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Danzig CJ, Khanani AM, Loewenstein A. C5 inhibitor avacincaptad pegol treatment for geographic atrophy: A comprehensive review. Immunotherapy 2024:1-12. [PMID: 39073397 DOI: 10.1080/1750743x.2024.2368342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) remains a leading cause of central vision loss with no known cure. Until recently, there were no approved treatments for GA, often resulting in poor quality of life for affected patients. GA is characterized by atrophic lesions on the retina that may eventually threaten the fovea. Emerging treatments have demonstrated the ability to reduce the rate of lesion growth, potentially preserving visual function. Avacincaptad pegol (ACP; Astellas Pharma Inc), a complement component 5 inhibitor, is an FDA-approved treatment for GA that has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials. Here we review the current clinical trial landscape of ACP, including critical post hoc analyses that suggest ACP may reduce the risk of severe loss among patients with GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl J Danzig
- Rand Eye Institute, Deerfield Beach, FL 33064, USA
- Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA
| | - Arshad M Khanani
- Sierra Eye Associates, Reno, NV 89502, USA
- The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Anat Loewenstein
- Division of Ophthalmology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 6997801, Israel
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2
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Betts JHJ, Troeberg L. Review: Mechanisms of TIMP-3 accumulation and pathogenesis in Sorsby fundus dystrophy. Mol Vis 2024; 30:74-91. [PMID: 38601018 PMCID: PMC11006011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD) is a rare, inherited form of macular degeneration caused by mutations in the gene encoding tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3). There are 21 mutations currently associated with SFD, with some variants (e.g., Ser179Cys, Tyr191Cys, and Ser204Cys) having been studied much more than others. We review what is currently known about the identified SFD variants in terms of their dimerization, metalloproteinase inhibition, and impact on angiogenesis, with a focus on disparities between reports and areas requiring further study. We also explore the potential molecular mechanisms leading to the accumulation of extracellular TIMP-3 in SFD and consider how accumulated TIMP-3 causes macular damage. Recent reports have identified extraocular pathologies in a small number of SFD patients. We discuss these intriguing findings and consider the apparent discrepancy between the widespread expression of TIMP-3 and the primarily retinal manifestations of SFD. The potential benefits of novel experimental approaches (e.g., metabolomics and stem cell models) in terms of investigating SFD pathology are presented. The review thus highlights gaps in our current molecular understanding of SFD and suggests ways to support the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob H J Betts
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, UK
| | - Linda Troeberg
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Rosalind Franklin Road, Norwich, UK
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3
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Khil NHS, Sharma S, Sharma PK, Alam MA. Neoteric Role of Quercetin in Visual Disorders. Curr Drug Res Rev 2024; 16:164-174. [PMID: 37608659 DOI: 10.2174/2589977515666230822114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a family of secondary metabolites found in plants and fungi that exhibit strong antioxidant properties and low toxicity, making them potential candidates for medicinal use. Quercetin, a flavonoid present in various plant-based foods, has gained attention for its numerous biological benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrosis, and antioxidant properties. The ocular surface research community has recently focused on quercetin's therapeutic potential for managing ocular diseases, such as dry eye, keratoconus, corneal inflammation, and neovascularization. In this paper, we discuss the role of quercetin for ocular disease prevention, highlighting its fundamental characteristics, common biological properties, and recent applications. By reviewing the latest research conducted in the last 10 years which was focused on novel herbal formulations for ocular diseases, we aim to provide insights into the role of quercetin in managing ocular diseases and offer perspectives on its potential as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Hassan Sulaiman Khil
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shaweta Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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4
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Guo H, Li J, Lu P. Systematic review and meta-analysis of mass spectrometry proteomics applied to ocular fluids to assess potential biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:507. [PMID: 38087257 PMCID: PMC10717315 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant cause of severe vision loss. The main purpose of this study was to identify mass spectrometry proteomics-based potential biomarkers of AMD that contribute to understanding the mechanisms of disease and aiding in early diagnosis. METHODS This study retrieved studies that aim to detect differences relate to proteomics in AMD patients and healthy control groups by mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics approaches. The search process was accord with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO database: CRD42023388093). Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway Analysis (KEGG) were performed on differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the included articles using the DAVID database. DEPs were included in a meta-analysis when their effect size could be computed in at least two research studies. The effect size of measured proteins was transformed to the log2-fold change. Protein‒protein interaction (PPI) analysis was conducted on proteins that were statistically significant in the meta-analysis using the String online database. RESULTS Eleven studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 161 DEPs were identified. The GO analysis showed that AMD is significantly related to proteolysis, extracellular exosome and protein binding. In KEGG, the most significant pathway was the complement and coagulation cascades. Meta-analysis results suggested that eight proteins were statistically significant, and according to PPI results, the most significant four proteins were serotransferrin (TF), apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1), complement C3 (C3) and lipocalin-1 (LCN1). CONCLUSIONS Four possible biomarkers, TF, APOA1, C3 and LCN1, were found to be significant in the pathogenesis of AMD and need to be further validated. Further studies should be performed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic value of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanmu Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianqing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Peirong Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Patel SS, Lally DR, Hsu J, Wykoff CC, Eichenbaum D, Heier JS, Jaffe GJ, Westby K, Desai D, Zhu L, Khanani AM. Avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: 18-month findings from the GATHER1 trial. Eye (Lond) 2023; 37:3551-3557. [PMID: 36964259 PMCID: PMC10686386 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and efficacy of avacincaptad pegol (ACP), a C5 inhibitor, for geographic atrophy (GA) secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) over an 18-month treatment course. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study was an international, prospective, randomized, double-masked, sham-controlled, phase 2/3 clinical trial that consisted of 2 parts. In part 1, 77 participants were randomized 1:1:1 to receive monthly intravitreal injections of ACP 1 mg, ACP 2 mg, or sham. In part 2, 209 participants were randomized 1:2:2 to receive monthly ACP 2 mg, ACP 4 mg, or sham. The mean rate of change of GA over 18 months was measured by fundus autofluorescence. RESULTS Compared with their respective sham cohorts, monthly ACP treatment reduced the mean GA growth (square root transformation) over 18 months by 28.1% (0.168 mm, 95% CI [0.066, 0.271]) for the 2 mg cohort and 30.0% (0.167 mm, 95% CI [0.062, 0.273]) for the 4 mg cohort. ACP treatment was generally well tolerated over 18 months, with most ocular adverse events (AEs) related to the injection procedure. Macular neovascularization (MNV) was more frequent in both 2 mg (11.9%) and 4 mg (15.7%) cohorts than their respective sham control groups (2.7% and 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS Over this 18-month study, ACP 2 mg and 4 mg showed continued reductions in the progression of GA growth compared to sham and continued to be generally well tolerated. A pivotal phase 3 GATHER2 trial is currently underway to support the efficacy and safety of ACP as a potential treatment for GA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David R Lally
- New England Retina Consultants, Springfield, MA, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Wills Eye Physicians-Mid Atlantic Retina, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - David Eichenbaum
- Retina Vitreous Associates of Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
- Morsani College of Medicine at The University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Arshad M Khanani
- Sierra Eye Associates and The University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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Borchert GA, Shamsnajafabadi H, Hu ML, De Silva SR, Downes SM, MacLaren RE, Xue K, Cehajic-Kapetanovic J. The Role of Inflammation in Age-Related Macular Degeneration-Therapeutic Landscapes in Geographic Atrophy. Cells 2023; 12:2092. [PMID: 37626902 PMCID: PMC10453093 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss and visual impairment in people over 50 years of age. In the current therapeutic landscape, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies have been central to the management of neovascular AMD (also known as wet AMD), whereas treatments for geographic atrophy have lagged behind. Several therapeutic approaches are being developed for geographic atrophy with the goal of either slowing down disease progression or reversing sight loss. Such strategies target the inflammatory pathways, complement cascade, visual cycle or neuroprotective mechanisms to slow down the degeneration. In addition, retinal implants have been tried for vision restoration and stem cell therapies for potentially a dual purpose of slowing down the degeneration and restoring visual function. In particular, therapies focusing on the complement pathway have shown promising results with the FDA approved pegcetacoplan, a complement C3 inhibitor, and avacincaptad pegol, a complement C5 inhibitor. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammation in AMD and outline the therapeutic landscapes of atrophy AMD. Improved understanding of the various pathway components and their interplay in this complex neuroinflammatory degeneration will guide the development of current and future therapeutic options, such as optogenetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A. Borchert
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Hoda Shamsnajafabadi
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Monica L. Hu
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Samantha R. De Silva
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susan M. Downes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E. MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Kanmin Xue
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Jasmina Cehajic-Kapetanovic
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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7
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Zhang Y, Tang W, Wang W, Xu F, Lu W, Zhang C. Effects of olanzapine on anhedonia in schizophrenia: mediated by complement factor H. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1146714. [PMID: 37520223 PMCID: PMC10372489 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1146714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Anhedonia is a trans-diagnostic symptom in schizophrenia and MDD. Our recent work indicated that increased plasma level of complement factor H (CFH) is associated with anhedonia in major depressive disorder. This study hypothesized that CFH is likely to be a biomarker of anhedonia in schizophrenia. Methods A 12-week prospective study is performed to observe the effects of olanzapine on anhedonia and CFH. We used the Chinese version of Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) to evaluate anhedonic phenotype in patients with schizophrenia. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), C3, C4 and CFH were measured. Results Of the recruited 152 samples, patients with anhedonia were found in 99/152 (65.13%). Patients with anhedonia had notably higher PANSS negative subscores, SHAPS total score and higher level of plasma CFH than those without anhedonia (Ps<0.05). Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis showed that increasing level of plasma CFH was a risk factor for SHAPS total score (β = 0.18, p = 0.03). Of the 99 patients with anhedonia, 74 completed the 12-week follow-up. We observed significantly reduced scores of PANSS, SHAPS and decreased plasma CFH level, when the patients completed this study. The change of SHAPS total score is positively correlated with the level of CFH decrease (p = 0.02). Conclusion Our results implied that plasma CFH levels may be a biomarker for anhedonia in schizophrenia, and the effect of olanzapine on treating anhedonia is through decreasing plasma CFH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiping Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feikang Xu
