 40 pg/ml in patients versus 37 ± 5.3 pg/ml in controls (p < 0.01). At lumbar spine there was a significant difference between patients and controls only for T-score (p = <0.01), while at femoral neck there was a difference in BMD (p < 0.01) and in T-score (p < 0.01). Radiological vertebral fractures were found in 46 % of patients and 17 % of controls (p < 0.05). SDI was higher in patients than in controls (p < 0.05). The percentage of fractures with T-score BMD greater than -2.5 was 69 % in patients and 10 % in controls (p < 0.05). As a conclusion, BMD was similar in patients and in controls, while SDI value was higher in patients; therefore, SDI was more specific than BMD for the diagnosis of osteoporosis due to metabolic diseases.
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Fowlkes JL, Bunn R C, Thrailkill KM. Contributions of the Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Axis to Diabetic Osteopathy. JOURNAL OF DIABETES & METABOLISM 2011; 1:S1-003. [PMID: 23484069 PMCID: PMC3593087 DOI: 10.4172/2155-6156.s1-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies in diabetic humans and rodent models of diabetes have identified osteopathy as a serious complication of type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. Accumulating evidence suggests that disruption of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) homeostasis in the diabetic condition may be responsible for the observed skeletal deficits. Indeed, replacement of insulin or IGF-1 in rodent models of T1D results in significant improvement in bone healing despite ongoing moderate to severe hyperglycemia. Insulin and IGF-1 act through distinct receptors. Mice in which the receptor for insulin or IGF-1 is selectively deleted from osteoblast lineages show skeletal deficits. Despite acting through distinct receptors, insulin and IGF-1 exert their cellular activities via conserved intracellular signaling proteins. Genetic manipulation of these signaling proteins, such as insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and -2, Protein Kinase B (Akt), and MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK), has uncovered a significant role for these signal transduction pathways in skeletal homeostasis. In addition to effects on skeletal physiology via canonical signaling pathways, insulin and IGF-1 may crosstalk with wingless-int. (Wnt) and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP-2) signaling pathways in cells of the osteoblast lineage and thereby promote skeletal development. In this review, a discussion is presented regarding the role of insulin and IGF-1 in skeletal physiology and disruptions of this axis that occur in the diabetic condition which could underlie many of the skeletal pathologies observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L. Fowlkes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR, USA
| | - Clay Bunn R
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock AR, USA
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Palomer X, González-Clemente JM, Blanco-Vaca F, Mauricio D. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008; 10:185-97. [PMID: 18269634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00710.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been shown to alter insulin synthesis and secretion in both humans and animal models. It has been reported that vitamin D deficiency may predispose to glucose intolerance, altered insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D replenishment improves glycaemia and insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes with established hypovitaminosis D, thereby suggesting a role for vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The presence of vitamin D receptors (VDR) and vitamin D-binding proteins (DBP) in pancreatic tissue and the relationship between certain allelic variations in the VDR and DBP genes with glucose tolerance and insulin secretion have further supported this hypothesis. The mechanism of action of vitamin D in type 2 diabetes is thought to be mediated not only through regulation of plasma calcium levels, which regulate insulin synthesis and secretion, but also through a direct action on pancreatic beta-cell function. Therefore, owing to its increasing relevance, this review focuses on the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Palomer
- Institut de Recerca, Hospital de Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Koshiyama H, Ikeda H, Honjo S, Nakamura Y, Tanaka K, Tsugawa N, Okano T. Hypovitaminosis D is frequent in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2007; 76:470-1. [PMID: 17098322 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Thrailkill KM, Lumpkin CK, Bunn RC, Kemp SF, Fowlkes JL. Is insulin an anabolic agent in bone? Dissecting the diabetic bone for clues. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005; 289:E735-45. [PMID: 16215165 PMCID: PMC2387001 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00159.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic osteoporosis is increasingly recognized as a significant comorbidity of type 1 diabetes mellitus. In contrast, type 2 diabetes mellitus is more commonly associated with modest increases in bone mineral density for age. Despite this dichotomy, clinical, in vivo, and in vitro data uniformly support the concept that new bone formation as well as bone microarchitectural integrity are altered in the diabetic state, leading to an increased risk for fragility fracture and inadequate bone regeneration following injury. In this review, we examine the contribution that insulin, as a potential anabolic agent in bone, may make to the pathophysiology of diabetic bone disease. Specifically, we have assimilated human and animal data examining the effects of endogenous insulin production, exogenous insulin administration, insulin sensitivity, and insulin signaling on bone. In so doing, we present evidence that insulin, acting as an anabolic agent in bone, can preserve and increase bone density and bone strength, presumably through direct and/or indirect effects on bone formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Density/drug effects
- Bone Density/physiology
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/metabolism
- Bone Diseases, Metabolic/pathology
- Bone Remodeling/drug effects
- Bone Remodeling/physiology
- Bone and Bones/drug effects
- Bone and Bones/metabolism
- Bone and Bones/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Fractures, Bone/etiology
- Fractures, Bone/metabolism
- Fractures, Bone/pathology
- Humans
- Insulin/pharmacology
- Insulin/physiology
- Osteoporosis/etiology
- Osteoporosis/metabolism
