1
|
Oroz M, Vičić A, Požgaj Šepec M, Karnaš H, Stipančić G, Stipoljev F. The smallest dislocated microduplication of Xq27.1 harboring SOX3 gene associated with XX male phenotype. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:86-90. [PMID: 36189645 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Approximately 90% of "XX males" are positive for SRY. However, there are isolated cases of sex reversal associated to other genes in male-determining pathway. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 1.3-old patient with 46,XX karyotype, male phenotypic gender and cryptorchidism. Microarray analysis revealed a de novo 273 kb duplication in the Xq27.1 region that contains SOX3. FISH with probe specific to SOX3 confirmed a unique genomic location of this duplication, dislocated proximal to the centromere of the X chromosome. CONCLUSIONS This rare genetic condition was described in few other isolated cases that have associated SOX3 genetic rearrangements and DSD. Microarray and genome-wide-sequencing presents important part in routine diagnostics, and in delineation of other sex-determination-pathway genes in sex reversal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Oroz
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Vičić
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia.,University of Applied Health Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Požgaj Šepec
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Helena Karnaš
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital Vinkovci, Vinkovci, Croatia
| | - Gordana Stipančić
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Feodora Stipoljev
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital "Sveti Duh", Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Butler KM, Fee T, DuPont BR, Dean JH, Stevenson RE, Lyons MJ. A SOX3 duplication and lumbosacral spina bifida in three generations. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:1572-1577. [PMID: 35098650 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal aneuploidies, microduplications and microdeletions are the most common confirmed genetic causes of spina bifida. Microduplications of Xq27 containing the SOX3 gene have been reported in 11 cases, confirming the existence of an X-chromosomal locus for spina bifida. A three generation kindred reported here with a SOX3 duplication has been identified in one of 17 kindreds with recurrences in the 29 years of the South Carolina Neural Tube Defect Prevention Program. Other recurrences during this time period included siblings with an APAF1 mutation, siblings with a CASP9 mutation, siblings with a microdeletion of 13q, and two sets of siblings with Meckel syndrome who did not have genetic/genomic studies performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy Fee
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Jane H Dean
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Greenwood, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Melas M, Kautto EA, Franklin SJ, Mori M, McBride KL, Mosher TM, Pfau RB, Hernandez-Gonzalez ME, McGrath SD, Magrini VJ, White P, Samora JB, Koboldt DC, Wilson RK. Long-read whole genome sequencing reveals HOXD13 alterations in synpolydactyly. Hum Mutat 2021; 43:189-199. [PMID: 34859533 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synpolydactyly 1, also called syndactyly type II (SDTY2), is a genetic limb malformation characterized by polydactyly with syndactyly involving the webbing of the third and fourth fingers, and the fourth and fifth toes. It is caused by heterozygous alterations in HOXD13 with incomplete penetrance and phenotypic variability. In our study, a five-generation family with an SPD phenotype was enrolled in our Rare Disease Genomics Protocol. A comprehensive examination of three generations using Illumina short-read whole-genome sequencing (WGS) did not identify any causative variants. Subsequent WGS using Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long-read HiFi Circular Consensus Sequencing (CCS) revealed a heterozygous 27-bp duplication in the polyalanine tract of HOXD13. Sanger sequencing of all available family members confirmed that the variant segregates with affected individuals. Reanalysis of an unrelated family with a similar SPD phenotype uncovered a 21-bp (7-alanine) duplication in the same region of HOXD13. Although ExpansionHunter identified these events in most individuals in a retrospective analysis, low sequence coverage due to high GC content in the HOXD13 polyalanine tract makes detection of these events challenging. Our findings highlight the value of long-read WGS in elucidating the molecular etiology of congenital limb malformation disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Melas
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Esko A Kautto
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel J Franklin
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mari Mori
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kim L McBride
- Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Theresa Mihalic Mosher
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Division of Genetic and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ruthann B Pfau
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Sean D McGrath
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent J Magrini
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter White
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Julie Balch Samora
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel C Koboldt