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Blasiak J, Kaarniranta K. Secretory autophagy: a turn key for understanding AMD pathology and developing new therapeutic targets? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:883-895. [PMID: 36529978 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2157260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease leading to vision loss with poorly known pathogenesis and limited therapeutic options. Degradative autophagy (DA) is impaired in AMD, but emerging evidence points to secretary autophagy (SA) as a key element in AMD pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED SA may cause the release of proteins and protein aggregates, lipofuscin, beta amyloid, faulty mitochondria, pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) that may contribute to drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization. SA may replace DA, when formation of autolysosome is impaired, and then a harmful cargo, instead of being degraded, is extruded from the RPE contributing to drusen and/or angiogenic environment. Therefore, the interplay between DA and SA may be critical for drusen formation and choroidal neovascularization, so it can be a turn key to understand AMD pathogenesis. EXPERT OPINION Although SA fulfills some beneficial functions, it is detrimental for the retina in many cases. Therefore, inhibiting SA may be a therapeutic strategy in AMD, but it is challenged by the development of selective SA inhibitors that would not affect DA. The TRIM16, SEC22B and RAB8A proteins, specific for secretory autophagosome, may be primary candidates as therapeutic targets, but their action is not limited to autophagy and therefore requires further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Shughoury A, Sevgi DD, Ciulla TA. Molecular Genetic Mechanisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071233. [PMID: 35886016 PMCID: PMC9316037 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is among the leading causes of irreversible blindness worldwide. In addition to environmental risk factors, such as tobacco use and diet, genetic background has long been established as a major risk factor for the development of AMD. However, our ability to predict disease risk and personalize treatment remains limited by our nascent understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis. Research into the molecular genetics of AMD over the past two decades has uncovered 52 independent gene variants and 34 independent loci that are implicated in the development of AMD, accounting for over half of the genetic risk. This research has helped delineate at least five major pathways that may be disrupted in the pathogenesis of AMD: the complement system, extracellular matrix remodeling, lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress response. This review surveys our current understanding of each of these disease mechanisms, in turn, along with their associated pathogenic gene variants. Continued research into the molecular genetics of AMD holds great promise for the development of precision-targeted, personalized therapies that bring us closer to a cure for this debilitating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Duriye Damla Sevgi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA 30005, USA
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN 46290, USA
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10
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Barnstable CJ, Zhang M, Tombran-Tink J. Uncoupling Proteins as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5672. [PMID: 35628482 PMCID: PMC9144266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the major retinal degenerative diseases are associated with significant levels of oxidative stress. One of the major sources contributing to the overall level of stress is the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by mitochondria. The driving force for ROS production is the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. This gradient can be modulated by members of the uncoupling protein family, particularly the widely expressed UCP2. The overexpression and knockout studies of UCP2 in mice have established the ability of this protein to provide neuroprotection in a number of animal models of neurological disease, including retinal diseases. The expression and activity of UCP2 are controlled at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels, making it an ideal candidate for therapeutic intervention. In addition to regulation by a number of growth factors, including the neuroprotective factors LIF and PEDF, small molecule activators of UCP2 have been found to reduce mitochondrial ROS production and protect against cell death both in culture and animal models of retinal degeneration. Such studies point to the development of new therapeutics to combat a range of blinding retinal degenerative diseases and possibly other diseases in which oxidative stress plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Mingliang Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Joyce Tombran-Tink
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA;
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, 251 Fukang Road, Tianjin 300384, China;
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11
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Wu A, Lu R, Lee E. Tissue engineering in age-related macular degeneration: a mini-review. J Biol Eng 2022; 16:11. [PMID: 35578246 PMCID: PMC9109377 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-022-00291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive, degenerative disease of the macula, leading to severe visual loss in the elderly population. There are two types of AMD: non-exudative ('dry') AMD and exudative ('wet') AMD. Non-exudative AMD is characterized by drusen formation and macular atrophy, while the blood vessels are not leaky. Exudative AMD is a more advanced form of the disease, featured with abnormal blood vessel growth and vascular leakage. Even though anti-angiogenic therapies have been effective in treating wet AMD by normalizing blood vessels, there is no treatment available to prevent or treat dry AMD. Currently, the mechanisms of drusen formation and macular atrophy in the dry AMD are poorly understood, in part because the currently available in vivo models of AMD could not decouple and isolate the complex biological and biophysical factors in the macular region for a detailed mechanism study, including the complement system, angiogenesis factors, extracellular matrix, etc. In the present review article, we describe the biological background of AMD and the key cells and structures in AMD, including retinal epithelium, photoreceptor, Bruch's membrane, and choriocapillaris. We also discuss pre-clinical animal models of AMD and in vivo tissue-engineered approaches, including cell suspension injection and organoid-derived cell sheet transplantation. We also discuss in vitro tissue-engineered models for AMD research. Specifically, we evaluate and compare currently available two- and three-dimensional AMD tissue-engineered models that mimic key anatomical players in AMD progression, including pathophysiological characteristics in Bruch's membrane, photoreceptor, and choriocapillaris. Finally, we discuss the limitation of current AMD models and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Wu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Ann S. Bowers College of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Renhao Lu
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Esak Lee
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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12
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Complement cascade inhibition in geographic atrophy: a review. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:294-302. [PMID: 34999723 PMCID: PMC8807727 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01765-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and specifically geographic atrophy (GA) has been linked to the complement cascade. This cascade is part of the innate immune system and is made up of the classical, alternative, and lectin pathways. The pathways comprise a system of plasma and membrane-associated serum proteins that are activated with identification of a nonself entity. A number of these proteins have been implicated in the development and progression of dry AMD. The three pathways converge at C3 and cascade down through C5, making both of these proteins viable targets for the treatment of dry AMD. In addition, there are a number of complement factors, CFB, CFD, CFH, and CFI, which are potential therapeutic targets as well. Several different complement-directed therapeutics are being studied for the treatment of dry AMD with the hope that one of these approaches will emerge as the first approved treatment for GA.
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13
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Drakon AK, Kurguzova AG, Sheludchenko VM, Korchazhkina NB. [Pharmacological and physiotherapeutic methods of treating non-exudative age-related macular degeneration]. Vestn Oftalmol 2021; 137:262-267. [PMID: 34669336 DOI: 10.17116/oftalma2021137052262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The non-exudative form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a disease with long-term progression for which effective treatments have not been found. Many studies are being conducted to find effective drugs to prevent the appearance of drusen and increase in RPE atrophy area, which could help avoid this more dangerous form of AMD. The main drugs (nutraceuticals) that are used to treat the dry form of AMD are lutein, zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids. Additionally, treatment may include nanosecond laser therapy for drusen in advanced AMD, panretinal subthreshold micropulse laser exposure for atrophic AMD, as well as microcurrent stimulation. Further research in this area should be aimed at understanding all the pathogenetic mechanisms associated with the development of AMD, and developing new approaches to the treatment of this disease including physiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Drakon
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Csaky KG. Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2021; 61:241-247. [PMID: 34584060 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
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15
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Park YG, Park YS, Kim IB. Complement System and Potential Therapeutics in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136851. [PMID: 34202223 PMCID: PMC8269056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex multifactorial disease characterized in its late form by neovascularization (wet type) or geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium cell layer (dry type). The complement system is an intrinsic component of innate immunity. There has been growing evidence that the complement system plays an integral role in maintaining immune surveillance and homeostasis in AMD. Based on the association between the genotypes of complement variants and AMD occurrence and the presence of complement in drusen from AMD patients, the complement system has become a therapeutic target for AMD. However, the mechanism of complement disease propagation in AMD has not been fully understood. This concise review focuses on an overall understanding of the role of the complement system in AMD and its ongoing clinical trials. It provides further insights into a strategy for the treatment of AMD targeting the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Gun Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Catholic Neuroscience Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-7263
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16
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Histopathology of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33847998 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with a number of histological changes in the choroid, Bruch's membrane, RPE, and neuroretina. Outside of the normal physiologic aging spectrum of changes, abnormal deposits such as basal laminar deposits, basal linear deposits, and soft drusen are known to be associated with AMD. Progression of AMD to advanced stages involving geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, and/or disciform scars can result in debilitating vision loss. Knowledge of the angiogenic pathway and its components that stimulate neovascularization has led to the development of a new paradigm of intravitreal anti-VEGF pharmacotherapy in the management of neovascular AMD. Currently however, there are no available treatments for the modification of disease progression in non-neovascular AMD, or for the treatment of geographic atrophy. Further understanding of the histopathology of AMD and the molecular mechanisms that contribute to pathogenesis of the disease may reveal additional therapeutic targets.
