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Li D, Pan Q, Xiao Y, Hu K. Advances in the study of phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-like animal models and the underlying neural mechanisms. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:65. [PMID: 39039065 PMCID: PMC11263595 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00485-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic, severe mental disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations and unknown etiology. Research on SZ has long been limited by the low reliability of and ambiguous pathogenesis in schizophrenia animal models. Phencyclidine (PCP), a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, rapidly induces both positive and negative symptoms of SZ as well as stable SZ-related cognitive impairment in rodents. However, the neural mechanism underlying PCP-induced SZ-like symptoms is not fully understood. Nondopaminergic pathophysiology, particularly excessive glutamate release induced by NMDAR hypofunction in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), may play a key role in the development of PCP-induced SZ-like symptoms. In this review, we summarize studies on the behavioral and metabolic effects of PCP and the cellular and circuitary targets of PCP in the PFC and hippocampus (HIP). PCP is thought to target the ventral HIP-PFC pathway more strongly than the PFC-VTA pathway and thalamocortical pathway. Systemic PCP administration might preferentially inhibit gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons in the vHIP and in turn lead to hippocampal pyramidal cell disinhibition. Excitatory inputs from the HIP may trigger sustained, excessive and pathological PFC pyramidal neuron activation to mediate various SZ-like symptoms. In addition, astrocyte and microglial activation and oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex or hippocampus have been observed in PCP-induced models of SZ. These findings perfect the hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia. However, whether these effects direct the consequences of PCP administration and how about the relationships between these changes induced by PCP remain further elucidation through rigorous, causal and direct experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabing Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwestern Medical University, LuZhou, 646000, China.
| | - Qiangwen Pan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwestern Medical University, LuZhou, 646000, China
| | - Yewei Xiao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwestern Medical University, LuZhou, 646000, China
| | - Kehui Hu
- Department of rehabilitation Medicine, SuiNing Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, SuiNing, 629000, China.
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Bouteldja AA, Penichet D, Srivastava LK, Cermakian N. The circadian system: A neglected player in neurodevelopmental disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 60:3858-3890. [PMID: 38816965 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Patients with neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, often display abnormal circadian rhythms. The role of the circadian system in these disorders has gained considerable attention over the last decades. Yet, it remains largely unknown how these disruptions occur and to what extent they contribute to the disorders' development. In this review, we examine circadian system dysregulation as observed in patients and animal models of neurodevelopmental disorders. Second, we explore whether circadian rhythm disruptions constitute a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders from studies in humans and model organisms. Lastly, we focus on the impact of psychiatric medications on circadian rhythms and the potential benefits of chronotherapy. The literature reveals that patients with neurodevelopmental disorders display altered sleep-wake cycles and melatonin rhythms/levels in a heterogeneous manner, and model organisms used to study these disorders appear to support that circadian dysfunction may be an inherent characteristic of neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, the pre-clinical and clinical evidence indicates that circadian disruption at the environmental and genetic levels may contribute to the behavioural changes observed in these disorders. Finally, studies suggest that psychiatric medications, particularly those prescribed for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia, can have direct effects on the circadian system and that chronotherapy may be leveraged to offset some of these side effects. This review highlights that circadian system dysfunction is likely a core pathological feature of neurodevelopmental disorders and that further research is required to elucidate this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Bouteldja
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Danae Penichet
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Palmisano A, Pandit S, Smeralda CL, Demchenko I, Rossi S, Battelli L, Rivolta D, Bhat V, Santarnecchi E. The Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Gamma-Band Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 38792599 PMCID: PMC11122172 DOI: 10.3390/life14050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Investigating the biophysiological substrates of psychiatric illnesses is of great interest to our understanding of disorders' etiology, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and potential new therapeutic avenues. Schizophrenia represents a consolidated model of γ alterations arising from the aberrant activity of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, whose dysfunction is associated with perineuronal net impairment and neuroinflammation. This model of pathogenesis is supported by molecular, cellular, and functional evidence. Proof for alterations of γ oscillations and their underlying mechanisms has also been reported in bipolar disorder and represents an emerging topic for major depressive disorder. Although evidence from animal models needs to be further elucidated in humans, the pathophysiology of γ-band alteration represents a common denominator for different neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to outline a framework of converging results in psychiatric conditions characterized by γ abnormality, from neurochemical dysfunction to alterations in brain rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Palmisano
- Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, TUD Dresden University of Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Siddhartha Pandit
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
| | - Carmelo L. Smeralda
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ilya Demchenko
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation (SI-BIN) Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology Section, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Lorella Battelli
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems@UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Davide Rivolta
- Department of Education, Psychology, and Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70121 Bari, Italy;
| | - Venkat Bhat
- Interventional Psychiatry Program, St. Michael’s Hospital—Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada; (I.D.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA (E.S.)
- Department of Neurology and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Perez SM, Elam HB, McCoy AM, Boley AM, Eassa NE, Lodge DJ. Congenital blindness does not protect against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in rodents. Schizophr Res 2023; 258:1-8. [PMID: 37364392 PMCID: PMC10529675 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 1950, Drs. Chevigny and Braverman authored a book about people's attitudes and prejudices toward the blind, noting that out of the thousands of schizophrenia patients they and others had treated, not one was blind. This led some to the intriguing hypothesis that congenital blindness may provide protection against schizophrenia. In this study, we directly examined whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-related phenotype in the methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM) rodent model. DESIGN Enucleation surgeries were performed on pups of MAM- or saline-treated rats on post-natal day 10. Once pups reached adulthood, male and female rats were evaluated for schizophrenia-like phenotypes using behavioral and electrophysiological measures. Consistent with previous work, MAM-treated rats display elevated dopamine neuron population activity, deficits in pre-pulse inhibition of startle, and hypersensitivity to psychomotor stimulants. RESULTS Blindness did not protect against any of the MAM-induced phenotypes. Surprisingly, blindness in saline-treated rats caused changes in behavior and dopamine neuron activity. To examine the circadian rhythms of enucleated rats, we performed non-invasive measurements of corticosterone, a steroid hormone known to vary across the light/dark period, revealing blind rats display aberrant (non-cycling) corticosterone levels. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in dopamine neuron activity and associated behaviors observed in blind rats are likely secondary to aberrant circadian regulation. This is the first preclinical study examining whether congenital blindness protects against a schizophrenia-like phenotype. While support of this hypothesis would have led to novel avenues of research and potential novel therapies, the results of current study suggest that blindness does not protect against schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Perez
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Hannah B Elam
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra M McCoy
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela M Boley
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicole E Eassa
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lodge
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Biomedical Neuroscience, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Division, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Joshi YB. Cholinergic Functioning, Cognition, and Anticholinergic Medication Burden in Schizophrenia. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:393-406. [PMID: 36441495 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh) signaling is critical for central nervous function and is known to be abnormal in schizophrenia (SZ), a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder in which cognitive deficits persist, despite treatment. This review provides a summary of the clinical evidence linking ACh abnormalities to SZ-associated cognitive deficits, an overview of ACh-based pro-cognitive strategies attempted in SZ, and a survey of recent studies that describe the impact of anticholinergic medication burden on cognitive outcomes in SZ. Methodological challenges that currently limit more substantial investigation of ACh in SZ patients and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B Joshi
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Perez-Rando M, Elvira UKA, García-Martí G, Gadea M, Aguilar EJ, Escarti MJ, Ahulló-Fuster MA, Grasa E, Corripio I, Sanjuan J, Nacher J. Alterations in the volume of thalamic nuclei in patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103070. [PMID: 35667173 PMCID: PMC9168692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of structural MRI images using a probabilistic atlas for segmentation of several nuclei of the thalamus. Comparison of chronic patients with schizophrenia, with and without auditory hallucinations and matched healthy controls. Volumetric reductions in patients with AH vs controls: Medial geniculate nucleus, anterior pulvinar nucleus and lateral and medial mediodorsal nuclei. In patients without AH we found reductions in the volume of the pulvinar and mediodorsal nuclei, but not in the medial geniculate nucleus. Found also some significant correlations between the volume of these nuclei and the total score of the PSYRATS scale.
The thalamus is a subcortical structure formed by different nuclei that relay information to the neocortex. Several reports have already described alterations of this structure in patients of schizophrenia that experience auditory hallucinations. However, to date no study has addressed whether the volumes of specific thalamic nuclei are altered in chronic patients experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations. We have processed structural MRI images using Freesurfer, and have segmented them into 25 nuclei using the probabilistic atlas developed by Iglesias and collaborators (Iglesias et al., 2018). To homogenize the sample, we have matched patients of schizophrenia, with and without persistent auditory hallucinations, with control subjects, considering sex, age and their estimated intracranial volume. This rendered a group number of 41 patients experiencing persistent auditory hallucinations, 35 patients without auditory hallucinations, and 55 healthy controls. In addition, we have also correlated the volume of the altered thalamic nuclei with the total score of the PSYRATS, a clinical scale used to evaluate the positive symptoms of this disorder. We have found alterations in the volume of 8 thalamic nuclei in both cohorts of patients with schizophrenia: The medial and lateral geniculate nuclei, the anterior, inferior, and lateral pulvinar nuclei, the lateral complex and the lateral and medial mediodorsal nuclei. We have also found some significant correlations between the volume of these nuclei in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations, and the total score of the PSYRATS scale. Altogether our results indicate that volumetric alterations of thalamic nuclei involved in audition may be related to persistent auditory hallucinations in chronic schizophrenia patients, whereas alterations in nuclei related to association cortices are evident in all patients. Future studies should explore whether the structural alterations are cause or consequence of these positive symptoms and whether they are already present in first episodes of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Perez-Rando
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Research of the Clinic Hospital from Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.
| | - Uriel K A Elvira
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Institutes of Biomedical Technologies and Neuroscience, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Gracian García-Martí
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Quironsalud Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marien Gadea
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Research of the Clinic Hospital from Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain; Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo J Aguilar
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Psychiatry Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J Escarti
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Alba Ahulló-Fuster
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy. Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Grasa
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Psiquiatría. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corripio
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Psiquiatría. Instituto de Investigación Biomédica Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Quironsalud Hospital, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Nacher
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain; Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Institute of Research of the Clinic Hospital from Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.
