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Janssen J, Gallego AG, Díaz-Caneja CM, Lois NG, Janssen N, González-Peñas J, Gordaliza PM, Buimer EE, van Haren NE, Arango C, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG. Heterogeneity of morphometric similarity networks in health and schizophrenia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586768. [PMID: 38948832 PMCID: PMC11212887 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Morphometric similarity is a recently developed neuroimaging phenotype of inter-regional connectivity by quantifying the similarity of a region to other regions based on multiple MRI parameters. Altered average morphometric similarity has been reported in psychotic disorders at the group level, with considerable heterogeneity across individuals. We used normative modeling to address cross-sectional and longitudinal inter-individual heterogeneity of morphometric similarity in health and schizophrenia. Methods Morphometric similarity for 62 cortical regions was obtained from baseline and follow-up T1-weighted scans of healthy individuals and patients with chronic schizophrenia. Cortical regions were classified into seven predefined brain functional networks. Using Bayesian Linear Regression and taking into account age, sex, image quality and scanner, we trained and validated normative models in healthy controls from eleven datasets (n = 4310). Individual deviations from the norm (z-scores) in morphometric similarity were computed for each participant for each network and region at both timepoints. A z-score ≧ than 1.96 was considered supra-normal and a z-score ≦ -1.96 infra-normal. As a longitudinal metric, we calculated the change over time of the total number of infra- or supra-normal regions per participant. Results At baseline, patients with schizophrenia had decreased morphometric similarity of the default mode network and increased morphometric similarity of the somatomotor network when compared with healthy controls. The percentage of patients with infra- or supra-normal values for any region at baseline and follow-up was low (<6%) and did not differ from healthy controls. Mean intra-group changes over time in the total number of infra- or supra-normal regions were small in schizophrenia and healthy control groups (<1) and there were no significant between-group differences. Conclusions In a case-control setting, a decrease of morphometric similarity within the default mode network may be a robust finding implicated in schizophrenia. However, normative modeling suggests that significant reductions and changes over time of regional morphometric similarity are evident only in a minority of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guil Gallego
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga M. Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi González Lois
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Niels Janssen
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universidad de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Javier González-Peñas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Gordaliza
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Radiology Department, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth E.L. Buimer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje E.M. van Haren
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
- Ciber del Área de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - René S. Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo G. Schnack
- Department of Psychiatry, UMCU Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Languages, Literature, and Communication, Faculty of Humanities, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Ge R, Yu Y, Qi YX, Fan YV, Chen S, Gao C, Haas SS, Modabbernia A, New F, Agartz I, Asherson P, Ayesa-Arriola R, Banaj N, Banaschewski T, Baumeister S, Bertolino A, Boomsma DI, Borgwardt S, Bourque J, Brandeis D, Breier A, Brodaty H, Brouwer RM, Buckner R, Buitelaar JK, Cannon DM, Caseras X, Cervenka S, Conrod PJ, Crespo-Facorro B, Crivello F, Crone EA, de Haan L, de Zubicaray GI, Di Giorgio A, Erk S, Fisher SE, Franke B, Frodl T, Glahn DC, Grotegerd D, Gruber O, Gruner P, Gur RE, Gur RC, Harrison BJ, Hatton SN, Hickie I, Howells FM, Pol HEH, Huyser C, Jernigan TL, Jiang J, Joska JA, Kahn RS, Kalnin AJ, Kochan NA, Koops S, Kuntsi J, Lagopoulos J, Lazaro L, Lebedeva IS, Lochner C, Martin NG, Mazoyer B, McDonald BC, McDonald C, McMahon KL, Nakao T, Nyberg L, Piras F, Portella MJ, Qiu J, Roffman JL, Sachdev PS, Sanford N, Satterthwaite TD, Saykin AJ, Schumann G, Sellgren CM, Sim K, Smoller JW, Soares J, Sommer IE, Spalletta G, Stein DJ, Tamnes CK, Thomopolous SI, Tomyshev AS, Tordesillas-Gutiérrez D, Trollor JN, van ’t Ent D, van den Heuvel OA, van Erp TGM, van Haren NEM, Vecchio D, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Wang Y, Weber B, Wei D, Wen W, Westlye LT, Wierenga LM, Williams SCR, Wright MJ, Medland S, Wu MJ, Yu K, Jahanshad N, Thompson PM, Frangou S. Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan Using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.523509. [PMID: 38076938 PMCID: PMC10705253 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.523509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
We present an empirically benchmarked framework for sex-specific normative modeling of brain morphometry that can inform about the biological and behavioral significance of deviations from typical age-related neuroanatomical changes and support future study designs. This framework was developed using regional morphometric data from 37,407 healthy individuals (53% female; aged 3-90 years) following a comparative evaluation of eight algorithms and multiple covariate combinations pertaining to image acquisition and quality, parcellation software versions, global neuroimaging measures, and longitudinal stability. The Multivariate Factorial Polynomial Regression (MFPR) emerged as the preferred algorithm optimized using nonlinear polynomials for age and linear effects of global measures as covariates. The MFPR models showed excellent accuracy across the lifespan and within distinct age-bins, and longitudinal stability over a 2-year period. The performance of all MFPR models plateaued at sample sizes exceeding 3,000 study participants. The model and scripts described here are freely available through CentileBrain (https://centilebrain.org/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyang Ge
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yuetong Yu
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yi Xuan Qi
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yunan Vera Fan