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17
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Bogdanet D, Reddin C, Murphy D, Doheny HC, Halperin JA, Dunne F, O’Shea PM. Emerging Protein Biomarkers for the Diagnosis or Prediction of Gestational Diabetes-A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071533. [PMID: 33917484 PMCID: PMC8038821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gestational diabetes (GDM), defined as hyperglycemia with onset or initial recognition during pregnancy, has a rising prevalence paralleling the rise in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. GDM is associated with short-term and long-term consequences for both mother and child. Therefore, it is crucial we efficiently identify all cases and initiate early treatment, reducing fetal exposure to hyperglycemia and reducing GDM-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. For this reason, GDM screening is recommended as part of routine pregnancy care. The current screening method, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is a lengthy, cumbersome and inconvenient test with poor reproducibility. Newer biomarkers that do not necessitate a fasting sample are needed for the prompt diagnosis of GDM. The aim of this scoping review is to highlight and describe emerging protein biomarkers that fulfill these requirements for the diagnosis of GDM. Materials and Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Embase and Web of Science with a double screening and extraction process. The search included all articles published in the literature to July 2020. Results: Of the 3519 original database citations identified, 385 were eligible for full-text review. Of these, 332 (86.2%) were included in the scoping review providing a total of 589 biomarkers studied in relation to GDM diagnosis. Given the high number of biomarkers identified, three post hoc criteria were introduced to reduce the items set for discussion: we chose only protein biomarkers with at least five citations in the articles identified by our search and published in the years 2017-2020. When applied, these criteria identified a total of 15 biomarkers, which went forward for review and discussion. Conclusions: This review details protein biomarkers that have been studied to find a suitable test for GDM diagnosis with the potential to replace the OGTT used in current GDM screening protocols. Ongoing research efforts will continue to identify more accurate and practical biomarkers to take GDM screening and diagnosis into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Bogdanet
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-38-3102-7771
| | - Catriona Reddin
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Dearbhla Murphy
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Helen C. Doheny
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Jose A. Halperin
- Divisions of Haematology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Fidelma Dunne
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Paula M. O’Shea
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
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18
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Cabral de Guimaraes TA, Daich Varela M, Georgiou M, Michaelides M. Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration: therapeutic avenues, clinical trials and future directions. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:297-304. [PMID: 33741584 PMCID: PMC8867261 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the developed world. The identification of the central role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the pathogenesis of neovascular AMD and the introduction of anti-VEGF agents as gold-standard treatment, have drastically changed its prognosis-something yet to be seen in dry AMD. Several therapeutic avenues with a wide variability of targets are currently being investigated in dry AMD. The approaches being investigated to reduce the rate of disease progression include, (1) drugs with antioxidative properties, (2) inhibitors of the complement cascade, (3) neuroprotective agents, (4) visual cycle inhibitors, (5) gene therapy and (6) cell-based therapies. A number of early phase clinical trials have provided promising results, with many more ongoing and anticipated in the near future. In this review, we aim to provide an update of the interventional trials to date and future prospects for the treatment of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thales Antonio Cabral de Guimaraes
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Malena Daich Varela
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Michalis Georgiou
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
| | - Michel Michaelides
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, London, UK .,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK
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19
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Ishii M, Beeson G, Beeson C, Rohrer B. Mitochondrial C3a Receptor Activation in Oxidatively Stressed Epithelial Cells Reduces Mitochondrial Respiration and Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628062. [PMID: 33746964 PMCID: PMC7973370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement component 3 fragment C3a is an anaphylatoxin involved in promoting cellular responses important in immune response and host defense. Its receptor (C3a receptor, C3aR) is distributed on the plasma membrane; however, lysosomal localization in immune cells has been reported. Oxidative stress increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS activate complement signaling in immune cells and metabolic reprogramming. Here we tested oxidative stress and intracellular complement in mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells using high resolution live-cell imaging, and metabolism analysis in isolated mitochondria using Seahorse technology. While C3aR levels were unaffected by oxidative stress, its cell membrane levels decreased and mitochondrial (mt) localization increased. Trafficking was dependent on endocytosis, utilizing endosomal-to-mitochondrial cargo transfer. H2O2-treatment also increased C3a-mtC3aR co-localization dose-dependently. In isolated mitochondria from H2O2-treated cells C3a increased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, that could be inhibited by C3aR antagonism (SB290157), mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter blocker (Ru360), and Gαi-protein inhibition (pertussis toxin, PTX); and inhibited mitochondrial repiration in an SB290157- and PTX-dependent manner. Specifically, mtC3aR activation inhibited state III ADP-driven respiration and maximal respiratory capacity. Mitochondria from control cells did not respond to C3a. Furthermore, transmitochondrial cybrid ARPE-19 cells harboring J haplogroup mitochondria that confer risk for age-related macular degeneration, showed high levels of mtC3aR and reduced ATP production upon C3a stimulation. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress increases mtC3aR, leading to altered mitochondrial calcium uptake and ATP production. These studies will have important implication in our understanding on the balance of extra- and intracellular complement signaling in controlling cellular health and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ishii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gyda Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Craig Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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20
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Hass DT, Barnstable CJ. Uncoupling proteins in the mitochondrial defense against oxidative stress. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100941. [PMID: 33422637 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major component of most major retinal diseases. Many extrinsic anti-oxidative strategies have been insufficient at counteracting one of the predominant intrinsic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane is a key driving force for mitochondrial ROS production, and this gradient can be modulated by members of the mitochondrial uncoupling protein (UCP) family. Of the UCPs, UCP2 shows a widespread distribution and has been shown to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation, with concomitant decreases in ROS production. Genetic studies using transgenic and knockout mice have documented the ability of increased UCP2 activity to provide neuroprotection in models of a number of diseases, including retinal diseases, indicating that it is a strong candidate for a therapeutic target. Molecular studies have identified the structural mechanism of action of UCP2 and have detailed the ways in which its expression and activity can be controlled at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational levels. These studies suggest a number of ways in control of UCP2 expression and activity can be used therapeutically for both acute and chronic conditions. The development of such therapeutic approaches will greatly increase the tools available to combat a broad range of serious retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Hass
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Colin J Barnstable
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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21
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Malsy J, Alvarado AC, Lamontagne JO, Strittmatter K, Marneros AG. Distinct effects of complement and of NLRP3- and non-NLRP3 inflammasomes for choroidal neovascularization. eLife 2020; 9:60194. [PMID: 33305736 PMCID: PMC7732340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
NLRP3 inflammasome activation and complement-mediated inflammation have been implicated in promoting choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but central questions regarding their contributions to AMD pathogenesis remain unanswered. Key open questions are (1) whether NLRP3 inflammasome activation mainly in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or rather in non-RPE cells promotes CNV, (2) whether inflammasome activation in CNV occurs via NLRP3 or also through NLRP3-independent mechanisms, and (3) whether complement activation induces inflammasome activation in CNV. Here we show in a neovascular AMD mouse model that NLRP3 inflammasome activation in non-RPE cells but not in RPE cells promotes CNV. We demonstrate that both NLRP3-dependent and NLRP3-independent inflammasome activation mechanisms induce CNV. Finally, we find that complement and inflammasomes promote CNV through independent mechanisms. Our findings uncover an unexpected role of non-NLRP3 inflammasomes for CNV and suggest that combination therapies targeting inflammasomes and complement may offer synergistic benefits to inhibit CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Malsy
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea C Alvarado
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Joseph O Lamontagne
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Karin Strittmatter
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Alexander G Marneros
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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22
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Emri E, Kortvely E, Dammeier S, Klose F, Simpson D, den Hollander AI, Ueffing M, Lengyel I. A Multi-Omics Approach Identifies Key Regulatory Pathways Induced by Long-Term Zinc Supplementation in Human Primary Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3051. [PMID: 33036197 PMCID: PMC7601425 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), both systemic and local zinc levels decline. Elevation of zinc in clinical studies delayed the progression to end-stage AMD. However, the molecular pathways underpinning this beneficial effect are not yet identified. In this study, we used differentiated primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cultures and long-term zinc supplementation to carry out a combined transcriptome, proteome and secretome analysis from three genetically different human donors. After combining significant differences, we identified the complex molecular networks using Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). The cell cultures from the three donors showed extensive pigmentation, development of microvilli and basal infoldings and responded to zinc supplementation with an increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (apical supplementation: 443.2 ± 79.3%, basal supplementation: 424.9 ± 116.8%, compared to control: 317.5 ± 98.2%). Significant changes were observed in the expression of 1044 genes, 151 cellular proteins and 124 secreted proteins. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed changes in specific molecular pathways related to cell adhesion/polarity, extracellular matrix organization, protein processing/transport, and oxidative stress response by zinc and identified a key upstream regulator effect similar to that of TGFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Emri
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Elod Kortvely
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Ophthalmology (I2O) Discovery and Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Sascha Dammeier
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Franziska Klose
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - David Simpson
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Anneke I. den Hollander
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tubingen, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany; (S.D.); (F.K.); (M.U.)
| | - Imre Lengyel
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK; (E.E.); (D.S.)