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Kim Y, Yang E, Kim H. Impaired prepulse inhibition in mice with IRSp53 deletion in modulatory neurotransmitter neurons including dopamine, acetylcholine, oxytocin, and serotonin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 586:114-120. [PMID: 34839189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a neurophysiological finding that is decreased in schizophrenia patients and has been used in pathophysiology studies of schizophrenia and the development of antipsychotic drugs. PPI is affected by several drugs including amphetamine, ketamine, and nicotinic agents, and it is reported that several brain regions and modulatory neurotransmitters are involved in PPI. Here we showed that mice with IRSp53 deletion in each dopaminergic, cholinergic, oxytocinergic, and serotoninergic modulatory neurons showed a decrease in PPI. Other than PPI, there were no other behavioral changes among IRSp53 deletion mice. Through this study, we could reconfirm that dysfunction of each modulatory neuron such as dopamine, acetylcholine, oxytocin, and serotonin can result in PPI impairment, and it should be considered that PPI could be broadly affected by changes in one of a certain kind of modulatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangsik Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea; Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunction, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, South Korea; Mental Health Research Institute, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Esther Yang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Ang G, Brown LA, Tam SKE, Davies KE, Foster RG, Harrison PJ, Sprengel R, Vyazovskiy VV, Oliver PL, Bannerman DM, Peirson SN. Deletion of AMPA receptor GluA1 subunit gene (Gria1) causes circadian rhythm disruption and aberrant responses to environmental cues. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:588. [PMID: 34782594 PMCID: PMC8593011 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor GluA1 subunit and deficits in synaptic plasticity are implicated in schizophrenia and sleep and circadian rhythm disruption. To investigate the role of GluA1 in circadian and sleep behaviour, we used wheel-running, passive-infrared, and video-based home-cage activity monitoring to assess daily rest-activity profiles of GluA1-knockout mice (Gria1-/-). We showed that these mice displayed various circadian abnormalities, including misaligned, fragmented, and more variable rest-activity patterns. In addition, they showed heightened, but transient, behavioural arousal to light→dark and dark→light transitions, as well as attenuated nocturnal-light-induced activity suppression (negative masking). In the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), nocturnal-light-induced cFos signals (a molecular marker of neuronal activity in the preceding ~1-2 h) were attenuated, indicating reduced light sensitivity in the SCN. However, there was no change in the neuroanatomical distribution of expression levels of two neuropeptides-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and arginine vasopressin (AVP)-differentially expressed in the core (ventromedial) vs. shell (dorsolateral) SCN subregions and both are known to be important for neuronal synchronisation within the SCN and circadian rhythmicity. In the motor cortex (area M1/M2), there was increased inter-individual variability in cFos levels during the evening period, mirroring the increased inter-individual variability in locomotor activity under nocturnal light. Finally, in the spontaneous odour recognition task GluA1 knockouts' short-term memory was impaired due to enhanced attention to the recently encountered familiar odour. These abnormalities due to altered AMPA-receptor-mediated signalling resemble and may contribute to sleep and circadian rhythm disruption and attentional deficits in different modalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Ang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- IT Services, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Shu K E Tam
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kay E Davies
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul J Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Research Group of the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research at the Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell, UK.
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Contributes to Diverse Functional Actions of O-Phenyl-Iodotyramine in Mice but Not to the Effects of Monoamine-Based Antidepressants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168907. [PMID: 34445611 PMCID: PMC8396211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) is a potential target for the treatment of depression and other CNS disorders. However, the precise functional roles of TAAR1 to the actions of clinically used antidepressants remains unclear. Herein, we addressed these issues employing the TAAR1 agonist, o-phenyl-iodotyramine (o-PIT), together with TAAR1-knockout (KO) mice. Irrespective of genotype, systemic administration of o-PIT led to a similar increase in mouse brain concentrations. Consistent with the observation of a high density of TAAR1 in the medial preoptic area, o-PIT-induced hypothermia was significantly reduced in TAAR1-KO mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of a prepulse inhibition response by o-PIT, as well as its induction of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation and elevation of extracellular DA in prefrontal cortex, were all reduced in TAAR1-KO compared to wildtype mice. O-PIT was active in both forced-swim and marble-burying tests, and its effects were significantly blunted in TAAR1-KO mice. Conversely, the actions on behaviour and prefrontal cortex dialysis of a broad suite of clinically used antidepressants were unaffected in TAAR1-KO mice. In conclusion, o-PIT is a useful tool for exploring the hypothermic and other functional antidepressant roles of TAAR1. By contrast, clinically used antidepressants do not require TAAR1 for expression of their antidepressant properties.
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10
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Török B, Fodor A, Klausz B, Varga J, Zelena D. Ameliorating schizophrenia-like symptoms in vasopressin deficient male Brattleboro rat by chronic antipsychotic treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174383. [PMID: 34332923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to its various function vasopressin has been associated with many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Our previous study confirmed that vasopressin-deficient (di/di) Brattleboro rat can be a good genetic model for schizophrenia. Our present aim was to confirm whether the treatment effects of marketed antipsychotics are similar in di/di rats to those seen in human schizophrenic patients. Chronic subcutaneous administration of aripiprazole (5 mg/kg), clozapine (1 mg/kg), haloperidol (0.1 mg/kg), olanzapine (0.3 mg/kg) or risperidone (0.25 mg/kg) was used for 15 days in control (+/+ Brattleboro) and di/di rats. Social discrimination, social avoidance and prepulse inhibition tests were conducted on day 1, 8 and 15 of the treatment. Vasopressin-deficient rats showed social memory- and sensorimotor gating deficit. All used antipsychotics successfully normalized the reduced prepulse inhibition of di/di animals. However, most were effective only after prolonged treatment. Aripiprazole, clozapine, and olanzapine normalized the social memory deficit, while the effects of haloperidol and risperidone were not unequivocal. All drugs reduced social interest to some extent both in control and in di/di animals, aripiprazole being the less implicated in this regard during the social avoidance test. The restoration of schizophrenia-like behavior by antipsychotic treatment further support the utility of the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat as a good preclinical model. Reduced social interest might be a general side-effect of antipsychotics, and aripiprazole has the most favorable profile in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiána Török
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Fodor
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Varga
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; János Szentágothai School of Neurosciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Zelena
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Neuroscience, Szentágothai Research Centre, Institute of Physiology, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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Interference of commissural connections through the genu of the corpus callosum specifically impairs sensorimotor gating. Behav Brain Res 2021; 411:113383. [PMID: 34048871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
White matter abnormalities in schizophrenic patients are characterized as regional tract-specific. Myelin loss at the genu of the corpus callosum (GCC) is one of the most consistent findings in schizophrenic patients across the different populations. We characterized the axons that pass through the GCC by stereotactically injecting an anterograde axonal tracing viral vector into the forceps minor of the corpus callosum in one hemisphere, and identified the homotopic brain structures that have commissural connections in the two hemispheres of the prefrontal cortex, including the anterior cingulate area, the prelimbic area, the secondary motor area, and the dorsal part of the agranular insular area, along with commissural connections with the primary motor area, caudoputamen, and claustrum. To investigate whether dysmyelination in these commissural connections is critical for the development of schizophrenia symptoms, we generated a mouse model with focal demyelination at the GCC by stereotactically injecting demyelinating agent lysolecithin into this site, and tested these mice in a battery of behavioral tasks that are used to model the schizophrenia-like symptom domains. We found that demyelination at the GCC influenced neither the social interest or mood state, nor the locomotive activity or motor coordination. Nevertheless, it specifically reduced the prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle that is a well-known measure of sensorimotor gating. This study advances our understanding of the pathophysiological contributions of the GCC-specific white matter lesion to the related disease, and demonstrates an indispensable role of interhemispheric communication between the frontal cortices for the top-down regulation of the sensorimotor gating.
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12
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Martinat M, Rossitto M, Di Miceli M, Layé S. Perinatal Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Brain Development, Role in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Nutrients 2021; 13:1185. [PMID: 33918517 PMCID: PMC8065891 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential fatty acids that are provided by dietary intake. Growing evidence suggests that n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are paramount for brain functions. They constitute crucial elements of cellular membranes, especially in the brain. They are the precursors of several metabolites with different effects on inflammation and neuron outgrowth. Overall, long-chain PUFAs accumulate in the offspring brain during the embryonic and post-natal periods. In this review, we discuss how they accumulate in the developing brain, considering the maternal dietary supply, the polymorphisms of genes involved in their metabolism, and the differences linked to gender. We also report the mechanisms linking their bioavailability in the developing brain, their transfer from the mother to the embryo through the placenta, and their role in brain development. In addition, data on the potential role of altered bioavailability of long-chain n-3 PUFAs in the etiologies of neurodevelopmental diseases, such as autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia, are reviewed.