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chuntong Gao
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shalaila S Haas
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Faye New
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Philip Asherson
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rosa Ayesa-Arriola
- Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Translational Psychiatry Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josiane Bourque
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rachel M Brouwer
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Randy Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dara M Cannon
- Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Xavier Caseras
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Simon Cervenka
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patricia J Conrod
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Université de Montréal, CHU Ste Justine, Montréal, Canada
| | - Benedicto Crespo-Facorro
- University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, Seville, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, University of Seville, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS), Seville, Spain
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabrice Crivello
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liewe de Haan
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Greig I de Zubicaray
- School of Psychology & Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Annabella Di Giorgio
- Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Susanne Erk
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Frodl
- University Clinics and Clinics for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dominik Grotegerd
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Oliver Gruber
- Section for Experimental Psychopathology and Neuroimaging, Department of General Psychiatry, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patricia Gruner
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ben J Harrison
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sean N Hatton
- Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La jolla, California, USA
| | - Ian Hickie
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fleur M Howells
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hilleke E Hulshoff Pol
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chaim Huyser
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre/De Bascule, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- Center for Human Development, Departments of Cognitive Science, Psychiatry, and Radiology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Jiyang Jiang
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John A Joska
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew J Kalnin
- Department of Radiology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicole A Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sanne Koops
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Center, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jim Lagopoulos
- Sunshine Coast Mind and Neuroscience - Thompson Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Luisa Lazaro
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernard Mazoyer
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Brenna C McDonald
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Colm McDonald
- Centre for Neuroimaging & Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), NCBES Galway Neuroscience Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katie L McMahon
- School of Clinical Sciences, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Lars Nyberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria J Portella
- Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu iSant Pau, Institutd' Investigació Biomèdica SantPau, Universitat Autònomade Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
- Southwest University Branch, Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment Toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Joshua L Roffman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole Sanford
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK; Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China; Centre for Population Neuroscience and Stratified Medicine (PONS), Charite Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, CCM, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carl M Sellgren
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Sim
- Institute of Mental Health, Singapore
| | - Jordan W Smoller
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jair Soares
- University of Texas Health Harris County Psychiatric Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Iris E Sommer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dan J Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychiatric Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sophia I Thomopolous
- Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | | | - Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez
- Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain; Advanced Computing and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria (UC-CSIC), Santander, Spain
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dennis van ’t Ent
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo GM van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Neeltje EM van Haren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Vecchio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Dick J Veltman
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Walter
- Division of Mind and Brain Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bernd Weber
- Institute for Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Germany, Bonn, Germany; University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dongtao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Southwest University, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, PR China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars T Westlye
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lara M Wierenga
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Steven CR Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Medland
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Yu
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Genetics Center, Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, Keck USC School of Medicine, Marina del Rey, California, USA
| | - Sophia Frangou
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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