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Razzaghi M, Sheibani F, Kimia N, Razzaghi Z, Chenari Z, Ashrafi F, Barati M, Advani S. Photobiomodulation's potential as a non-invasive therapy for alzheimer's disease and minimal cognitive impairment: A 12-week investigation. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:103991. [PMID: 38367922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD), undergoing a faster increase in occurrence than any other type of dementia, lacks a curative remedy despite advanced discoveries. To explore the realm of non-pharmacologic therapies, our study evaluates the 12-week impact of non-invasive Photobiomodulation (PBM) on cognitive and psychological aspects in individuals with AD and minimal cognitive impairment (MCI). The urgency of exploring innovative interventions is underscored by the rising occurrence of AD, particularly in regions with aging populations like Iran. METHOD 13 patients (6 case patients and 7 control patients) participated in the study. Sham treatment was administered to seven individuals, while another six received PBM treatment over 12 weeks, with daily at-home LED (810 nm wavelength) device usage lasting 20 min. Initially, the patient and their caregiver participated in two hospital sessions to acquaint them with the device's operation. RESULTS The mean reduction of Hamilton's anxiety questionnaire score was 3.33±6.08 in the intervention group and 2.00±3.46 in the control group (p-value=0.836). The mean score reduction of the Hamilton depression questionnaire was 3.16±3.86 in the intervention group and 4.85±6.20 in the control group (p-value=0.836). The mean score of the DAD questionnaire in the intervention group before the study was 25.50±13.13 and after the intervention was 29.83±12.12 (p-value=0.084) and in the control group it was 29.71±8.19 and after the study was 29±0.972 (p-value = 0.526). The mean changes in the DAD questionnaire score in the intervention group increased by 4.33±4.92 and decreased by 0.71±2.81 in the control group (p-value=0.041). CONCLUSION In general, PBM appears to hold promise as a potentially safe method for enhancing the cognitive, functional, and psychological status of individuals with Alzheimer's disease, though further research with larger sample size and cautious interpretation are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Razzaghi
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Sheibani
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Kimia
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Razzaghi
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Chenari
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Ashrafi
- Functional neurosurgery research center, Shahid beheshti university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Barati
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroor Advani
- Laser application in medical Sciences research center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Kim H, Kim S, Cho B, Shin J, Kim J. APOE ε4-dependent effects on the early amyloid pathology in induced neurons of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:45. [PMID: 36284363 PMCID: PMC9594913 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE ε4) is the strongest known genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD), associated with amyloid pathogenesis. However, it is not clear how APOE ε4 accelerates amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition during the seeding stage of amyloid development in AD patient neurons. Methods AD patient induced neurons (iNs) with an APOE ε4 inducible system were prepared from skin fibroblasts of AD patients. Transcriptome analysis was performed using RNA isolated from the AD patient iNs expressing APOE ε4 at amyloid-seeding and amyloid-aggregation stages. Knockdown of IGFBP3 was applied in the iNs to investigate the role of IGFBP3 in the APOE ε4-mediated amyloidosis. Results We optimized amyloid seeding stage in the iNs of AD patients that transiently expressed APOE ε4. Remarkably, we demonstrated that Aβ pathology was aggravated by the induction of APOE ε4 gene expression at the amyloid early-seeding stage in the iNs of AD patients. Moreover, transcriptome analysis in the early-seeding stage revealed that IGFBP3 was functionally important in the molecular pathology of APOE ε4-associated AD. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the presence of APOE ε4 at the early Aβ-seeding stage in patient iNs is critical for aggravation of sporadic AD pathology. These results provide insights into the importance of APOE ε4 expression for the progression and pathogenesis of sporadic AD. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40035-022-00319-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwon Kim
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea ,grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Laboratory of Stem Cells & Gene Editing, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Siyoung Kim
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Laboratory of Stem Cells & Gene Editing, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Byounggook Cho
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Laboratory of Stem Cells & Gene Editing, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaein Shin
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Laboratory of Stem Cells & Gene Editing, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea
| | - Jongpil Kim
- grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea ,grid.255168.d0000 0001 0671 5021Laboratory of Stem Cells & Gene Editing, Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, Pildong-ro 1-gil 30, Jung-Gu, Seoul, 04620 Republic of Korea
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Dong H, Yang X, Sun Z. How glutamatergic synapse loss affects the firing rhythm of DG-CA3 model related with Alzheimer's disease. Cogn Neurodyn 2022; 16:167-181. [PMID: 35126776 PMCID: PMC8807830 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-021-09705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As well known that synapse loss is a significant pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), meanwhile, the hippocampus is one of brain regions to be first affected in the early stage of AD. Thus, this work employs a comprehensive DG-CA3 network model of the hippocampus so as to explore the neuronal correlation between glutamatergic synapse loss and abnormal firing rhythm associated with AD from the perspective of neurocomputation. The neuropathological condition of glutamatergic synapse loss caused by the reduction of Shank3 protein in AD patients is imitated by decreasing glutamatergic excitatory synapse strength between different neurons. By means of power spectral analysis and dynamics technique, the numerical results reveal that excitability of pyramidal neuron as well as oriens lacunosum-moleculare (O-LM) cell in CA3 region is strongly degraded by the decrease of NMDA or AMPA-type glutamatergic excitatory synapse strength. Moreover, the relative power together with the peak of relative power density within alpha band is also diminished by decreasing glutamatergic synapse strength. These findings accord with the electrophysiological experiment of EEG that there is a decrease of alpha rhythm for AD patients, on the same time, they could highlight the significance of glutamatergic synapse loss in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Dong
- School of Mathematics and Statistic, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062 People’s Republic of China
| | - XiaoLi Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistic, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710062 People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhongKui Sun
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072 People’s Republic of China
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4
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Hofmann C, Sander A, Wang XX, Buerge M, Jungwirth B, Borgstedt L, Kreuzer M, Kopp C, Schorpp K, Hadian K, Wotjak CT, Ebert T, Ruitenberg M, Parsons CG, Rammes G. Inhalational Anesthetics Do Not Deteriorate Amyloid-β-Derived Pathophysiology in Alzheimer's Disease: Investigations on the Molecular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Level. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:1193-1218. [PMID: 34657881 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that general anesthetics like isoflurane and sevoflurane may aggravate Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathogenesis, e.g., increased amyloid-β (Aβ) protein aggregation resulting in synaptotoxicity and cognitive dysfunction. Other studies showed neuroprotective effects, e.g., with xenon. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we want to detail the interactions of inhalational anesthetics with Aβ-derived pathology. We hypothesize xenon-mediated beneficial mechanisms regarding Aβ oligomerization and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity on processes related to cognition. METHODS Oligomerization of Aβ 1-42 in the presence of anesthetics has been analyzed by means of TR-FRET and silver staining. For monitoring changes in neuronal plasticity due to anesthetics and Aβ 1-42, Aβ 1-40, pyroglutamate-modified amyloid-(AβpE3), and nitrated Aβ (3NTyrAβ), we quantified long-term potentiation (LTP) and spine density. We analyzed network activity in the hippocampus via voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) and cognitive performance and Aβ plaque burden in transgenic AD mice (ArcAβ) after anesthesia. RESULTS Whereas isoflurane and sevoflurane did not affect Aβ 1-42 aggregation, xenon alleviated the propensity for aggregation and partially reversed AβpE3 induced synaptotoxic effects on LTP. Xenon and sevoflurane reversed Aβ 1-42-induced spine density attenuation. In the presence of Aβ 1-40 and AβpE3, anesthetic-induced depression of VSDI-monitored signaling recovered after xenon, but not isoflurane and sevoflurane removal. In slices pretreated with Aβ 1-42 or 3NTyrAβ, activity did not recover after washout. Cognitive performance and plaque burden were unaffected after anesthetizing WT and ArcAβ mice. CONCLUSION None of the anesthetics aggravated Aβ-derived AD pathology in vivo. However, Aβ and anesthetics affected neuronal activity in vitro, whereby xenon showed beneficial effects on Aβ 1-42 aggregation, LTP, and spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hofmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Sander
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Xing Xing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Buerge
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bettina Jungwirth
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Borgstedt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Kreuzer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Kopp
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kenji Schorpp
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kamyar Hadian
- Assay Development and Screening Platform, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carsten T Wotjak
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany.,Central Nervous System Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tim Ebert
