1
|
Yardley HL, McTiernan EF, Lemanek KL. A Narrative Review of Depression and Suicide in Adolescent Females to Guide Assessment and Treatment Recommendations. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2024; 37:460-464. [PMID: 38703944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpag.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Suicide is a leading cause of death for adolescents. Medical professionals are increasingly being asked to screen for depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation with little training. The purpose of this paper is to review factors related to suicidal thoughts and actions, assessment of symptoms, and initial suggestions for treatment for medical providers. METHODS A literature review of risk and resilience factors, assessment measures, and treatment options for depression and suicidal ideation and behavior in adolescent females was conducted. RESULTS Given the higher risk of suicidal thoughts and depressive symptoms in adolescent females, accurate and thorough assessment of symptoms is recommended. CONCLUSION Medical providers should be aware of symptoms related to depression and suicidal ideation in order to provide more effective assessments. Recommendations for brief assessment measures that can be used in the clinic and possible first line treatments are provided.
Collapse
|
2
|
Kernan AR, Jones MS, Lehmann PS, Meldrum RC. The intersection of race, ethnicity, and gender and the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Prev Med Rep 2023; 36:102426. [PMID: 37753386 PMCID: PMC10518575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors across distinct intersections of race/ethnicity and gender among adolescents remains understudied. The current study seeks to address this important gap in suicide scholarship using a statewide representative sample of U.S. Florida middle school and high school adolescents. Data drawn from the 2022 Florida Youth Substance Abuse Survey (FYSAS) (N = 41,764) were analyzed to examine disparities in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts among 26 racial/ethnic and gender subgroups of middle school and high school aged adolescents. Survey-weighted prevalence estimates for both suicidality outcomes were generated, and binary contrasts were used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in the probabilities between members of each subgroup and youth belonging to all other subgroups. Our results indicate that the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and attempts was highly gendered and varied according to racial/ethnic subgroups. Native American girls reported more suicidal thoughts (49.9%) and attempts (16.5%) in the past 12 months than any race/gender group. Other racial/ethnic and gender groups that reported particularly high rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts were West Indian/Caribbean female adolescents (48.8% and 13.4%, respectively), Puerto Rican female adolescents (48.5% and 14.7%, respectively), and Black/non-Hispanic female adolescents (19.9% and 15.6%, respectively). Because certain gender and race/ethnic subgroups are at an increased risk for suicidality, more research is needed to better understand the risk and protective factors to determine which suicide prevention strategies might best serve each group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Kernan
- Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Melissa S. Jones
- Department of Sociology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, United States
| | - Peter S. Lehmann
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, United States
| | - Ryan C. Meldrum
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matsumoto R, Motomura E, Onitsuka T, Okada M. Trends in Suicidal Mortality and Motives among Working-Ages Individuals in Japan during 2007-2022. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2023; 13:2795-2810. [PMID: 38131892 PMCID: PMC10742659 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe13120193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicides in Japan consistently decreased from 2009-2019, but increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify causes of increasing suicides, age-dependent and temporal fluctuations of suicide mortality rate per 100,000 (SMRP) in working-age generations (20-59 years) disaggregated by suicidal motives (7-categories; 52-subcategories) and sex from 2007 to 2022, were analyzed by analysis of variance and joinpoint regression, respectively, using the government suicide database "Suicide Statistics". The SMRP of 20-29 year-old males and 20-49 year-old females began to increase in the late 2010s. SMRPs of these high-risk groups for suicides caused by depression (the leading suicidal motive for all groups) began increasing in the late 2010s. Economic-related, employment-related, and romance-related problems contributed to the increasing SMRPs in 20-29 males in the late 2010s. Romance-related and family-related problems contributed to the increasing SMRPs of 20-29 females in the late 2010s. Increasing SMRPs caused by child-raising stress in 20-39 year-old females from the late 2010s was a remarkable finding. In contrast, SMRPs of 30-59 year-old males consistently decreased until 2021; however, in these groups, SMRPs for suicides caused by various motives sharply increased in 2022. The consistent increase in SMRPs of high-risk groups from the late 2010s to the pandemic suggest recent socioeconomic and psychosocial problems in Japan possibly contributed to the increasing SMRPs in these high-risk groups independently of pandemic-associated factors, whereas the SMRPs of males of 30-59 years were probably associated with the ending of the pandemic rather than pandemic-associated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (R.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Eishi Motomura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (R.M.); (E.M.)
| | - Toshiaki Onitsuka
- Department of Psychiatry, NHO Sakakibara National Hospital, Tsu 514-1292, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Okada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu 514-8507, Japan; (R.M.); (E.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Okada M, Matsumoto R, Shiroyama T, Motomura E. Suicidal Mortality and Motives Among Middle-School, High-School, and University Students. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2328144. [PMID: 37548975 PMCID: PMC10407687 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.28144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The suicide mortality rate per 100 000 population (SMRP) consistently decreased before the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Japan and then unexpectedly increased during the pandemic. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To identify trends in and factors associated with suicidal mortality and motives among students in Japan from 2007 to 2022. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cross-sectional study, data on SMRPs among Japanese middle-school, high-school, and university students were obtained from the government suicide database Suicide Statistics of the National Police Agency. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age-dependent and temporal fluctuations in annual SMRPs, disaggregated by suicidal motive (7 categories and 52 subcategories), sex, and school, were analyzed using linear mixed-effect and joinpoint regression models, respectively. RESULTS Total suicide numbers from 2007 to 2022 were as follows: 760 male middle-school students, 635 female middle-school students, 2376 male high-school students, 1566 female high-school students, 5179 male university students, and 1880 female university students. The mean (SD) student populations from 2007 to 2022 were as follows: 1 752 737 (81 334) male middle-school students, 1 675 572 (78 824) female middle-school students, 1 648 274 (67 520) male high-school students, 1 614 828 (60 032) female high-school students, 1 652 689 (32 724) male university students, and 1 229 142 (57 484) female university students. Among male students, the leading motives were school-related factors (underachievement and worrying about the future), followed by family-related and health-related motives. Among female students, school-related and family-related motives decreased, but health-related motives showed an age-dependent increase. The SMRPs of middle-school male students and female students were almost equal (mean [SD], 2.7 [1.0] vs 2.4 [1.4]), but the age-dependent increase in SMRPs among male students was pronounced (mean [SD], high-school vs university male students, 9.1 [2.4] vs 19.6 [3.0]; high-school vs university female students, 6.1 [2.4] vs 9.6 [1.8]). However, the incidence of suicide among high-school students associated with health-related motives was greater in female students. The majority of suicides associated with major impactable suicidal motives (school-related, health-related, and family-related motives) began increasing before the pandemic. Changes in SMRP associated with interpersonal relationships, such as conflict with classmates or parents, were not significant, but the rates increased greatly during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE School-related, health-related, and family-related problems were major motives, whereas the impacts of health-related and family-related motives increased and decreased with age, respectively. Notably, most SMRPs associated with major impactable motives (underachievement, conflict with a parent or classmate, and mental illnesses) had already begun increasing in the late 2010s, indicating that recent increasing SMRPs among school-aged individuals were associated with pandemic-related factors and other factors affecting this generation before the pandemic. It may be inappropriate to uniformly apply research findings based on school-aged individuals to school-based suicide prevention programs for students in middle school, high school, and university.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Okada