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13
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San-Martin R, Castro LA, Menezes PR, Fraga FJ, Simões PW, Salum C. Meta-Analysis of Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Patients With Schizophrenia Evaluated by Prepulse Inhibition Test. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:1482-1497. [PMID: 32506125 PMCID: PMC8061122 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating that is often impaired in patients with schizophrenia. Despite the large number of studies, there is considerable variation in PPI outcomes reported. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating PPI impairment in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy control subjects, and examined possible explanations for the variation in results between studies. Major databases were screened for observational studies comparing healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia for the prepulse and pulse intervals of 60 and 120 ms as primary outcomes, ie, PPI-60 and PPI-120. Standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extracted and pooled using random effects models. We then estimated the mean effect size of these measures with random effects meta-analyses and evaluated potential PPI heterogeneity moderators, using sensitivity analysis and meta-regressions. Sixty-seven primary studies were identified, with 3685 healthy and 4290 patients with schizophrenia. The schizophrenia group showed reduction in sensorimotor gating for both PPI-60 (SMD = -0.50, 95% CI = [-0.61, -0.39]) and PPI-120 (SMD = -0.44, 95% CI = [-0.54, -0.33]). The sensitivity and meta-regression analysis showed that sample size, gender proportion, imbalance for gender, source of control group, and study continent were sources of heterogeneity (P < .05) for both PPI-60 and PPI-120 outcomes. Our findings confirm a global sensorimotor gating deficit in schizophrenia patients, with overall moderate effect size for PPI-60 and PPI-120. Methodological consistency should decrease the high level of heterogeneity of PPI results between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo San-Martin
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Andrade Castro
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rossi Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Population Mental Health Research Center, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco José Fraga
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Priscyla Waleska Simões
- Engineering, Modeling and Applied Social Sciences Center, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Salum
- Center for Mathematics, Computation and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
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14
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Adell A. Brain NMDA Receptors in Schizophrenia and Depression. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060947. [PMID: 32585886 PMCID: PMC7355879 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP), dizocilpine (MK-801) and ketamine have long been considered a model of schizophrenia, both in animals and humans. However, ketamine has been recently approved for treatment-resistant depression, although with severe restrictions. Interestingly, the dosage in both conditions is similar, and positive symptoms of schizophrenia appear before antidepressant effects emerge. Here, we describe the temporal mechanisms implicated in schizophrenia-like and antidepressant-like effects of NMDA blockade in rats, and postulate that such effects may indicate that NMDA receptor antagonists induce similar mechanistic effects, and only the basal pre-drug state of the organism delimitates the overall outcome. Hence, blockade of NMDA receptors in depressive-like status can lead to amelioration or remission of symptoms, whereas healthy individuals develop psychotic symptoms and schizophrenia patients show an exacerbation of these symptoms after the administration of NMDA receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Adell
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC-University of Cantabria), Calle Albert Einstein 22 (PCTCAN), 39011 Santander, Spain; or
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), 39011 Santander, Spain
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15
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Auditory sensory gating in young adolescents with early-onset psychosis: a comparison with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:649-655. [PMID: 31649298 PMCID: PMC7021818 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated impaired sensory gating in schizophrenia and this impairment has been proposed as a candidate biomarker for the disorder. The typical age of onset for schizophrenia is early adulthood, however a sizable group of patients present with psychotic symptoms before the age of 18, commonly referred to as early-onset psychosis (EOP). How an earlier onset influences sensory gating is currently unknown. Impaired sensory gating may not be specific to psychosis, but rather a shared disturbance of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, the current study investigated P50 suppression in young adolescents (12-17 years old) with either EOP (N = 55) or ADHD (N = 28) and age and gender matched healthy controls (HC) (N = 71). In addition to P50 suppression, N100 and P200 suppression data were also analyzed. No significant group differences in either raw mean P50 amplitude or mean P50 gating ratios were observed between EOP, ADHD, and HC. Additionally, we observed no P50 suppression deficit in those EOP patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 39). Similarly, we observed no differences in N100 or P200 between the three groups. Healthy levels of P50 suppression were found in both patient groups. The results are in line with some previous studies showing healthy levels of P50 suppression in the early phases of schizophrenia. Our findings do not support P50 sensory gating as a valid biomarker for EOP or ADHD.
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16
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Rydkjaer J, Jepsen JRM, Pagsberg AK, Fagerlund B, Glenthoej BY, Oranje B. Do young adolescents with first-episode psychosis or ADHD show sensorimotor gating deficits? Psychol Med 2020; 50:607-615. [PMID: 30873927 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification is important for patients with early-onset schizophrenia (SZ). Assessment of (candidate) endophenotypic markers for SZ, such as prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI), may help distinguish between the early-onset SZ and other psychiatric disorders. We explored whether PPI deficits usually seen in adult-onset SZ are present in young adolescents with either early-onset psychosis or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS Twenty-five adolescents with first-episode, non-affective psychosis (FEP), 28 adolescents with ADHD and 43 healthy controls (HC), aged 12-17 years, were assessed with an auditory PPI paradigm. RESULTS No significant group differences were found in PPI. However, when the FEP group was divided into those already diagnosed with SZ (n = 13) and those without (N-SZ) (n = 12), and all four groups (SZ, N-SZ, ADHD and HC) were compared on percentage PPI in the 85/60 trials, significantly less PPI was found in patients with SZ than in the HC as well as the ADHD group. No significant group differences were found in explorative analyses on the other trial types. Additionally, startle magnitude was significantly higher in SZ than in N-SZ patients. CONCLUSION Young adolescents with SZ showed sensorimotor gating deficits similar to those usually found in adults with SZ and had larger startle magnitude than patients with other types of non-affective early-onset psychosis. No sensorimotor gating deficits were found in adolescents with ADHD. Our findings support the theory that deficient PPI is endophenotypic for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Rydkjaer
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Richardt Moellegaard Jepsen
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Katrine Pagsberg
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Fagerlund
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Yding Glenthoej
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bob Oranje
- Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS) and Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Mental Health Center Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Lithium for schizophrenia: supporting evidence from a 12-year, nationwide health insurance database and from Akt1-deficient mouse and cellular models. Sci Rep 2020; 10:647. [PMID: 31959776 PMCID: PMC6971245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57340-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests AKT1 and DRD2-AKT-GSK3 signaling involvement in schizophrenia. AKT1 activity is also required for lithium, a GSK3 inhibitor, to modulate mood-related behaviors. Notably, GSK3 inhibitor significantly alleviates behavioral deficits in Akt1−/− female mice, whereas typical/atypical antipsychotics have no effect. In agreement with adjunctive therapy with lithium in treating schizophrenia, our data mining indicated that the average utilization rates of lithium in the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2002 to 2013 are 10.9% and 6.63% in inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia, respectively. Given that lithium is commonly used in clinical practice, it is of great interest to evaluate the effect of lithium on alleviating Akt1-related deficits. Taking advantage of Akt1+/− mice to mimic genetic deficiency in patients, behavioral impairments were replicated in female Akt1+/− mice but were alleviated by subchronic lithium treatment for 13 days. Lithium also effectively alleviated the observed reduction in phosphorylated GSK3α/β expression in the brains of Akt1+/− mice. Furthermore, inhibition of Akt expression using an Akt1/2 inhibitor significantly reduced neurite length in P19 cells and primary hippocampal cell cultures, which was also ameliorated by lithium. Collectively, our findings implied the therapeutic potential of lithium and the importance of the AKT1-GSK3 signaling pathway.
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18
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Ni P, Tian Y, Gu X, Yang L, Wei J, Wang Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Li L, Tang X, Ma X, Hu X, Li T. Plasma neuropeptides as circulating biomarkers of multifactorial schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2019; 94:152114. [PMID: 31401216 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promising biomarkers would be used to improve the determination of diagnosis and severity, as well as the prediction of symptomatic and functional outcomes of schizophrenia. BASIC PROCEDURES In this study, we used three different mouse models induced by a genetic factor (PV-Cre; ErbB4-/-, G group), an environmental stressor (adolescent social isolation, G group), and a combination of genetic factor and environmental stressor (PV-Cre; ErbB4-/- mice with isolation, G × E group). Attenuated PPI (%) confirmed the successful establishment of three schizophrenia-like mouse models. To evaluate whether neuropeptide levels in plasma would be potential biomarkers of different schizophrenia models in our work, we used MILLIPLEX® MAP method to simultaneously measure 6 critical neuropeptides in plasma. MAIN FINDINGS Among the evaluated neuropeptides, increased neurotensin tends to be associated with genetic factors of schizophrenia, increased orexin A seems to be a biomarker of an interplay between genetic and social isolation, while higher plasma oxytocin might be more apt to be responsive to social isolation. The potential biomarkers are mostly independent of sex. CONCLUSIONS This research would provide novel clues to develop circulating biomarkers of plasma neuropeptides for multifactorial schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yang Tian
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaochu Gu
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Linghui Yang
- The Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jinxue Wei
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yingcheng Wang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Liping Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiangdong Tang
- Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Sleep Medicine Center, Mental Health Center, and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xun Hu
- Biobank, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China.