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuronal Plasticity, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Gerhard Rammes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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5
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Turk KW, Marin A, Schiloski KA, Vives-Rodriguez AL, Uppal P, Suh C, Dwyer B, Palumbo R, Budson AE. Head Injury Exposure in Veterans Presenting to Memory Disorders Clinic: An Observational Study of Clinical Characteristics and Relationship of Event-Related Potentials and Imaging Markers. Front Neurol 2021; 12:626767. [PMID: 34194379 PMCID: PMC8236514 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.626767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and repetitive head impacts (RHI) related to blasts or contact sports are commonly reported among military service members. However, the clinical implications of remote TBI and RHI in veterans remains a challenge when evaluating older veterans at risk of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE). This study aimed to test the hypothesis that veterans in a memory disorders clinic with remote head injury would be more likely to have neurodegenerative clinical diagnoses, increased rates of amyloid PET positivity, higher prevalence of cavum septum pellucidi/vergae, and alterations in event-related potential (ERP) middle latency auditory evoked potentials (MLAEPs) and long latency ERP responses compared to those without head injuries. Methods: Older veterans aged 50-100 were recruited from a memory disorders clinic at VA Boston Healthcare system with a history of head injury (n = 72) and without head injury history (n = 52). Patients were classified as reporting prior head injury including TBI and/or RHI exposure based on self-report and chart review. Participants underwent MRI to determine presence/absence of cavum and an ERP auditory oddball protocol. Results: The head injury group was equally likely to have a positive amyloid PET compared to the non-head injury group. Additionally, the head injury group were less likely to have a diagnosis of a neurodegenerative condition than those without head injury. P200 target amplitude and MLAEP amplitudes for standard and target tones were decreased in the head injury group compared to the non-head injury group while P3b amplitude did not differ. Conclusions: Veterans with reported remote head injury evaluated in a memory disorders clinic were not more likely to have a neurodegenerative diagnosis or imaging markers of neurodegeneration than those without head injury. Decreased P200 target and MLAEP target and standard tone amplitudes in the head injury group may be relevant as potential diagnostic markers of remote head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine W. Turk
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Marin
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kylie A. Schiloski
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ana L. Vives-Rodriguez
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Prayerna Uppal
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cheongmin Suh
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brigid Dwyer
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rocco Palumbo
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, D'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Center for Translational Cognitive Neuroscience, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
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6
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Li T, Wang B, Gao Y, Wang X, Yan T, Xiang J, Niu Y, Liu T, Chen D, Fang B, Xie Y, Funahashi S, Yan T. APOE ε4 and cognitive reserve effects on the functional network in the Alzheimer's disease spectrum. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:758-771. [PMID: 32314201 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-020-00283-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, whereas educational attainments have protective effects against cognitive decline in aging and patients with Alzheimer's disease. We examined the possible effects of years of education and APOE genotype on the topological properties of the functional network in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. The years of education showed a significant, negative association with the local efficiency, clustering coefficient and small-worldness of functional networks in APOE ε4 noncarriers but not in ε4 carriers. These associations were mainly observed in normal aging and were reduced in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, regions of the inferior frontal gyrus, temporal pole, and cuneus also showed correlations between education and nodal degree. Our findings demonstrated that the protective effects of education persist in APOE ε4 noncarriers but diminish in ε4 carriers. In addition, the protective effects of education were attenuated or reduced in the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Ting Yan
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Yan Niu
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Duanduan Chen
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Boyan Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunyan Xie
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shintaro Funahashi
- Advanced research institute of multidisciplinary science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yan
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
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7
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Cardoso FDS, Lopes Martins RÁB, Gomes da Silva S. Therapeutic Potential of Photobiomodulation In Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Lasers Med Sci 2020; 11:S16-S22. [PMID: 33995964 PMCID: PMC7956031 DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2020.s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the decline of cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Scientific society has proposed some non-pharmacological interventions, among which photobiomodulation has gained prominence for its beneficial effects. Therefore, we investigated, through systematic review, the therapeutic potential of photobiomodulation in AD. Methods: This systematic review was registered under the number CRD42019128416 in the International Prospective Record of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A systematic search was conducted on the bibliographic databases (PubMed and ScienceDirect) with the keywords based on MeSH terms: "photobiomodulation therapy" or "low-level laser therapy" or "LLLT" or "light emitting diode" and "amyloid" or "Alzheimer". The data search was conducted from 2008 to 2019. We follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. The search strategy included experimental in vivo and in vitro studies in the English language and photobiomodulation as a non-pharmacological intervention. We included 10 studies, being 5 in vivo studies, 4 in vitro studies and 1 study using in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate the quality of the studies, we used the Rob tool of the Systematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRLE). Results: The studies showed that photobiomodulation is able to reduce inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptotic effects generated by amyloid beta (Aβ) and restore mitochondrial function and cognitive behavior. Conclusion: Taken together, these results indicate that photobiomodulation may be a useful tool for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sérgio Gomes da Silva
- Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes (UMC) - SP, Brazil
- Centro Universitário UNIFAMINAS - MG, Brazil
- Hospital do Câncer de Muriaé - Fundação Cristiano Varella - MG, Brazil
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8
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Nuvakhova MB, Rachin SA. [Age-related changes in the immune system and cognitive disorders in vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:154-159. [PMID: 32929939 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120081154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The immune mechanisms of cognitive impairment are considered. Various causal relationships of the development of immune and neurodegenerative disorders, including vascular dementia (VD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), are analyzed. It has been shown that age-related adaptive restructuring of immunity leads to the fact that lymphocytic immunity as a whole begins to work in an intermediate metastable state. The dominant role of immune factors in the development of VD and AD is highlighted. It is concluded that the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is associated with a decrease in antibody activity. The number of cytokines in aging animals is significantly reduced which leads to a decrease in the level of the immune response of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Nuvakhova
- National Medical Research Center For Rehabilitation And Health Resort Studies, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Rachin
- Pavlov First Saint Petersburg State Medical University, St-Petersburg, Russia
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Sonawane SK, Chidambaram H, Boral D, Gorantla NV, Balmik AA, Dangi A, Ramasamy S, Marelli UK, Chinnathambi S. EGCG impedes human Tau aggregation and interacts with Tau. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12579. [PMID: 32724104 PMCID: PMC7387440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau aggregation and accumulation is a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Inhibition of Tau aggregation is therefore a potential therapeutic strategy to ameliorate the disease. Phytochemicals are being highlighted as potential aggregation inhibitors. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is an active phytochemical of green tea that has shown its potency against various diseases including aggregation inhibition of repeat Tau. The potency of EGCG in altering the PHF assembly of full-length human Tau has not been fully explored. By various biophysical and biochemical analyses like ThS fluorescence assay, MALDI-TOF analysis and Isothermal Titration Calorimetry, we demonstrate dual effect of EGCG on aggregation inhibition and disassembly of full-length Tau and their binding affinity. The IC50 for Tau aggregation by EGCG was found to be 64.2 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Kishor Sonawane
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Hariharakrishnan Chidambaram
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Debjyoti Boral
- Structural Biology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Nalini Vijay Gorantla
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Abhishek Ankur Balmik
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Abha Dangi
- Central NMR Facility and Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Sureshkumar Ramasamy
- Structural Biology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Udaya Kiran Marelli
- Central NMR Facility and Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Pune, 411008, India.