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Matsumoto
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiroyama
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Eishi Motomura
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hughes JL, Horowitz LM, Ackerman JP, Adrian MC, Campo JV, Bridge JA. Suicide in young people: screening, risk assessment, and intervention. BMJ 2023; 381:e070630. [PMID: 37094838 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Suicide is the fourth leading cause of death among young people worldwide and the third leading cause of death among those in the US. This review outlines the epidemiology of suicide and suicidal behavior in young people. It discusses intersectionality as an emerging framework to guide research on prevention of suicide in young people and highlights several clinical and community settings that are prime targets for implementation of effective treatment programs and interventions aimed at rapidly reducing the suicide rate in young people. It provides an overview of current approaches to screening and assessment of suicide risk in young people and the commonly used screening tools and assessment measures. It discusses universal, selective, and indicated evidence based suicide focused interventions and highlights components of psychosocial interventions with the strongest evidence for reducing risk. Finally, the review discusses suicide prevention strategies in community settings and considers future research directions and questions challenging the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hughes
- Big Lots Behavioral Health Services at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa M Horowitz
- Office of the Clinical Director, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Mental Health, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John P Ackerman
- Big Lots Behavioral Health Services at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Molly C Adrian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John V Campo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bridge
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital and The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhai M, Yu B, Li J, Liu X, Yuan L, Liu D, Wang H, Yan H. Relationship between adverse childhood experiences, depression and suicidal behaviors in adulthood among young men who have sex with men: A prospective cohort study. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 161:455-460. [PMID: 37059030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal behaviors have been a crucial public health issue among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression are important predictors of suicidal behaviors. Few studies have examined the underlying mechanisms. This study aims to examine the mediation mechanism from ACEs to depression and further to suicidal ideation based on a prospective cohort study of YMSM. METHOD Study data were derived from 499 YMSM recruited from three cities (Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang) of China from September in 2017 to January in 2018. ACEs (abuse, neglect and household challenges), depressive symptoms and suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation, suicidal plan and suicidal attempt) were measured at the baseline, the first wave and second wave follow-up survey, respectively. Mediation modeling analysis was used for data analysis only for suicidal ideation due to the low frequency of suicidal plan and attempt. RESULTS An estimated 17.86% of YMSM reported suicidal ideation, 2.27% ever made a suicidal plan and 0.65% of YMSM had a suicidal attempt in the past six months. The effect of ACEs on suicidal ideation was fully mediated through depressive symptoms (indirect effect [95%CI] = 0.011 [0.004,0.022]). Among the three subconstructs of ACEs, childhood abuse and neglect could increase the risk of suicidal ideation in adulthood by increasing depressive symptoms (indirect effect = 0.020 [0.007,0.042] for childhood abuse, and 0.043 [0.018,0.083] for neglect), but not for household challenges (indirect effect = 0.003 [-0.011,0.018]). CONCLUSIONS ACEs could affect suicidal ideation through depression, particularly for childhood abuse and neglect. Preventive strategies may focus on the treatment of depression and psychological counseling, especially for YMSM who ever experienced negative experiences in childhood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Zhai
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China; Population and Health Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Huihao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu BP, Jia CX, Li SX. The association of weight control attempts with suicidality: The role of objective weight status and weight perception among adolescents of United States. J Affect Disord 2023; 325:369-377. [PMID: 36610601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evidence for the association of weight control attempts with suicidality by objective weight status, subjective weight perception, and distorted weight perception among adolescents was limited. METHODS Data were extracted from a national representative sample of Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in the United States from 2011 to 2019. Binary logistic regression models with complex sampling designs were used to explore the association of weight control attempts, objective weight status, and weight perception with suicidality. FINDINGS The adolescents attempting to lose weight had higher weighted prevalence of suicidal ideation, suicide plan, suicide attempt, and suicide attempt with medical treatment compared with other attempts of weight control. Totally, attempting to lose weight was significantly associated with increased risk of suicidal ideation (OR: 1.17, 95%CI: 1.05-1.30) and suicide attempt (OR: 1.26, 95%CI: 1.10-1.46) when adjusting objective weight status, weight perception and all other covariates. In the subgroup analyses, attempting to lose weight was significantly associated with increased risk of suicidality in the adolescents of normal weight, underweight, perceived normal weight, perceived underweight, right estimation of objective weight status. LIMITATIONS Uncertain causal relationship existed because of cross-sectional design. CONCLUSIONS The risk of suicidality associated with weight control attempts varied among different subgroups. The findings in this study suggest that not only objective weight status but also weight perception should be with consideration when performing weight control attempts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Peng Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Center for Suicide Prevention Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Cun-Xian Jia
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Center for Suicide Prevention Research, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Shi-Xue Li
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rodrigues WTDS, Simões TC, Magnago C, Dantas ESO, Guimarães RM, Jesus JCD, de Andrade Fernandes SMB, Meira KC. The influence of the age-period-cohort effects on male suicide in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284224. [PMID: 37053241 PMCID: PMC10101429 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Suicide is a complex and multi-determined phenomenon. Higher rates are observed in men and are related to multiple risk factors, including mental disorders, financial crises, unemployment, and easy access to highly lethal means of perpetration, such as firearms. We studied the effects of age, period, and cohort (APC) on total and firearm-related suicides in men in Brazil and its major regions from 1980 to 2019. Death records were extracted from the Brazilian Ministry of Health's Mortality Information System. Estimable functions were used to estimate APC models, through the Epi library of the R statistical program, version 4.2.1. During the study period, Brazil had an average rate of 10.22 deaths per 100,000 men. Among regions, rates ranged from 8.62 (Northeast) to 16.93 (South). The same profile was observed in suicides by firearms. After estimating the APC models, we observed a temporal trend of increasing total suicides for Brazil and regions, except for the South region, where the trend was stationary. The trend was downward for firearm suicides for all locations. A positive gradient was observed in the mortality rate with advancing age for total suicides; and peak incidence between 20-29 years, with subsequent stabilization, for suicides perpetrated by firearms. There was a reduction in the risk of death for suicides perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference period (1995-1999) for all locations, except in the North region, where the effect was not significant. The younger generations from the 1960s onwards had a higher risk of death from total suicide and a lower risk for those perpetrated by firearms in relation to the reference cohort (1950-1954). We observed a reduction in the mortality trend for suicides perpetrated by firearms, a reduction in the risk of death in the 2000s and for men born after 1960. Our results suggest reducing the risk of death from suicide by firearms in Brazil and regions. However, there is an upward trend in mortality from total suicides in the study period (1980-2019) and for younger cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taynãna César Simões