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Elizabeth MSM, Verkerk AJMH, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Verlouw JAM, Argente J, Pfaeffle R, Neggers SJCMM, Visser JA, de Graaff LCG. Congenital hypopituitarism in two brothers with a duplication of the 'acrogigantism gene' GPR101: clinical findings and review of the literature. Pituitary 2021; 24:229-241. [PMID: 33184694 PMCID: PMC7966638 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-020-01101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) can cause significant morbidity or even mortality. In the majority of patients, the etiology of CH is unknown. Understanding the etiology of CH is important for anticipation of clinical problems and for genetic counselling. Our previous studies showed that only a small proportion of cases have mutations in the known 'CH genes'. In the current project, we present the results of SNP array based copy number variant analysis in a family with unexplained congenital hypopituitarism. METHODS DNA samples of two affected brothers with idiopathic CH and their mother were simultaneously analyzed by SNP arrays for copy number variant analysis and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) for mutation screening. DNA of the father was not available. RESULTS We found a 6 Mb duplication including GPR101 and SOX3 on the X-chromosome (Xq26.2-q27.1) in the two siblings and their mother, leading to 2 copies of this region in the affected boys and 3 copies in the mother. Duplications of GPR101 are associated with X-linked acrogigantism (the phenotypic 'opposite' of the affected brothers), whereas alterations in SOX3 are associated with X-linked hypopituitarism. CONCLUSION In our patients with hypopituitarism we found a 6 Mb duplication which includes GPR101, a gene associated with X- linked gigantism, and SOX3, a gene involved in early pituitary organogenesis that is associated with variable degrees of hypopituitarism. Our findings show that in duplications containing both GPR101 and SOX3, the growth hormone deficiency phenotype is dominant. This suggests that, if GPR101 is duplicated, it might not be expressed phenotypically when early patterning of the embryonic pituitary is affected due to SOX3 duplication. These results, together with the review of the literature, shed a new light on the role of GPR101 and SOX3 in pituitary function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melitza S M Elizabeth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemieke J M H Verkerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Subdiv. Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost A M Verlouw
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Investigación Biomédica del Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Pfaeffle
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian J C M M Neggers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura C G de Graaff
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Rare Growth Disorders, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arya VB, Chawla G, Nambisan AKR, Muhi-Iddin N, Vamvakiti E, Ajzensztejn M, Hulse T, Ferreira Pinto C, Lahiri N, Bint S, Buchanan CR, Kapoor RR. Xq27.1 Duplication Encompassing SOX3: Variable Phenotype and Smallest Duplication Associated with Hypopituitarism to Date - A Large Case Series of Unrelated Patients and a Literature Review. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 92:382-389. [PMID: 31678974 DOI: 10.1159/000503784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xq27.1 duplication encompassing SOX3 has been implicated in the aetiology of X-linked hypopituitarism associated with intellectual disability and neural tube defects. We describe the largest case series to date of 5 unrelated patients with SOX3 duplication with a variable clinical phenotype, including the smallest reported SOX3 duplication. CASE REPORTS Five male patients who presented with congenital hypopituitarism (CH) were identified to have Xq27.1 duplication encompassing SOX3. The size of the duplication ranged from 323.8 kb to 11 Mb. The duplication was maternally inherited or de novo in 2 patients each (and of unknown inheritance in 1 patient). The age at presentation was variable. Three patients had multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, whereas 2 patients had isolated growth hormone deficiency. All patients had micropenis and/or small undescended testes. Structural pituitary and/or other midline cranial abnormalities (callosal hypogenesis/absence of the septum pellucidum) were present in all patients. Two patients had a neural tube defect in addition to CH. CONCLUSIONS This is the largest series reported to date of unrelated patients with CH in association with Xq27.1 duplication encompassing SOX3. The clinical phenotype is variable, which may be due to genetic redundancy or other unknown aetiological factors. We have expanded the phenotypic spectrum through description of the smallest Xq27.1 duplication (323.8 kb) with CH reported to date, as well as a second family with CH and a neural tube defect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Bhushan Arya
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom,
| | - Garima Chawla
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aparna K R Nambisan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Muhi-Iddin
- Department of Paediatrics, East Sussex Healthcare NHS Trust, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Ekaterini Vamvakiti
- Department of Paediatrics, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, United Kingdom
| | - Michal Ajzensztejn
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Hulse
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Ferreira Pinto
- South West Thames Regional Genetics Laboratory, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nayana Lahiri
- Clinical Genetics Department, St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Bint
- Viapath Genetics Laboratories, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R Buchanan
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ritika R Kapoor