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Abstract
The prevalence of visual impairment increases very significantly with age. The most common visual pathologies with aging are: Age-related Macular Degeneration, Cataracts, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy. Given their consequences on autonomy and quality of life, it is important to have regular ophthalmological monitoring, to identify and at best prevent these pathologies which can be disabling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arach Madjlessi
- Service gériatrie aiguë, clinique du Landy, 23 rue du Landy, 93400 Saint-Ouen, France.
| | - Shameen Jaumally
- Groupe hospitalier universitaire Sainte-Anne, 1 rue Cabanis, 75674 Paris cedex 14, France
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24
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Yamashiro K, Hosoda Y, Miyake M, Ooto S, Tsujikawa A. Characteristics of Pachychoroid Diseases and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Multimodal Imaging and Genetic Backgrounds. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072034. [PMID: 32610483 PMCID: PMC7409179 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pachychoroid disease is changing the concept of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The concept of pachychoroid diseases was developed through clinical observation of multimodal images of eyes with AMD and central serous chorioretinopathy; however, recent genetic studies have provided a proof of concept for pachychoroid spectrum disease, which should be differentiated from drusen-driven AMD. The genetic confirmation of pachychoroid concept further provides novel viewpoints to decode previously reported findings, which facilitates an understanding of the true nature of pachychoroid diseases and AMD. The purpose of this review was to elucidate the relationship between pachychoroid diseases and AMD by interpreting previous findings on pachychoroid diseases and AMD from the novel viewpoints of genetic associations. We confirmed that previous genetic studies supported the concept of pachychoroid diseases. From a genetic viewpoint, the presence of thick choroid and the presence of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability were important characteristics of pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Previous studies have also suggested the classification of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) into two subtypes, pachychoroid neovasculopathy and drusen-driven PCV. Genetic viewpoints will be beneficial to rearrange subtypes of drusen-driven AMD and pachychoroid spectrum diseases. Further genetic studies are needed to investigate pachyvessels, pachydrusen and the significance of polypoidal lesions in pachychoroid neovasculopathy and drusen-driven AMD/PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.M.); (S.O.); (A.T.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu 520-8511, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-751-3248; Fax: +81-75-752-0933
| | - Yoshikatsu Hosoda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.M.); (S.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Masahiro Miyake
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.M.); (S.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Sotaro Ooto
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.M.); (S.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan; (Y.H.); (M.M.); (S.O.); (A.T.)
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25
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González‐Gonzalo C, Sánchez‐Gutiérrez V, Hernández‐Martínez P, Contreras I, Lechanteur YT, Domanian A, van Ginneken B, Sánchez CI. Evaluation of a deep learning system for the joint automated detection of diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:368-377. [PMID: 31773912 PMCID: PMC7318689 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the performance of a commercially available, CE-certified deep learning (DL) system, RetCAD v.1.3.0 (Thirona, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), for the joint automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in colour fundus (CF) images on a dataset with mixed presence of eye diseases. METHODS Evaluation of joint detection of referable DR and AMD was performed on a DR-AMD dataset with 600 images acquired during routine clinical practice, containing referable and non-referable cases of both diseases. Each image was graded for DR and AMD by an experienced ophthalmologist to establish the reference standard (RS), and by four independent observers for comparison with human performance. Validation was furtherly assessed on Messidor (1200 images) for individual identification of referable DR, and the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) dataset (133 821 images) for referable AMD, against the corresponding RS. RESULTS Regarding joint validation on the DR-AMD dataset, the system achieved an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 95.1% for detection of referable DR (SE = 90.1%, SP = 90.6%). For referable AMD, the AUC was 94.9% (SE = 91.8%, SP = 87.5%). Average human performance for DR was SE = 61.5% and SP = 97.8%; for AMD, SE = 76.5% and SP = 96.1%. Regarding detection of referable DR in Messidor, AUC was 97.5% (SE = 92.0%, SP = 92.1%); for referable AMD in AREDS, AUC was 92.7% (SE = 85.8%, SP = 86.0%). CONCLUSION The validated system performs comparably to human experts at simultaneous detection of DR and AMD. This shows that DL systems can facilitate access to joint screening of eye diseases and become a quick and reliable support for ophthalmological experts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina González‐Gonzalo
- A‐eye Research GroupRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Diagnostic Image Analysis GroupRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Donders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of OphthalmologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Verónica Sánchez‐Gutiérrez
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital Ramón y CajalRamón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
| | - Paula Hernández‐Martínez
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital Ramón y CajalRamón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS)MadridSpain
| | - Inés Contreras
- Department of OphthalmologyUniversity Hospital Ramón y CajalRamón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS)MadridSpain,Clínica RementeríaMadridSpain
| | - Yara T. Lechanteur
- Department of OphthalmologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Artin Domanian
- Department of OphthalmologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Bram van Ginneken
- Diagnostic Image Analysis GroupRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Clara I. Sánchez
- A‐eye Research GroupRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Diagnostic Image Analysis GroupRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Donders Institute for BrainCognition and BehaviourRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands,Department of OphthalmologyRadboud University Medical CenterNijmegenThe Netherlands
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26
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Mahgoub MY, Abou Ghanima AT, Elmohamady MN, Abdul Basset S. Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Primary Osteoarthritis Egyptian Patients. Open Access Rheumatol 2020; 12:35-40. [PMID: 32280286 PMCID: PMC7125336 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s244838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both primary osteoarthritis (OA) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) cause disability in old people. This study aimed to detect the relation between primary osteoarthritis and age-related macular degeneration in a sample of geriatric Egyptian population. Methods This cross-sectional study included 222 primary OA patients. Medical history, musculoskeletal examination, body mass index (BMI) calculation, and ophthalmological examination, radiographs of anteroposterior view and weight-bearing position for both hips and both knees and posteroanterior view for hands, Kellgren and Lawrence grading score for radiological severity of OA, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and fundus fluorescence angiography FFA for evaluation of the macula were done. AMD was classified into early, intermediate, and late. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Results Forty-six OA patients had AMD [19 cases had early, 15 cases had intermediate and 12 cases with late (7 neovascular (NV) and 5 geographic atrophy (GA))]. There was a significant correlation between AMD stages and OA grading score. There were significant differences between OA patient with AMD and those without AMD regarding age, disease duration, disease severity, family history of OA, daily mild exercise and calcium, and vitamin D intake. Multivariable analysis revealed that older age, more severe OA, low exercise and less calcium and vitamin D intake were considered independent risk factors for AMD development in primary OA. Conclusion Primary OA patients are more liable to AMD due to common risk factors and related pathogenesis. Ophthalmological follow up of those patients is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Yahia Mahgoub
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Taha Abou Ghanima
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | | | - Shaza Abdul Basset
- Department of Rheumatology, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Zarbin M, Sugino I, Townes‐Anderson E. Concise Review: Update on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Transplantation for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019; 8:466-477. [PMID: 30748126 PMCID: PMC6477002 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal cell therapy can have the objectives of rescue (i.e., modulation of metabolic abnormalities primarily for sight preservation) as well as replacement (i.e., replace cells lost due to injury or disease for sight restoration as well as preservation). The first clinical trials of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) transplantation for vision-threatening complications of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have begun with some preliminary signs of success (e.g., improvement in vision in some patients, anatomic evidence of transplant-host integration with some evidence of host photoreceptor recovery, long-term survival of autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived RPE transplants without immune suppression) as well as limitations (e.g., limited RPE suspension survival in the AMD eye, limited tolerance for long-term systemic immune suppression in elderly patients, suggestion of uncontrolled cell proliferation in the vitreous cavity). RPE survival on aged and AMD Bruch's membrane can be improved with chemical treatment, which may enhance the efficacy of RPE suspension transplants in AMD patients. Retinal detachment, currently used to deliver transplanted RPE cells to the subretinal space, induces disjunction of the first synapse in the visual pathway: the photoreceptor-bipolar synapse. This synaptic change occurs even in areas of attached retina near the locus of detachment. Synaptic disjunction and photoreceptor apoptosis associated with retinal detachment can be reduced with Rho kinase inhibitors. Addition of Rho kinase inhibitors may improve retinal function and photoreceptor survival after subretinal delivery of cells either in suspension or on scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zarbin
