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Shivde S, Badachi S, Deepalam S, Nadig R, Huddar A, Mathew T, Sarma G, Gg SK, Sanjee SS, Kapparath S. Risk Factors and Stroke Subtyping in Young Adults: A Study From a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India. Cureus 2024; 16:e63640. [PMID: 39092397 PMCID: PMC11292294 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the risk factors and stroke subtypes for young ischemic stroke patients and their outcomes at the time of discharge. METHODS This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of ischemic stroke patients (n = 264) between the age groups of 18 and 45. The study population was divided into two broad age groups: 18 to 35 years and 36 to 45 years; and compared based on demographics, risk factors, the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) classification, and outcomes. The outcomes were compared based on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and Modified Rankin Scale (MRS) systems at the time of admission and discharge. RESULTS The mean age of patients was 37.84±6.19 years. The male-to-female ratio was 2.5:1. The most common vascular risk factors identified were diabetes (29.16%), hypertension (49.62%), dyslipidaemia (DLP, 44.4%), and smoking (10.9%). The most common TOAST subtype was large vessel disease (38.63%), followed by the undetermined category (35.6%). The elderly group showed a high proportion of strokes secondary to small vessel disease (14.13%; p = 0.03), while cardioembolic strokes were common in the female subgroup (p = 0.05). The majority of strokes were in the anterior circulation (66.6%) as compared to the posterior (25.75%), and nearly 50% of the patients had intracranial disease. Overall, there was a favourable MRS outcome at discharge. CONCLUSION Conventional vascular risk factors are equally prevalent, even among young stroke patients. The benchmark for young stroke age is showing a downward shift as more stroke patients above the age of 35 are showing similar risk factor trends as those of their older counterparts. The majority of stroke burden still falls under the undermined category, which requires aggressive risk factor identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Shivde
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Sagar Badachi
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Saikanth Deepalam
- Intervention Neuroradiology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Raghunandan Nadig
- Neurology, St. John's National Acedemy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Akshata Huddar
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Thomas Mathew
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Grk Sarma
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Sharath Kumar Gg
- Radiology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
| | - Swathi S Sanjee
- Neurology, St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences, Bengaluru, IND
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Nguyen KT, Xu H, Gaynor B, Adebamowo SN, McArdle PF, O'Connor T, Worrall B, Malik R, Boncoraglio GB, Zand R, Kittner SJ, Mitchell BD. The Impact of Conventional Stroke Risk Factors on Early and Late Onset Ischemic Stroke: a Mendelian Randomization Study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.31.24308308. [PMID: 38853993 PMCID: PMC11160856 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.24308308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Objective Although stroke incidence is decreasing in older ages, it is increasing in young adults. While these divergent trends in stroke incidence are at least partially attributable to diverging prevalence trends in stoke risk factors, age-dependent differences in the impact of stroke risk factors on stroke may also contribute. To address this issue, we utilized Mendelian Randomization (MR) to assess differences in the association of stroke risk factors between early onset ischemic stroke (EOS) and late onset ischemic stroke (LOS). Methods We employed a two-sample MR design with inverse variance weighting as the primary method of analysis. Using large publicly available genome-wide association summary results, we calculated MR estimates for conventional stroke risk factors (body mass index, total, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, type 2 diabetes, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and smoking) in EOS cases (onset 18-59 years, n = 6,728) and controls from the Early Onset Stroke Consortium and in LOS cases (onset ≥ 60 years, n = 9,272) and controls from the Stroke Genetics Network. We then compared odds ratios between EOS and LOS, stratified by TOAST subtypes, to determine if any differences observed between effect sizes could be attributed to differences in the distribution of stroke subtypes. Results EOS was significantly associated with all risk factors except for total cholesterol levels, and LOS was associated with all risk factors except for triglyceride and total cholesterol levels. The associations of BMI, DBP, SBP, and HDL-cholesterol were significantly stronger in EOS than LOS (all p < 0.004). The differential distribution of stroke subtypes could not explain the difference in effect size observed between EOS and LOS. Conclusion These results suggest that interventions targeted at lowering body mass index and blood pressure may be particularly important for reducing stroke risk in young adults.
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Leppert MH, Poisson SN, Scarbro S, Suresh K, Lisabeth LD, Putaala J, Schwamm LH, Daugherty SL, Bradley CJ, Burke JF, Ho PM. Association of Traditional and Nontraditional Risk Factors in the Development of Strokes Among Young Adults by Sex and Age Group: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2024; 17:e010307. [PMID: 38529631 PMCID: PMC11021148 DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.123.010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite women having fewer traditional risk factors (eg, hypertension, diabetes), strokes are more common in women than men aged ≤45 years. This study examined the contributions of traditional and nontraditional risk factors (eg, migraine, thrombophilia) in the development of strokes among young adults. METHODS This retrospective case-control study used Colorado's All Payer Claims Database (2012-2019). We identified index stroke events in young adults (aged 18-55 years), matched 1:3 to stroke-free controls, by (1) sex, (2) age±2 years, (3) insurance type, and (4) prestroke period. All traditional and nontraditional risk factors were identified from enrollment until a stroke or proxy-stroke date (defined as the prestroke period). Conditional logistic regression models stratified by sex and age group first assessed the association of stroke with counts of risk factors by type and then computed their individual and aggregated population attributable risks. RESULTS We included 2618 cases (52% women; 73.3% ischemic strokes) and 7827 controls. Each additional traditional and nontraditional risk factors were associated with an increased risk of stroke in all sex and age groups. In adults aged 18 to 34 years, more strokes were associated with nontraditional (population attributable risk: 31.4% men and 42.7% women) than traditional risk factors (25.3% men and 33.3% women). The contribution of nontraditional risk factors declined with age (19.4% men and 27.9% women aged 45-55 years). The contribution of traditional risk factors peaked among patients aged 35 to 44 years (32.8% men and 39.7% women). Hypertension was the most important traditional risk factor and increased in contribution with age (population attributable risk: 27.8% men and 26.7% women aged 45 to 55 years). Migraine was the most important nontraditional risk factor and decreased in contribution with age (population attributable risk: 20.1% men and 34.5% women aged 18-35 years). CONCLUSIONS Nontraditional risk factors were as important as traditional risk factors in the development of strokes for both young men and women and have a stronger association with the development of strokes in adults younger than 35 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle H. Leppert
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Colorado Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (CCOR) Group, Denver, Colorado
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sharon N. Poisson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sharon Scarbro
- Adult and Child Consortium for Health Outcomes Research and Delivery Science, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Rocky Mountain Prevention Research Center, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Krithika Suresh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lynda D. Lisabeth
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lee H. Schwamm
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stacie L. Daugherty
- Colorado Cardiovascular Outcomes Research (CCOR) Group, Denver, Colorado
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, CO
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Cathy J. Bradley
- Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - James F. Burke
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - P. Michael Ho
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
- Cardiology Section, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO
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Ramírez-Moreno J, Rebollo B, Macías-Sedas P, Valverde N, Parejo A, Felix Redondo F, Roa Montero A, Constantino A, Gómez Baquero M, Ceberino-Muñoz D, Fernández-Bergés D. Fuerza de asociación de factores de riesgo vascular clásicos en pacientes jóvenes con ictus isquémico: un estudio de casos y controles. Neurologia 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Ramírez-Moreno JM, Rebollo B, Macías-Sedas P, Valverde N, Parejo A, Felix-Redondo FJ, Roa Montero AM, Constantino AB, Gómez Baquero MJ, Ceberino-Muñoz D, Fernández-Bergés D. Strength of association of classical vascular risk factors in young patients with ischaemic stroke: a case-control study. Neurologia 2022:S2173-5808(22)00142-0. [PMID: 36309160 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have reported an increasing incidence of ischaemic stroke among young adults. However, the strength of the association between traditional vascular risk factors has not been fully established. METHODS We compared 120 patients with a first ischaemic stroke before the age of 55 years admitted to the stroke unit of our centre with 600 healthy non-stroke controls from a population-based cohort study (HERMEX), matched for sex. Risk factors assessed included: hypertension, obesity, auricular fibrillation, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and diabetes mellitus. We used logistic regression analysis and calculated population attributable risk. We performed an overall analysis, by sex and aetiological subgroup. RESULTS Using logistic regression analysis, we found that overall, the significant risk factors were: hypertension (OR: 1.58; 95%CI: 1.01-2.50), atrial fibrillation (OR: 4.77; 95%CI: 1.20-19.00), low eGFR (OR: 4.74; 95%CI: 1.3-21.94) and low HDL-C (OR: 5.20; 95%CI: 3.29-8.21), as well as smoking for males (OR: 1.86; 95%CI: 1.14-3.03). LDL-C showed an inverse association with stroke. The population attributable risk for HDL-C was 37.8% and for hypertension 21.1%. In terms of aetiological subgroups, only low HDL-C was associated with stroke of undetermined aetiology. CONCLUSIONS Hypertension, auricular fibrillation, low eGFR, and low HDL-C, plus tobacco use in men, are the main risk factors among patients under 55 years of age with a first ischaemic stroke. We believe that it would be of particular interest to further explore the management of low HDL-C levels as part of preventive strategies in young stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Ramírez-Moreno
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain; Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar de Extremadura (GRIMEX), Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE).