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10
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Designing heterocyclic chalcones, benzoyl/sulfonyl hydrazones: An insight into their biological activities and molecular docking study. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Zhang X, Lao K, Qiu Z, Rahman MS, Zhang Y, Gou X. Potential Astrocytic Receptors and Transporters in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 67:1109-1122. [PMID: 30741675 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and is characterized by the progressive loss of memory and cognition in the aging population. However, the etiology of and therapies for AD remain far from understood. Astrocytes, the most abundant neuroglia in the brain, have recently aroused substantial concern due to their involvement in synaptotoxicity, amyloidosis, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. In this review, we summarize the candidate molecules of astrocytes, especially receptors and transporters, that may be involved in AD pathogenesis. These molecules include excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs), metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5), the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR), the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7-nAChR), the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), S100β, and cannabinoid receptors. We describe the characteristics of these molecules and the neurological and pharmacological underpinnings of these molecules in AD. Among these molecules, EAATs, A2AR, and mGluR5 are strongly related to glutamate-mediated synaptotoxicity and are involved in glutamate transmission or the clearance of extrasynaptic glutamate in the AD brain. The α7-nAChR, CaSR, and mGluR5 are receptors of Aβ and can induce a plethora of toxic effects, such as the production of excess Aβ, synaptotoxicity, and NO production triggered by changes in intracellular calcium signaling. Antagonists or positive allosteric modulators of these receptors can repair cognitive ability and modify neurobiological changes. Moreover, blocking S100β or activating cannabinoid receptors reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and reactive astrogliosis. Thus, targeting these molecules might provide alternative approaches for treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Kejing Lao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Zhongying Qiu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Md Saidur Rahman
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China.,Institute of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Brain Disorders & Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, P.R. China
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Bjørklund G, Aaseth J, Dadar M, Chirumbolo S. Molecular Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7032-7044. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Yao LJ, Jalil J, Attiq A, Hui CC, Zakaria NA. The medicinal uses, toxicities and anti-inflammatory activity of Polyalthia species (Annonaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 229:303-325. [PMID: 30316887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polyalthia is one of the largest and notable genera in Annonaceae family. Polyalthia species have been widely used in folklore medicine for the treatment of rheumatic fever, gastrointestinal ulcer and generalized body pain. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies on Polyalthia Species have also corroborated the significant anti-inflammatory potential of its extracts and secondary metabolites. AIM OF THE STUDY This review is an attempt to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of Polyalthia species by giving critical appraisal and establishing evidences of their traditional uses. Moreover this review will highlight the lead compounds for future drug development that can serve as a potential anti-inflammatory drug with comparative efficacy and minimum side effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS An extensive literature review, focusing the anti-inflammatory potential of Polyalthia species was conducted using the following databases:PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Ovid, Scopus and ProQuest, as well as the locally available books, journals and relevant documents. The reference lists of retrieved papers were also searched for additional studies. RESULTS The Polyalthia species have shown significant anti-inflammatory activity through various mechanism of action. The most significant anti-inflammatory mechanism includes the inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), prostaglandins (PGs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The data suggests that hydroxycleroda-3,13-dien-15,16-olide and 16-oxocleroda-3,13-dien-15-oic acid, quercetin, rutin, spinasterol, α-spinasterol, goniothalamin and (-)-5-hydroxygoniothalamin are the most potent anti-inflammatory compounds from Polyalthia species with comparable IC50 with positive controls. CONCLUSIONS Numerous pharmacological studies have supported the use of Polyalthia species against pain, rheumatic fever, haemorrhages and inflammation in traditional medicine. Flavonoids, diterpenoids, sterols and styrylpyrones from genus Polyalthia are the most significant class of compounds with potent anti-inflammatory activity. Secondary metabolites from these classes should be brought into further research to fill the gaps of knowledge in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, and toxicity in order to convert the pre-clinical results into clinical data for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lui Jin Yao
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juriyati Jalil
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Ali Attiq
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chiew Chia Hui
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Aimi Zakaria
- Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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14
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Periodontitis induced by bacterial infection exacerbates features of Alzheimer's disease in transgenic mice. NPJ Aging Mech Dis 2017; 3:15. [PMID: 29134111 PMCID: PMC5673943 DOI: 10.1038/s41514-017-0015-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a localized infectious disease caused by periodontopathic bacteria, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. Recently, it has been suggested that bacterial infections may contribute to the onset and the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, we do not have any evidence about a causative relationship between periodontitis and AD. In this study, we investigated by using a transgenic mouse model of AD whether periodontitis evoked by P. gingivalis modulates the pathological features of AD. Cognitive function was significantly impaired in periodontitis-induced APP-Tg mice, compared to that in control APP-Tg mice. Levels of Amiloid β (Aβ) deposition, Aβ40, and Aβ42 in both the hippocampus and cortex were higher in inoculated APP-Tg mice than in control APP-Tg mice. Furthermore, levels of IL-1β and TNF-α in the brain were higher in inoculated mice than in control mice. The levels of LPS were increased in the serum and brain of P. gingivalis-inoculated mice. P. gingivalis LPS-induced production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in neural cell cultures and strongly enhanced TNF-α and IL-1β production in a culture of microglial cells primed with Aβ. Periodontitis evoked by P. gingivalis may exacerbate brain Aβ deposition, leading to enhanced cognitive impairments, by a mechanism that involves triggering brain inflammation. Alzheimer’s disease is a scourge of longevity that will drain enormous resources from health budgets in the future. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of the disease remains an enigma and there is no adequate treatment or prophylaxis for the disease. One key priority is to examine the modifiable risk factors that influence the development of dementia. A risk factor relationship between periodontal pathogens/periodontal disease and AD exists. In Alzheimer’s model mice infected with Porphromonas gingivalis, a type of periodontopathic bacterium, cognitive function was reduced and deposition of amyloid β peptide was increased. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines and bacterial endotoxin were increased in the serum and brain. Neuroinflammation may be caused by an increase in these inflammatory mediators, and the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease may be exacerbated. Since periodontal infections are treatable, treatment of periodontal diseases during this period may be effective for delaying the onset or progression of AD.