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceRutgers‐New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ilene Sugino
- Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual ScienceRutgers‐New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ellen Townes‐Anderson
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and NeuroscienceRutgers‐New Jersey Medical SchoolNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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Baek JH, Lim D, Park KH, Chae JB, Jang H, Lee J, Chung H. Quantitative proteomic analysis of aqueous humor from patients with drusen and reticular pseudodrusen in age-related macular degeneration. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:289. [PMID: 30404605 PMCID: PMC6222993 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0941-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To identify novel biomarkers related to the pathogenesis of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we adopted a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell culture model that mimics some features of dry AMD including the accumulation of intra- and sub-RPE deposits. Then, we investigated the aqueous humor (AH) proteome using a data-independent acquisition method (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectrometry) for dry AMD patients and controls. Methods After uniformly pigmented polarized monolayers of human fetal primary RPE (hfRPE) cells were established, the cells were exposed to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), followed by Western blotting, immunofluorescence analysis and ELISA of cells or conditioned media for several proteins of interest. Data-dependent acquisition for identification of the AH proteome and SWATH-based mass spectrometry were performed for 11 dry AMD patients according to their phenotypes (including soft drusen and reticular pseudodrusen [RPD]) and 2 controls (3 groups). Results Increased intra- and sub-RPE deposits were observed in 4-HNE-treated hfRPE cells compared with control cultures based on APOA1, cathepsin D, and clusterin immunoreactivity. Additionally, the differential abundance of proteins in apical and basal chambers with or without 4-HNE treatment confirmed the polarized secretion of proteins from hfRPE cells. A total of 119 proteins were quantified in dry AMD patients and controls by SWATH-MS. Sixty-five proteins exhibited significantly altered abundance among the three groups. A two-dimensional principal component analysis plot was generated to identify typical proteins related to the pathogenesis of dry AMD. Among the identified proteins, eight proteins, including APOA1, CFHR2, and CLUS, were previously considered major components or regulators of drusen. Three proteins (SERPINA4, LUM, and KERA proteins) have not been previously described as components of drusen or as being related to dry AMD. Interestingly, the LUM and KERA proteins, which are related to extracellular matrix organization, were upregulated in both RPD and soft drusen. Conclusions Differential protein expression in the AH between patients with drusen and RPD was quantified using SWATH-MS in the present study. Detailed proteomic analyses of dry AMD patients might provide insights into the in vivo biology of drusen and RPD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12886-018-0941-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Hyun Baek
- R&D Center for Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul, 04805, South Korea
| | - Daehan Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, 13620, South Korea
| | - Jae-Byoung Chae
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoik Jang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghyun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, 10380, South Korea
| | - Hyewon Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, 120-1 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Dense Deposit Disease is a rare condition affecting the Bruch's membrane and the glomerular basement membrane. We report the progression of the ocular manifestations over a 30 year follow up period, longer than any previous report. CASE PRESENTATION A 44 year old male presented with pigmentary changes at the macula noted by his optician. Best corrected visual acuity at presentation was good in both eyes. Fundoscopy showed pigmentary changes and drusen, and investigation using intravenous fundus fluorescein angiography did not demonstrate any choroidal neovascular membrane. The patient subsequently developed renal failure and received a dual renal transplant. The transplanted kidneys also failed over the coming year. The patient's vision gradually deteriorated and comparison between the images in 2010 and 1985 demonstrated a clear progression of the macula changes. Optical coherence tomography showed multiple subretinal hyper reflective drusenoid deposits. These deposits were also noted to be autofluorescent on blue auto-fluorescence. The young age at presentation of drusen, combined with the history of recurrent kidney failure and progression of subretinal deposits led to a diagnosis of dense deposit disease. CONCLUSIONS Dense deposit disease is a rare condition affecting Bruch's membrane, but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient under the age of 50 years presenting with drusen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cunningham
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Road, Sunderland, UK
| | - Ajay Kotagiri
- Sunderland Eye Infirmary, Queen Alexandra Road, Sunderland, UK
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Racz B, Varadi A, Kong J, Allikmets R, Pearson PG, Johnson G, Cioffi CL, Petrukhin K. A non-retinoid antagonist of retinol-binding protein 4 rescues phenotype in a model of Stargardt disease without inhibiting the visual cycle. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11574-11588. [PMID: 29871924 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary pathological defect in the heritable eye disorder Stargardt disease is excessive accumulation of cytotoxic lipofuscin bisretinoids in the retina. Age-dependent accumulation of lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) matches the age-dependent increase in the incidence of the atrophic (dry) form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and therefore may be one of several pathogenic factors contributing to AMD progression. Lipofuscin bisretinoid synthesis in the retina depends on the influx of serum retinol from the circulation into the RPE. Formation of the tertiary retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4)-transthyretin-retinol complex in the serum is required for this influx. Herein, we report the pharmacological effects of the non-retinoid RBP4 antagonist, BPN-14136. BPN-14136 dosing in the Abca4-/- mouse model of increased lipofuscinogenesis significantly reduced serum RBP4 levels and inhibited bisretinoid synthesis, and this inhibition correlated with a partial reduction in visual cycle retinoids such as retinaldehydes serving as bisretinoid precursors. BPN-14136 administration at doses inducing maximal serum RBP4 reduction did not produce changes in the rate of the visual cycle, consistent with minimal changes in dark adaptation. Abca4-/- mice exhibited dysregulation of the complement system in the retina, and BPN-14136 administration normalized the retinal levels of proinflammatory complement cascade components such as complement factors D and H, C-reactive protein, and C3. We conclude that BPN-14136 has several beneficial characteristics, combining inhibition of bisretinoid synthesis and reduction in retinaldehydes with normalization of the retinal complement system. BPN-14136, or a similar compound, may be a promising drug candidate to manage Stargardt disease and dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglarka Racz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Andras Varadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032
| | - Paul G Pearson
- Pearson Pharma Partners, Westlake Village, California 91361
| | | | - Christopher L Cioffi
- Departments of Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208
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Rathnasamy G, Foulds WS, Ling EA, Kaur C. Retinal microglia - A key player in healthy and diseased retina. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:18-40. [PMID: 29864456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain and retina, are constantly engaged in the surveillance of their surrounding neural tissue. During embryonic development they infiltrate the retinal tissues and participate in the phagocytosis of redundant neurons. The contribution of microglia in maintaining the purposeful and functional histo-architecture of the adult retina is indispensable. Within the retinal microenvironment, robust microglial activation is elicited by subtle changes caused by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. When there is a disturbance in the cell-cell communication between microglia and other retinal cells, for example in retinal injury, the activated microglia can manifest actions that can be detrimental. This is evidenced by activated microglia secreting inflammatory mediators that can further aggravate the retinal injury. Microglial activation as a harbinger of a variety of retinal diseases is well documented by many studies. In addition, a change in the microglial phenotype which may be associated with aging, may predispose the retina to age-related diseases. In light of the above, the focus of this review is to highlight the role played by microglia in the healthy and diseased retina, based on findings of our own work and from that of others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurugirijha Rathnasamy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, United States
| | - Wallace S Foulds
- Singapore Eye Research Institute Level 6, The Academia, Discovery Tower, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore.