| | - B Rebollo
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - P Macías-Sedas
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - N Valverde
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - A Parejo
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - F J Felix-Redondo
- Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar de Extremadura (GRIMEX), Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE); Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Spain
| | - A M Roa Montero
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - A B Constantino
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - M J Gómez Baquero
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - D Ceberino-Muñoz
- Servicio de Neurología, Centro de Ictus, Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - D Fernández-Bergés
- Grupo de Investigación Multidisciplinar de Extremadura (GRIMEX), Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE); Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Spain
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Stroke in young adults, stroke types and risk factors: a case control study. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:335. [PMID: 36068544 PMCID: PMC9446773 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02853-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stroke is the second leading cause of death above the age of 60 years, and the fifth leading cause in people aged 15 to 59 years old as reported by the World Health Organization global burden of diseases. Stroke in the young is particularly tragic because of the potential to create long-term disability, burden on the victims, their families, and the community at large. Despite this, there is limited data on stroke in young adults, and its risk factors in Uganda. Therefore, we determined the frequency and risk factors for stroke among young adults at Mulago hospital. Methods A case control study was conducted among patients presenting consecutively to the general medical wards with stroke during the study period September 2015 to March 2016. A brain Computerized Tomography scan was performed to confirm stroke and classify the stroke subtype. Controls were patients that presented to the surgical outpatient clinic with minor surgical conditions, matched for age and sex. Social demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were assessed for both cases and controls. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviation were used to describe the social demographics of case and controls as well as the stroke types for cases. To determine risk factors for stroke, a conditional logistic regression, which accounts for matching (e.g., age and sex), was applied. Odds ratio (with 95% confidence interval) was used as a measure for associations. Results Among 51 patients with stroke, 39(76.5%) had ischemic stroke and 12(23.5%) had hemorrhagic stroke. The mean age was 36.8 years (SD 7.4) for stroke patients (cases) and 36.8 years (SD 6.9) for controls. Female patients predominated in both groups 56.9% in cases and 52.9% in controls. Risk factors noted were HIV infection, OR 3.57 (95% CI 1.16–10.96), elevated waist to hip ratio, OR 11.59(95% CI 1.98–68.24) and sickle cell disease, OR 4.68 (95% CI 1.11–19.70). This study found a protective effect of oral contraceptive use for stroke OR 0.27 95% CI 0.08–0.87. There was no association between stroke and hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Conclusion Among young adults with stroke, ischemic stroke predominated over hemorrhagic stroke. Risk factors for stroke were HIV infection, elevated waist to hip ratio and sickle cell disease.
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Stratmann B. Dicarbonyl Stress in Diabetic Vascular Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6186. [PMID: 35682865 PMCID: PMC9181283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Late vascular complications play a prominent role in the diabetes-induced increase in morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus is recognised as a risk factor driving atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality; even after the normalisation of blood glucose concentration, the event risk is amplified-an effect called "glycolytic memory". The hallmark of this glycolytic memory and diabetic pathology are advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and reactive glucose metabolites such as methylglyoxal (MGO), a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound derived mainly from glycolysis. MGO and AGEs have an impact on vascular and organ structure and function, contributing to organ damage. As MGO is not only associated with hyperglycaemia in diabetes but also with other risk factors for diabetic vascular complications such as obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension, MGO is identified as a major player in the development of vascular complications in diabetes both on micro- as well as macrovascular level. In diabetes mellitus, the detoxifying system for MGO, the glyoxalase system, is diminished, accounting for the increased MGO concentration and glycotoxic load. This overview will summarise current knowledge on the effect of MGO and AGEs on vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Stratmann
- Herz- und Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Aradine EM, Ryan KA, Cronin CA, Wozniak MA, Cole JW, Chaturvedi S, Dutta TLM, Hou Y, Mehndiratta P, Motta M, Phipps MS, Yarbrough KL, McArdle PF, Kittner SJ. Black-White Differences in Ischemic Stroke Risk Factor Burden in Young Adults. Stroke 2022; 53:e66-e69. [PMID: 34802251 PMCID: PMC8885894 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.121.034314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Although the US Black population has a higher incidence of stroke compared with the US White population, few studies have addressed Black-White differences in the contribution of vascular risk factors to the population burden of ischemic stroke in young adults. METHODS A population-based case-control study of early-onset ischemic stroke, ages 15 to 49 years, was conducted in the Baltimore-Washington DC region between 1992 and 2007. Risk factor data was obtained by in-person interview in both cases and controls. The prevalence, odds ratio, and population-attributable risk percent (PAR%) of smoking, diabetes, and hypertension was determined among Black patients and White patients, stratified by sex. RESULTS The study included 1044 cases and 1099 controls. Of the cases, 47% were Black patients, 54% were men, and the mean (±SD) age was 41.0 (±6.8) years. For smoking, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 19.7%, White women 32.5%, Black men 10.1%, and Black women 23.8%. For diabetes, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 10.5%, White women 7.4%, Black men 17.2%, and Black women 13.4%. For hypertension, the population-attributable risk percent were White men 17.2%, White women 19.3%, Black men 45.8%, and Black women 26.4%. CONCLUSIONS Modifiable vascular risk factors account for a large proportion of ischemic stroke in young adults. Cigarette smoking was the strongest contributor to stroke among White patients while hypertension was the strongest contributor to stroke among Black patients. These results support early primary prevention efforts focused on smoking cessation and hypertension detection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. Aradine
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen A. Ryan
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Carolyn A. Cronin
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Marcella A. Wozniak
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - John W. Cole
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Seemant Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Tara L. M. Dutta
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Prachi Mehndiratta
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Melissa Motta
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Michael S. Phipps
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karen L. Yarbrough
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick F. McArdle
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven J. Kittner
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD,VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD,Corresponding Author: Steven J. Kittner, MD, MPH, 655 West Baltimore Street, Rm 12-006, Baltimore, MD 21201, Phone: 410-706-0414,
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Maida CD, Daidone M, Pacinella G, Norrito RL, Pinto A, Tuttolomondo A. Diabetes and Ischemic Stroke: An Old and New Relationship an Overview of the Close Interaction between These Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042397. [PMID: 35216512 PMCID: PMC8877605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a comprehensive expression to identify a condition of chronic hyperglycemia whose causes derive from different metabolic disorders characterized by altered insulin secretion or faulty insulin effect on its targets or often both mechanisms. Diabetes and atherosclerosis are, from the point of view of cardio- and cerebrovascular risk, two complementary diseases. Beyond shared aspects such as inflammation and oxidative stress, there are multiple molecular mechanisms by which they feed off each other: chronic hyperglycemia and advanced glycosylation end-products (AGE) promote ‘accelerated atherosclerosis’ through the induction of endothelial damage and cellular dysfunction. These diseases impact the vascular system and, therefore, the risk of developing cardio- and cerebrovascular events is now evident, but the observation of this significant correlation has its roots in past decades. Cerebrovascular complications make diabetic patients 2–6 times more susceptible to a stroke event and this risk is magnified in younger individuals and in patients with hypertension and complications in other vascular beds. In addition, when patients with diabetes and hyperglycemia experience an acute ischemic stroke, they are more likely to die or be severely disabled and less likely to benefit from the one FDA-approved therapy, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Experimental stroke models have revealed that chronic hyperglycemia leads to deficits in cerebrovascular structure and function that may explain some of the clinical observations. Increased edema, neovascularization, and protease expression as well as altered vascular reactivity and tone may be involved and point to potential therapeutic targets. Further study is needed to fully understand this complex disease state and the breadth of its manifestation in the cerebrovasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Domenico Maida
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.D.M.); (A.T.)