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Mao Z, Bo Q, Li W, Wang Z, Ma X, Wang C. Prepulse inhibition in patients with bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2019; 19:282. [PMID: 31510965 PMCID: PMC6737635 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2271-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measurement method for the sensory gating process, which helps the brain adapt to complex environments. PPI may be reduced in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This study investigated PPI deficits in BD and pooled the effect size of PPI in patients with BD. METHODS We conducted a literature search on PPI in patients with BD from inception to July 27, 2019 in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library databases, and Chinese databases. No age, sex, and language restriction were set. The calculation formula was PPI = 100 - [100*((prepulse - pulse amplitude) / pulse amplitude)]. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS Ten eligible papers were identified, of which five studies including a total of 141 euthymic patients and 132 healthy controls (HC) were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with HC, euthymic patients with BD had significantly lower PPI at the 60 ms interstimulus interval (ISI) between pulse and prepulse (P = 0.476, I2 = 0.0%, SMD = - 0.32, 95% CI = - 0.54 - -0.10). Sensitivity analysis shows no significant change in the combined effect value after removing any single study. There was no publication bias using the Egger's test at 60 ms (P = 0.606). The meta-analysis of PPI at the 60 ms ISI could have significant clinical heterogeneity in mood episode state, as well as lack of data on BD I or II subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Euthymic patients with BD show PPI deficits at the 60 ms, suggesting a deficit in the early sensory gate underlying PPI. The PPI inhibition rate at a 60 ms interval is a stable index. More research is needed in the future to confirm this outcome, and to delve deeper into the mechanisms behind deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Mao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Qijing Bo
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Weidi Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Zhimin Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Xin Ma
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
| | - Chuanyue Wang
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders & Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.5 Ankang Lane, Dewai Avenue, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100088 China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069 China
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20
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Multidimensional factor structure of unusual experiences: New measures of positive schizotypy. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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21
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Khoja S, Asatryan L, Jakowec MW, Davies DL. Dopamine Receptor Blockade Attenuates Purinergic P2X4 Receptor-Mediated Prepulse Inhibition Deficits and Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:331. [PMID: 31396053 PMCID: PMC6664007 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating refers to the ability to filter incoming sensory information in a stimulus-laden environment and disruption of this physiological process has been documented in psychiatric disorders characterized by cognitive aberrations. The effectiveness of current pharmacotherapies for treatment of sensorimotor gating deficits in the patient population still remains controversial. These challenges emphasize the need to better understand the biological underpinnings of sensorimotor gating which could lead to discovery of novel drug targets for therapeutic intervention. Notably, we recently reported a role for purinergic P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs) in regulation of sensorimotor gating using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reflex. P2X4Rs are ion channels gated by adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP). Ivermectin (IVM) induced PPI deficits in C57BL/6J mice in a P2X4R-specific manner. Furthermore, mice deficient in P2X4Rs [P2X4R knockout (KO)] exhibited PPI deficits that were alleviated by dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists demonstrating an interaction between P2X4Rs and DA receptors in PPI regulation. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that increased DA neurotransmission underlies IVM-mediated PPI deficits. To test this hypothesis, we measured the effects of D1 and D2 receptor antagonists, SCH 23390 and raclopride respectively and D1 agonist, SKF 82958 on IVM-mediated PPI deficits. To gain mechanistic insights, we investigated the interaction between IVM and dopaminergic drugs on signaling molecules linked to PPI regulation in the ventral striatum. SCH 23390 significantly attenuated the PPI disruptive effects of IVM to a much greater degree than that of raclopride. SKF 82958 failed to potentiate IVM-mediated PPI disruption. At the molecular level, modulation of D1 receptors altered IVM’s effects on dopamine and cyclic-AMP regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32) phosphorylation. Additionally, IVM interacted with the DA receptors antagonists and SKF 82958 in phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) and its downstream target, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Current findings suggest an involvement for D1 and D2 receptors in IVM-mediated PPI disruption via modulation of DARPP-32, CaMKIIα and nNOS. Taken together, the findings suggest that stimulation of P2X4Rs can lead to DA hyperactivity and disruption of information processing, implicating P2X4Rs as a novel drug target for treatment of psychiatric disorders characterized by sensorimotor gating deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheraz Khoja
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Liana Asatryan
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daryl L Davies
- Titus Family Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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22
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Li M, Becker B, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liao W, Duan X, Liu H, Zhao J, Chen H. Dysregulated Maturation of the Functional Connectome in Antipsychotic-Naïve, First-Episode Patients With Adolescent-Onset Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:689-697. [PMID: 29850901 PMCID: PMC6483582 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia has been conceptualized as a brain network disorder rooted in dysregulated neurodevelopmental processes. Recent neuroimaging studies revealed disrupted brain connectomic organization in adult schizophrenia patients. However, altered developmental trajectories of the functional connectome during the adolescent maturational stage have not been examined. METHODS The present study combined functional MRI with a graph theoretical approach to examine functional network topology and its age-related development in 39 medication naïve, first-episode patients with adolescent-onset schizophrenia and 31 matched controls (age range: 12-18 years). RESULTS Patients demonstrated impaired large-scale integration as reflected by reduced global efficiency as well as decreased regional nodal efficiency in highly integrative network hubs, most consistently the hippocampal formation and the precuneus. Furthermore, the left hippocampus showed opposite age-efficiency associations in healthy controls and patients, indicating dysregulated maturational trajectories in adolescent schizophrenia and a particular vulnerability of this region during early pathological attack. CONCLUSIONS The findings allow an integrative perspective on network and neurodevelopmental perspectives on schizophrenia, suggesting that dysregulated maturation of the functional connectome during adolescence might reflect an early marker for the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Li
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Heng Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Liao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xujun Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hesheng Liu
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Institute of Mental Health, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Huafu Chen
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, Ministry of Education Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,To whom correspondence should be addressed; School of Life Science and Technology, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; tel: 86 13808003171, fax: 86 2883208238, e-mail:
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23
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Heermann T, Garrett L, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Graw J, Hölter SM. Crybb2 Mutations Consistently Affect Schizophrenia Endophenotypes in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4215-4230. [PMID: 30291584 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
As part of the βγ-superfamily, βB2-crystallin (CRYBB2) is an ocular structural protein in the lens, and mutation of the corresponding gene can cause cataracts. CRYBB2 also is expressed in non-lens tissue such as the adult mouse brain and is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Nevertheless, the robustness of this association as well as how CRYBB2 may contribute to disease-relevant phenotypes is unknown. To add further clarity to this issue, we performed a comprehensive analysis of behavioral and neurohistological alterations in mice with an allelic series of mutations in the C-terminal end of the Crybb2 gene. Behavioral phenotyping of these three βB2-mutant lines Crybb2O377, Crybb2Philly, and Crybb2Aey2 included assessment of exploratory activity and anxiety-related behavior in the open field, sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, cognitive performance measured by social discrimination, and spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze. In each mutant line, we also quantified the number of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) GABAergic interneurons in selected brain regions that express CRYBB2. While there were allele-specific differences in individual behaviors and affected brain areas, all three mutant lines exhibited consistent alterations in PPI that paralleled alterations in the PV+ cell number in the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN). The direction of the PPI change mirrored that of the TRN PV+ cell number thereby suggesting a role for TRN PV+ cell number in modulating PPI. Moreover, as both altered PPI and PV+ cell number are schizophrenia-associated endophenotypes, our result implicates mutated Crybb2 in the development of this neuropsychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Heermann
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Developmental Genetics, Technische Universität München- Weihenstephan, c/o Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.,German Centre of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Adolf-Butenandt-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schillerstr.44, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Graw
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sabine M Hölter
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.
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24
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Bayne T, Carter O. Dimensions of consciousness and the psychedelic state. Neurosci Conscious 2018; 2018:niy008. [PMID: 30254752 PMCID: PMC6146157 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It has often been suggested in the popular and academic literature that the psychedelic state qualifies as a higher state of consciousness relative to the state of normal waking awareness. This article subjects this proposal to critical scrutiny, focusing on the question of what it would mean for a state of consciousness to be 'higher'. We begin by considering the contrast between conscious contents and conscious global states. We then review the changes in conscious global state associated with psychedelic drug use, focusing on the effects of two serotonergic hallucinogens: psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide. Limiting our review to findings obtained from lab-based experiments and reported in peer-reviewed journals, we prioritize the more common and reliably induced effects obtained through subjective questionnaires and psychophysical measures. The findings are grouped into three broad categories (sensory perception, cognitive function, and experiences of unity) and demonstrate that although certain aspects of consciousness are improved or enhanced in the psychedelic state, many of the functional capacities that are associated with consciousness are seriously compromised. Psychedelic-induced states of consciousness are indeed remarkable in many ways, but it is inappropriate to regard them as 'higher' states of consciousness. The fact that psychedelics affect different aspects of consciousness in fundamentally different ways provides evidence against the unidimensional (or 'level-based') view of consciousness, and instead provides strong support for a multidimensional conception of conscious states. The final section of the article considers the implications of this analysis for two prominent theories of consciousness: the Global Workspace Theory and Integrated Information Theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Bayne
- School of Philosophical, Historical and International Studies, 20 Chancellors Walk, Monash University, VIC, Australia
| | - Olivia Carter
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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25
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Quednow BB, Ejebe K, Wagner M, Giakoumaki SG, Bitsios P, Kumari V, Roussos P. Meta-analysis on the association between genetic polymorphisms and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:52-59. [PMID: 29287625 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR) has been proposed as one of the most promising electrophysiological endophenotypes of schizophrenia. During the past decade, a number of publications have reported significant associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI in samples of schizophrenia patients and healthy volunteers. However, an overall evaluation of the robustness of these results has not been published so far. Therefore, we performed the first meta-analysis of published and unpublished associations between gene polymorphisms and PPI of ASR. Unpublished associations between genetic polymorphisms and PPI were derived from three independent samples. In total, 120 single observations from 16 independent samples with 2660 study participants and 43 polymorphisms were included. After correction for multiple testing based on false discovery rate and considering the number of analyzed polymorphisms, significant associations were shown for four variants, even though none of these associations survived a genome-wide correction (P<5∗10-8). These results imply that PPI might be modulated by four genotypes - COMT rs4680 (primarily in males), GRIK3 rs1027599, TCF4 rs9960767, and PRODH rs385440 - indicating a role of these gene variations in the development of early information processing deficits in schizophrenia. However, the overall impact of single genes on PPI is still rather small suggesting that PPI is - like the disease phenotype - highly polygenic. Future genome-wide analyses studies with large sample sizes will enhance our understanding on the genetic architecture of PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris B Quednow
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Kenechi Ejebe
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases and GeriatricPsychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Department of Psychology, Gallos University campus, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Panos Bitsios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Voutes University campus, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, USA.