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15
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Matotoka MM, Masoko P. Evaluation of Herbal Concoctions Sold at Ga Maja (Limpopo Province) in South Africa and In Vitro Pharmacological Evaluation of Plants Used to Manufacture the Concoctions. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med 2017; 22:805-815. [PMID: 29228818 PMCID: PMC5871308 DOI: 10.1177/2156587217727112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the biological activities and safety of commercial herbal concoctions manufactured in Ga Maja (Limpopo province). Microbial contamination was evaluated by spread-plating the concoctions on agar plates. The VITEK 2 instrument was used for identification of the pure cultures. Nutritional content of the concoctions was determined. Thin layer chromatography was used to analyze the chemical constituents of the extracts. The microdilution assay and bioautography were used to evaluate antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. Sodium, potassium, and zinc were elements most abundant in the concoctions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various phytoconstituents. Acetone extracts of Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Kirkia wilmsii extracts had antioxidant activity. The minimum inhibitory concentrations values against test bacteria ranged between 0.02 and 0.63 mg/mL. Further studies are required to isolate bioactive compounds and evaluate their cytotoxicity. Caution in the consumption of the herbal mixtures should be adhered to.
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16
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Dadar M, Pascoal TA, Manitsirikul S, Misquitta K, Fonov VS, Tartaglia MC, Breitner J, Rosa-Neto P, Carmichael OT, Decarli C, Collins DL. Validation of a Regression Technique for Segmentation of White Matter Hyperintensities in Alzheimer's Disease. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2017; 36:1758-1768. [PMID: 28422655 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2017.2693978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Segmentation and volumetric quantification of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is essential in assessment and monitoring of the vascular burden in aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially when considering their effect on cognition. Manually segmenting WMHs in large cohorts is technically unfeasible due to time and accuracy concerns. Automated tools that can detect WMHs robustly and with high accuracy are needed. Here, we present and validate a fully automatic technique for segmentation and volumetric quantification of WMHs in aging and AD. The proposed technique combines intensity and location features frommultiplemagnetic resonance imaging contrasts and manually labeled training data with a linear classifier to perform fast and robust segmentations. It provides both a continuous subject specific WMH map reflecting different levels of tissue damage and binary segmentations. Themethodwas used to detectWMHs in 80 elderly/AD brains (ADC data set) as well as 40 healthy subjects at risk of AD (PREVENT-AD data set). Robustness across different scanners was validated using ten subjects from ADNI2/GO study. Voxel-wise and volumetric agreements were evaluated using Dice similarity index (SI) and intra-class correlation (ICC), yielding ICC=0.96 , SI = 0.62±0.16 for ADC data set and ICC=0.78 , SI=0.51±0.15 for PREVENT-AD data set. The proposed method was robust in the independent sample yielding SI=0.64±0.17 with ICC=0.93 for ADNI2/GO subjects. The proposed method provides fast, accurate, and robust segmentations on previously unseen data from different models of scanners, making it ideal to study WMHs in large scale multi-site studies.
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17
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Kim H, Yoo J, Shin J, Chang Y, Jung J, Jo DG, Kim J, Jang W, Lengner CJ, Kim BS, Kim J. Modelling APOE ɛ3/4 allele-associated sporadic Alzheimer’s disease in an induced neuron. Brain 2017; 140:2193-2209. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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18
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Kuk EB, Jo AR, Oh SI, Sohn HS, Seong SH, Roy A, Choi JS, Jung HA. Anti-Alzheimer’s disease activity of compounds from the root bark of Morus alba L. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:338-349. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Verhelst SHL. Intramembrane proteases as drug targets. FEBS J 2017; 284:1489-1502. [PMID: 27889944 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proteases are considered attractive drug targets. Various drugs targeting classical, soluble proteases have been approved for treatment of human disease. Intramembrane proteases (IMPs) are a more recently discovered group of proteolytic enzymes. They are embedded in lipid bilayers and their active sites are located in the plane of a membrane. All four mechanistic families of IMPs have been linked to disease, but currently, no drugs against IMPs have entered the market. In this review, I will outline the function of IMPs with a focus on the ones involved in human disease, which includes Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and infectious diseases by microorganisms. Inhibitors of IMPs are known for all mechanistic classes, but are not yet very potent or selective - aside from those targeting γ-secretase. I will here describe the different features of IMP inhibitors and discuss a list of issues that need attention in the near future in order to improve the drug development for IMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H L Verhelst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium.,AG Chemical Proteomics, Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
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20
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Sawikr Y, Yarla NS, Peluso I, Kamal MA, Aliev G, Bishayee A. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2017; 108:33-57. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Wang C, Lu CF, Peng J, Hu CD, Wang Y. Roles of neural stem cells in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural Regen Res 2017; 12:2106-2112. [PMID: 29323053 PMCID: PMC5784362 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.221171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, researchers are using neural stem cell transplantation to promote regeneration after peripheral nerve injury, as neural stem cells play an important role in peripheral nerve injury repair. This article reviews recent research progress of the role of neural stem cells in the repair of peripheral nerve injury. Neural stem cells can not only differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, but can also differentiate into Schwann-like cells, which promote neurite outgrowth around the injury. Transplanted neural stem cells can differentiate into motor neurons that innervate muscles and promote the recovery of neurological function. To promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury, neural stem cells secrete various neurotrophic factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor, nerve growth factor, insulin-like growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. In addition, neural stem cells also promote regeneration of the axonal myelin sheath, angiogenesis, and immune regulation. It can be concluded that neural stem cells promote the repair of peripheral nerve injury through a variety of ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, Hebei Province; Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chang-Feng Lu
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, ; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Hu
- Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics; Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
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22
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Pascoal TA, Mathotaarachchi S, Shin M, Benedet AL, Mohades S, Wang S, Beaudry T, Kang MS, Soucy JP, Labbe A, Gauthier S, Rosa-Neto P. Synergistic interaction between amyloid and tau predicts the progression to dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2016; 13:644-653. [PMID: 28024995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent literature proposes that amyloid β (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) synergism accelerates biomarker abnormalities in controls. Yet, it remains to be answered whether this synergism is the driving force behind Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia. METHODS We stratified 314 mild cognitive impairment individuals using [18F]florbetapir positron emission tomography Aβ imaging and cerebrospinal fluid p-tau. Regression and voxel-based logistic regression models with interaction terms evaluated 2-year changes in cognition and clinical status as a function of baseline biomarkers. RESULTS We found that the synergism between [18F]florbetapir and p-tau, rather than their additive effects, was associated with the cognitive decline and progression to AD. Furthermore, voxel-based analysis revealed that temporal and inferior parietal were the regions where the synergism determined an increased likelihood of developing AD. DISCUSSION Together, the present results support that progression to AD dementia is driven by the synergistic rather than a mere additive effect between Aβ and p-tau proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sulantha Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Monica Shin
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrea L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sara Mohades
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Seqian Wang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tom Beaudry
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Aurelie Labbe
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics & Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Serge Gauthier
- AD Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada; McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada; AD Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, Canada; McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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Giulietti A, Vignini A, Nanetti L, Mazzanti L, Di Primio R, Salvolini E. Alzheimer's Disease Risk and Progression: The Role of Nutritional Supplements and their Effect on Drug Therapy Outcome. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:177-90. [PMID: 26415975 PMCID: PMC4825948 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666150928155321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the elderly population. Despite significant advancements in understanding the genetic and molecular basis of AD, the pathology still lacks treatments that can slow down or reverse the progression of cognitive deterioration. Recently, the relationship between nutrient deficiency and dementia onset has been highlighted. AD is in fact a multifactorial pathology, so that a multi-target approach using combinations of micronutrients and drugs could have beneficial effects on cognitive function in neurodegenerative brain disorders leading to synaptic degeneration. Primarily, this review examines the most recent literature regarding the effects of nutrition on the risk/progression of the disease, focusing attention mostly on antioxidants agents, polyunsaturated fatty acids and metals. Secondly, it aims to figure out if nutritional supplements might have beneficial effects on drug therapy outcome. Even if nutritional supplements showed contrasting evidence of a likely effect of decreasing the risk of AD onset that could be studied more deeply in other clinical trials, no convincing data are present about their usefulness in combination with drug therapies and their effectiveness in slowing down the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L Mazzanti
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Tronto 10/A, Ancona, Italy.