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32
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Celik ME, Karagoz I. Comparison of Monophasic and Biphasic Electrical Stimulation by Using Temporal Analysis for Different Inter-electrode Spacings in the Hexagonal Arrays. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kumar B, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Complement-Mediated Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Inhibition by AAV-Mediated Delivery of CD59 in a Model of Uveitis. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1568-1580. [PMID: 29678656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Uveitis is an inflammatory disorder of the eye responsible for approximately 10%-15% of blindness in the US. In this study, we examined the role of the complement membrane attack complex (MAC) and the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) in normal and C9-/- mice that are incapable of assembling the MAC. We discovered that the MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome and associated production of IL-1β are elevated in EAU mice and that MAC may be involved in regulation of Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation. In contrast, MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome were not elevated in C9-/- mice. However, EAU-associated pathophysiology including retinal structure and function were not rescued in C9-/- mice. Unexpectedly, AAV-mediated delivery of sCD59, an inhibitor of C9 incorporation into the MAC, successfully attenuated activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and EAU pathology as well as MAC. Our studies provide an improved understanding of the role of the MAC and the NLRP3 inflammasome in EAU as well as suggest a novel approach for the treatment of uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binit Kumar
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Siobhan M Cashman
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Rajendra Kumar-Singh
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio A, Monti D, Capri M, Salvioli S. The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 29662881 PMCID: PMC5890129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Geroscience, the new interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between aging and chronic age-related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndromes (GSs), is based on epidemiological evidence and experimental data that aging is the major risk factor for such pathologies and assumes that aging and ARDs/GSs share a common set of basic biological mechanisms. A consequence is that the primary target of medicine is to combat aging instead of any single ARD/GSs one by one, as favored by the fragmentation into hundreds of specialties and sub-specialties. If the same molecular and cellular mechanisms underpin both aging and ARDs/GSs, a major question emerges: which is the difference, if any, between aging and ARDs/GSs? The hypothesis that ARDs and GSs such as frailty can be conceptualized as accelerated aging will be discussed by analyzing in particular frailty, sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson as well as Down syndrome as an example of progeroid syndrome. According to this integrated view, aging and ARDs/GSs become part of a continuum where precise boundaries do not exist and the two extremes are represented by centenarians, who largely avoided or postponed most ARDs/GSs and are characterized by decelerated aging, and patients who suffered one or more severe ARDs in their 60s, 70s, and 80s and show signs of accelerated aging, respectively. In between these two extremes, there is a continuum of intermediate trajectories representing a sort of gray area. Thus, clinically different, classical ARDs/GSs are, indeed, the result of peculiar combinations of alterations regarding the same, limited set of basic mechanisms shared with the aging process. Whether an individual will follow a trajectory of accelerated or decelerated aging will depend on his/her genetic background interacting lifelong with environmental and lifestyle factors. If ARDs and GSs are manifestations of accelerated aging, it is urgent to identify markers capable of distinguishing between biological and chronological age to identify subjects at higher risk of developing ARDs and GSs. To this aim, we propose the use of DNA methylation, N-glycans profiling, and gut microbiota composition to complement the available disease-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Applied Biomedical Research Center (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Grignolio
- Unit and Museum of History of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ye Z, Li Z, He S. Long non‑coding RNA associated‑competing endogenous RNAs are induced by clusterin in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8399-8405. [PMID: 28944909 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration is one of the most common causes of vision loss in the elderly. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve important roles in regulating gene expression by acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs). However, the roles of specific lncRNAs and their associated ceRNA function induced by clusterin in cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells remain to be fully elucidated. Based on high throughput sequencing data from RPE cells treated with or without clusterin, the present study identified differentially expressed mRNAs, lncRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs). A lncRNA‑mRNA‑microRNA (miRNA) network (ceRNA network) was subsequently constructed based on the bioinformatic database miRanda and miRNA targets database miRTarBase. These results demonstrated the expression pattern of several lncRNAs, and a clear clusterin‑associated ceRNA network in RPE cells, which included 75 lncRNAs and 32 miRNAs in RPE cells induced by clusterin. Collectively, the present study uncovered and characterized via bioinformatics the global properties of the ceRNA network in human RPE cells in response to clusterin. These results may aid in the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of clusterin in age‑related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
| | - Shouzhi He
- Department of Ophthalmology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853, P.R. China
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Humayun MS. Flexible microelectrode array for retinal prosthesis. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:1097-1100. [PMID: 29060066 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
fMEA (flexible microelectrode array) is one of the key implantable components for neural stimulating and recording. For its specific implanted environment, it should be designed and fabricated to meet following requirements such as biocompatibility, high-resolution, flexible and low impedance to ensure safety and long-term effective stimulation. Here we proposed a high resolution (1025-channel) fMEA for artificial retina. The adhesion between its substrate polyimide (PI) and metal was enhanced by using plasma treatment. The stimulation spots were electroplated with Pt-gray, which significantly reduced the electrochemical impedance from 110 kμ to 16 kμ at 1 kHz, and also provided larger charge storage capacity up to 83.2 mC/cm2. It shows a promising application for neural stimulation and recording.
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SanGiovanni JP, SanGiovanni PM, Sapieha P, De Guire V. miRNAs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 55:763-775. [PMID: 28343170 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2016-0898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AAMD) is a complex sight-threating disease of public health significance. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) have been proposed as biomarkers for AAMD. The presence of certain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may influence the explanatory value of these biomarkers. Here we present findings from an integrated approach used to determine whether AAMD-associated SNPs have the capacity to influence miRNA-mRNA pairing and, if so, to what extent such pairing may be manifested in a discrete AAMD transcriptome. Using a panel of 8854 SNPs associated with AAMD at p-values ≤5.0E-7 from a cohort of >30,000 elderly people, we identified SNPs in miRNA target-encoding constituents of: (1) regulator of complement activation (RCA) genes (rs390679, CFHR1, p≤2.14E-214 | rs12140421, CFHR3, p≤4.63E-29); (2) genes of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci (rs4151672, CFB, p≤8.91E-41 | rs115404146, HLA-C, p≤6.32E-12 | rs1055821, HLA-B, p≤1.93E-9 | rs1063355, HLA-DQB1, p≤6.82E-14); and (3) genes of the 10q26 AAMD locus (rs1045216, PLEKHA1, p≤4.17E-142 | rs2672603, ARMS2, p≤7.14E-46). We used these findings with existing data on AAMD-related retinal miRNA and transcript profiles for the purpose of making inferences on SNP-mRNA-miRNA-AAMD relationships. Four of 12 miRNAs significantly elevated in AAMD retina (hsa-miR-155-5p, hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-let-7b-5p hsa-let-7d-5p) also showed strong pairing capacity (TarBase 7.1 context++ score <-0.2, miRanda 3.3 pairing score >150) with miRNA target transcripts encoded by AAMD-associated SNPs resident in HLA-DQB1 (rs1063355, hsa-miR-155-5p) and TGFBR1 (rs868, hsa-let-7). Three of the 12 miRNAs overexpressed in AAMD retina are inducible by NFkB and have high affinity targets in the complement factor H (CFH) mRNA 3' UTR. We used ENSEMBL to identify polymorphic regions in the CFH mRNA 3' UTR with the capacity to disrupt miRNA-mRNA pairing. Two variants (rs766666504 and rs459598) existed in DNA sequence encoding the seed region of hsa-miR-146a-5p in the CFH mRNA 3' UTR - as this miRNA is also elevated in both vitreous and serum of people with AAMD, it shows great value as a biomarker. Our findings suggest that knowledge on the nature of DNA sequence variation may increase the explanatory power of miRNA biomarkers in genetically diverse populations, while yielding information with which to develop: (1) mechanistic tests on processes implicated in AMD pathogenesis; and, (2) site-specific small molecules (synthetic mimetics or anti-miRNAs) with preventive or therapeutic efficacy for AAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul SanGiovanni
- Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry and Biophysics, Section on Nutritional Neuroscience, NIAAA/NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Przemysław Sapieha
- Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec
| | - Vincent De Guire
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Montreal, Quebec
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Sacconi R, Corbelli E, Querques L, Bandello F, Querques G. A Review of Current and Future Management of Geographic Atrophy. Ophthalmol Ther 2017; 6:69-77. [PMID: 28391446 PMCID: PMC5449305 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-017-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease and a leading cause of vision impairment in elderly people in Western society. Geographic atrophy (GA), the late stage of dry AMD, is typically defined as a round or oval area of atrophy of 175 µm or more. In GA patients, visual acuity (VA) can still be good if the macula is spared, but decreased if GA extends through the fovea causing a great impairment of quality of life. Because of a poor correlation between VA and GA lesions or progression, a multimodal imaging approach is necessary to better follow up GA patients. In the last years, the introduction in clinical practice of new non-invasive tools such as fundus autofluorescence, structural optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography helped the ophthalmologists to better understand the natural course of GA patients. However, several pathways concerning the pathogenesis of the disease are not completely clarified yet and should be investigated further. Although no approved therapy exists for GA, healthy lifestyle and nutritional intervention with some specific supplementations (e.g., vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, high dietary folate) may help to prevent the onset and to delay the progression of the disease. At the same time, several drugs are under evaluation in clinical trials with interesting results. These drugs try to stop several pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of GA, but probably only a few of these will prove truly effective, confirming the preliminary results, and will be available in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sacconi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Verona, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Corbelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lea Querques
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Querques
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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Vers un traitement personnalisé de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge. ACTUALITES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actpha.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bandello F, Sacconi R, Querques L, Corbelli E, Cicinelli MV, Querques G. Recent advances in the management of dry age-related macular degeneration: A review. F1000Res 2017; 6:245. [PMID: 28529701 PMCID: PMC5428517 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10664.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most important cause of vision loss in elderly people, is a degenerative disorder of the central retina with a multifactorial etiopathology. AMD is classified in dry AMD (d-AMD) or neovascular AMD depending on the presence of choroidal neovascularization. Currently, no therapy is approved for geographic atrophy, the late form of d-AMD, because no treatment can restore the damage of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) or photoreceptors. For this reason, all treatment approaches in d-AMD are only likely to prevent and slow down the progression of existing atrophy. This review focuses on the management of d-AMD and especially on current data about potential targets for therapies evaluated in clinical trials. Numerous examinations are available in clinics to monitor morphological changes in the retina, RPE and choroid of d-AMD patients. Fundus autofluorescence and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are considered the most useful tools in the diagnosis and follow-up of d-AMD alterations, including the monitoring of atrophy area progression. Instead, OCT-angiography is a novel imaging tool that may add further information in patients affected by d-AMD. Several pathways, including oxidative stress, deposits of lipofuscin, chronic inflammation and choroidal blood flow insufficiency, seem to play an important role in the pathogenesis of d-AMD and represent possible targets for new therapies. A great number of treatments for d-AMD are under investigation with promising results in preliminary studies. However, only few of these drugs will enter the market, offering a therapeutic chance to patients affected by the dry form of AMD and help them to preserve a good visual acuity. Further studies with a long-term follow-up would be important to test the real safety and efficacy of drugs under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bandello