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Mario Daidone
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Gaetano Pacinella
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosario Luca Norrito
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Pinto
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Molecular and Clinical Medicine PhD Programme, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (C.D.M.); (A.T.)
- U.O.C di Medicina Interna con Stroke Care, Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno Infantile, Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Piazza delle Cliniche n.2, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (G.P.); (R.L.N.); (A.P.)
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Doyle-Baker PK, Mitchell T, Hayden KA. Stroke and Athletes: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910047. [PMID: 34639349 PMCID: PMC8507848 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke (i.e., cerebrovascular accident) affects one in 10,000 people between the ages of 14 and 45; however, very little is known about the frequency and type of stroke that occurs in athletes. The risk of injury to the neurovascular structures may depend on the type of sport involvement, although, sport-specific incidence rates are not known. Therefore, the goal of our scoping review was to provide some guidance to better inform the development of a context-fit stroke model by summarizing studies on a broad research topic related to stroke or cerebrovascular accident in sport based on a strict athlete definition. We used the guidance of Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage-process for a scoping review. Databases included MEDLINE(R) Epub Ahead of Print, In-Process & Other Non- Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily and Ovid MEDLINE(R), and Embase (OVID databases); CINAHL Plus with Full Text, SportDiscus with Full Text (Ebsco databases); and Scopus. Publication dates were from 1979–2020 across nine different countries resulting in 39 individual cases of stroke with an athlete age range of 14–56 years (95% male). The major inciting event(s) prior to stroke onset were headaches (38.4%), head trauma (30.7%), and neck injury and/or vertebral artery dissection (20.5%). Several sporting activities were represented with American football as the most prevalent (30.7%). In summary, we found that sports with an aspect of impact, collision, or microtrauma can lead to subsequent stroke. These sport-related traumatic events were often difficult to diagnose because of the longer interval before ischemia occurred. Therefore, health care providers should be particularly attuned to the possibility of stroke when evaluating athletes presenting with or without neurological deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K. Doyle-Baker
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
- School of Architecture, Planning, and Landscape, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-7034
| | - Timothy Mitchell
- Human Performance Lab, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - K. Alix Hayden
- Libraries and Cultural Resources, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
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11
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Jacobs MM, Ellis C. Heterogeneity among women with stroke: health, demographic and healthcare utilization differentials. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 33865368 PMCID: PMC8053273 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-021-01305-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although age specific stroke rates are higher in men, women have a higher lifetime risk and are more likely to die from a stroke. Despite this increased severity, most studies focus on male/female differences in stroke onset, patterns of care and stroke-related outcomes. Given that stroke presents differently in men and women, mixed sex studies fail to fully capture heterogeneity among women with stroke and the subsequent impact on their outcomes. This study examined the sociodemographic characteristics, factors related to stroke incidence and post-stroke functional status between young (< 60) and old (≥ 60) women with stroke. METHODS Using 5 years of data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), a nationally representative sample of US adults, cohorts of young and old women with stroke were identified. A set of demographic/lifestyle, health services utilization and health status characteristics were used evaluate within gender heterogeneity in three ways. First, disparities in population characteristics were assessed using Chi-Square and t tests. Second, young and old women with stroke were matched with women without stroke in their respective cohorts to determine differences in factors related to stroke incidence. Finally, the determinants of post-stroke functional limitation for the two cohorts were determined. RESULTS Young women with stroke were more likely to be Black, smoke regularly and frequently consume alcohol than older women. Young women were also less likely to engage with their health provider regularly or receive preventative health screenings. Diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol and high BMI were correlated with an increased relative likelihood of stroke among older women. In contrast, family size, smoking frequency, alcohol consumption and sleep were correlated with an increased prevalence of stroke among young women. Although factors correlated with stroke varied between young and old women, health status and receipt of healthcare were the most significant determinants of post-stroke functional status for both cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Health related characteristics were the primary correlates of stroke in older women, whereas post-stroke lifestyle and behaviors are the most significant correlates for younger stroke survivors. These findings suggest that while receipt of health services is essential for preventing stroke in both young and old women, providers should stress the importance of post-stoke lifestyle and behaviors to younger women at risk of stroke using approaches that may be different from older stroke women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly M Jacobs
- Department of Health Services and Information Management, East Carolina University, 4340E Health Sciences Building, MS 668, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Charles Ellis
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J. Hankey
- From the Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth; Neurology Department, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia; and Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Australia
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13
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Kivioja R, Pietilä A, Martinez-Majander N, Gordin D, Havulinna AS, Salomaa V, Aarnio K, Curtze S, Leiviskä J, Rodríguez-Pardo J, Surakka I, Kaste M, Tatlisumak T, Putaala J. Risk Factors for Early-Onset Ischemic Stroke: A Case-Control Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009774. [PMID: 30608196 PMCID: PMC6404210 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown an increasing prevalence of vascular risk factors in young adults with ischemic stroke (IS). However, the strength of the association between all vascular risk factors and early‐onset IS has not been fully established. Methods and Results We compared 961 patients with a first‐ever IS at 25 to 49 years to 1403 frequency‐matched stroke‐free controls from a population‐based cohort study (FINRISK). Assessed risk factors included an active malignancy, atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular disease, current smoking status, a family history of stroke, high low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglycerides, low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, hypertension, and type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We performed subgroup analyses based on age, sex, and IS etiology. In a fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis, significant risk factors for IS consisted of atrial fibrillation (odds ratio [OR], 10.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.33–46.77], cardiovascular disease (OR, 8.01; 95% CI, 3.09–20.78), type 1 diabetes mellitus (OR, 6.72; 95% CI, 3.15–14.33), type 2 diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.35–3.95), low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.37–2.40), current smoking status (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.50–2.17), hypertension (OR, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.17–1.75), and a family history of stroke (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04–1.82). High low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol exhibited an inverse association with IS. In the subgroup analyses, the most consistent associations appeared for current smoking status and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Conclusions Our study establishes the associations between 11 vascular risk factors and early‐onset IS, among which atrial fibrillation, cardiovascular disease, and both type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus in particular showed strong associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Kivioja
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Arto Pietilä
- 2 National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Nicolas Martinez-Majander
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Daniel Gordin
- 3 Abdominal Center Nephrology University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital Helsinki Finland.,4 Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics Folkhälsan Research Center Helsinki Finland.,5 Joslin Diabetes Center Harvard Medical School Boston MA
| | - Aki S Havulinna
- 2 National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland.,8 Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- 2 National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland
| | - Karoliina Aarnio
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Sami Curtze
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Jaana Leiviskä
- 6 Department of Clinical Chemistry University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital HUSLAB Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Ida Surakka
- 2 National Institute for Health and Welfare Helsinki Finland.,8 Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM) University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Markku Kaste
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland.,9 Department of Clinical Neurosciences Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Sweden.,10 Department of Neurology Sahlgrenska University Hospital Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jukka Putaala
- 1 Clinical Neurosciences University of Helsinki and Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki Finland
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Jarvis HL, Brown SJ, Price M, Butterworth C, Groenevelt R, Jackson K, Walker L, Rees N, Clayton A, Reeves ND. Return to Employment After Stroke in Young Adults: How Important Is the Speed and Energy Cost of Walking? Stroke 2019; 50:3198-3204. [PMID: 31554503 PMCID: PMC6824505 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.119.025614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. A quarter of individuals who experience a stroke are under the age of 65 years (defined as young adults), and up to 44% will be unable to return to work poststroke, predominantly because of walking difficulties. No research study has comprehensively analyzed walking performance in young adult’s poststroke. The primary aim of this study is to investigate how a stroke in young adults affects walking performance (eg, walking speed and metabolic cost) compared with healthy age-matched controls. The secondary aim is to determine the predictive ability of walking performance parameters for return to employment poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Jarvis
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (H.L.J., S.J.B., N.D.R.)