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Part 3: Notch-sparing γ-secretase inhibitors: SAR studies of 2-substituted aminopyridopyrimidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2138-41. [PMID: 27038496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In search for novel lead compounds as γ-secretase inhibitors, analogs of aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-ones (I) were synthesized and evaluated for inhibitory effects on amyloid-β-peptide production and cleavage of the Notch1 receptor mediated by γ-secretase. Selected pyridopyrimidines, such as 1, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 16 are γ-secretase inhibitors that did not have an effect on Notch1 receptor processing.
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25
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Chen Q, Wang K, Jiang D, Wang Y, Xiao X, Zhu N, Li M, Jia S, Wang Y. Blocking mPTP on Neural Stem Cells and Activating the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor α7 Subunit on Microglia Attenuate Aβ-Induced Neurotoxicity on Neural Stem Cells. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1483-95. [PMID: 26875732 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) can stimulate microglia to release a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and induce neurotoxicity. Nicotine has been reported to inhibit TNF-α, IL-1, and ROS production in microglia. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) plays an important role in neurotoxicity as well. Here, we investigated whether activating the microglial α7-nAChR has a neuroprotective role on neural stem cells (NSCs) and the function of mPTP in NSCs in this process. The expression of α7-nAChR in rat NSCs was detected by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. The viability of microglia and NSCs was examined by MTT assay. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and morphological characteristics of NSCs was measured by JC-1 staining and transmission electron microscopy respectively. The distribution of cytochrome c in the subcellular regions of NSCs was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the expression levels of cyclophilin D and cleaved caspase-3 were assayed by western blot. The apoptotic rate of NSCs was measured by flow cytometry. The expression of α7-nAChR was detected in microglial cells, but no expression was found in NSCs. The viability of rat microglial cells and NSCs was not affected by reagents or coculture itself. Aβ1-42-mediated microglial activation impaired the morphology and the ΔΨm of mitochondria of NSCs as well as increased cell apoptosis. However, the damage was attenuated when the α7-nAChRs on microglial cells were activated or the mPTPs on NSCs were blocked. Blockade of mPTPs on NSCs and activation of α7-nAChRs on microglia exhibit neuroprotective roles in Aβ-induced neurotoxicity of NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhuang Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Guangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kewan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deqi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyuan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern Medical University, Zhujiang Hospital, Guangzhou, China.
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Nguyen TVV, Shen L, Vander Griend L, Quach LN, Belichenko NP, Saw N, Yang T, Shamloo M, Wyss-Coray T, Massa SM, Longo FM. Small molecule p75NTR ligands reduce pathological phosphorylation and misfolding of tau, inflammatory changes, cholinergic degeneration, and cognitive deficits in AβPP(L/S) transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 42:459-83. [PMID: 24898660 DOI: 10.3233/jad-140036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is involved in degenerative mechanisms related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, p75NTR levels are increased in AD and the receptor is expressed by neurons that are particularly vulnerable in the disease. Therefore, modulating p75NTR function may be a significant disease-modifying treatment approach. Prior studies indicated that the non-peptide, small molecule p75NTR ligands LM11A-31, and chemically unrelated LM11A-24, could block amyloid-β-induced deleterious signaling and neurodegeneration in vitro, and LM11A-31 was found to mitigate neuritic degeneration and behavioral deficits in a mouse model of AD. In this study, we determined whether these in vivo findings represent class effects of p75NTR ligands by examining LM11A-24 effects. In addition, the range of compound effects was further examined by evaluating tau pathology and neuroinflammation. Following oral administration, both ligands reached brain concentrations known to provide neuroprotection in vitro. Compound induction of p75NTR cleavage provided evidence for CNS target engagement. LM11A-31 and LM11A-24 reduced excessive phosphorylation of tau, and LM11A-31 also inhibited its aberrant folding. Both ligands decreased activation of microglia, while LM11A-31 attenuated reactive astrocytes. Along with decreased inflammatory responses, both ligands reduced cholinergic neurite degeneration. In addition to the amelioration of neuropathology in AD model mice, LM11A-31, but not LM11A-24, prevented impairments in water maze performance, while both ligands prevented deficits in fear conditioning. These findings support a role for p75NTR ligands in preventing fundamental tau-related pathologic mechanisms in AD, and further validate the development of these small molecules as a new class of therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Vi V Nguyen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lilith Vander Griend
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lisa N Quach
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nadia P Belichenko
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nay Saw
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M Massa
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Frank M Longo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Chen M. The Maze of APP Processing in Alzheimer's Disease: Where Did We Go Wrong in Reasoning? Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:186. [PMID: 26052267 PMCID: PMC4447002 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Why has Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remained a conundrum today? The main reason is the stagnation in understanding the origins of plaques and tangles. While they are widely thought to be the products of the “aberrant” pathways, we believe that plaques and tangles result from natural aging. From this new perspective, we have proposed that age-related inefficiency of α-secretase is the underpinning for Aβ overproduction. This view contrasts sharply with the current doctrine that Aβ overproduction is the product of the “overactivated” β- and γ-secretases. Following this doctrine, it has been claimed that the two secretases are “positively identified” and that their inhibitors have “successfully reduced Aβ levels.” But, why have these studies not led to the understanding of AD or successful clinical trials? And if so, where did they go off course in reasoning? These questions may touch the basics of biological science and must be answered. In this paper, I dissected several prevailing assumptions and some influential reports with an attempt to trace the origins of the conundrum. This work led me to an original model for Aβ overproduction and also to a serious question: given the universal knowledge that boosting α-secretase reduces Aβ, a straightforward highway for intervention, then why is there such an obsession on “inhibiting β- and γ-secretases,” a much more costly and twisting road even if possible? This issue requires the attention of policymakers and all researchers. I therefore call for a game change in AD study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System , Bay Pines, FL , USA ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine , Tampa, FL , USA
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Choi BW, Lee HS, Shin HC, Lee BH. Multifunctional activity of polyphenolic compounds associated with a potential for Alzheimer's disease therapy from Ecklonia cava. Phytother Res 2015; 29:549-53. [PMID: 25640212 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Five polyphenols were isolated and purified from a brown alga Ecklonia cava. These compounds showed diverse biological activities such as antioxidative, antiinflammatory, and enzyme inhibitory activities. This led us to investigate the potential of these compounds as Alzheimer's disease drugs. All of the compounds showed moderate acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in a micromolar range (IC50 from 16.0 to 96.3 μM). For butyrylcholinesterase, a new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), showed a particularly potent inhibitory activity (IC50 0.95 μM), which is over 100-fold greater than for acetylcholinesterase. These compounds inhibited glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, which is related to the formation of hyperphosphorylated tau and generation Aβ. Bieckol and PFF-A inhibited amyloid precursor protein biosynthesis. PFF-A also showed very strong β-secretase inhibitory activity with IC50 of submicromole. These results render these compounds as interesting potential drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung Wook Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Dongseodaero 125, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon,, 305-719, Korea