- René Rachou Research Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carinne Magnago
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Karina Cardoso Meira
- School of Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Padrós-Blázquez F, Pintor Sánchez BE, Valdés García KP. Análisis psicométrico de la escala de ideación suicida de Roberts en universitarios mexicanos. PSICUMEX 2022. [DOI: 10.36793/psicumex.v13i1.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
El incremento observado en las tasas de suicidio en jóvenes hace necesario contar con escalas de cribaje para la identificación de personas en riesgo. La escala de ideación suicida de Roberts (EIS) es un instrumento breve que ha mostrado propiedades psicométricas adecuadas en adolescentes mexicanos. El objetivo del presente estudio fue corroborar la estructura de dicho instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas en estudiantes universitarios. Aplicando un método cuantitativo instrumental, se administró la EIS a 1190 universitarios. Los resultados del AFC corroboran la estructura unifactorial de la EIS; asimismo, la consistencia interna, reportada con el alfa de Cronbach ordinal (αO = 0.813), resultó adecuada. Se concluye que el instrumento muestra una estructura unifactorial y que las características psicométricas de los reactivos fueron adecuadas, resalta que 2.9 % de la muestra obtuvo una puntuación que indica alto riesgo suicida.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yu B, Chen X, Lu D, Yan H, Wang P. Investigating the paradox of increasing obesity and declining heart disease mortality in the United States: Age-period-cohort model. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:948561. [PMID: 36061556 PMCID: PMC9429831 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.948561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity as a risk factor of heart disease (HD) is confirmed through observational, laboratory, and intervention studies. However, it cannot explain why HD declines, but obesity increases in the United States in recent decades. This study attempted to understand this paradox. Methods Annual data of national HD mortality (1999–2018) were derived from Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research, biannual obesity data (1999–2016) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and smoking data (1965–1990) were from the National Health Interview Survey. Age-period-cohort method was used to decompose HD mortality into age, period, and cohort effects, and to estimate age-cohort adjusted mortality rates. To explain the paradox, age-cohort adjusted rates were associated with obesity rates to verify the positive obesity-HD relationship, while smoking rates were associated with cohort effects to explain the current declines in HD mortality. Results During 1999–2018, the prevalence of obesity increased while the crude HD mortality rate declined for both sex and all races. After controlling for the curvilinear age effect and consistent declining cohort effect, the age-cohort adjusted HD mortality sustained stable in 1999–2007 and increased thereafter. The age-cohort adjusted rate in 1999–2018 (per 100,000) increased from 189.31 to 238.56 for males, 67.23 to 90.28 for females, 115.54 to 157.39 for White, 246.40 to 292.59 for Black, 79.79 to 101.40 for Hispanics, and 49.95 to 62.86 for Asian. The age-cohort adjusted HD mortality rates were positively associated with obesity rates (r = 0.68 for males, 0.91 for females, 0.89 for White, and 0.69 for Hispanic, p < 0.05), but not significant for Black and Asian. Further, during 1965–1990, the estimated cohort effect showed a decline in HD risk and was positively associated with smoking rates (r = 0.98 for both sex, 0.99 for White, and 0.98 for Black, p < 0.01). Conclusion Study findings reveal potential increase of HD risk and support the positive relationship between obesity and HD risk. Declines in HD mortality in the past two decades are primarily due to tobacco use reduction and this protective effect was entangled in the mortality rates as cohort effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Population and Health Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
- Deprtment of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Bin Yu,
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Global Health Institute, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dandan Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peigang Wang
- Population and Health Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martínez-Alés G, Gimbrone C, Rutherford C, Keyes K, López-Cuadrado T. Role of Foreign-Born Status on Suicide Mortality in Spain Between 2000 and 2019: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Int J Public Health 2022; 67:1604538. [PMID: 35664647 PMCID: PMC9156625 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To examine recent age-period-cohort effects on suicide among foreign-born individuals, a particularly vulnerable sociodemographic group in Spain. Methods: Using 2000-2019 mortality data from Spain's National Institute of Statistics, we estimated age-period-cohort effects on suicide mortality, stratified by foreign-born status (native- vs. foreign-born) and, among the foreign-born, by Spanish citizenship status, a proxy for greater socioeconomic stability. Results: Annual suicide mortality rates were lower among foreign- than native-born individuals. There was heterogeneity in age-period-cohort effects between study groups. After 2010, suicide mortality increased markedly among the foreign-born-especially for female cohorts born around 1950, and slightly among native-born women-especially among female cohorts born after the 1960s. Among native-born men, suicide increased linearly with age and remained stable over time. Increases in suicide among the foreign-born were driven by increases among individuals without Spanish citizenship-especially among cohorts born after 1975. Conclusion: After 2010, suicide in Spain increased markedly among foreign-born individuals and slightly among native-born women, suggesting an association between the downstream effects of the 2008 economic recession and increases in suicide mortality among socioeconomically vulnerable populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Martínez-Alés
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigacion Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Catherine Gimbrone
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Caroline Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katherine Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teresa López-Cuadrado
- National Centre of Epidemiology, Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yu B. Suicide in China: The power of social and economic change. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2022; 19:100356. [PMID: 35024671 PMCID: PMC8733181 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Daskalakis NP, Schultz LM, Visoki E, Moore TM, Argabright ST, Harnett NG, DiDomenico GE, Warrier V, Almasy L, Barzilay R. Contributions of PTSD polygenic risk and environmental stress to suicidality in preadolescents. Neurobiol Stress 2021; 15:100411. [PMID: 34765698 PMCID: PMC8569631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Suicidal ideation and attempts (i.e., suicidality) are complex behaviors driven by environmental stress, genetic susceptibility, and their interaction. Preadolescent suicidality is a major health problem with rising rates, yet its underlying biology is understudied. Here we studied effects of genetic stress susceptibility, approximated by the polygenic risk score (PRS) for post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD), on preadolescent suicidality in participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. We further evaluated PTSD-PRS effects on suicidality in the presence of environmental stressors that are established suicide risk factors. Analyses included both European and African ancestry participants using PRS calculated based on summary statistics from ancestry-specific genome-wide association studies. In European ancestry participants (N = 4,619, n = 378 suicidal), PTSD-PRS was associated with preadolescent suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95%CI 1-1.25, p = 0.038). Results in African ancestry participants (N = 1,334, n = 130 suicidal) showed a similar direction but were not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 0.93-1.57, p = 0.153). Sensitivity analyses using non-psychiatric polygenic score for height and using cross-ancestry PTSD-PRS did not reveal any association with suicidality, supporting the specificity of the association of ancestry-specific PTSD-PRS with suicidality. Environmental stressors were robustly associated with suicidality across ancestries with moderate effect size for negative life events and family conflict (OR 1.27-1.6); and with large effect size (OR ∼ 4) for sexual-orientation discrimination. When combined with environmental factors, PTSD-PRS showed marginal additive effects in explaining variability in suicidality, with no evidence for G × E interaction. Results support use of cross-phenotype PRS, specifically stress-susceptibility, as a genetic marker for suicidality risk early in the lifespan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos P. Daskalakis