- Osteoporosis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, 800 Marshall St., Springer Bldg., Mail Slot 512-6, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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Thrailkill KM, Liu L, Wahl EC, Bunn RC, Perrien DS, Cockrell GE, Skinner RA, Hogue WR, Carver AA, Fowlkes JL, Aronson J, Lumpkin CK. Bone formation is impaired in a model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005; 54:2875-81. [PMID: 16186388 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.10.2875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effects of type 1 diabetes on de novo bone formation during tibial distraction osteogenesis (DO) and on intact trabecular and cortical bone were studied using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice and comparably aged nondiabetic NOD mice. Diabetic mice received treatment with insulin, vehicle, or no treatment during a 14-day DO procedure. Distracted tibiae were analyzed radiographically, histologically, and by microcomputed tomography (microCT). Contralateral tibiae were analyzed using microCT. Serum levels of insulin, osteocalcin, and cross-linked C-telopeptide of type I collagen were measured. Total new bone in the DO gap was reduced histologically (P < or = 0.001) and radiographically (P < or = 0.05) in diabetic mice compared with nondiabetic mice but preserved by insulin treatment. Serum osteocalcin concentrations were also reduced in diabetic mice (P < or = 0.001) and normalized with insulin treatment. Evaluation of the contralateral tibiae by microCT and mechanical testing demonstrated reductions in trabecular bone volume and thickness, cortical thickness, cortical strength, and an increase in endosteal perimeter in diabetic animals, which were prevented by insulin treatment. These studies demonstrate that bone formation during DO is impaired in a model of type 1 diabetes and preserved by systemic insulin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Thrailkill
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Chiu KC, Chuang LM, Yoon C. The vitamin D receptor polymorphism in the translation initiation codon is a risk factor for insulin resistance in glucose tolerant Caucasians. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 2:2. [PMID: 11231880 PMCID: PMC29095 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2001] [Accepted: 02/15/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms have been shown to be associated with abnormal glucose metabolism, the reported polymorphisms are unlikely to have any biological consequences. The VDR gene has two potential translation initiation sites. A T-to-C polymorphism has been noted in the first ATG (f allele), abolishing the first translation initiation site and resulting in a peptide lacking the first three amino acids (F allele). We examined the role of this polymorphism in insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. This study included 49 healthy Caucasian subjects (28 females, age 28 +/- 1 years old, body mass index 24.57 +/- 0.57 kg/m2, waist-hip ratio 0.81 +/- 0.01 cm/cm). They were all normotensive (less than 140/90 mmHg) and glucose tolerant, which was determined by a standard 75-gm oral glucose tolerance test. Their beta cell function (%B) and insulin sensitivity (%S) were calculated based on the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA). Their genotypes were determined by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Phenotypes were compared between genotypic groups. RESULTS There were 18 FF, 21 Ff, and 10 ff subjects. Since only 10 ff subjects were identified, they were pooled with the Ff subjects during analyses. The FF and Ff/ff groups had similar glucose levels at each time point before and after a glucose challenge. The Ff/ff group had higher insulin levels than the FF group at fasting (P=0.006), 30 minutes (P=0.009), 60 minutes (P=0.049), and 90 minutes (P=0.042). Furthermore, the Ff/ff group also had a larger insulin area under the curve than the FF group (P=0.009). While no difference was noted in %B, the Ff/ff group had a lower %S than the FF group (0.53 vs. 0.78, P=0.006). A stepwise regression analysis confirmed that the Fok I polymorphism was an independent determinant for %S, accounting for 29.3% of variation in %S when combined with waist-hip ratio. CONCLUSIONS We report that the Fok I polymorphism at the VDR gene locus is associated with insulin sensitivity, but has no influence on beta cell function in healthy Caucasians. Although this polymorphism has been shown to affect the activation of vitamin D-dependent transcription, the molecular basis of the association between this polymorphism and insulin resistance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken C Chiu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lee-Ming Chuang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Carol Yoon
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Shibata T, Takeuchi S, Yokota S, Kakimoto K, Yonemori F, Wakitani K. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha and -gamma agonist, JTT-501, on diabetic complications in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:495-504. [PMID: 10821776 PMCID: PMC1572094 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/1999] [Accepted: 02/29/2000] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study has investigated the effects of JTT-501, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and PPAR-gamma agonist, on the pathogenesis of diabetic complications in the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a model of type 2 diabetes. Comparison is made with troglitazone, a PPAR-gamma agonist. The ZDF rats exhibited hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia, and developed diabetic complications such as cataract, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Treatment with JTT-501 from the prediabetic stage controlled glycaemia and lipidaemia, and prevented the development of diabetic complications. Troglitazone was less effective in controlling serum cholesterol and neuropathy. ZDF rats developed diabetic osteopenia with reduced bone turnover, and this was prevented by JTT-501 and troglitazone, possibly mediated by increased bone turnover and bone formation. Since JTT-501 controlled glycaemia and lipidaemia in ZDF rats and prevented several diabetic complications, it is suggested that treatment with JTT-501, which activates both PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma, could provide a valuable therapeutic approach against diabetic complications in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibata
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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