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26
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Fargotstein M, Hasenkamp W, Gross R, Cuthbert B, Green A, Swails L, Lewison B, Boshoven W, Keyes M, Duncan E. The effect of antipsychotic medications on acoustic startle latency in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:28-35. [PMID: 28732798 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI) is extensively studied as a biomarker of schizophrenia (SCZ); however, antipsychotic medication can confound the measure. Latency, the time between the startling stimulus and the reflexive eye blink, provides an index of neural processing speed and is 90% heritable. SCZ subjects have slower latency than controls (CON). This study examined the effects of antipsychotic medication on startle latency. 108 CON and 132 SCZ subjects in three medication subgroups (94 on second-generation antipsychotics (SGA), 25 on first-generation antipsychotics (FGA), 13 unmedicated (NoMed)) were tested on a standard acoustic startle paradigm designed to measure startle magnitude, PPI, and latency. Latency was slower in SCZ compared to CON subjects (p=0.005). Latency did not differ between the three SCZ medication groups. When CON were added to that model, both the NoMed subjects (p=0.04) and the SGA subjects (p=0.003) were slower than CON subjects. For PPI, CON did not differ from SCZ analyzed as a single group. When SCZ subjects were divided into medication groups, PPI was lower in NoMed subjects than the CON group (p=0.03), the SGA group (p=0.02) and the FGA group (p=0.05). SCZ subjects on any medication did not differ from CON. Thus, latency was partially normalized by antipsychotic medication, but this did not obscure the slower latency in SCZ compared to CON. Therefore latency is both trait and state related, whereas medication normalized PPI and obscured any difference between SCZ and CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fargotstein
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Wendy Hasenkamp
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Bruce Cuthbert
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Amanda Green
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Lisette Swails
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Barbara Lewison
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - William Boshoven
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Megan Keyes
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA
| | - Erica Duncan
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Road, Decatur, GA 30033, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive Northeast #200, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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27
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Sedgwick O, Young S, Greer B, Arnold J, Parsons A, Puzzo I, Terracciano M, Das M, Kumari V. Sensorimotor gating characteristics of violent men with comorbid psychosis and dissocial personality disorder: Relationship with antisocial traits and psychosocial deprivation. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:21-27. [PMID: 28689756 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests violence amongst those with psychosis is not aetiologically homogeneous, and that a large proportion of those who engage in violent behaviour have a comorbid antisocial personality disorder. Initial investigations indicate that this subgroup has distinct historical and neuropsychological characteristics, which may indicate diverse treatment needs. This study investigated sensorimotor gating characteristics of violent men with diagnoses of both psychosis and dissocial personality disorder (DPD) (n=21) relative to violent men with psychosis alone (n=12), DPD alone (n=14) and healthy, non-violent male controls (n=27), using the prepulse inhibition (PPI) paradigm. The results indicated that, relative to the psychosis alone and healthy control groups, the comorbid group had lower PPI, especially at 60-ms prepulse-to-pulse interval. The DPD group took an intermediary position and did not differ from any group. Antisocial personality traits (factor two scores of the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised), and greater severity of childhood psychosocial deprivation (including physical and sexual abuse), were significantly correlated with poor PPI across the clinical sample. The findings suggest diverse sensorimotor gating profiles amongst subgroups of violent offenders, with comorbid psychosis and DPD showing most impairment. This is consistent with a 'double dose' of deficit explanation amongst those with both diagnoses, explained at least in part by presence of antisocial personality traits and childhood psychosocial deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottilie Sedgwick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK.
| | - Susan Young
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK; Centre for Mental Health, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ben Greer
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Jack Arnold
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Aisling Parsons
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Ignazio Puzzo
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Mariafatima Terracciano
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Mrigendra Das
- Forensic Research Domain, Broadmoor Hospital, West London Mental Health Trust, UK
| | - Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, UK.
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28
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Lei M, Zhang C, Li L. Neural correlates of perceptual separation-induced enhancement of prepulse inhibition of startle in humans. Sci Rep 2018; 8:472. [PMID: 29323167 PMCID: PMC5765047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is the suppression of the startle reflex when the intense startling stimulus is shortly preceded by a weaker non-startling stimulus (prepulse). In rats, the auditory precedence-effect-induced perceived spatial separation between the fear-conditioned prepulse and a noise masker facilitates selective attention to the prepulse and enhances PPI. However, whether the perceptual separation between the prepulse and a noise masker can also enhance PPI in humans remains unclear. Also, the relationship between the PPI enhancement and the change in early cortical representations of prepulse signals is unclear. This study for the first time reveals that in a sound-attenuated laboratory environment, relative to the listening condition with perceptual co-location between the prepulse stimulus and a noise-masking stimulus, the perceptual separation between the two stimuli significantly enhances the group-mean PPI. More importantly, the early cortical responses (N1/P2 complex) to the prepulse stimulus are also enhanced by the perceptual separation in most listeners, and the perceptual-separation-induced enhancement of the N1 component is positively correlated with the perceptual-separation-induced PPI enhancement. Thus, the perceptual separation enhances PPI through facilitating selective attention to the prepulse, leading to an enhancement of the early cortical representation of the prepulse signal in temporal auditory cortical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lei
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China.,Department of Health Industry Management, Beijing International Studies University, Beijing, 100024, China
| | - Changxin Zhang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China.,Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, 100080, China. .,Key Laboratory on Machine Perception (Ministry of Education), Speech and Hearing Research Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.
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29
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Dostal CR, Carson Sulzer M, Kelley KW, Freund GG, M cCusker RH. Glial and tissue-specific regulation of Kynurenine Pathway dioxygenases by acute stress of mice. Neurobiol Stress 2017; 7:1-15. [PMID: 29520368 PMCID: PMC5840960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stressors activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and immune system eliciting changes in cognitive function, mood and anxiety. An important link between stress and altered behavior is stimulation of the Kynurenine Pathway which generates neuroactive and immunomodulatory kynurenines. Tryptophan entry into this pathway is controlled by rate-limiting indoleamine/tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenases (DOs: Ido1, Ido2, Tdo2). Although implicated as mediating changes in behavior, detecting stress-induced DO expression has proven inconsistent. Thus, C57BL/6J mice were used to characterize DO expression in brain-regions, astrocytes and microglia to characterize restraint-stress-induced DO expression. Stress increased kynurenine in brain and plasma, demonstrating increased DO activity. Of three Ido1 transcripts, only Ido1-v1 expression was increased by stress and within astrocytes, not microglia, indicating transcript- and glial-specificity. Stress increased Ido1-v1 only in frontal cortex and hypothalamus, indicating brain-region specificity. Of eight Ido2 transcripts, Ido2-v3 expression was increased by stress, again only within astrocytes. Likewise, stress increased Tdo2-FL expression in astrocytes, not microglia. Interestingly, Ido2 and Tdo2 transcripts were not correspondingly induced in Ido1-knockout (Ido1KO) mice, suggesting that Ido1 is necessary for the central DO response to acute stress. Unlike acute inflammatory models resulting in DO induction within microglia, only astrocyte DO expression was increased by acute restraint-stress, defining their unique role during stress-dependent activation of the Kynurenine Pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos R. Dostal
- Neuroscience Program, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Medical Scholars Program, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Megan Carson Sulzer
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Neuroscience Program, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Gregory G. Freund
- Neuroscience Program, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Neuroscience Program, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 250 Edward R Madigan Laboratory, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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30
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Characterization of Volume-Based Changes in Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials and Prepulse Inhibition. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11098. [PMID: 28894145 PMCID: PMC5593922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory evoked startle reflex is a conserved response resulting in neurological and motor activity. The presence of a mild prepulse immediately before the main pulse inhibits startle responses, though the mechanism for this remains unknown. In this study, the electroencephalography (EEG) data recorded from 15 subjects was analyzed to study the N1 and P2 components of cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) evoked by 70, 80, 90, 100, and 110 dB stimuli both in the presence and absence of 70 dB prepulses. Results without a prepulse showed an evolution of N1 amplitudes, increasing with stimulus intensity and showing largely significant differences. Results from prepulse trials only showed noteworthy changes in peak-to-peak amplitude in the 100 dB condition. Prepulse and non-prepulse conditions were then compared using peak amplitudes and theta power. Prepulse conditions significantly decreased the amplitude for both components in the 110 dB condition, i.e., pre-pulse inhibition, but significantly increased the N1 amplitude in the 70 dB condition, i.e., pre-pulse facilitation. Similarly theta band power significantly increased in the 70 dB prepulse condition and significantly decreased in the 110 dB prepulse condition. These results expand the basis of knowledge regarding how CAEPs change and elaborate on their neural function and representation.