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Weissmiller AM, Natera-Naranjo O, Reyna SM, Pearn ML, Zhao X, Nguyen P, Cheng S, Goldstein LSB, Tanzi RE, Wagner SL, Mobley WC, Wu C. A γ-secretase inhibitor, but not a γ-secretase modulator, induced defects in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling: evidence for a role for APP. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118379. [PMID: 25710492 PMCID: PMC4339551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clues to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathogenesis come from a variety of different sources including studies of clinical and neuropathological features, biomarkers, genomics and animal and cellular models. An important role for amyloid precursor protein (APP) and its processing has emerged and considerable interest has been directed at the hypothesis that Aβ peptides induce changes central to pathogenesis. Accordingly, molecules that reduce the levels of Aβ peptides have been discovered such as γ-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) and modulators (GSMs). GSIs and GSMs reduce Aβ levels through very different mechanisms. However, GSIs, but not GSMs, markedly increase the levels of APP CTFs that are increasingly viewed as disrupting neuronal function. Here, we evaluated the effects of GSIs and GSMs on a number of neuronal phenotypes possibly relevant to their use in treatment of AD. We report that GSI disrupted retrograde axonal trafficking of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), suppressed BDNF-induced downstream signaling pathways and induced changes in the distribution within neuronal processes of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles. In contrast, treatment with a novel class of GSMs had no significant effect on these measures. Since knockdown of APP by specific siRNA prevented GSI-induced changes in BDNF axonal trafficking and signaling, we concluded that GSI effects on APP processing were responsible, at least in part, for BDNF trafficking and signaling deficits. Our findings argue that with respect to anti-amyloid treatments, even an APP-specific GSI may have deleterious effects and GSMs may serve as a better alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- April M. Weissmiller
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Orlangie Natera-Naranjo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Sol M. Reyna
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew L. Pearn
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- V.A. San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaobei Zhao
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Soan Cheng
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lawrence S. B. Goldstein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Wagner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - William C. Mobley
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Chengbiao Wu
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Dzoyem JP, Eloff JN. Anti-inflammatory, anticholinesterase and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of twelve plants used traditionally to alleviate pain and inflammation in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 160:194-201. [PMID: 25476488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Oxidative stress and inflammatory conditions are among the pathological features associated with the central nervous system in Alzheimer׳s disease. Traditionally, medicinal plants have been used to alleviate inflammation, pains and also other symptoms possibly associated with Alzheimer׳s disease. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity of twelve South African medicinal plants traditionally used to alleviate pain and inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages and 15-lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitory assay were used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition was assessed by using a modification of the Ellman׳s method. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents were determined using standard in vitro methods. RESULTS The extract of Burkea africana had the highest anti-15-lipoxygenase activity with 85.92% inhibition at 100µg/mL. All the extracts tested inhibited nitric oxide (NO) production in a dose dependant manner in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. However, extracts from Leucaena leucocephala, Lippia javanica inhibited the production of NO by 97% at a concentration of 25µg/mL. In addition, both Leucaena leucocephala and Englerophytum magaliesmontanum had strong activity against acetylcholinesterase with IC50 values of 118µg/mL and 160µg/mL respectively. Hight levels of phenolics and flavonoids were found in Leucaena leucocephala, Lippia javanica and Burkea africana. The correlation with antioxidant activities was not strong indicating that other metabolites may also be involved in antioxidant activity. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study validate the use of leaf extracts of these plants in South African traditional medicine against inflammation. Extracts of these plants species might be of value in the management of various diseases emerging from oxidative stress and related degenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dzoyem
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - J N Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Chen M, Nguyen HT. Our "energy-Ca(2+) signaling deficits" hypothesis and its explanatory potential for key features of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:329. [PMID: 25489296 PMCID: PMC4253736 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) has not been explained by any current theories, so new hypotheses are urgently needed. We proposed that "energy and Ca(2+) signaling deficits" are perhaps the earliest modifiable defects in brain aging underlying memory decline and tau deposits (by means of inactivating Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain). Consistent with this hypothesis, we now notice that at least eight other known calpain substrates have also been reported to accumulate in aging and AD. Thus, protein accumulation or aggregation is not a "pathogenic" event, but occurs naturally and selectively to a peculiar family of proteins, and is best explained by calpain inactivation. Why are only calpain substrates accumulated and how can they stay for decades in the brain without being attacked by many other non-specific proteases there? We believe that these long-lasting puzzles can be explained by calpain's unique properties, especially its unusual specificity and exclusivity in substrate recognition, which can protect the substrates from other proteases' attacks after calpain inactivation. Interestingly, our model, in essence, may also explain tau phosphorylation and the formation of amyloid plaques. Our studies suggest that α-secretase is an energy-/Ca(2+)-dual dependent protease and is also the primary determinant for Aβ levels. Therefore, β- and γ-secretases can only play secondary roles and, by biological laws, they are unlikely to be "positively identified". This study thus raises serious questions for policymakers and researchers and these questions may help explain why sAD can remain an enigma today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Research and Development Service, Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA ; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Huey T Nguyen
- Aging Research Laboratory, Research and Development Service, Bay Pines Veterans Affairs Healthcare System Bay Pines, FL, USA
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Inhaled sevoflurane may promote progression of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a prospective, randomized parallel-group study. Am J Med Sci 2013; 345:355-60. [PMID: 23044653 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e31825a674d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is thought to be a transitional stage between normal aging and the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have suggested that the inhalational anesthetic isoflurane can induce caspase activation and apoptosis, increase aggregates of β-amyloid (Aβ) levels, and enhance Aβ aggregation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether previous exposure to different anesthetics induced progression of aMCI. METHODS A prospective, randomized parallel-group study was completed with 180 patients with aMCI who were randomly assigned to a sevoflurane, propofol or lidocaine epidural anesthesia group (n = 60 per group) during an L3 to L4 or an L4 to L5 spinal surgery. Sixty additional outpatients with aMCI served as a control group. Before surgery, all subjects underwent a neuropsychological assessment. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained by lumbar puncture, and neuropsychological assessments were completed in the clinic. CSF Aβ42, total tau and phosphorylated tau181 were quantitatively assayed. The neuropsychological assessments were repeated after 2 years. RESULTS Two years after anesthesia, the number of AD cases that emerged did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the number of cases of progressive MCI was greater in the sevoflurane group than in the control group. Age correlated linearly with aMCI progression, whereas sex did not. Both patients with AD and progressive MCI had decreased CSF Aβ42, increased total tau and increased phosphorylated tau levels compared with those with stable MCI and the controls. CONCLUSIONS Inhaled sevoflurane accelerated the progression of aMCI to progressive MCI in this selected Chinese population.