| | - Steven J Brown
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (H.L.J., S.J.B., N.D.R.)
| | - Michelle Price
- Powys Teaching Health Board, Neuro Rehabilitation, Newtown Hospital, United Kingdom (M.P.)
| | - Claire Butterworth
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Physiotherapy, Llandough Hospital, United Kingdom (C.B.)
| | - Renee Groenevelt
- Hywel Dda University Health Board, Physiotherapy, Pembrokeshire, Wales, United Kingdom (R.G.)
| | - Karl Jackson
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Physiotherapy, Ysbyty Gwynedd, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom (K.J.)
| | - Louisa Walker
- Cwm Taf University Health Board, Physiotherapy Department, Keir Hardie Health Park, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, United Kingdom (L.W., N.R.)
| | - Nia Rees
- Cwm Taf University Health Board, Physiotherapy Department, Keir Hardie Health Park, Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, United Kingdom (L.W., N.R.)
| | - Abigail Clayton
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Health Board, Therapy Services, Heol Maes Eglwys, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom (A.C.)
| | - Neil D Reeves
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (H.L.J., S.J.B., N.D.R.)
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Abstract
ABSTRACT:Background:A preliminary national survey of ischemic stroke in the young (15-45 years) undertaken by the Canadian Stroke Consortium indicated that in 44% of 356 patients, no cause was found.Objective:To determine the reason for this high incidence of diagnostic uncertainty in young patients with ischemic stroke.Methods:Neurologists in the ten Canadian stroke centers completed a detailed questionnaire for patients aged 15-45 years admitted to hospital between January 1993 and December 1997. Using a step-wise diagnostic algorithm incorporating clinical, neuroimaging, neurovascular and laboratory data, we divided patients into three groups: (1) those with established cause for the ischemic stroke, (2) those who remained unexplained despite adequate investigation, (3) those who remained unexplained but were, in our opinion, under-investigated.Results:In 197 patients (56%), an identified cause was established including cardioembolic sources (14%), extracranial arterial dissection (13%), lacunar infarcts (8%) atherosclerosis (6%). A miscellaneous group of 15%, included cerebral venous thrombosis, coagulopathies, vasculitis and others. In 159 patients (44%) with no apparent cause for their stroke, we considered only 81 (23%) adequately investigated, and 78 (21%) inadequately investigated.Conclusion:About one in five young patients was inadequately investigated by a stroke-oriented group of neurologists. The major problem appears to be restriction of investigations to neuroimaging alone (usually computerized cerebral tomography), without further tests such as cerebral angiography and cardiac imaging.
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Putaala J. Ischemic stroke in the young: Current perspectives on incidence, risk factors, and cardiovascular prognosis. Eur Stroke J 2016; 1:28-40. [PMID: 31008265 DOI: 10.1177/2396987316629860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-fourth of ischemic strokes occur in working-aged individuals in the high-income countries, with worldwide increasing incidence in this age group from 1980s to present. Recent evidence suggests that traditional vascular risk factors are more prevalent than previously suggested in young adult stroke patients and they accumulate with age particularly in men. Accordingly, relatively high rates of atherosclerotic changes have been detected in these patients. The strength of association of vascular risk factors has gone poorly studied, however. Many young patients with ischemic stroke have, in turn, no traditional risk factors, while they may harbor other conditions with weak or uncertain association with the stroke alone. These individual conditions often represent a risk factor that may be strictly young-age specific, more prevalent in younger than older stroke patients (e.g. patent foramen ovale), or more prevalent among the young in the population. Despite high rates of vascular risk factors and atherosclerotic changes, these findings do not translate to higher frequencies of identified classical stroke mechanisms. In fact, cryptogenic causes are markedly common and even more frequent among the very young patients. Limited randomized trial evidence exists to support secondary prevention decision-making in patients, yet they face an increased risk of death and future vascular events for years to come-dependent on risk factor profile and cause of the stroke. This review provides an overview of recent data on epidemiology, risk factors, and their strength of association in ischemic stroke in the young. Furthermore, the relationship between with the risk factors and cardiovascular outcomes and key features on the evidence related to secondary prevention will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Nacu A, Bringeland GH, Khanevski A, Thomassen L, Waje‐Andreassen U, Naess H. Early neurological worsening in acute ischaemic stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 133:25-9. [PMID: 25929313 PMCID: PMC4744656 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Neurological worsening in acute ischaemic stroke patients is common with significant morbidity and mortality. Aims To determine the factors associated with early neurological worsening within the first 9 h after onset of acute ischaemic stroke. Materials & methods The National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) was used to assess stroke severity. Early neurological worsening was defined as NIHSS score increase ≥4 NIHSS points within 9 h of symptom onset compared to NIHSS score within 3 h of symptom onset. Patients with early neurological worsening were compared to patients with unchanged or improved NIHSS scores. Results Of the 2484 patients admitted with ischaemic stroke, 552 patients had NIHSS score within 3 h of symptom onset, and 44 (8.0%) experienced early neurological worsening. The median NIHSS on admission was 8.4 in both groups. Early neurological worsening was associated with low body temperature on admission (P = 0.01), proximal compared to distal MCA occlusion (P = 0.007) and with ipsilateral internal carotid artery stenosis >50% or occlusion (P = 0.04). Early neurological worsening was associated with higher NIHSS day 7 (P < 0.001) and higher mortality within 7 days of stroke onset (P = 0.005). Conclusions Early neurological worsening has serious consequences for the short‐term outcome for patients with acute ischaemic stroke and is associated with low body temperature on admission, and with extracranially and intracranially large‐vessel stenosis or occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Nacu
- Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | - G. H. Bringeland
- Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
| | - A. Khanevski
- Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
| | - L. Thomassen
- Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
| | | | - H. Naess
- Department of Neurology Haukeland University Hospital Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine University of Bergen Bergen Norway
- Centre for Age‐Related Medicine Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway
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Jaffre A, Ruidavets JB, Nasr N, Guidolin B, Ferrieres J, Larrue V. Tobacco Use and Cryptogenic Stroke in Young Adults. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2015; 24:2694-700. [PMID: 26481958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cryptogenic stroke is the leading subtype of ischemic stroke in the young. We sought to evaluate the association between traditional cardiovascular risk factors and cryptogenic stroke by using a case-control study. METHODS Patients aged 18-54 years, consecutively treated for first-ever cryptogenic ischemic stroke in an academic stroke unit, were compared with subjects from the general population living in the same geographic area. Control subjects were matched for age and sex with patients. We further evaluated the association between significant risk factors and nonobstructive (<50% stenosis) carotid plaque and thrombus among patients with cryptogenic stroke. Odds ratios [OR] were calculated using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 155 patients with cryptogenic stroke (66.4% men, mean age 43.5 years [SD 8.4]) were included in the study. Cryptogenic stroke was associated with current tobacco use (42.6% in patients versus 23.9% in control subjects; OR = 2.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-4.05, P = .002). Current tobacco use was associated with nonobstructive carotid plaque (OR = 6.22; 95% CI, 2.43-15.9; P = .001) and nonobstructive carotid thrombus (OR = 13.7; 95% CI, 1.42-132.7; P = .03) among the patients. CONCLUSION Our case-control study showed a strong link between current tobacco use and cryptogenic stroke in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Jaffre
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Jean Bernard Ruidavets
- Department of Epidemiology and INSERM U1027, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Nasr
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Brigitte Guidolin
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Ferrieres
- Department of Epidemiology and INSERM U1027, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Vincent Larrue