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31
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Morales-Muñoz I, Martínez-Gras I, Ponce G, de la Cruz J, Lora D, Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Jurado-Barba R, Navarrete F, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Rubio G. Psychological symptomatology and impaired prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex are associated with cannabis-induced psychosis. J Psychopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28648138 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117711920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis-induced psychotic disorder (CIPD) is a psychiatric disorder induced by cannabis consumption. The psychological and psychophysiological features of this disorder are still unknown. We aimed to examine the psychological, personality and psychophysiological features of patients with CIPD. This study is an analytical extension of our previously published data, which previously found prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits in the CIPD group used in this current paper. METHODS We used a sample of 45 patients with CIPD. After 9 months of follow up, these patients were assessed with a Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) questionnaire of psychopathology, with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and with a psychophysiological paradigm of inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI). These results were compared with a group of patients with schizophrenia and cannabis abuse (SCHZ) ( n = 54); patients with cannabis dependence (CD) ( n = 21); and healthy controls ( n = 50). RESULTS CIPD patients obtained significant higher scores in the SCL-90-R subscale of neuroticism. These patients showed PPI percentages similar to SCHZ patients within early attentional levels (30 ms). The variables with greater correlation, and that appeared in the CIPD group were interpersonal sensitivity, depression and phobia. CONCLUSIONS Neurotic symptomatology and difficulties in inhibition of the startle reflex might be risk factors for developing CIPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- 1 Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland.,2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez-Gras
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ponce
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier de la Cruz
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lora
- 6 Clinical Research Unit (i+12), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,7 CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rodríguez-Jiménez
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,8 Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Jurado-Barba
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,8 Biomedical Research Center Network for Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- 5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,9 Institute for Neurosciences, Miguel Hernández University-CSIC, Alicante, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- 2 Research Institute 12-i, Madrid, Spain.,3 Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,4 Department of Psychiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,5 Red temática de Investigación cooperativa en salud (RETIS-Trastornos adictivos), Instituto Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
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Smith AK, Jovanovic T, Kilaru V, Lori A, Gensler L, Lee SS, Norrholm SD, Massa N, Cuthbert B, Bradley B, Ressler KJ, Duncan E. A Gene-Based Analysis of Acoustic Startle Latency. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:117. [PMID: 28729842 PMCID: PMC5498475 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Latency of the acoustic startle response is the time required from the presentation of startling auditory stimulus until the startle response is elicited and provides an index of neural processing speed. Latency is prolonged in subjects with schizophrenia compared to controls in some but not all studies and is 68-90% heritable in baseline startle trials. In order to determine the genetic association with latency as a potential inroad into genetically based vulnerability to psychosis, we conducted a gene-based study of latency followed by an independent replication study of significant gene findings with a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based analysis of schizophrenia and control subjects. 313 subjects from an urban population of low socioeconomic status with mixed psychiatric diagnoses were included in the gene-based study. Startle testing was conducted using a Biopac M150 system according to our published methods. Genotyping was performed with the Omni-Quad 1M or the Omni Express BeadChip. The replication study was conducted on 154 schizophrenia subjects and 123 psychiatric controls. Genetic analyses were conducted with Illumina Human Omni1-Quad and OmniExpress BeadChips. Twenty-nine SNPs were selected from four genes that were significant in the gene-based analysis and also associated with startle and/or schizophrenia in the literature. Linear regressions on latency were conducted, controlling for age, race, and diagnosis as a dichotomous variable. In the gene-based study, 2,870 genes demonstrated the evidence of association after correction for multiple comparisons (false discovery rate < 0.05). Pathway analysis of these genes revealed enrichment for relevant biological processes including neural transmission (p = 0.0029), synaptic transmission (p = 0.0032), and neuronal development (p = 0.024). The subsequent SNP-based replication analysis revealed a strong association of onset latency with the SNP rs901561 on the neuregulin gene (NRG1) in an additive model (beta = 0.21, p = 0.001), indicating that subjects with the AA and AG genotypes had slower mean latency than subjects with GG genotype. In conclusion, startle latency, a highly heritable measure that is slowed in schizophrenia, may be a useful biological probe for genetic contributions to psychotic disorders. Our analyses in two independent populations point to a significant prediction of startle latency by genetic variation in NRG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K. Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Varun Kilaru
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Adriana Lori
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lauren Gensler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samuel S. Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Seth Davin Norrholm
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas Massa
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Bruce Cuthbert
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
| | - Kerry J. Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erica Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, United States
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McDiarmid TA, Bernardos AC, Rankin CH. Habituation is altered in neuropsychiatric disorders-A comprehensive review with recommendations for experimental design and analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 80:286-305. [PMID: 28579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities in the simplest form of learning, habituation, have been reported in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders as etiologically diverse as Autism Spectrum Disorder, Fragile X syndrome, Schizophrenia, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Tourette's Syndrome, and Migraine. Here we provide the first comprehensive review of what is known about alterations in this form of non-associative learning in each disorder. Across several disorders, abnormal habituation is predictive of symptom severity, highlighting the clinical significance of habituation and its importance to normal cognitive function. Abnormal habituation is discussed within the greater framework of learning theory and how it may relate to disease phenotype either as a cause, symptom, or therapy. Important considerations for the design and interpretation of habituation experiments are outlined with the hope that these will aid both clinicians and basic researchers investigating how this simple form of learning is altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A McDiarmid
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Aram C Bernardos
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Rm F221, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 2B5, Canada.
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The NMDA receptor GluN2C subunit controls cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance, neuronal oscillations and cognitive function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38321. [PMID: 27922130 PMCID: PMC5138829 DOI: 10.1038/srep38321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite strong evidence for NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction as an underlying factor for cognitive disorders, the precise roles of various NMDAR subtypes remains unknown. The GluN2C-containing NMDARs exhibit unique biophysical properties and expression pattern, and lower expression of GluN2C subunit has been reported in postmortem brains from schizophrenia patients. We found that loss of GluN2C subunit leads to a shift in cortical excitatory-inhibitory balance towards greater inhibition. Specifically, pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of GluN2C knockout mice have reduced mEPSC frequency and dendritic spine density and a contrasting higher frequency of mIPSCs. In addition a greater number of perisomatic GAD67 puncta was observed suggesting a potential increase in parvalbumin interneuron inputs. At a network level the GluN2C knockout mice were found to have a more robust increase in power of oscillations in response to NMDAR blocker MK-801. Furthermore, GluN2C heterozygous and knockout mice exhibited abnormalities in cognition and sensorimotor gating. Our results demonstrate that loss of GluN2C subunit leads to cortical excitatory-inhibitory imbalance and abnormal neuronal oscillations associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Sánchez-Morla EM, Mateo J, Aparicio A, García-Jiménez MÁ, Jiménez E, Santos JL. Prepulse inhibition in euthymic bipolar disorder patients in comparison with control subjects. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:350-9. [PMID: 27294331 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response, indicating sensorimotor gating deficits, has been reported in schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. This study aimed to assess sensorimotor gating deficits in patients with euthymic bipolar. Furthermore, we analysed the relationships between PPI and clinical and cognitive measures. METHOD Prepulse inhibition was measured in 64 patients with euthymic bipolar and in 64 control subjects matched for age, gender, education level and smoking status. Clinical characteristics and level of functioning were assessed in all participants using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST). Cognition was evaluated using the Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB) and the Stroop test as an additional measure of executive function. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder exhibited PPI deficits at 60- and 120-millisecond prepulse-pulse intervals. Among patients with bipolar disorder, PPI was correlated with the social cognition domain of the MCCB. PPI was not significantly correlated with other clinical, functional and neurocognitive variables in either group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that PPI deficit is a neurobiological marker in euthymic bipolar disorder, which is associated with social cognition but not with other clinical, functional or cognitive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Sánchez-Morla
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain. .,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J Mateo
- Innovation in Bioengineering Research Group, University of Castilla La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - A Aparicio
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | | | - E Jiménez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
| | - J L Santos
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Virgen de la Luz, Cuenca, Spain