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura M. Schultz
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elina Visoki
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel G. Harnett
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - Varun Warrier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Almasy
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Lifespan Brain Institute, CHOP and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xiao Y, Lindsey MA. Racial/Ethnic, Sex, Sexual Orientation, and Socioeconomic Disparities in Suicidal Trajectories and Mental Health Treatment Among Adolescents Transitioning to Young Adulthood in the USA: A Population-Based Cohort Study. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2021; 48:742-756. [PMID: 33629220 PMCID: PMC7904031 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-021-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is the second leading cause of death for people aged 10-34 years old. Limited research has documented extant heterogeneities in suicide across the life course and among diverse sociodemographic groups. There is also limited research on the influences of mental health utilization on suicidal trajectories across the life course. This study aims to: (1) identify racial/ethnic, sex, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and intersectional differences in suicidal trajectories among adolescents transitioning to adulthood; and (2) examine influences of mental health service utilization on disparities in suicidal trajectories. The study included 9421 respondents (Mage = 14.99 [SD = 1.61]) from Waves I-IV National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (1994-2008). Latent class growth analyses were used to identify trajectories of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the influences of mental health treatment and sociodemographic characteristics on suicidal trajectories. Three suicidal ideation (low-stable, high-decreasing, moderate-decreasing-increasing) and two suicide attempt (low-stable, moderate-decreasing) trajectories were identified. Compared with the low-stable trajectories, the risks of being in high-decreasing suicidal ideation trajectories were higher among females (AOR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.01-2.13) and sexual minorities (AOR = 1.82, 95% CI 1.21-2.74). Sexual minorities (AOR = 2.63, 95% CI 1.69-4.08) and low-SES adolescents (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.08-2.98) were more likely to be in the moderate-decreasing suicide attempt group. Mental health service utilization predicted engagement in high-risk suicidal trajectories. Sociodemographic disparities in suicidal trajectories initiate early and persist over time. Individuals in high-risk trajectories received mental health treatment during adolescence. Suicide prevention should target vulnerable subpopulations and mental health service utilization in the early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Xiao
- School of Social Work, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- School of Social Work, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, 47401, USA.
| | - Michael A Lindsey
- McSilver Institute for Poverty Policy and Research, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Silver School of Social Work, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Bauer M, Glenn T, Achtyes ED, Alda M, Agaoglu E, Altınbaş K, Andreassen OA, Angelopoulos E, Ardau R, Vares EA, Aydin M, Ayhan Y, Baethge C, Bauer R, Baune BT, Balaban C, Becerra-Palars C, Behere AP, Behere PB, Belete H, Belete T, Belizario GO, Bellivier F, Belmaker RH, Benedetti F, Berk M, Bersudsky Y, Bicakci Ş, Birabwa-Oketcho H, Bjella TD, Brady C, Cabrera J, Cappucciati M, Castro AMP, Chen WL, Cheung EYW, Chiesa S, Crowe M, Cuomo A, Dallaspezia S, Del Zompo M, Desai P, Dodd S, Donix M, Etain B, Fagiolini A, Fellendorf FT, Ferensztajn-Rochowiak E, Fiedorowicz JG, Fountoulakis KN, Frye MA, Geoffroy PA, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Gottlieb JF, Grof P, Haarman BCM, Harima H, Hasse-Sousa M, Henry C, Høffding L, Houenou J, Imbesi M, Isometsä ET, Ivkovic M, Janno S, Johnsen S, Kapczinski F, Karakatsoulis GN, Kardell M, Kessing LV, Kim SJ, König B, Kot TL, Koval M, Kunz M, Lafer B, Landén M, Larsen ER, Lenger M, Lewitzka U, Licht RW, Lopez-Jaramillo C, MacKenzie A, Madsen HØ, Madsen SAKA, Mahadevan J, Mahardika A, Manchia M, Marsh W, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Martiny K, Mashima Y, McLoughlin DM, Meesters Y, Melle I, Meza-Urzúa F, Ming MY, Monteith S, Moorthy M, Morken G, Mosca E, Mozzhegorov AA, Munoz R, Mythri SV, Nacef F, Nadella RK, Nakanotani T, Nielsen RE, O'Donovan C, Omrani A, Osher Y, Ouali U, Pantovic-Stefanovic M, Pariwatcharakul P, Petite J, Pfennig A, Ruiz YP, Pilhatsch M, Pinna M, Pompili M, Porter R, Quiroz D, Rabelo-da-Ponte FD, Ramesar R, Rasgon N, Ratta-Apha W, Ratzenhofer M, Redahan M, Reddy MS, Reif A, Reininghaus EZ, Richards JG, Ritter P, Rybakowski JK, Sathyaputri L, Scippa ÂM, Simhandl C, Severus E, Smith D, Smith J, Stackhouse PW, Stein DJ, Stilwell K, Strejilevich S, Su KP, Subramaniam M, Sulaiman AH, Suominen K, Tanra AJ, Tatebayashi Y, Teh WL, Tondo L, Torrent C, Tuinstra D, Uchida T, Vaaler AE, Veeh J, Vieta E, Viswanath B, Yoldi-Negrete M, Yalcinkaya OK, Young AH, Zgueb Y, Whybrow PC. Variations in seasonal solar insolation are associated with a history of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. Int J Bipolar Disord 2021; 9:26. [PMID: 34467430 PMCID: PMC8408297 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-021-00231-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder is associated with circadian disruption and a high risk of suicidal behavior. In a previous exploratory study of patients with bipolar I disorder, we found that a history of suicide attempts was associated with differences between winter and summer levels of solar insolation. The purpose of this study was to confirm this finding using international data from 42% more collection sites and 25% more countries. Methods Data analyzed were from 71 prior and new collection sites in 40 countries at a wide range of latitudes. The analysis included 4876 patients with bipolar I disorder, 45% more data than previously analyzed. Of the patients, 1496 (30.7%) had a history of suicide attempt. Solar insolation data, the amount of the sun’s electromagnetic energy striking the surface of the earth, was obtained for each onset location (479 locations in 64 countries). Results This analysis confirmed the results of the exploratory study with the same best model and slightly better statistical significance. There was a significant inverse association between a history of suicide attempts and the ratio of mean winter insolation to mean summer insolation (mean winter insolation/mean summer insolation). This ratio is largest near the equator which has little change in solar insolation over the year, and smallest near the poles where the winter insolation is very small compared to the summer insolation. Other variables in the model associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts were a history of alcohol or substance abuse, female gender, and younger birth cohort. The winter/summer insolation ratio was also replaced with the ratio of minimum mean monthly insolation to the maximum mean monthly insolation to accommodate insolation patterns in the tropics, and nearly identical results were found. All estimated coefficients were significant at p < 0.01. Conclusion A large change in solar insolation, both between winter and summer and between the minimum and maximum monthly values, may increase the risk of suicide attempts in bipolar I disorder. With frequent circadian rhythm dysfunction and suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder, greater understanding of the optimal roles of daylight and electric lighting in circadian entrainment is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Tasha Glenn
- ChronoRecord Association, Fullerton, CA, USA
| | - Eric D Achtyes
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Esen Agaoglu
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kürşat Altınbaş
- Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Mazhar Osman Mood Center, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elias Angelopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Capodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Raffaella Ardau
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | - Edgar Arrua Vares
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Memduha Aydin
- Department of Psychiatry, Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Ayhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Christopher Baethge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne Medical School, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rita Bauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Munster, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ceylan Balaban
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Aniruddh P Behere
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Michigan State University-CHM, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Prakash B Behere
- Department of Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (Deemed University), Wardha, India
| | - Habte Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Tilahun Belete
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Gabriel Okawa Belizario
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Robert H Belmaker
- Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.,Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT-The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yuly Bersudsky
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Şule Bicakci
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Psychiatry, Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Thomas D Bjella
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Conan Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jorge Cabrera
- Mood Disorders Clinic, Dr. Jose Horwitz Psychiatric Institute, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Angela Marianne Paredes Castro
- Deakin University, IMPACT-The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | | | - Silvia Chiesa
- Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Marie Crowe
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Dallaspezia
- Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Del Zompo
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | | | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, IMPACT-The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Markus Donix
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bruno Etain
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Médecine Addictologique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM UMR-S1144, Université de Paris, FondaMental Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Fagiolini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Siena School of Medicine, Siena, Italy
| | - Frederike T Fellendorf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jess G Fiedorowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kostas N Fountoulakis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mark A Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Depression Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pierre A Geoffroy
- Département de Psychiatrie et d'addictologie, AP-HP, Hopital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France.,GHU Paris-Psychiatry and Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ana Gonzalez-Pinto
- BIOARABA, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Alava, University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain
| | - John F Gottlieb
- Department of Psychiatry, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul Grof
- Mood Disorders Center of Ottawa and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Bartholomeus C M Haarman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hirohiko Harima
- Department of Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Matsuzawa Hospital, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mathias Hasse-Sousa
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Chantal Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, 75014, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Lone Høffding
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Université Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry, Fondation FondaMental, 94010, Créteil, France.,Université Paris Saclay, CEA, Neurospin, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Erkki T Isometsä
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maja Ivkovic
- University Clinical Center of Serbia, Clinic for Psychiatry, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sven Janno
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Simon Johnsen
- Unit for Psychiatric Research, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Flávio Kapczinski
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gregory N Karakatsoulis
- 3rd Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mathias Kardell
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Vedel Kessing
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Center (CADIC), Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Cheongju Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Barbara König
- BIPOLAR Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Timur L Kot
- Khanty-Mansiysk Clinical Psychoneurological Hospital, Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia
| | - Michael Koval
- Department of Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Mauricio Kunz
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Beny Lafer
- Bipolar Disorder Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mikael Landén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik R Larsen
- Mental Health Department Odense, University Clinic and Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Lewitzka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rasmus W Licht
- Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Carlos Lopez-Jaramillo
- Mood Disorders Program, Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación, Research Group in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alan MacKenzie
- Forensic Psychiatry, University of Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Jayant Mahadevan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Agustine Mahardika
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Mirko Manchia
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Unit of Clinical Psychiatry, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Wendy Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Klaus Martiny
- Copenhagen University Hospitals, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yuki Mashima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Declan M McLoughlin
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ybe Meesters
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT Centre, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fátima Meza-Urzúa
- National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mok Yee Ming
- Department of General Psychiatry, Mood Disorders Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Scott Monteith
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Traverse City Campus, Traverse City, MI, USA
| | - Muthukumaran Moorthy
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Gunnar Morken
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrica Mosca
- Section of Neurosciences and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy
| | | | - Rodrigo Munoz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Fethi Nacef
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ravi K Nadella
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Takako Nakanotani
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - René Ernst Nielsen
- Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Claire O'Donovan
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Adel Omrani
- Tunisian Bipolar Forum, Érable Médical Cabinet 324, Lac 2, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yamima Osher
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beer Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Uta Ouali
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | | | - Pornjira Pariwatcharakul
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Joanne Petite
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Andrea Pfennig
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Maximilian Pilhatsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Elblandklinikum Radebeul, Radebeul, Germany
| | - Marco Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.,Lucio Bini Mood Disorder Center, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pompili
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Richard Porter
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Danilo Quiroz
- Deparment of Psychiatry, Diego Portales University, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | | | - Raj Ramesar
- SA MRC Genomic and Precision Medicine Research Unit, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Natalie Rasgon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Woraphat Ratta-Apha
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Michaela Ratzenhofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Maria Redahan