- Department of Neurology, Toulouse University Hospital, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Bergman EM, Henriksson KM, Åsberg S, Farahmand B, Terént A. National registry-based case-control study: comorbidity and stroke in young adults. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 131:394-9. [PMID: 25684429 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stroke is overrepresented in cohorts of young adults with chronic diseases. The prevalence and impact of comorbidity among young stroke patients have not been compared with individuals without stroke. Our aim was to investigate the association between comorbidity and stroke in young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS A nationwide cohort of patients (aged 15-44 years), registered in the Swedish Stroke Register, (Riksstroke) 2001-2009, was identified. Age- and sex-matched controls were randomly selected from the Population Register of Sweden. Discharge diagnoses were retrieved from the National Patient Register and grouped by chapter in the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision. Associations between ICD-10 chapters and stroke were stratified (age, sex, and stroke type) and analyzed by multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS In 2599 stroke patients analyzed, the prevalence of vascular risk factors (hypertension 25.3%, dyslipidemia 13.0%, diabetes 9.7%, heart failure 3.2%, and atrial fibrillation 2.8%), all ICD-10 chapters (except pregnancy) and prestroke hospitalizations were more frequent among cases than controls. Independent associations were found between stroke and eight ICD-10 chapters: neoplasms (odds ratios (OR) 1.53, 95% CI 1.15-2.05), blood (OR 1.61, 1.11-2.34), endocrine (OR 2.28, 1.77-2.93), psychiatric (OR 1.50, 1.24-1.81), nervous (OR 1.91, 1.46-2.50), eye (OR 1.67, 1.05-2.64), circulatory (OR 3.05, 2.45-3.80), and symptoms (OR 1.31, 1.13-1.52). The risk of stroke increased by 26% per ICD-10 chapter diagnosed. CONCLUSIONS In addition to vascular risk factors, comorbidity (represented by ICD-10 chapters) was associated with increased risk of stroke in young individuals. The risk of stroke was further increased with the number of diagnosed ICD-10 chapters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.-M. Bergman
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - K. M. Henriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- AstraZeneca R&D; Mölndal Sweden
| | - S. Åsberg
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - B. Farahmand
- Department of Neurobiology; Care Sciences and Society; Alzheimer Disease Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Terént
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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KOCAMAN G, DÜRÜYEN H, KOÇER A, ASİL T. Recurrent Ischemic Stroke Characteristics and Assessment of Sufficiency of Secondary Stroke Prevention. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2015; 52:139-144. [PMID: 28360694 PMCID: PMC5353188 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2015.7499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disabilities due to stroke lead to a serious individual and socioeconomic burden. In this presented hospital-based study, we aimed to evaluate recurrent ischemic stroke (RIS) characteristics and the sufficiency of secondary prevention regarding the most common modifiable risk factors. METHODS The records of patients with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke between November 2009 and November 2011 in our unit were retrospectively investigated. RESULTS Ninety-one (18%) out of 500 patients with ischemic stroke had RIS. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, atrial fibrillation, and smoking were found in 88%, 43%, 36%, 30%, 11%, and 14% of the patients, respectively. Thirty-eight percent of the patients had more than two risk factors. While 14% of the hypertensive patients did not use antihypertensive medications, antihypertensive treatment was insufficient in 39% of those who already used antihypertensive medications. Twenty-three percent of the patients received no prophylactic agents. Sixty percent of the patients with a history of atrial fibrillation were on oral anticoagulant therapy (warfarin), and the international normalized ratio was <2.0 in 73% of them. Of the diabetic patients, 87% had an HgbA1C level above 6%. The LDL level was higher than 100 mg/dL in 72% of the patients. CONCLUSION The incidence of RIS and risk factors in our retrospective study was compatible with the results of those in literature. Secondary prophylactic treatment and modification of risk factors in the stroke patients were not satisfactory. The improvement of the patients' adherence to treatment is also very important in addition to the optimal treatment and follow-up strategy for decreasing the incidence of RIS. A multidisciplinary outpatient model of stroke care may be beneficial for decreasing the incidence of RIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülşen KOCAMAN
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hümeyra DÜRÜYEN
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir KOÇER
- Department of Neurology, Medeniyet University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Talip ASİL
- Department of Neurology, Bezmialem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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de Sousa Parreira J, Kallaur AP, Lehmann MF, Oliveira SR, Alfieri DF, Delongui F, de Araújo MCM, Rossato C, de Almeida JT, Pelegrino LM, Bragato EF, Morimoto HK, Simão ANC, Kaimen-Maciel DR, Reiche EMV. Tumor necrosis factor beta NcoI polymorphism (rs909253) is associated with inflammatory and metabolic markers in acute ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:159-67. [PMID: 25063351 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in genes coding for pro-inflammatory molecules represent important factors for the pathogenesis and outcome of stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the tumor necrosis factor beta (TNF-β) NcoI (rs909253) polymorphism with inflammatory and metabolic markers in acute ischemic stroke. Ninety-three patients and 134 controls were included. The TNF-β polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP with NcoI restriction enzyme. Stroke subtypes and neurological deficit score were evaluated. White blood cell counts, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, serum high sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hsCRP), serum lipid profile, plasma levels of glucose and insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were determined. Stroke patients presented higher white blood cell counts, hsCRP, ESR, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR, and lower HDL cholesterol than controls (p < 0.01). There was no difference in genotypic and allelic frequency of TNF-β NcoI polymorphism among patients and controls (p > 0.05). However, stroke patients carrying the TNFB2/B2 genotype presented higher levels of TNF-α, white blood cell counts, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR than those with other genotypes (p < 0.05). White blood cells, IL-6, hsCRP, and ESR were positively correlated with the neurological deficit of the patients (p < 0.05). Taken together, TNF-β NcoI polymorphism, by itself, was not associated with increased susceptibility for stroke development. However, the homozygous genotype for the allele TNFB2 was associated with higher expression of classical inflammatory and metabolic markers of development and outcome of stroke than other genotypes. The identification of variant alleles might allow both better prediction of susceptibility for stroke as well the identification of novel stroke mechanisms that could be target to new therapeutic approaches. Stroke patients carrying the TNFB2 variant allele could have a beneficial effect with the anti-inflammatory therapies in the early inflammatory phase of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan de Sousa Parreira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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22
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Abstract
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in developed nations. Up to 88% of strokes are ischemic in nature. Extracranial carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is the third leading cause of ischemic stroke in the general population and the second most common nontraumatic cause among adults younger than 45 years. This article provides comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations for the management of extracranial atherosclerotic disease, including imaging for screening and diagnosis, medical management, and interventional management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinn Cher Ooi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nestor R. Gonzalez
- Department of Neurosurgery and Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles, 100 UCLA Med Plaza Suite# 219, Los Angeles, CA 90095, +1(310)825-5154
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Dash D, Bhashin A, Pandit AK, Tripathi M, Bhatia R, Prasad K, Padma MV. Risk factors and etiologies of ischemic strokes in young patients: a tertiary hospital study in north India. J Stroke 2014; 16:173-7. [PMID: 25328875 PMCID: PMC4200587 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2014.16.3.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Stroke in young adults has a special significance in developing countries, as it affects the most economically productive group of the society. We identified the risk factors and etiologies of young patients who suffered ischemic strokes and were admitted to a tertiary referral hospital in North India. Methods A retrospective review of case records from patients with ischemic stroke in the age range of 18-45 years was conducted from 2005 to 2010. Data regarding patients' clinical profiles, medical histories, diagnostic test results, and modified Rankin Scale scores at hospital discharge were examined. Stroke subtyping was conducted in accordance with the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) criteria. Results Of the 2,634 patients admitted for ischemic stroke, 440 (16.7%) were in the 18-45 year age range and the majority (83.4%) were male. The most common risk factors were hypertension (34.4%) and dyslipidemia (26.5%). The most common subtype of stroke was undetermined (57%), followed by other determined causes (17.3%). Among the category of undetermined etiology, incomplete evaluation was the most common. Most of the patients demonstrated good functional outcomes. Conclusions Young adults account for 16.7% of all stroke patients in North India. Risk factors are relatively prevalent, and a high proportion of the patients are categorized under undetermined and other determined causes. The results highlight the needs for aggressive management of traditional risk factors and extensive patient work-ups to identify stroke etiology in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Dash