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Electroconvulsive shock attenuated microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus and ameliorated schizophrenia-like behavior of Gunn rat. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:230. [PMID: 27590010 PMCID: PMC5009533 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regarded as one of the efficient treatments for intractable psychiatric disorders, the mechanism of therapeutic action remains unclear. Recently, many studies indicate that ECT affects the immune-related cells, such as microglia, astrocytes, and lymphocytes. Moreover, microglial activation and astrocytic activation have been implicated in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia patients. We previously demonstrated that Gunn rats showed schizophrenia-like behavior and microglial activation in their brains. The present study examined the effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS), an animal counterpart of ECT, on schizophrenia-like behavior, microgliosis, and astrogliosis in the brain of Gunn rats. Methods The rats were divided into four groups, i.e., Wistar sham, Wistar ECS, Gunn sham, and Gunn ECS. ECS groups received ECS once daily for six consecutive days. Subsequently, prepulse inhibition (PPI) test was performed, and immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out to determine the activation degree of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus by using anti-CD11b and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, respectively. Results We found PPI deficit in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats, and it was significantly improved by ECS. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that immunoreactivity of CD11b and GFAP was significantly increased in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats. ECS significantly attenuated the immunoreactivity of both CD11b and GFAP in Gunn rats. Conclusions ECS ameliorated schizophrenia-like behavior of Gunn rats and attenuated microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus of Gunn rats. Accordingly, therapeutic effects of ECT may be exerted, at least in part, by inhibition of glial activation. These results may provide crucial information to elucidate the role of activated glia in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and to determine whether future therapeutic interventions should attempt to up-regulate or down-regulate glial functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0688-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Davoren JE, Lee CW, Garnsey M, Brodney MA, Cordes J, Dlugolenski K, Edgerton JR, Harris AR, Helal CJ, Jenkinson S, Kauffman GW, Kenakin TP, Lazzaro JT, Lotarski SM, Mao Y, Nason DM, Northcott C, Nottebaum L, O’Neil SV, Pettersen B, Popiolek M, Reinhart V, Salomon-Ferrer R, Steyn SJ, Webb D, Zhang L, Grimwood S. Discovery of the Potent and Selective M1 PAM-Agonist N-[(3R,4S)-3-Hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl]-5-methyl-4-[4-(1,3-thiazol-4-yl)benzyl]pyridine-2-carboxamide (PF-06767832): Evaluation of Efficacy and Cholinergic Side Effects. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6313-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen Jenkinson
- Drug
Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Terrence P. Kenakin
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisa Nottebaum
- Drug
Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, California 92121, United States
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Khan MM. Neurocognitive, Neuroprotective, and Cardiometabolic Effects of Raloxifene: Potential for Improving Therapeutic Outcomes in Schizophrenia. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:589-601. [PMID: 27193386 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator that has been approved for treating osteoporosis and breast cancer in high-risk postmenopausal women. However, recent evidence suggests that raloxifene adjunct therapy improves cognition and reduces symptom severity in men and women with schizophrenia. In animal models, raloxifene increases forebrain neurogenesis and enhances working memory and synaptic plasticity. It may consequently repair the neuronal and synaptic connectivity that is disrupted in schizophrenia. It also reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are potent etiological factors in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, in postmenopausal women, raloxifene reduces the risks for atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, and weight gain, which are serious adverse effects associated with long-term antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia; therefore, it may improve the safety and efficacy of antipsychotic drugs. In this review, recent insights into the neurocognitive, neuroprotective, and cardiometabolic effects of raloxifene in relation to therapeutic outcomes in schizophrenia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zawia, Jamal Abdul Nassre Street, P.O. Box 16418, Az-Zawiyah, Libya.
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Abstract
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), described as a classical hallucinogen, began its journey from the middle of the last century following an accidental discovery. Since then, it was used as a popular and notorious substance of abuse in various parts of the world. Its beneficial role as an adjunct to psychotherapy was much unknown, until some 'benevolent' experiments were carried out over time to explore some of its potential uses. But, many of its effects were unclear and seemed to be a psychedelic enigma. In this review article, we have described the receptor pharmacology, mechanism of action, effects and adverse effects of LSD on the normal body system. We have also highlighted its addictive potentials and the chances of developing tolerance. We have assimilated some of the interesting therapeutic uses of this drug, such as an antianxiety agent, a creativity enhancer, a suggestibility enhancer, and a performance enhancer. We have also described LSD to be successfully used in drug and alcohol dependence, and as a part of psychedelic peak therapy in terminally ill patients. The relevant chronological history and literature in the light of present knowledge and scenarios have been discussed. Based on available evidence, LSD could be tried therapeutically in certain specific conditions under controlled settings. But as we mention, due to all the safety concerns, the use of this nonaddictive 'entheogen' in actual practice warrants a lot of expertise, caution, cooperation and ethical considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632002, India
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Trentini JF, O'Neill JT, Poluch S, Juliano SL. Prenatal carbon monoxide impairs migration of interneurons into the cerebral cortex. Neurotoxicology 2015; 53:31-44. [PMID: 26582457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to carbon monoxide (CO) disrupts brain development, however little is known about effects on neocortical maturation. We exposed pregnant mice to CO from embryonic day 7 (E7) until birth. To study the effect of CO on neuronal migration into the neocortex we injected BrdU during corticogenesis and observed misplaced BrdU+ cells. The majority of cells not in their proper layer colocalized with GAD65/67, suggesting impairment of interneuron migration; interneuron subtypes were also affected. We subsequently followed interneuron migration from E15 organotypic cultures of mouse neocortex exposed to CO; the leading process length of migrating neurons diminished. To examine an underlying mechanism, we assessed the effects of CO on the cellular cascade mediating the cytoskeletal protein vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). CO exposure resulted in decreased cGMP and in a downstream target, phosphorylated VASP. Organotypic cultures grown in the presence of the phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX resulted in a recovery of the leading processes. These data support the idea that CO acts as a signaling molecule and impairs function and neuronal migration by acting through the CO/NO-cGMP pathway. In addition, treated mice demonstrated functional impairment in behavioral tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Trentini
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - J Timothy O'Neill
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sylvie Poluch
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sharon L Juliano
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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Acute Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide in Healthy Subjects. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 78:544-53. [PMID: 25575620 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After no research in humans for >40 years, there is renewed interest in using lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in clinical psychiatric research and practice. There are no modern studies on the subjective and autonomic effects of LSD, and its endocrine effects are unknown. In animals, LSD disrupts prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, and patients with schizophrenia exhibit similar impairments in PPI. However, no data are available on the effects of LSD on PPI in humans. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, LSD (200 μg) and placebo were administered to 16 healthy subjects (8 women, 8 men). Outcome measures included psychometric scales; investigator ratings; PPI of the acoustic startle response; and autonomic, endocrine, and adverse effects. RESULTS Administration of LSD to healthy subjects produced pronounced alterations in waking consciousness that lasted 12 hours. The predominant effects induced by LSD included visual hallucinations, audiovisual synesthesia, and positively experienced derealization and depersonalization phenomena. Subjective well-being, happiness, closeness to others, openness, and trust were increased by LSD. Compared with placebo, LSD decreased PPI. LSD significantly increased blood pressure, heart rate, body temperature, pupil size, plasma cortisol, prolactin, oxytocin, and epinephrine. Adverse effects produced by LSD completely subsided within 72 hours. No severe acute adverse effects were observed. CONCLUSIONS In addition to marked hallucinogenic effects, LSD exerts methylenedioxymethamphetamine-like empathogenic mood effects that may be useful in psychotherapy. LSD altered sensorimotor gating in a human model of psychosis, supporting the use of LSD in translational psychiatric research. In a controlled clinical setting, LSD can be used safely, but it produces significant sympathomimetic stimulation.
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Blumenthal TD. Presidential Address 2014: The more-or-less interrupting effects of the startle response. Psychophysiology 2015; 52:1417-31. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry D. Blumenthal
- Department of Psychology; Wake Forest University; Winston-Salem North Carolina USA
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Loomans MM, Tulen JHM, van Marle HJC. The startle paradigm in a forensic psychiatric setting: elucidating psychopathy. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2015; 25:42-53. [PMID: 24664972 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most people who meet the diagnostic criteria for anti-social personality disorder (ASPD) do not meet the criteria for psychopathy. A differentiating feature is affective-interpersonal style. Eye blink startle reflex paradigms have been used to study affect. AIM The aim of this study is to explore an eye blink startle paradigm as a means of distinguishing between men with both ASPD and psychopathy, and men with ASPD alone. METHODS One hundred and thirty-six men were recruited as follows: 31 patients with ASPD and a Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) score of 26 or more, 22 patients with ASPD and a PCL-R score of 25 or less, 50 forensic hospital employees and 33 general population men, none in the latter two groups having abnormal personality traits. Each was presented with 16 pleasant, 16 unpleasant and 16 neutral pictures. Acoustic probes were presented during each category at 300, 800, 1300 and 3800 milliseconds (ms) after picture onset. Eye blink response was measured by electromyography. RESULTS Overall, both patient groups showed significantly smaller eye blink responses to the startle stimuli compared with the community controls. Both the latter and the ASPD group showed the expected increase in eye blink response at longer startle latencies to unpleasant pictures than pleasant pictures, but this was not present either in the group with psychopathy or in the forensic hospital employees. With increasing startle latency onset, eye blink amplitude increased significantly in both the healthy comparison groups and the ASPD group, but not in the group with psychopathy. CONCLUSIONS We replicated eye blink startle modulation deficiencies among men with psychopathy. We confirmed that the psychopathy and ASPD groups could be distinguished by startle stimulus onset asynchrony, but this pattern was also seen in one healthy group - the forensic hospital employees. This suggests a case for more research with more diverse comparison groups and more differentiation of personality traits before drawing definitive conclusions about distinctive startle response patterns among men with psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max M Loomans
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Elshaikh AA, Sponheim SR, Chafee MV, MacDonald AW. Spatial attentional control is not impaired in schizophrenia: Dissociating specific deficits from generalized impairments. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 124:302-308. [PMID: 25546021 DOI: 10.1037/a0038537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A large literature has established that people with schizophrenia are impaired on tasks that require attentional control. However, evidence is mixed as to whether these impairments are specific deficits (Oltmanns & Neale, 1975) or merely reflect a generalized impairment (Dickinson & Harvey, 2009). Recent evidence also suggests visual attentional control for encoding into working memory may be selectively spared in people with schizophrenia (Gold et al., 2006). The current study used a cued backward masking task to investigate 23 people with schizophrenia and 27 healthy controls. People with schizophrenia were hypothesized to perform better on invalidly cued trials when making a simple identification or location judgment. However, we found schizophrenia impaired performance on both valid and invalid cues to the same degree whether the cue was a stored representation (top-down) or presented at the location of the stimulus (bottom-up). In contrast to a large neuropsychological literature, these findings suggest that people with schizophrenia show no specific spatial attentional control deficit. The errors that they make on such task may be consistent with a generalized impairment.