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sacconi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Verona, University hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lea Querques
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Corbelli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Querques
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Vita-Salute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
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Zhang C, Zhang DF, Wu ZG, Peng DH, Chen J, Ni J, Tang W, Xu L, Yao YG, Fang YR. Complement factor H and susceptibility to major depressive disorder in Han Chinese. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208:446-52. [PMID: 26941266 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.163790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that altered immunity contributes to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). AIMS To examine whether complement factor H (CFH), a regulator of activation of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade, confers susceptibility to MDD. METHOD Expression analyses were tested in 53 unmedicated people with MDD and 55 healthy controls. A two-stage genetic association analysis was performed in 3323 Han Chinese with or without MDD. Potential associations between CFH single nucleotide polymorphisms and age at MDD onset were evaluated. RESULTS CFH levels were significantly lower in the MDD group at both protein and mRNA levels (P = 0.009 and P = 0.014 respectively). A regulatory variant in the CFH gene, rs1061170, showed statistically significant genotypic and allelic differences between the MDD and control groups (genotypic P = 0.0005, allelic P = 0.0001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that age at onset of MDD was significantly associated with the C allele of rs1061170 (log rank statistic χ(2) = 6.82, P = 0.009). The C-allele carriers had a younger age at onset of MDD (22.2 years, s.d. = 4.0) than those without the C allele (23.6 years, s.d. = 4.3). CONCLUSIONS CFH is likely to play an important role in the development of MDD. rs1061170 has an important effect on age at onset of MDD in Han Chinese and may therefore be related to early pathogenesis of MDD, although further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Wu
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dai-Hui Peng
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianliang Ni
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Tang
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ru Fang
- Chen Zhang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai and Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Deng-Feng Zhang, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan; Zhi-Guo Wu, MD, PhD, Dai-Hui Peng, MD, PhD, Jun Chen, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai; Jianliang Ni, MD, Department of Psychiatry, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Wenxin Tang, MD, Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang; Lin Xu, PhD, Yong-Gang Yao, PhD, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan and CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; Yi-Ru Fang, MD, PhD, Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Kauppinen A, Paterno JJ, Blasiak J, Salminen A, Kaarniranta K. Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1765-86. [PMID: 26852158 PMCID: PMC4819943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a cellular response to factors that challenge the homeostasis of cells and tissues. Cell-associated and soluble pattern-recognition receptors, e.g. Toll-like receptors, inflammasome receptors, and complement components initiate complex cellular cascades by recognizing or sensing different pathogen and damage-associated molecular patterns, respectively. Cytokines and chemokines represent alarm messages for leukocytes and once activated, these cells travel long distances to targeted inflamed tissues. Although it is a crucial survival mechanism, prolonged inflammation is detrimental and participates in numerous chronic age-related diseases. This article will review the onset of inflammation and link its functions to the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of severe vision loss in aged individuals in the developed countries. In this progressive disease, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) results in the death of photoreceptors, leading to a loss of central vision. The RPE is prone to oxidative stress, a factor that together with deteriorating functionality, e.g. decreased intracellular recycling and degradation due to attenuated heterophagy/autophagy, induces inflammation. In the early phases, accumulation of intracellular lipofuscin in the RPE and extracellular drusen between RPE cells and Bruch's membrane can be clinically detected. Subsequently, in dry (atrophic) AMD there is geographic atrophy with discrete areas of RPE loss whereas in the wet (exudative) form there is neovascularization penetrating from the choroid to retinal layers. Elevations in levels of local and systemic biomarkers indicate that chronic inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of both disease forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kauppinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi J Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Abstract
Although currently available treatment options for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are limited, particularly for atrophic AMD, the identification of predisposing genetic variations has informed clinical studies addressing therapeutic options such as complement inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents. To lower risk of early AMD, recommended lifestyle interventions such as the avoidance of smoking and the intake of low glycemic antioxidant-rich diets have largely followed from the identification of nongenetic modifiable factors. On the other hand, the challenge of understanding the complex relationship between aging and cumulative damage leading to AMD has fueled investigations of the visual cycle adducts that accumulate in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and are a hallmark of aging retina. These studies have revealed properties of these compounds that provide insights into processes that may compromise RPE and could contribute to disease mechanisms in AMD. This work has also led to the design of targeted therapeutics that are currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032
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Dinculescu A, Min SH, Dyka FM, Deng WT, Stupay RM, Chiodo V, Smith WC, Hauswirth WW. Pathological Effects of Mutant C1QTNF5 (S163R) Expression in Murine Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 56:6971-80. [PMID: 26513502 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-17166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The mutation S163R in complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein-5 (C1QTNF5) causes an autosomal dominant disorder known as late-onset retinal degeneration (L-ORD). In this study, our goal is to evaluate the consequences of mutant S163R C1QTNF5 expression in mouse RPE following its delivery using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. METHODS We generated AAV vectors containing either human wild-type C1QTNF5 or mutant S163R C1QTNF5 driven by an RPE-specific BEST1 promoter, and delivered them subretinally into one eye of adult C57BL/6 mice. Transgene expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. Retinal function was assessed by full-field ERG. Pathological changes were further examined by digital fundus imaging and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). RESULTS We show that the AAV-expressed mutant S163R leads to pathological effects similar to some of those found in patients with advanced L-ORD, including RPE thinning, RPE cell loss, and retinal degeneration. In addition, we provide in vivo evidence that mutant S163R C1QTNF5 can form large, transparent, spherical intracellular aggregates throughout the RPE, which are detectable by light microscopy. In contrast to AAV-expressed wild-type C1QTNF5, which is secreted apically from the RPE toward the photoreceptor cells and the outer limiting membrane, the S163R mutant is primarily routed toward the basal side of RPE, where it forms thick, extracellular deposits over time. CONCLUSIONS Adeno-associated viral-targeted expression of mutant S163R in the RPE represents a useful approach for quickly generating animal models that mimic pathological features of L-ORD and offers the potential to understand disease mechanisms and develop therapeutic strategies.
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Iannaccone A, Giorgianni F, New DD, Hollingsworth TJ, Umfress A, Alhatem AH, Neeli I, Lenchik NI, Jennings BJ, Calzada JI, Satterfield S, Mathews D, Diaz RI, Harris T, Johnson KC, Charles S, Kritchevsky SB, Gerling IC, Beranova-Giorgianni S, Radic MZ. Circulating Autoantibodies in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Recognize Human Macular Tissue Antigens Implicated in Autophagy, Immunomodulation, and Protection from Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145323. [PMID: 26717306 PMCID: PMC4696815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated sera from elderly subjects with and without age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for presence of autoantibodies (AAbs) against human macular antigens and characterized their identity. METHODS Sera were collected from participants in the Age-Related Maculopathy Ancillary (ARMA) Study, a cross-sectional investigation ancillary to the Health ABC Study, enriched with participants from the general population. The resulting sample (mean age: 79.2±3.9 years old) included subjects with early to advanced AMD (n = 131) and controls (n = 231). Sera were tested by Western blots for immunoreactive bands against human donor macular tissue homogenates. Immunoreactive bands were identified and graded, and odds ratios (OR) calculated. Based on these findings, sera were immunoprecipitated, and subjected to 2D gel electrophoresis (GE). Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to identify the targets recognized by circulating AAbs seen on 2D-GE, followed by ELISAs with recombinant proteins to confirm LC-MS/MS results, and quantify autoreactivities. RESULTS In AMD, 11 immunoreactive bands were significantly more frequent and 13 were significantly stronger than in controls. Nine of the more frequent bands also showed stronger reactivity. OR estimates ranged between 4.06 and 1.93, and all clearly excluded the null value. Following immunoprecipitation, 2D-GE and LC-MS/MS, five of the possible autoreactivity targets were conclusively identified: two members of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) family, HSPA8 and HSPA9; another member of the HSP family, HSPB4, also known as alpha-crystallin A chain (CRYAA); Annexin A5 (ANXA5); and Protein S100-A9, also known as calgranulin B that, when complexed with S100A8, forms calprotectin. ELISA testing with recombinant proteins confirmed, on average, significantly higher reactivities against all targets in AMD samples compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with other evidence supporting the role of inflammation and the immune system in AMD pathogenesis, AAbs were identified in AMD sera, including early-stage disease. Identified targets may be mechanistically linked to AMD pathogenesis because the identified proteins are implicated in autophagy, immunomodulation, and protection from oxidative stress and apoptosis. In particular, a role in autophagy activation is shared by all five autoantigens, raising the possibility that the detected AAbs may play a role in AMD via autophagy compromise and downstream activation of the inflammasome. Thus, we propose that the detected AAbs provide further insight into AMD pathogenesis and have the potential to contribute to disease biogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Iannaccone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesco Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - David D. New
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - T. J. Hollingsworth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Umfress
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Albert H. Alhatem
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Indira Neeli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Nataliya I. Lenchik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Jennings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Jorge I. Calzada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Dennis Mathews
- Eye Specialty Group, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rocio I. Diaz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Tamara Harris
- National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Steve Charles
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Charles Retina Institute, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ivan C. Gerling
- Department of Internal Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Sarka Beranova-Giorgianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Marko Z. Radic
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Schraufstatter IU, Khaldoyanidi SK, DiScipio RG. Complement activation in the context of stem cells and tissue repair. World J Stem Cells 2015; 7:1090-1108. [PMID: 26435769 PMCID: PMC4591784 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i8.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement pathway is best known for its role in immune surveillance and inflammation. However, its ability of opsonizing and removing not only pathogens, but also necrotic and apoptotic cells, is a phylogenetically ancient means of initiating tissue repair. The means and mechanisms of complement-mediated tissue repair are discussed in this review. There is increasing evidence that complement activation contributes to tissue repair at several levels. These range from the chemo-attraction of stem and progenitor cells to areas of complement activation, to increased survival of various cell types in the presence of split products of complement, and to the production of trophic factors by cells activated by the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a. This repair aspect of complement biology has not found sufficient appreciation until recently. The following will examine this aspect of complement biology with an emphasis on the anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a.