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Ashu Bhashin
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Awadh Kumar Pandit
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Manjari Tripathi
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Kameshwar Prasad
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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Gorgui J, Gorshkov M, Khan N, Daskalopoulou SS. Hypertension as a Risk Factor for Ischemic Stroke in Women. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:774-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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25
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Risk factor profile by etiological subtype of ischemic stroke in the young. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2014; 120:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Cure MC, Tufekci A, Cure E, Kirbas S, Ogullar S, Kirbas A, Unal H, Yuce S, Cakmak S. Low-density lipoprotein subfraction, carotid artery intima-media thickness, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are associated with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013. [PMID: 24339567 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.120438.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small dense (sd) low-density lipoprotein (LDL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (α), and nitric oxide (NO) have recently emerged as important stroke risk factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of increased levels of small LDL particle size, TNF-α and NO on the developed ischemic stroke and increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 29 women and 25 men (a total of 54 ischemic stroke patients) and a similar age group of 50 controls (29 females and 21 males) were included in the study. CIMT, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, NO, and lipid subfraction test of the two groups were measured. RESULTS The mean LDL particle size was smaller in patients with stroke than in the controls (26.8 ± 0.31 nm vs. 27.0 ± 0.31 nm, P = 0.003). sd-LDL, TNF-α, NO, CRP, right CIMT, and left CIMT were higher in patients with stroke than in the controls (respectively; 8.2 ± 7.8 mg/dL vs. 3.3 ± 3.5 mg/dL, P < 0.001;75.6 ± 25.0 pg/mL vs. 65.4 ± 9.1 pg/mL, P = 0.009;76.4 ± 53.3 mmol/L vs. 41.5 ± 27.0 mmol/L, P < 0.001;1.9 ± 2.6 mm vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 mm P < 0.001;0.97 ± 0.38 mm vs. 0.83 ± 0.15 mm, P = 0.007;1.04 ± 0.44 mm vs. 0.87 ± 0.19 mm, P = 0.010). CONCLUSION These results show that sd-LDL is independently associated with the incidence of stroke and may be a risk factor in the development of stroke. In addition, TNF-α, NO, right CIMT, and left CIMT may be a risk factor in the development of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
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27
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Cure MC, Tufekci A, Cure E, Kirbas S, Ogullar S, Kirbas A, Unal H, Yuce S, Cakmak S. Low-density lipoprotein subfraction, carotid artery intima-media thickness, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are associated with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16:498-503. [PMID: 24339567 PMCID: PMC3841588 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small dense (sd) low-density lipoprotein (LDL), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha (α), and nitric oxide (NO) have recently emerged as important stroke risk factors. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of increased levels of small LDL particle size, TNF-α and NO on the developed ischemic stroke and increased carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 29 women and 25 men (a total of 54 ischemic stroke patients) and a similar age group of 50 controls (29 females and 21 males) were included in the study. CIMT, C-reactive protein (CRP), TNF-α, NO, and lipid subfraction test of the two groups were measured. RESULTS The mean LDL particle size was smaller in patients with stroke than in the controls (26.8 ± 0.31 nm vs. 27.0 ± 0.31 nm, P = 0.003). sd-LDL, TNF-α, NO, CRP, right CIMT, and left CIMT were higher in patients with stroke than in the controls (respectively; 8.2 ± 7.8 mg/dL vs. 3.3 ± 3.5 mg/dL, P < 0.001;75.6 ± 25.0 pg/mL vs. 65.4 ± 9.1 pg/mL, P = 0.009;76.4 ± 53.3 mmol/L vs. 41.5 ± 27.0 mmol/L, P < 0.001;1.9 ± 2.6 mm vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 mm P < 0.001;0.97 ± 0.38 mm vs. 0.83 ± 0.15 mm, P = 0.007;1.04 ± 0.44 mm vs. 0.87 ± 0.19 mm, P = 0.010). CONCLUSION These results show that sd-LDL is independently associated with the incidence of stroke and may be a risk factor in the development of stroke. In addition, TNF-α, NO, right CIMT, and left CIMT may be a risk factor in the development of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine Cumhur Cure
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
- For correspondence: Dr. Medine Cumhur Cüre, Department of Biochemistry, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, School of Medicine, Rize - 53100, Turkey. E-mail:
| | - Ahmet Tufekci
- Department of Neurology, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Erkan Cure
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Serkan Kirbas
- Department of Neurology, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sabri Ogullar
- Department of Radiology, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Aynur Kirbas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Unal
- Department of Radiology, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Yuce
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sevim Cakmak
- Department of Neurology, University of Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Rize, Turkey
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28
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Tancredi L, Martinelli Boneschi F, Braga M, Santilli I, Scaccabarozzi C, Lattuada P, Sessa M, Fumagalli L, Iurlaro S, Neromante I, De Lodovici ML, Roccatagliata DV, Giacalone G, Arnaboldi M, Crespi V, Agostoni E, Comi GC, Ferrarese C, Sterzi R. Stroke care in young patients. Stroke Res Treat 2013; 2013:715380. [PMID: 23533963 PMCID: PMC3600297 DOI: 10.1155/2013/715380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were (i) to evaluate the clinical features of a consecutive series of young patients with ischemic stroke and (ii) to assess the changes in the clinical management of these patients over the study period. All consecutive cases of young adults aged 16 to 44 years, with ischemic stroke, that were admitted between 2000 and 2005 in 10 Italian hospitals were included. We retrospectively identified 324 patients. One or more vascular risk factors were present in 71.5% of the patients. With respect to the diagnostic process, an increase in the frequency of cerebral noninvasive angiographic studies and a decrease in the use of digital subtraction angiography were observed (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, resp.). Undetermined causes decreased over 5-year period of study (P < 0.001). The diagnosis of cardioembolism increased. Thrombolysis was performed for 7.7% of the patients. PFO closure (8%) was the most frequently employed surgical procedure. In conclusion, the clinical care that is given to young patients with ischemic stroke changed over the study period. In particular, we detected an evolution in the diagnostic process and a reduction in the number of undetermined cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Tancredi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Ravona 1, 22020 San Fermo della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - F. Martinelli Boneschi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Stroke Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - M. Braga
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, 20871 Vimercate, Italy
| | - I. Santilli
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Cà Granda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - C. Scaccabarozzi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera A. Manzoni, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - P. Lattuada
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedale San Carlo Borromeo, 20153 Milan, Italy
| | - M. Sessa
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Stroke Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - L. Fumagalli
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - S. Iurlaro
- Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Lodi, 26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - I. Neromante
- Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Busto Arsizio, 21052 Varese, Italy
| | - M. L. De Lodovici
- Neurology Department, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - D. V. Roccatagliata
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Cà Granda, 20162 Milan, Italy
| | - G. Giacalone
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Stroke Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - M. Arnaboldi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Anna Hospital, Via Ravona 1, 22020 San Fermo della Battaglia, Como, Italy
| | - V. Crespi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera di Desio e Vimercate, 20871 Vimercate, Italy
| | - E. Agostoni
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera A. Manzoni, 23900 Lecco, Italy
| | - G. C. Comi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE) and Stroke Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - C. Ferrarese
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - R. Sterzi
- Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Niguarda Cà Granda, 20162 Milan, Italy
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29
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Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Alwell K, Moomaw CJ, Woo D, Adeoye O, Flaherty ML, Khatri P, Ferioli S, De Los Rios La Rosa F, Broderick JP, Kleindorfer DO. Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population. Neurology 2012; 79:1781-7. [PMID: 23054237 PMCID: PMC3475622 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318270401d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We describe temporal trends in stroke incidence stratified by age from our population-based stroke epidemiology study. We hypothesized that stroke incidence in younger adults (age 20-54) increased over time, most notably between 1999 and 2005. METHODS The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky region includes an estimated population of 1.3 million. Strokes were ascertained in the population between July 1, 1993, and June 30, 1994, and in calendar years 1999 and 2005. Age-, race-, and gender-specific incidence rates with 95 confidence intervals were calculated assuming a Poisson distribution. We tested for differences in age trends over time using a mixed-model approach, with appropriate link functions. RESULTS The mean age at stroke significantly decreased from 71.2 years in 1993/1994 to 69.2 years in 2005 (p < 0.0001). The proportion of all strokes under age 55 increased from 12.9% in 1993/1994 to 18.6% in 2005. Regression modeling showed a significant change over time (p = 0.002), characterized as a shift to younger strokes in 2005 compared with earlier study periods. Stroke incidence rates in those 20-54 years of age were significantly increased in both black and white patients in 2005 compared to earlier periods. CONCLUSIONS We found trends toward increasing stroke incidence at younger ages. This is of great public health significance because strokes in younger patients carry the potential for greater lifetime burden of disability and because some potential contributors identified for this trend are modifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Kissela
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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30
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Malyszko J, Koc-Zorawska E, Malyszko JS, Kozminski P, Zbroch E, Mysliwiec M. Renalase, Stroke, and Hypertension in Hemodialyzed Patients. Ren Fail 2012; 34:727-31. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2012.681534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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31
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Buraczynska M, Zukowski P, Buraczynska K, Mozul S, Ksiazek A. Renalase gene polymorphisms in patients with type 2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:321-7. [PMID: 21964580 PMCID: PMC3220827 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Renalase is a novel, recently identified, flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase. It is secreted by the kidney and metabolizes circulating catecholamines. Renalase has significant hemodynamic effects, therefore it is likely to participate in the regulation of cardiovascular function.The aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of renalase gene polymorphisms in hypertension in type 2 diabetes patients. A total of 892 patients and 400 controls were genotyped with three SNPs in the renalase gene. The C allele of rs2296545 SNP was associated with hypertension (P < 0.01). For rs2576178 SNP, frequencies in hypertensive patients differed from controls, but not from normotensive patients. For rs10887800 SNP, the differences in the G allele frequencies were observed in hypertensive patients with stroke, with 66% of patients being GG homozygotes. To confirm observed association we later genotyped 130 stroke patients without diabetes. The OR for risk allele was 1.79 (95% CI 1.33-2.41). In conclusion, the renalase gene polymorphism was associated with hypertension in type 2 diabetes patients. The most interesting result is a strong association of the rs10887800 polymorphism with stroke in patients with and without diabetes. The G allele of this polymorphism might thus be useful in identifying diabetes patients at increased risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Buraczynska
- Laboratory for DNA Analysis and Molecular Diagnostics, Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Dr K. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lublin, Poland.
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Liao CK, Liou TH, Wu CH, Chang KH. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Medical Resource Uses Between Young and Elderly Patients With Ischemic Stroke. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecm.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Stroke 2011; 42:e420-63. [DOI: 10.1161/str.0b013e3182112d08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas G. Brott
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Jonathan L. Halperin
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Suhny Abbara
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - J. Michael Bacharach
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - John D. Barr
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - Christopher U. Cates
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Mark A. Creager
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Susan B. Fowler
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Gary Friday
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - E. Bruce McIff
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - Peter D. Panagos
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Thomas S. Riles
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Robert H. Rosenwasser
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Allen J. Taylor
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Circulation 2011; 124:489-532. [DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31820d8d78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Brott
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Jonathan L. Halperin
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Suhny Abbara
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - J. Michael Bacharach
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - John D. Barr
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - Christopher U. Cates
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Mark A. Creager
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Susan B. Fowler
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Gary Friday
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - E. Bruce McIff
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | | | - Peter D. Panagos
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Thomas S. Riles
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Robert H. Rosenwasser
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
| | - Allen J. Taylor
- ASA Representative. ACCF/AHA Representative and ACCF/AHA Task Force on Performance Measures Liaison. SCCT Representative. SVM Representative. ACR, ASNR, and SNIS Representative. SCAI Representative. ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines Liaison. AANN Representative. AAN Representative. SIR Representative. ACEP Representative. SVS Representative. AANS and CNS Representative. SAIP Representative. Former Task Force member during this writing effort
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/ SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Vasc Med 2011; 16:35-77. [DOI: 10.1177/1358863x11399328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ, Jacobs AK, Smith SC, Anderson JL, Adams CD, Albert N, Buller CE, Creager MA, Ettinger SM, Guyton RA, Halperin JL, Hochman JS, Hunt SA, Krumholz HM, Kushner FG, Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, Ohman EM, Page RL, Riegel B, Stevenson WG, Tarkington LG, Yancy CW. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive summary. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2011; 81:E76-123. [DOI: 10.1002/ccd.22983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:1002-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57:e16-94. [PMID: 21288679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. Stroke 2011; 42:e464-540. [PMID: 21282493 DOI: 10.1161/str.0b013e3182112cc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL, Cates CU, Creager MA, Fowler SB, Friday G, Hertzberg VS, McIff EB, Moore WS, Panagos PD, Riles TS, Rosenwasser RH, Taylor AJ. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. Circulation 2011; 124:e54-130. [PMID: 21282504 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31820d8c98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Leu HB, Chung CM, Chuang SY, Bai CH, Chen JR, Chen JW, Pan WH. Genetic variants of connexin37 are associated with carotid intima-medial thickness and future onset of ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis 2011; 214:101-6. [PMID: 21044781 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid intima-medial thickness (IMT) is a surrogate marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of genetic variants on IMT and future development of ischemic stroke in a cohort, followed by an independent replication study. METHODS B-mode carotid ultrasound was performed among 3330 healthy adults in the CVDFACT cohort study, and the genetic effects of atherosclerosis-related genes including connexin37 (GJA4), C-reactive protein (CRP), paraoxonase (PON1), adiponectin (ACDC), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), beta-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1, ADRB2), antithrombin III (SERPINC1), and kinesin family member 6 (KIF6) were evaluated by a multivariate regression model, adjusting for traditional vascular risk factors. Study subjects were prospectively followed for the development of ischemic stroke to assess the prognostic impacts of these genetic variants. An independent case-control study was performed to replicate the genetic association from the cohort study. RESULTS The T allele of connexin37 C1019T polymorphism significantly affected IMT (β=0.014, p=0.013) after adjusting for traditional risk factors. During an average follow-up period of 10.7 years, 80 patients with ischemic stroke (2.4%) were identified. The connexin37 1019T allele was significantly associated with an increased rate of ischemic stroke under an additive model, with hazard ratios (HR) of 2.