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, St Patrick's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M S Reddy
- Asha Bipolar Clinic, Asha Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jenny Gringer Richards
- Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Philipp Ritter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Leela Sathyaputri
- Departments of Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Internal Medicine, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ângela M Scippa
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Christian Simhandl
- Bipolar Zentrum Wiener Neustadt, Sigmund Freud Privat Universität, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emanuel Severus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - José Smith
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neuroscience Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paul W Stackhouse
- Science Directorate/Climate Science Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Dan J Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, MRC Unit On Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kellen Stilwell
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sergio Strejilevich
- Bipolar Disorder Program, Neuroscience Institute, Favaloro University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- College of Medicine, China Medical University (CMU), Taichung, Taiwan.,An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | - Ahmad Hatim Sulaiman
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kirsi Suominen
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Psychiatry, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andi J Tanra
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Yoshitaka Tatebayashi
- Affective Disorders Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wen Lin Teh
- Research Division, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leonardo Tondo
- McLean Hospital-Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Mood Disorder Lucio Bini Centers, Cagliari e Roma, Italy
| | - Carla Torrent
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel Tuinstra
- Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Takahito Uchida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arne E Vaaler
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology-NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Psychiatry, St Olavs' University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Veeh
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Biju Viswanath
- Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India
| | - Maria Yoldi-Negrete
- Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñíz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oguz Kaan Yalcinkaya
- Department of Psychiatry, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yosra Zgueb
- Razi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tunis-El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Peter C Whybrow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Martínez-Alés G, Pamplin JR, Rutherford C, Gimbrone C, Kandula S, Olfson M, Gould MS, Shaman J, Keyes KM. Age, period, and cohort effects on suicide death in the United States from 1999 to 2018: moderation by sex, race, and firearm involvement. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3374-3382. [PMID: 33828236 PMCID: PMC8670065 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01078-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of sex, race, and suicide method on recent increases in suicide mortality in the United States remains unclear. Estimating the age, period, and cohort effects underlying suicide mortality trends can provide important insights for the causal hypothesis generating process. We generated updated age-period-cohort effect estimates of recent suicide mortality rates in the US, examining the putative roles of sex, race, and method for suicide, using data from all death certificates in the US between 1999 and 2018. After designating deaths as attributable to suicide according to ICD-10 underlying cause of death codes X60-X84, Y87.0, and U03, we (i) used hexagonal grids to describe rates of suicide by age, period, and cohort visually and (ii) modeled sex-, race-, and suicide method-specific age, period, and cohort effects. We found that, while suicide mortality increased in the US between 1999 and 2018 across age, sex, race, and suicide method, there was substantial heterogeneity in age and cohort effects by method, sex, and race, with a first peak of suicide risk in youth, a second peak in older ages-specific to male firearm suicide, and increased rates among younger cohorts of non-White individuals. Our findings should prompt discussion regarding age-specific clinical firearm safety interventions, drivers of minoritized populations' adverse early-life experiences, and racial differences in access to and quality of mental healthcare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Pamplin
- Center for Urban Science and Progress, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Sasikiran Kandula
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madelyn S Gould
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xiao Y, Cerel J, Mann JJ. Temporal Trends in Suicidal Ideation and Attempts Among US Adolescents by Sex and Race/Ethnicity, 1991-2019. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2113513. [PMID: 34125218 PMCID: PMC8204211 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.13513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Disparities by sex and racial/ethnic group in suicide death rates are present in US adolescents. Whether disparities in suicide death extend to groups targeted for suicide prevention efforts, namely, those with suicidal ideation or nonfatal suicide attempts, is unknown. Objective To examine differences in temporal trends between suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in US adolescents from 1991 through 2019 by sex and race/ethnicity subgroups. Design, Setting, and Participants A cross-sectional analysis of the national Youth Risk Behavior Survey, weighted to represent US adolescents from 1991 to 2019, included 183 563 US high-school students in grades 9 to 12. Data were analyzed from September 16, 2020, through April 12, 2021. Exposures Calendar year, sex, race/ethnicity, and interactions of sex and race/ethnicity. Main Outcomes and Measures Survey-weighted prevalence estimates, annual percentage changes (APCs) and average APC in the survey-weighted prevalence of suicidal ideation and nonfatal suicide attempts, constructed from self-reported suicidal ideation, plan, and attempts in each survey year, by sex, race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander and Native Hawaiian, American Indian/Alaska Native), and their interactions (sex × race/ethnicity). Results In 183 563 (unweighted) included adolescents (mean [SD] age, 16.07 [1.23] years; 94 282 females [weighted percentage, 49.4%; 95% CI, 48.8%-50.1%]), the prevalence of suicidal ideation decreased from 1991 to 2019 (from 19.4% to 15.8%; 95% CI, 0.7%-0.9%), whereas the prevalence of nonfatal suicide attempts increased from 1991 to 2019 (from 7.3% to 8.9%; 95% CI, 1.0%-1.4%). Joinpoint regression indicated a -3.1% (95% CI, -3.7% to -2.6%) annual decrease in suicidal ideation between 1991 and 2009, followed by a 3.4% annual increase (95% CI, 1.9% -4.8%) between 2009 and 2019. Decreasing followed by increasing trends in suicidal ideation showed modestly different turning points in female (1991-2009, 2009-2019), White (1991-2009, 2009-2019), Hispanic (1991-2007, 2007-2019), and Black (1991-2005, 2005-2019) adolescents. Although no significant trends were observed in suicide attempts from 1991 through 2019, male (68.4% increase; 95% CI, 0.2% -1.2%) and Black (79.7% increase; 95% CI, 0.1%-1.5%) adolescents had greater increases in the prevalence of suicide attempts. Interaction of sex and race/ethnicity revealed increases in suicidal ideation in White females from 2009 to 2019 (APC, 4.3%; 95% CI, 1.5%-7.1%), Black females from 2005 to 2019 (APC, 3.4%; 95% CI, 1.4%-5.4%), and Hispanic females from 2009 to 2019 (APC, 3.3%; 95% CI, 1.0%-5.6%) and suicide attempts in White females from 2009 to 2019 (APC, 3.1%; 95% CI, 0.3%-6.0%). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this study show apparent sex and racial/ethnic differences in trends in suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Increases in suicidal ideation since 2009 were observed in female individuals; changes in male and Black adolescents represented the largest increase in the prevalence of suicide attempts between 1991 and 2019. Evidence-based suicide prevention programs need to be tailored by sex and race/ethnicity, calling for greater diversification of health care system, school, and community prevention approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyu Xiao
- School of Social Work, Indiana University–Purdue University, Indianapolis
- School of Social Work, Indiana University, Bloomington
| | - Julie Cerel
- College Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - J. John Mann
- Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shoval G, Visoki E, Moore TM, DiDomenico GE, Argabright ST, Huffnagle NJ, Alexander-Bloch AF, Waller R, Keele L, Benton TD, Gur RE, Barzilay R. Evaluation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications, Externalizing Symptoms, and Suicidality in Children. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2111342. [PMID: 34086035 PMCID: PMC8178707 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Childhood suicidality (ie, suicidal ideation or attempts) rates are increasing, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing symptoms are common risk factors associated with suicidality. More data are needed to describe associations of ADHD pharmacotherapy with childhood suicidality. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of ADHD pharmacotherapy with externalizing symptoms and childhood suicidality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, cross-sectional and 1-year-longitudinal associations were examined using data (collected during 2016-2019) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large, diverse US sample of children aged 9 to 11 years. Data analysis was performed from November to December 2020. EXPOSURES Main and interaction associations of externalizing symptoms (hyperactivity ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder symptoms) and ADHD medication treatment (methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, α-2-agonists, and atomoxetine) at baseline assessment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Child-reported suicidality (past and present at baseline; current at longitudinal assessment). Covariates were age, sex, race/ethnicity, parents' education, marital status, and concomitant child psychiatric pharmacotherapy (antidepressants and antipsychotics). RESULTS Among 11 878 children at baseline assessment (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years; 6196 boys [52.2%]; 8805 White [74.1%]), 1006 (8.5%) were treated with ADHD medication and 1040 (8.8%) reported past or current suicidality. Externalizing symptoms (median [range], 1 [0-29] symptom count) were associated with suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.42; P < .001), as was ADHD medication treatment (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.64; P = .01). ADHD medication use was associated with less suicidality in children with more externalizing symptoms (significant symptom-by-medication interaction, B = -0.250; SE = 0.086; P = .004), such that for children who were not receiving ADHD medications, there was an association between more externalizing symptoms and suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.33-1.52; P < .001); however, for children who were receiving ADHD medication, there was no such association (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.97-1.35; P = .10). The association with medication remained even when covarying for multiple confounders, including risk and protective factors for suicidality in ABCD, and was replicated in 1-year longitudinal follow-up. Sensitivity analyses matching participants with high numbers of externalizing symptoms taking and not taking ADHD medication treatment confirmed its association with less suicidality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that ADHD medication treatment is associated with less suicidality in children with substantial externalizing symptoms and may be used to inform childhood suicide prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gal Shoval
- Geha Mental Health Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Elina Visoki
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler M. Moore
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Grace E. DiDomenico
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stirling T. Argabright
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J. Huffnagle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Aaron F. Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rebecca Waller
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Luke Keele
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Tami D. Benton
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Ran Barzilay
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Lifespan Brain Institute of Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Age patterns of suicide with different methods for US Whites: APC modelling analysis of the 1999-2017 national data. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2020; 29:e180. [PMID: 33183394 PMCID: PMC7681140 DOI: 10.1017/s204579602000092x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Suicide emerges as a threat to national health of USA with Whites being at extra risk. More information is needed regarding the increased suicide among Whites to improve national suicide prevention strategies. This study aims to characterise the age pattern of suicide among Whites by suicide methods adjusting for time period and birth cohort. METHODS Suicide mortality data by age of 15-84 years during 1999-2017 were derived from the Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiological Research, prepared by US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Mortality data for three common suicide methods, firearms, suffocation and poisoning were analysed using the age-period-cohort (APC) model. Period-cohort adjusted mortality rates by age were estimated based on results from APC modelling. RESULTS Period-cohort adjusted rates indicated that the overall age pattern for males contained five phases, including three increasing phases (ages 15-20, 30-50 and 65+), connected by two declining phases (ages 20-30 and 50-65); and the age pattern for females was a parabolic with an increasing phase from 15 years of age up to 50, followed by a declining phase after age 50. Furthermore, the age pattern for different suicide methods differed substantially for males, but did not for females. Among males, suicide by firearms contained two rapid increasing phases, one during adolescence and another in older ages; suicide by suffocation showed a high plateau across an age span from 20 to 55 years; and suicide by poisoning followed a parabolic, increasing by age up to 45 before it declined. Age patterns revealed by the unadjusted crude rates were biased because of significant linear period effect and W-shaped cohort effect. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to quantify the age patterns of suicide by different methods for US Whites using period-cohort adjusted rates. Study findings provide valid evidence supporting precision interventions to reduce the extra suicide mortality among Whites by targeting specific age ranges with different suicide methods.
Collapse
|
20
|
Okui T. An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Biomarkers of Lifestyle-Related Diseases Using the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 1973-2018. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E8159. [PMID: 33158284 PMCID: PMC7663829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies of biomarkers of lifestyle-related diseases in Japanese cohorts are scarce. This study aimed to analyze trends in risk markers of lifestyle-related diseases using age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Data on systolic blood pressure and BMI from 1973 to 2018 and serum glucose, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from 1989 to 2018 available from the National Health and Nutrition Survey were used. Values for each of the risk markers for each age, period, and cohort were estimated using APC analysis. For women, a decrease in all the risk markers of lifestyle-related diseases was observed in individuals born between the 1930s and approximately 1970. Therefore, female individuals born in approximately 1970 were considered to have the lowest risk of developing lifestyle-related and cardiovascular diseases. Meanwhile, the cohort effect on all the risk markers deteriorated for the younger cohorts, and changes in lifestyle behavior are needed for cohorts born more recently. For men, the trends in risk markers across the cohorts differed, and the relative risk of lifestyle-related diseases for each cohort differed according to disease. These results could help understand cohort-specific risks for lifestyle-related disease and enable identification of high-risk populations who could benefit from preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Okui
- Medical Information Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Resident well-being is a significant issue affecting our future physicians' abilities to fulfill their potential in training and practice. In the 2017 Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology National Wellness Survey, residents identified many challenges to wellness and had the opportunity to provide free-text responses about these issues. Secondary analysis of these responses revealed clusters of symptoms associated with mood disorders, including high rates of reported anxiety and depression symptoms, and even suicidality. The prevalence of these self-reported symptoms underscores the importance of targeting wellness programming efforts, improving health care work environments, advancing access to care, and destigmatizing mental health concerns for our learners.