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Esposito Z, Belli L, Toniolo S, Sancesario G, Bianconi C, Martorana A. Amyloid β, glutamate, excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease: are we on the right track? CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:549-55. [PMID: 23593992 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a devastating impact on aged people worldwide. Although sophisticated and advanced molecular methods have been developed for its diagnosis since early phases, pharmacological treatment still represents an unresolved topic. The more the disease progresses, the more the uneffectiveness of antidementia drugs emerges. New and encouraging results from experimental works indicate that glutamate pathway may play a substantial role in the pathogenesis since early stages of the disease. Several experimental data together with the clinical use of the uncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist memantine strengthen this idea. Unfortunately, definitive data on the glutamatergic transmission involvement in AD are still incomplete. Moreover, clinical results indicate only temporarily limited effects of memantine. Currently, memantine is indicated for moderate-to-severe cases of AD, an indication that may limit its efficacy and impact on Alzheimer's dementia. The association of memantine with the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs used to treat dementia symptoms appears to be beneficial, in both experimental and clinical studies. Because cholinergic and glutamatergic dysfunction occurs early in AD, the coadministration of appropriate treatment in early stages of the disease might represent a valid option from the beginning of cognitive decline. Moreover, to better evaluate drug efficacy, the association of the recently introduced biomarkers with a clinical AD profile should be considered an aim to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Esposito
- Centro per il Decadimento Cognitivo, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Negrar-Verona, Italy
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Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Buchman AS, Barnes LL, Boyle PA, Wilson RS. Overview and findings from the rush Memory and Aging Project. Curr Alzheimer Res 2012; 9:646-63. [PMID: 22471867 DOI: 10.2174/156720512801322663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Memory and Aging Project is a longitudinal, epidemiologic clinical-pathologic cohort study of common chronic conditions of aging with an emphasis on decline in cognitive and motor function and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this manuscript, we first summarize the study design and methods. Then, we present data on: (1) the relation of motor function to cognition, disability, and death; (2) the relation of risk factors to cognitive and motor outcomes, disability and death; (3) the relation of neuropathologic indices to cognitive outcomes; (4) the relation of risk factors to neuropathologic indices; and (5) additional study findings. The findings are discussed and contextualized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina, Suite 1028, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Ahn BR, Moon HE, Kim HR, Jung HA, Choi JS. Neuroprotective effect of edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis on amyloid beta peptide-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1989-98. [PMID: 23212641 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1116-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) oligomers increase intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium cation (Ca(2+)) concentrations, which causes neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Thus, the use of neuroprotective agents with antioxidative activity might be effective in the treatment of AD. In the present study, the neuroprotective effects of the methanol extract from edible brown alga Eisenia bicyclis (Laminariaceae) and its solvent soluble fractions together with the isolated phlorotannins on Aβ-induced toxicity were assessed by cell viability, intracellular ROS, and Ca(2+) levels in PC12 cells. The addition of the methanol extract as well as its ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of E. bicyclis markedly reversed the Aβ-induced toxicity. Among six phlorotannins, including phloroglucinol (1), dioxinodehydroeckol (2), eckol (3), phlorofucofuroeckol A (4), dieckol (5), and 7-phloroeckol (6), isolated from the most active ethyl acetate fraction, 3-6 significantly decreased Aβ-induced cell death. Furthermore, these compounds also inhibited intracellular ROS generation and Ca(2+) generation, indicating the neuroprotective effects may be mediated through reduced intracellular ROS and Ca(2+) generation. Thus, the results of the present study imply that E. bicyclis and its active components attenuated the oxidative stress and reduced neuronal cell death, suggesting that it may be used as a dietary neuroprotective agent in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ra Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Korea
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Maccecchini ML, Chang MY, Pan C, John V, Zetterberg H, Greig NH. Posiphen as a candidate drug to lower CSF amyloid precursor protein, amyloid-β peptide and τ levels: target engagement, tolerability and pharmacokinetics in humans. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012; 83:894-902. [PMID: 22791904 PMCID: PMC3415310 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM A first in human study to evaluate tolerability and pharmacokinetics followed by an early proof of mechanism (POM) study to determine whether the small orally, available molecule, Posiphen tartrate (Posiphen), lowers secreted (s) amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) α and -β, amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), tau (τ) and inflammatory markers in CSF of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). STUDY DESIGN Posiphen single and multiple ascending dose phase 1 randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled safety, tolerance, pharmacokinetic studies were undertaken in a total of 120 healthy volunteers to define a dose that was then used in a small non-randomised study of five MCI subjects, used as their own controls, to define target engagement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Pharmacodynamic: sAPPα, sAPPβ, Aβ(42), τ (total (t) and phosphorylated (p)) and inflammatory marker levels were time-dependently measured over 12 h and compared prior to and following 10 days of oral Posiphen treatment in four MCI subjects who completed the study. Pharmacokinetic: plasma and CSF drug and primary metabolite concentrations with estimated brain levels extrapolated from steady-state drug administration in rats. RESULTS Posiphen proved well tolerated and significantly lowered CSF levels of sAPPα, sAPPβ, t-τ, p-τ and specific inflammatory markers, and demonstrated a trend to lower CSF Aβ(42). CONCLUSIONS These results confirm preclinical POM studies, demonstrate that pharmacologically relevant drug/metabolite levels reach brain and support the continued clinical optimisation and evaluation of Posiphen for MCI and Alzheimer's disease.
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Abstract
The clinical hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a gradual decline in cognitive function. For the majority of patients the initial symptom is an impairment in episodic memory, i.e., the ability to learn and retain new information. This is followed by impairments in other cognitive domains (e.g., executive function, language, spatial ability). This impairment in episodic memory is evident among individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and can be used to predict likelihood of progression to dementia, particularly in association with AD biomarkers. Additionally, cognitively normal individuals who are likely to progress to mild impairment tend to perform more poorly on tests of episodic memory than do those who remain stable. This cognitive presentation is consistent with the pathology of AD, showing neuronal loss in medial temporal lobe structures essential for normal memory. Similarly, there are correlations between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of medial temporal lobe structures and memory performance among individuals with mild cognitive impairment. There are recent reports that amyloid accumulation may also be associated with memory performance in cognitively normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Ritchie CW, Ritchie K. The PREVENT study: a prospective cohort study to identify mid-life biomarkers of late-onset Alzheimer's disease. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001893. [PMID: 23166135 PMCID: PMC3533047 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological studies indicate that significant decreases in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may be obtained by targeting multiple middle-age risk factors. However, as dementia is unlikely to be diagnosed for decades, short-term outcome measures are required. AD biomarker changes precede clinical symptoms by many years, but their sensitivity to mid-life change remains unknown. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PREVENT is a prospective cohort study examining biomarker status at mid-life in at least 150 individuals genetically at high, medium or low risk of late-onset AD. Participants are children of individuals with or without a diagnosed AD allocated to high, medium and low-risk groups according to parental clinical status and ApoE genotype. The biomarkers examined over 2 years are plasma and CSF Aβ42 amyloid, Tau and pTau, proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, medial temporal-lobe atrophy, white matter lesion volume, cognitive performance related to transentorhinal and hippocampal functioning and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic axes regulation. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Detected pathologies are communicated to the participant's general practitioner with their permission. Risk status by genotype would not be revealed. The results of the study would be published in peer-reviewed journals and validated biomarkers used to construct a randomised controlled intervention study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig W Ritchie
- Centre for Mental Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- West London Mental Health Trust, London, UK
| | - Karen Ritchie
- Neuroepidemiology of Ageing Research Unit, Imperial College, London, UK
- U1061 Neuropsychiatry, Inserm, Montpellier, France
- Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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Deo AJ, Cahill ME, Li S, Goldszer I, Henteleff R, Vanleeuwen JE, Rafalovich I, Gao R, Stachowski EK, Sampson AR, Lewis DA, Penzes P, Sweet RA. Increased expression of Kalirin-9 in the auditory cortex of schizophrenia subjects: its role in dendritic pathology. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:796-803. [PMID: 22120753 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions in dendritic arbor length and complexity are among the most consistently replicated changes in neuronal structure in post mortem studies of cerebral cortical samples from subjects with schizophrenia, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been identified. This study is the first to identify an alteration in a regulatory protein which is known to promote both dendritic length and arborization in developing neurons, Kalirin-9. We found Kalirin-9 expression to be paradoxically increased in schizophrenia. We followed up this observation by overexpressing Kalirin-9 in mature primary neuronal cultures, causing reduced dendritic length and complexity. Kalirin-9 overexpression represents a potential mechanism for dendritic changes seen in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Deo
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Corsinovi L, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G, Isaia G. Dietary lipids and their oxidized products in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55 Suppl 2:S161-72. [PMID: 21954186 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest form of dementia in the elderly, characterized by memory dysfunction, loss of lexical access, spatial and temporal disorientation, and impaired judgment. A growing body of scientific literature addresses the implication of dietary habits in the pathogenesis of AD. This review reports recent findings concerning the modulation of AD development by dietary lipids, in animals and humans, focusing on the pathogenetic role of lipid oxidation products. Oxidative breakdown products of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-6 PUFAs), and cholesterol oxidation products (oxysterols), might play a role in favoring β-amyloid deposition, a hallmark of AD's onset and progression. Conversely, ω-3 PUFAs appear to contribute to preventing and treating AD. However, high concentrations of ω-3 PUFAs can also produce oxidized derivatives reacting with important functions of nervous cells. Thus, altered balances between cholesterol and oxysterols, and between ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs must be considered in AD's pathophysiology. The use of a diet with an appropriate ω-3/ω-6 PUFA ratio, rich in healthy oils, fish and antioxidants, such as flavonoids, but low in cholesterol-containing foods, can be a beneficial component in the clinical strategies of prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Corsinovi
- Internal Medicine Division, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy
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41
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Nojima J, Maeda A, Aoki S, Suo S, Yanagihara D, Watanabe Y, Yoshida T, Ishiura S. Effect of rice-expressed amyloid β in the Tg2576 Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model. Vaccine 2011; 29:6252-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Dragicevic N, Copes N, O'Neal-Moffitt G, Jin J, Buzzeo R, Mamcarz M, Tan J, Cao C, Olcese JM, Arendash GW, Bradshaw PC. Melatonin treatment restores mitochondrial function in Alzheimer's mice: a mitochondrial protective role of melatonin membrane receptor signaling. J Pineal Res 2011; 51:75-86. [PMID: 21355879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2011.00864.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is observed in mutant amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse models of familial AD. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant, can prevent toxic aggregation of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptide and, when taken long term, can protect against cognitive deficits in APP transgenic mice. To study the effects of melatonin on brain mitochondrial function in an AD model, APP/PS1 transgenic mice were treated for 1 month with melatonin. Analysis of isolated brain mitochondria from mice indicated that melatonin treatment decreased mitochondrial Aβ levels by two- to fourfold in different brain regions. This was accompanied by a near complete restoration of mitochondrial respiratory rates, membrane potential, and ATP levels in isolated mitochondria from the hippocampus, cortex, or striatum. When isolated mitochondria from untreated young mice were given melatonin, a slight increase in respiratory rate was observed. No such effect was observed in mitochondria from aged mice. In APP-expressing neuroblastoma cells in culture, mitochondrial function was restored by melatonin or by the structurally related compounds indole-3-propionic acid or N(1)-acetyl-N(2)-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine. This restoration was partially blocked by melatonin receptor antagonists indicating melatonin receptor signaling is required for the full effect. Therefore, treatments that stimulate melatonin receptor signaling may be beneficial for restoring mitochondrial function in AD, and preservation of mitochondrial function may an important mechanism by which long term melatonin treatment delays cognitive dysfunction in AD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Dragicevic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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43
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation. Monocyte is part of the innate immune system and can effectively remove dead cells and debris. It has been suggested that Aβ can recruit monocytes into brain in AD mice, resulting in restriction of cerebral amyloidosis. However, monocyte may act as a double-edged sword, either beneficial (e.g., clearance of Aβ) or detrimental (e.g., secretion of neurotoxic factors). In addition, recent studies indicate that in AD patients, Aβ phagocytosis by monocytes is ineffective. The present review mainly summarized the current knowledge on monocytes and their potential roles in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
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44
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Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [PMID: 21514249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008;select dbms_pipe.receive_message(chr(75)||chr(102)||chr(98)||chr(88),32) from dual--] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of developing criteria for the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), referred to in this article as mild cognitive impairment due to AD. The workgroup developed the following two sets of criteria: (1) core clinical criteria that could be used by healthcare providers without access to advanced imaging techniques or cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and (2) research criteria that could be used in clinical research settings, including clinical trials. The second set of criteria incorporate the use of biomarkers based on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measures. The final set of criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to AD has four levels of certainty, depending on the presence and nature of the biomarker findings. Considerable work is needed to validate the criteria that use biomarkers and to standardize biomarker analysis for use in community settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S Albert
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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45
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The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 order by 1-- pjnu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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46
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Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 and 3229=(select upper(xmltype(chr(60)||chr(58)||chr(113)||chr(122)||chr(120)||chr(118)||chr(113)||(select (case when (3229=3229) then 1 else 0 end) from dual)||chr(113)||chr(106)||chr(120)||chr(122)||chr(113)||chr(62))) from dual)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S. Albert
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Office of the Dean, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro‐imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie‐SalpetriereParisFrance
| | | | - Nick C. Fox
- Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gamst
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Peter J. Snyder
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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47
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The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 or extractvalue(1898,concat(0x5c,0x717a787671,(select (elt(1898=1898,1))),0x716a787a71))-- wzeg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 or extractvalue(1898,concat(0x5c,0x717a787671,(select (elt(1898=1898,1))),0x716a787a71))] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S. Albert
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Office of the Dean, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro‐imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie‐SalpetriereParisFrance
| | | | - Nick C. Fox
- Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gamst
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Peter J. Snyder
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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49
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Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 and 9859=convert(int,(select char(113)+char(122)+char(120)+char(118)+char(113)+(select (case when (9859=9859) then char(49) else char(48) end))+char(113)+char(106)+char(120)+char(122)+char(113)))-- uelx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S. Albert
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Office of the Dean, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro‐imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie‐SalpetriereParisFrance
| | | | - Nick C. Fox
- Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gamst
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Peter J. Snyder
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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50
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Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008 and (select 2713 from(select count(*),concat(0x717a787671,(select (elt(2713=2713,1))),0x716a787a71,floor(rand(0)*2))x from information_schema.plugins group by x)a)-- cdao] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn S. Albert
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMDUSA
| | - Steven T. DeKosky
- Office of the Dean, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro‐imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie‐SalpetriereParisFrance
| | | | - Nick C. Fox
- Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Anthony Gamst
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCAUSA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- Department of NeurologyWashington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington UniversitySt. LouisMOUSA
| | - William J. Jagust
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | | | - Peter J. Snyder
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
- Department of NeurologyAlpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRIUSA
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