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Kumari V, Hamid A, Brand A, Antonova E. Acoustic prepulse inhibition: one ear is better than two, but why and when? Psychophysiology 2014; 52:714-21. [PMID: 25476733 PMCID: PMC4407923 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether monaural prepulses produce more prepulse inhibition (PPI) because they might be more attention capturing (unambiguous to locate) than binaural prepulses. Monaural and binaural PPI was tested under normal and verbal and visuospatial attention manipulation conditions in 55 healthy men, including 29 meditators. Attention manipulations abolished monaural PPI superiority, similarly in meditators and meditation-naïve individuals, and this was most strongly evident for right ear PPI under visuospatial attention manipulation. Meditators performed better than meditation-naïve individuals on attention tasks (verbal: more targets detected; visuospatial: faster reaction time). Spatial attention processes contribute to monaural PPI, particularly with the right ear. Better attentional performance, with similar attentional modulation of PPI, may indicate a stronger attentional capacity in meditators, relative to meditation-naïve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Kumari
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Příplatová L, Šebánková B, Flegr J. Contrasting effect of prepulse signals on performance of Toxoplasma-infected and Toxoplasma-free subjects in an acoustic reaction times test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112771. [PMID: 25384036 PMCID: PMC4226587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background About 30% of people on Earth have latent toxoplasmosis. Infected subjects do not express any clinical symptoms, however, they carry dormant stages of parasite Toxoplasma for the rest of their life. This form of toxoplasmosis is mostly considered harmless, however, recent studies showed its specific effects on physiology, behaviour and its associations with various diseases, including psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Individuals who suffer from schizophrenia have about 2.7 times higher prevalence of Toxoplasma-seropositivity than controls, which suggests that some traits characteristic of schizophrenic patients, including the sex difference in schizophrenia onset, decrease of grey matter density in specific brain areas and modification of prepulse inhibition of startle reaction could in fact be caused by toxoplasmosis for those patients who are Toxoplasma-seropositive. Methodology/Principal Findings We measured the effect of prepulse inhibition/facilitation of the startle reaction on reaction times. The students, 170 women and 66 men, were asked to react as quickly as possible to a startling acoustic signal by pressing a computer mouse button. Some of the startling signals were without the prepulse, some were 20 msec. preceded by a short (20 msec.) prepulse signal of lower intensity. Toxoplasma-seropositive subjects had longer reaction times than the controls. Acoustic prepulse shorted the reaction times in all subjects. This effect of prepulse on reaction times was stronger in male subjects and increased with the duration of infection, suggesting that it represented a cumulative effect of latent toxoplasmosis, rather than a fading out after effect of past acute toxoplasmosis. Conclusions Different sensitivity of Toxoplasma-seropositive and Toxoplasma-seronegative subjects on effect of prepulses on reaction times (the toxoplasmosis-prepulse interaction) suggested, but of course did not prove, that the alternations of prepulse inhibition of startle reaction observed in schizophrenia patients probably joined the list of schizophrenia symptoms that are in fact caused by latent toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Příplatová
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Dept. Philosophy and History of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Šebánková
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Dept. Philosophy and History of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Flegr
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Dept. Philosophy and History of Science, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Godar SC, Mosher LJ, Di Giovanni G, Bortolato M. Animal models of tic disorders: a translational perspective. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 238:54-69. [PMID: 25244952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tics are repetitive, sudden movements and/or vocalizations, typically enacted as maladaptive responses to intrusive premonitory urges. The most severe tic disorder, Tourette syndrome (TS), is a childhood-onset condition featuring multiple motor and at least one phonic tic for a duration longer than 1 year. The pharmacological treatment of TS is mainly based on antipsychotic agents; while these drugs are often effective in reducing tic severity and frequency, their therapeutic compliance is limited by serious motor and cognitive side effects. The identification of novel therapeutic targets and development of better treatments for tic disorders is conditional on the development of animal models with high translational validity. In addition, these experimental tools can prove extremely useful to test hypotheses on the etiology and neurobiological bases of TS and related conditions. In recent years, the translational value of these animal models has been enhanced, thanks to a significant re-organization of our conceptual framework of neuropsychiatric disorders, with a greater focus on endophenotypes and quantitative indices, rather than qualitative descriptors. Given the complex and multifactorial nature of TS and other tic disorders, the selection of animal models that can appropriately capture specific symptomatic aspects of these conditions can pose significant theoretical and methodological challenges. In this article, we will review the state of the art on the available animal models of tic disorders, based on genetic mutations, environmental interventions as well as pharmacological manipulations. Furthermore, we will outline emerging lines of translational research showing how some of these experimental preparations have led to significant progress in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura J Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Sleep deprivation disrupts prepulse inhibition and induces psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans. J Neurosci 2014; 34:9134-40. [PMID: 24990933 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0904-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Translational biomarkers, such as prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response, are playing an increasingly important role in the development of antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia and related conditions. However, attempts to reliably induce a PPI deficit by psychotomimetic drugs have not been successful, leaving an unmet need for a cross-species psychosis model sensitive to this widely studied surrogate treatment target. Sleep deprivation (SD) might be such a model as it has previously been shown to induce PPI deficits in rats, which could be selectively prevented with antipsychotic but not anxiolytic or antidepressant compounds. Here, in a first proof-of-concept study we tested whether SD induces a deficit in PPI and an increase in psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans. In two counterbalanced sessions, acoustic PPI and self-reported psychosis-like symptoms (Psychotomimetic States Inventory) were measured in 24 healthy human volunteers after a normal night's sleep and after a night of total SD. SD decreased PPI (p = 0.001) without affecting the magnitude or habituation of the startle response (all p > 0.13). SD also induced perceptual distortions, cognitive disorganization, and anhedonia (all p < 0.02). Thus, extending previous rodent work, we conclude that SD, in combination with the PPI biomarker, might be a promising translational surrogate model for psychosis as this method represents a possibility to partially and reversibly mimic the pathogenesis of psychotic states.
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Lehtinen EK, Ucar E, Glenthøj BY, Oranje B. Effects of melatonin on prepulse inhibition, habituation and sensitization of the human startle reflex in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 2014; 216:418-23. [PMID: 24613047 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating, which is demonstrated to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, a disruption of the circadian rhythm together with blunted melatonin secretion is regularly found in patients with schizophrenia and it is theorized that these may contribute to their attentional deficits. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of acute melatonin on healthy human sensorimotor gating. Twenty-one healthy male volunteers were administered melatonin or placebo after which their levels of PPI were assessed. Melatonin significantly reduced startle magnitude and ratings of alertness, but did not influence PPI, nor sensitization and habituation. However, when taking baseline scores in consideration, melatonin significantly increased PPI in low scoring individuals while significantly decreasing it in high scoring individuals in low intensity prepulse trialtypes only. In addition, subjective ratings of alertness correlated with PPI. The results suggest that melatonin has only minor influences on sensorimotor gating, habituation and sensitization of the startle reflex of healthy males. The data do indicate a relationship between alertness and PPI. Further research examining the effects of melatonin on these processes in patients with schizophrenia is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia K Lehtinen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ebru Ucar
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birte Y Glenthøj
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, Dept. of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Sensory Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bob Oranje
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CNSR), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Ndr. Ringvej 29-67, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Center for Clinical Intervention and Neuropsychiatric Schizophrenia Research (CINS), Copenhagen University Hospital, Psychiatric Center Glostrup, Denmark; Faculty of Health Sciences, Dept. of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Sensory Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; NICHE, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Molas S, Dierssen M. The role of nicotinic receptors in shaping and functioning of the glutamatergic system: a window into cognitive pathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:315-25. [PMID: 24879992 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the cholinergic system in learning, memory and attention has long been recognized, although its neurobiological mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent evidence identifies the endogenous cholinergic signaling via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) as key players in determining the morphological and functional maturation of the glutamatergic system. Here, we review the available experimental and clinical evidence of nAChRs contribution to the establishment of the glutamatergic system, and therefore to cognitive function. We provide some clues of the putative underlying molecular mechanisms and discuss recent human studies that associate genetic variability of the genes encoding nAChR subunits with cognitive disorders. Finally, we discuss the new avenues to therapeutically targeting nAChRs in persons with cognitive dysfunction for which the α7-nAChR subunit is an important etiological mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Molas
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona E-08003, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona E-08003, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Systems Biology Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona E-08003, Spain; University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona E-08003, Spain.
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