Collapse
|
22
|
de Charentenay L, Schnell G, Pichon N, Schenck M, Cronier P, Perbet S, Lascarrou JB, Rossignol T, Lesieur O, Argaud L, Colin G, Cholley B, Quenot JP, Merdji H, Silva S, Piagnerelli M, Chelly J, Salvetti M, Couraud S, Deye N, Danguy des Déserts M, Paul M, Thiery G, Simon M, Martin C, Vincent F, Das V, Jacq G, Jacobs F, Soummer A, Mayaux J, Beuret P, Ouchenir A, Durant C, Darmon M, Azoulay E, Sauneuf B, Daubin C, Mongardon N, Biard L, Cariou A, Geeraerts T, Legriel S. Outcomes in 886 Critically Ill Patients After Near-Hanging Injury. Chest 2020; 158:2404-2413. [PMID: 32758563 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Near-hanging experiences are life-threatening events about which few data are available. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the outcomes and early predictors of hospital mortality in critically ill patients who have undergone a near-hanging experience? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Adult patients who were resuscitated successfully after suicidal near-hanging injury admitted to 31 university or university-affiliated ICUs in France and Belgium between 1992 and 2014 were studied retrospectively. Patients were identified by searching the hospital databases for International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 9th and 10th revisions, codes and hospital charts for hanging. Logistic multivariate regression was performed to identify factors associated vital and functional outcomes at hospital discharge as the primary end points. Secondary outcomes were evaluation of temporal trends and identification of predictors of hospital mortality. RESULTS Of the 886 patients (181 women and 705 men; median age, 43 years; interquartile range, 34-52 years), 266 (30.0%) had attempted suicide previously, 600 (67.7%) had a diagnosed mental illness, and 55 (6.2%) attempted hanging while hospitalized. Median time from hanging awareness to unhanging was 0 min (interquartile range [IQR], 0-0; range, 0-82 min). Median Glasgow Coma Scale score was 3 (IQR, 3-5) at ICU admission. Hanging induced cardiac arrest in 450 of 886 patients (50.8%). Overall, 497 of 886 patients (56.1%) were alive at hospital discharge, including 479 of 497 patients (96.4%) with a favorable neurocognitive outcome (defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 4 or 5). By multivariate analysis, factors associated with hospital mortality were hanging-induced cardiac arrest (OR, 19.50; 95% CI, 7.21-60.90; P < .00001) and findings at ICU admission of glycemia level > 1.4 g/L (OR, 4.34; 95% CI, 1.82-10.81; P = .0007) and of lactate level > 3.5 mmol/L (OR, 9.98; 95% CI, 4.17-25.36; P < .00001). INTERPRETATION The findings from this large multicenter retrospective cohort emphasize the very high mortality after hanging injury chiefly because of hanging-induced cardiac arrest. However, patients who survive near-hanging experiences achieve excellent neurocognitive recovery. Studies of early neuroprotective strategies for patients who have undergone near-hanging experiences are warranted. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT04096976; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise de Charentenay
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles-Site André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | | | - Nicolas Pichon
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France; AfterROSC, Paris, France
| | - Maleka Schenck
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pierrick Cronier
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Intensive Care Unit, Sud-Francilien Hospital Center, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Sebastien Perbet
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Lascarrou
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Medicine Intensive Reanimation, University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Thomas Rossignol
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Olivier Lesieur
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Hospital, La Rochelle, France
| | - Laurent Argaud
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Teaching Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Gwenhael Colin
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, La Roche-sur-Yon District Hospital Center, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Bernard Cholley
- Service de Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Hamid Merdji
- Service de Médecine Intensive Réanimation, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Médecine and Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA), Strasbourg, France; UMR 1260, Regenerative Nano Medecine, INSERM, Fédération de Médecine, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stein Silva
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Réanimation Polyvalente, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jonathan Chelly
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Intensive Care Unit, Groupe Hospitalier Sud Ile de France, Melun, France
| | - Marie Salvetti
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles-Site André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Segolene Couraud
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, GH Le Havre, Le Havre, France
| | - Nicolas Deye
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisière Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Marine Paul
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles-Site André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Guillaume Thiery
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Etienne University Hospital, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Marc Simon
- Intensive Care Department, Cliniques du Sud-Luxembourg of Arlon, Arlon, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Martin
- Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - François Vincent
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Avicenne University Hospital, Bobigny, France
| | - Vincent Das
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal André Grégoire, Montreuil, France
| | - Gwenaelle Jacq
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles-Site André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Frederic Jacobs
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Beclere Teaching Hospital, Clamart, France
| | - Alexis Soummer
- Department of Intensive Care Medecine, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
| | - Julien Mayaux
- Department of Pneumology and Intensive Care, Pitie Salpetriere Teaching Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Beuret
- Department of Intensive and Continuous Care, Roanne Hospital, Roanne, France
| | | | - Caroline Durant
- Intensive Care Unit, Marie-Curie Teaching Hospital, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Mickael Darmon
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Elie Azoulay
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint Louis Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Sauneuf
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; General Intensive Care Unit, Cotentin Public Hospital Center, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France
| | - Cedric Daubin
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Caen Teaching Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Mongardon
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Units, Henri Mondor Teaching Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Lucie Biard
- Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale, AP-HP Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France; Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics for Tumor, Respiratory, and Resuscitation Assessments (ECSTRRA) Team, INSERM U1153 CRESS, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cariou
- AfterROSC, Paris, France; INSERM U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center, Paris, France; Medical Intensive Care Unit, Cochin Teaching Hospital, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Geeraerts
- Anesthésie Réanimation, Hôpital Purpan, CHU Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stephane Legriel
- Medical-Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles-Site André Mignot, Le Chesnay, France; AfterROSC, Paris, France; Team PsyDev, CESP, INSERM, UVSQ, University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Haviland MJ, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Rivara FP. Age, period and cohort effects in firearm homicide and suicide in the USA, 1983–2017. Inj Prev 2020; 27:344-348. [DOI: 10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundRates of firearm homicide and suicide have varied over time. These variations are due to a number of factors including temporal trends, age, birth year and gender. We sought to conduct an age–period–cohort analysis to understand the intersection of these factors with firearm homicide and suicide.MethodsWe used data on firearm homicide and suicide for the years 1983–2017 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System for this analysis. We restricted our analysis on firearm homicide to persons aged 10–44 years and our analysis on firearm suicide to persons aged 50–84 years, as these age groups are most at risk of each outcome. We calculated annual incidence rates for both outcomes per 100 000 population, overall and by gender.ResultsAcross all age groups, rates of firearm homicide increased dramatically in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The peak age for firearm homicide varied across cohorts, although it was generally between ages 15 and 29 years. Rates of firearm homicide were substantially higher among men than women, regardless of age, period or cohort. Firearm suicide rates varied significantly by gender. Among men, older cohorts had higher firearm suicide rates, although the rate of firearm suicide increased with age across all cohorts. Among women, firearm suicide rates were also highest among older cohorts; however, firearm suicide rates decreased or remained relatively constant with age.ConclusionThere are important differences in rates of firearm homicide and suicide with respect to gender, age, period and cohort.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yu B, Chen X, Chen X, Yan H. Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12-25: results from the 1979-2016 National Survey on drug use and health. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:156. [PMID: 32013937 PMCID: PMC6998313 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-8253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. More and more states legalized medical and recreational marijuana use. Adolescents and emerging adults are at high risk for marijuana use. This ecological study aims to examine historical trends in marijuana use among youth along with marijuana legalization. Method Data (n = 749,152) were from the 31-wave National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 1979–2016. Current marijuana use, if use marijuana in the past 30 days, was used as outcome variable. Age was measured as the chronological age self-reported by the participants, period was the year when the survey was conducted, and cohort was estimated as period subtracted age. Rate of current marijuana use was decomposed into independent age, period and cohort effects using the hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model. Results After controlling for age, cohort and other covariates, the estimated period effect indicated declines in marijuana use in 1979–1992 and 2001–2006, and increases in 1992–2001 and 2006–2016. The period effect was positively and significantly associated with the proportion of people covered by Medical Marijuana Laws (MML) (correlation coefficients: 0.89 for total sample, 0.81 for males and 0.93 for females, all three p values < 0.01), but was not significantly associated with the Recreational Marijuana Laws (RML). The estimated cohort effect showed a historical decline in marijuana use in those who were born in 1954–1972, a sudden increase in 1972–1984, followed by a decline in 1984–2003. Conclusion The model derived trends in marijuana use were coincident with the laws and regulations on marijuana and other drugs in the United States since the 1950s. With more states legalizing marijuana use in the United States, emphasizing responsible use would be essential to protect youth from using marijuana.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hong Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| |
Collapse
|