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.2-6.66) and 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2.71), comparing TT and CT genotype with CC, respectively. After Cox analysis, age (HR, 1.78 every 10 years), diabetes mellitus (HR, 2.63), hypertension (HR, 2.08), and the T allele of C1019T polymorphism of GJA4 (HR, 1.69) were identified as independent predictors of ischemic stroke. The relationship between T allele of C1019T polymorphism of GJA4 gene and ischemic stroke was also confirmed by an independent association study. CONCLUSION Connexin 37 genetic variants significantly affect carotid IMT and contribute to future development of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Bang Leu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for all forms of stroke. While both the general public and the global healthcare system are aware of the vascular risks associated with smoking, the prevalence of tobacco use has remained largely unchanged over the last quarter of a century. Approximately one in five US adults are classified as regular smokers, with the initiation of smoking typically occurring during the teenage years. Although the increased risk of stroke associated with smoking is generally acknowledged, it is less well recognized that considerable scientific evidence implicates a strong dose-response relationship between smoking and stroke risk. In this article, we summarize the literature regarding smoking-related stroke risk, the dose-response relationship, and the costs of this detrimental habit to both the individual and society as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena S Shah
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, Third Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA
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Bienkowski P, Zatorski P, Baranowska A, Ryglewicz D, Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H. Insular lesions and smoking cessation after first-ever ischemic stroke: A 3-month follow-up. Neurosci Lett 2010; 478:161-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sienkiewicz-Jarosz H, Zatorski P, Witkowski G, Rogowski A, Scińska A, Ryglewicz D. [Predictors of smoking cessation after stroke]. Neurol Neurochir Pol 2010; 44:181-7. [PMID: 20496288 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3843(14)60009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke. Smoking dose dependently increases the risk of stroke, especially in patients below 75 years of age. Although smoking cessation is considered as one of the most effective methods of secondary stroke prevention, little is known about nicotine dependence and predictors of smoking cessation after stroke. Identification of such predictors could facilitate the development of anti-smoking interventions in post-stroke patients. Results of previous studies showed that smoking cessation is determined by the interplay of multiple factors, including sociodemographic (gender, age, race, living conditions, employment), clinical (functional status), psychobiological (nicotine dependence, depressed mood) and environmental (smoking household members) factors. Limitations of most studies were relatively small sample sizes and lack of verification of smoking status with a biochemical marker (e.g. expired CO). The aim of this article is to summarize current knowledge about predictors of smoking cessation after stroke.
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Feng W, Nietert PJ, Adams RJ. Influence of Age on Racial Disparities in Stroke Admission Rates, Hospital Charges, and Outcomes in South Carolina. Stroke 2009; 40:3096-101. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.554535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Racial disparities among US stroke patients have been well documented. However, the extent to which disparities in outcomes vary by age is unclear. This study’s goals were to examine the degree of racial disparities in South Carolina between African Americans (AAs) and Caucasian Americans (CAs) in stroke admission rates, hospital charges, and outcomes and to determine whether racial differences varied by age.
Methods—
From the state hospital discharge database, admissions with a primary diagnosis of stroke discharged from 2002 to 2006 were identified. Age group–specific stroke admission rates, hospital charges, length of stay, intensive care unit utilization, medical complications, and discharge disposition (in-hospital death, discharged home, discharge to rehabilitation facility) were compared between AAs and CAs by multiple-linear or logistic-regression analysis.
Results—
There were 58 272 stroke admissions during the 5-year period. Stroke admission rates were persistently higher for AAs in all age groups except those ≥85 years old. Hospital charges totaled $1.51 billion; 24.0% ($362.5 million) of this total was attributable to racial disparities, 70.8% ($256.5 million) of which stemmed from the 36.6% of patients <65 years old. Most of the acute outcomes were poorer for AAs compared with CAs across age groups.
Conclusions—
Racial disparities in stroke admissions are more pronounced in younger age groups and result in significant economic consequences. Although AA stroke patients experienced generally worse acute outcomes than did CAs, these differences appear to be relatively consistent across age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwei Feng
- From the Departments of Neurosciences (W.F.) and of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology (P.J.N.), and the South Carolina Center of Economic Excellence in Stroke, Department of Neuroscience (R.J.A.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Paul J. Nietert
- From the Departments of Neurosciences (W.F.) and of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology (P.J.N.), and the South Carolina Center of Economic Excellence in Stroke, Department of Neuroscience (R.J.A.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Robert J. Adams
- From the Departments of Neurosciences (W.F.) and of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Epidemiology (P.J.N.), and the South Carolina Center of Economic Excellence in Stroke, Department of Neuroscience (R.J.A.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
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Putaala J, Tatlisumak T. Response to Letter by Spengos and Vemmos. Stroke 2009. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.556217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Putaala
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Turgut Tatlisumak
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is frequently associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease involving the coronary, peripheral and cerebrovascular circulation. Compared with non-diabetic counterparts, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in diabetic individuals is more diffuse and often involves the popliteal and below-knee arteries. The goal of treatment in diabetic patients with PAD, as in other patients with this condition, is to aggressively treat atherosclerotic risk factors to reduce future cardiovascular events as well as to improve symptoms of claudication and prevent limb amputation. Diabetes is also associated with a heightened risk of stroke which is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic individuals. Optimal blood pressure control is paramount in reducing the future risk of stroke in these patients. Clinicians need to be aware of the strong association between diabetes and non-coronary atherosclerosis and use appropriate medical and interventional treatments to reduce the associated disability and mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mukherjee
- Gill Heart Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA.
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Sander D, Kearney MT. Reducing the risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiological and therapeutic perspectives. J Neurol 2009; 256:1603-19. [PMID: 19399381 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-009-5143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the excess cerebrovascular burden in patients with type 2 diabetes remains a major therapeutic challenge, especially with respect to the high risk of recurrent events. Targeting the traditional metabolic risk factors of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia has failed to remove this excess risk, and agents targeting thrombotic risk (i.e., antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs) remain poorly studied in the context of stroke in diabetes. This may relate to the accumulation of risk factors in type 2 diabetes as well as to diabetes-specific pathophysiologic factors. Regrettably, there is a lack of prospective evidence to support the efficacy of interventions in the secondary prevention of cerebrovascular events in type 2 diabetes, particularly recurrent stroke events. Overall, there is a need for rigorous evaluations of new therapeutic approaches in both primary and secondary prevention of stroke and management of acute stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes. This systematic review of the published literature summarizes the evidence regarding current therapeutic interventions and their impact on the risk of stroke in people with type 2 diabetes, and highlights potential strategies for improving outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Sander
- Department of Neurology, Medical Park Hospital, Thanngasse 15, 83483 Bischofswiesen, Germany.
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