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Piermarocchi S, Miotto S, Colavito D, Leon A, Segato T. Combined effects of genetic and non-genetic risk factors affect response to ranibizumab in exudative age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:e451-7. [PMID: 25402348 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether genetic and non-genetic risk factors influence 12-month response to ranibizumab treatment for exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A cohort of 94 Caucasian patients with unilateral exudative AMD received intravitreal ranibizumab. After a three-injection loading phase, a PRN regimen was followed. Patients were genotyped for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms: CFH rs1061170, ARMS2 rs10490924 and C3 rs2230199. Non-genetic risk factors [choroidal neovascularization (CNV) phenotype, smoking habit, hypertension and body mass index] were considered. The selected end-point was the 12-month variation of number of ETDRS letters. RESULTS Complement factor H (CFH) risk alleles, smoking history and arterial hypertension each independently influenced treatment response, with worse 12-month BCVA outcomes (p = 0.036, 0.037, 0.043, respectively). A significant cumulative effect of these risk factors was also observed: patients homozygous for the CFH risk alleles and with a positive smoking history showed a mean loss of 8.0 ETDRS letters (p = 0.010). Patients with CFH risk alleles, smoking history and hypertension had a mean loss of 13.9 ETDRS letters (p = 0.013). CNV phenotypes did not influence visual outcomes, nor were they associated with other genetic/non-genetic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Complement factor H risk alleles, smoking history and hypertension affect the mid-term response to ranibizumab in exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tatiana Segato
- Neuroscience Department; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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Haas P, Kubista KE, Krugluger W, Huber J, Binder S. Impact of visceral fat and pro-inflammatory factors on the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:533-8. [PMID: 25683020 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have indicated that the immune system is involved in the pathogenesis of the AMD. Increased visceral fat, in addition, has a pro-inflammatory effect on the organism by producing or influencing different kinds of inflammatory factors. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship of body fat distribution in patients with age-related macula degeneration in comparison to a control group in the Austrian population. METHODS In this case-control study, body weight and height, and body mass index (BMI) were measured for each subject in 54 patients with exudative AMD and compared to 46 gender- and age-matched healthy control subjects. Body composition and abdominal fat areas were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Data on age, gender distribution, smoking history and systemic diseases, respectively, were compared. The inflammatory markers CRP, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin, amyloid A, amyloid beta and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were assayed by ELISA (R&D). RESULTS DEXA revealed central-abdominal-to-total body fat ratio of 0.073 +/- 0.011 in AMD patients compared to 0.061 +/- 0.013 in the controls (p <0.001; d = 0.98). The calculation of BMI has provided a significant result (p =0.045). U-test results for Aß1-42, IL-6, SAA and CRP each were significant (p < 0.05), with higher values in AMD patients. Leptin, TNF-alpha and Aß1-40 showed no significant differences between the groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that abdominal fat distribution is significantly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Analysis of patients with exudative AMD revealed higher levels of CRP, amyloid ß1-42, IL-6 and amyloid alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Haas
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
| | - Katharina E. Kubista
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
| | - Walter Krugluger
- Department of Laboratory Medicines; Social Medical Center East; Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Huber
- Gynecology; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Susanne Binder
- Department of Ophthalmology; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Retinology and Biomicroscopic Lasersurgery; Rudolf Foundation Clinic; Vienna Austria
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Osthoff M, Dean MM, Baird PN, Richardson AJ, Daniell M, Guymer RH, Eisen DP. Association Study of Mannose-Binding Lectin Levels and Genetic Variants in Lectin Pathway Proteins with Susceptibility to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Case-Control Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134107. [PMID: 26207622 PMCID: PMC4514807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the complement system is thought to be activated by chronic oxidative damage with genetic variants identified in the alternative pathway as susceptibility factors. However, the involvement of the lectin pathway of complement, a key mediator of oxidative damage, is controversial. This study investigated whether mannose-binding lectin (MBL) levels and genetic variants in lectin pathway proteins, are associated with the predisposition to and severity of AMD. METHODS MBL levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MBL2 and the ficolin-2 (FCN2) gene were determined in 109 patients with AMD and 109 age- and sex-matched controls. RESULTS MBL expression levels were equally distributed in both cases (early and late AMD) and controls (p>0.05). However, there was a trend towards higher median MBL levels in cases with late AMD compared to cases with early AMD (1.0 vs. 0.4 μg/ml, p = 0.09) and MBL deficiency (<0.5 μg/ml) was encountered less frequently in the late AMD group (35% vs 56%, p = 0.03). FCN2 and MBL2 allele frequencies were similarly distributed in early and late AMD cases compared with controls (p>0.05 for all analyses) as were MBL2 genotypes. Similarly, there was no significant difference in allele frequencies in any SNPs in either the MBL2 or FCN2 gene in cases with early vs. late AMD. CONCLUSIONS SNPs of lectin pathway proteins investigated in this study were not associated with AMD or AMD severity. However, MBL levels deserve further study in a larger cohort of early vs. late AMD patients to elucidate any real effect on AMD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Osthoff
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melinda M. Dean
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea J. Richardson
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark Daniell
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robyn H. Guymer
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Damon P. Eisen
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service at the Doherty Institute, Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Radeke MJ, Radeke CM, Shih YH, Hu J, Bok D, Johnson LV, Coffey PJ. Restoration of mesenchymal retinal pigmented epithelial cells by TGFβ pathway inhibitors: implications for age-related macular degeneration. Genome Med 2015; 7:58. [PMID: 26150894 PMCID: PMC4491894 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-015-0183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. Most vision loss occurs following the transition from a disease of deposit formation and inflammation to a disease of neovascular fibrosis and/or cell death. Here, we investigate how repeated wound stimulus leads to seminal changes in gene expression and the onset of a perpetual state of stimulus-independent wound response in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, a cell-type central to the etiology of AMD. METHODS Transcriptome wide expression profiles of human fetal RPE cell cultures as a function of passage and time post-plating were determined using Agilent 44 K whole genome microarrays and RNA-Seq. Using a systems level analysis, differentially expressed genes and pathways of interest were identified and their role in the establishment of a persistent mesenchymal state was assessed using pharmacological-based experiments. RESULTS Using a human fetal RPE cell culture model that considers monolayer disruption and subconfluent culture as a proxy for wound stimulus, we show that prolonged wound stimulus leads to terminal acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype post-confluence and altered expression of more than 40 % of the transcriptome. In contrast, at subconfluence fewer than 5 % of expressed transcripts have two-fold or greater expression differences after repeated passage. Protein-protein and pathway interaction analysis of the genes with passage-dependent expression levels in subconfluent cultures reveals a 158-node interactome comprised of two interconnected modules with functions pertaining to wound response and cell division. Among the wound response genes are the TGFβ pathway activators: TGFB1, TGFB2, INHBA, INHBB, GDF6, CTGF, and THBS1. Significantly, inhibition of TGFBR1/ACVR1B mediated signaling using receptor kinase inhibitors both forestalls and largely reverses the passage-dependent loss of epithelial potential; thus extending the effective lifespan by at least four passages. Moreover, a disproportionate number of RPE wound response genes have altered expression in neovascular and geographic AMD, including key members of the TGFβ pathway. CONCLUSIONS In RPE cells the switch to a persistent mesenchymal state following prolonged wound stimulus is driven by lasting activation of the TGFβ pathway. Targeted inhibition of TGFβ signaling may be an effective approach towards retarding AMD progression and producing RPE cells in quantity for research and cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte J. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Carolyn M. Radeke
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Ying-Hsuan Shih
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Jane Hu
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Dean Bok
- />Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurobiology, Jules Stein Eye & Brain Research Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Lincoln V. Johnson
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
| | - Pete J. Coffey
- />Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA USA
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