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gregory LC, Dattani MT. The Molecular Basis of Congenital Hypopituitarism and Related Disorders. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5614788. [PMID: 31702014 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Congenital hypopituitarism (CH) is characterized by the presence of deficiencies in one or more of the 6 anterior pituitary (AP) hormones secreted from the 5 different specialized cell types of the AP. During human embryogenesis, hypothalamo-pituitary (HP) development is controlled by a complex spatio-temporal genetic cascade of transcription factors and signaling molecules within the hypothalamus and Rathke's pouch, the primordium of the AP. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This mini-review discusses the genes and pathways involved in HP development and how mutations of these give rise to CH. This may present in the neonatal period or later on in childhood and may be associated with craniofacial midline structural abnormalities such as cleft lip/palate, visual impairment due to eye abnormalities such as optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH) and microphthalmia or anophthalmia, or midline forebrain neuroradiological defects including agenesis of the septum pellucidum or corpus callosum or the more severe holoprosencephaly. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Mutations give rise to an array of highly variable disorders ranging in severity. There are many known causative genes in HP developmental pathways that are routinely screened in CH patients; however, over the last 5 years this list has rapidly increased due to the identification of variants in new genes and pathways of interest by next-generation sequencing. CONCLUSION The majority of patients with these disorders do not have an identified molecular basis, often making management challenging. This mini-review aims to guide clinicians in making a genetic diagnosis based on patient phenotype, which in turn may impact on clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Cheryl Gregory
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mehul Tulsidas Dattani
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosolowsky ET, Stein R, Marks SD, Leonard N. Marked phenotypic variable expression among brothers with duplication of Xq27.1 involving the SOX3 gene. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2020; 33:443-447. [PMID: 26352083 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2015-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe four phenotypically different brothers who share the same microduplication of Xq27.1, which contains the SOX3 gene. SOX3 mutations have been associated with growth hormone deficiency, variable degrees of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies, and mental retardation. SOX3 also appears to play an important role in pharyngeal arch segmentation that gives rise to craniofacial structures. While these four brothers have inherited the same mutation, they manifest a spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from complete, multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies to no apparent pituitary hormone deficiency with or without craniopharyngeal/facial dysmorphisms. We look to the literature to provide putative explanations for the variable expression of the brothers' shared SOX3 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Rosolowsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, 4-509 11405-87th Ave, Edmonton, AB Canada T6G1C9, Canada, Phone: +780-248-5483, Fax: +888-775-8879
| | - Robert Stein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth D Marks
- Section of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Norma Leonard
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duplication of The SOX3 Gene in an Sry-negative 46,XX Male with Associated Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and the Urinary Tract: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Balkan J Med Genet 2019; 22:81-88. [PMID: 31523625 PMCID: PMC6714342 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2019-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disorders of sex development (DSD) are a group of rare conditions characterized by discrepancy between chromosomal sex, gonads and external genitalia. Congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract are often associated with DSD, mostly in multiple malformation syndromes. We describe the case of an 11-year-old Caucasian boy, with right kidney hypoplasia and hypospadias. Genome-wide copy number variation (CNV) analysis revealed a unique duplication of about 550 kb on chromosome Xq27, and a 46,XX karyotype, consistent with a sex reversal phenotype. This region includes multiple genes, and, among these, SOX3 emerged as the main phenotypic driver. This is the fifth case reporting a genomic imbalance involving the SOX3 gene in a 46,XX SRY-negative male, and the first with associated renal malformations. Our data provide plausible links between SOX3 gene dosage and kidney malformations. It is noteworthy that the current and reported SOX3 gene duplications are below the detection threshold of standard karyotypes and were found only by analyzing CNVs using DNA microarrays. Therefore, all 46,XX SRY-negative males should be screened for SOX3 gene duplications with DNA microarrays.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hureaux M, Ben Miled S, Chatron N, Coussement A, Bessières B, Egloff M, Mechler C, Stirnemann J, Tsatsaris V, Barcia G, Turleau C, Ville Y, Encha-Razavi F, Attie-Bitach T, Malan V. SOX3 duplication: A genetic cause to investigate in fetuses with neural tube defects. Prenat Diagn 2019; 39:1026-1034. [PMID: 31299102 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural tube defects (NTDs) are one of the most common congenital anomalies caused by a complex interaction of many genetic and environmental factors. In about 10% of cases, NTDs are associated with genetic syndromes or chromosomal anomalies. Among these, SOX3 duplication has been reported in some isolated cases. The phenotype associated with this microduplication is variable and includes myelomeningocele (MMC) in both sexes as well as hypopituitarism and cognitive impairment in males. In order to determine the prevalence of this anomaly in fetuses with MMC, a retrospective cohort of fetuses with MMC was analyzed by quantitative PCR (qPCR) targeting SOX3 locus. METHODS The detection of an SOX3 microduplication by chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) in two female fetuses with MMC prompted us to analyze retrospectively by qPCR this gene in a cohort of 53 fetuses with MMC. RESULTS In addition to our two initial cases, one fetus harboring an Xq27.1q28 duplication that encompasses the SOX3 gene was detected. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that SOX3 duplication is a genomic imbalance involved in the pathogenesis of NTDs. In addition, our survey highlights the importance of CMA testing in fetuses with NTDs to enable genetic counseling upstream of any considerations of in utero fetal surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marguerite Hureaux
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Selima Ben Miled
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Department of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Bettina Bessières
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Egloff
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Mechler
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Stirnemann
- Department of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Cochin Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Giulia Barcia
- Department of Genetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Turleau
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yves Ville
- Department of Obstetrics and Maternal Fetal Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Ferechte Encha-Razavi
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attie-Bitach
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Malan
- Department of Histology Embryology and Cytogenetics, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, APHP, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jelsig AM, Diness BR, Kreiborg S, Main KM, Larsen VA, Hove H. A complex phenotype in a family with a pathogenic SOX3 missense variant. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 61:168-172. [PMID: 29175558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Duplications and deletions of Xq26-27 including SOX3 (Xq27.1) have been associated with X-linked mental retardation and isolated growth hormone deficiency (OMIM 300123) or X-linked panhypopituitarism (OMIM 312000). Yet, pathogenic point mutations seem to be extremely rare. We report a family with three affected males with several clinical features including mild intellectual disability, microphthalmia, coloboma, hypopituitarism, facial dysmorphology and dental anomalies, including microcephaly, retrognathia and a solitary median maxillary central incisor amongst other features. Using Whole Exome Sequencing a missense variant in SOX3, NM_005634.2:c.449C>A; p.(Ser150Tyr) was identified. Segregation analysis in the family demonstrated that the variant was inherited through healthy females with its origin in the maternal grandmother showing germline mosaicism. Thus, we report one of the first cases of a pathogenic variant in SOX3 and germline mosaicism of this variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M Jelsig
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Birgitte R Diness
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sven Kreiborg
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Clinical Genetics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Vibeke A Larsen
- Department of Radiology, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Hanne Hove
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Telias M, Mayshar Y, Amit A, Ben-Yosef D. Molecular mechanisms regulating impaired neurogenesis of fragile X syndrome human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 24:2353-65. [PMID: 26393806 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2015.0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited cognitive impairment. It is caused by developmental inactivation of the FMR1 gene and the absence of its encoded protein FMRP, which plays pivotal roles in brain development and function. In FXS embryos with full FMR1 mutation, FMRP is expressed during early embryogenesis and is gradually downregulated at the third trimester of pregnancy. FX-human embryonic stem cells (FX-hESCs), derived from FX human blastocysts, demonstrate the same pattern of developmentally regulated FMR1 inactivation when subjected to in vitro neural differentiation (IVND). In this study, we used this in vitro human platform to explore the molecular mechanisms downstream to FMRP in the context of early human embryonic neurogenesis. Our results show a novel role for the SOX superfamily of transcription factors, specifically for SOX2 and SOX9, which could explain the reduced and delayed neurogenesis observed in FX cells. In addition, we assess in this study the "GSK3β theory of FXS" for the first time in a human-based model. We found no evidence for a pathological increase in GSK3β protein levels upon cellular loss of FMRP, in contrast to what was found in the brain of Fmr1 knockout mice. Our study adds novel data on potential downstream targets of FMRP and highlights the importance of the FX-hESC IVND system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Telias
- 1 The Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel .,2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Mayshar
- 1 The Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ami Amit
- 1 The Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- 1 The Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel .,2 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Sackler Medical School, Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bauters M, Frints SG, Van Esch H, Spruijt L, Baldewijns MM, de Die-Smulders CEM, Fryns JP, Marynen P, Froyen G. Evidence for increased SOX3 dosage as a risk factor for X-linked hypopituitarism and neural tube defects. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1947-52. [PMID: 24737742 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genomic duplications of varying lengths at Xq26-q27 involving SOX3 have been described in families with X-linked hypopituitarism. Using array-CGH we detected a 1.1 Mb microduplication at Xq27 in a large family with three males suffering from X-linked hypopituitarism. The duplication was mapped from 138.7 to 139.8 Mb, harboring only two annotated genes, SOX3 and ATP11C, and was shown to be a direct tandem copy number gain. Unexpectedly, the microduplication did not fully segregate with the disease in this family suggesting that SOX3 duplications have variable penetrance for X-linked hypopituitarism. In the same family, a female fetus presenting with a neural tube defect was also shown to carry the SOX3 copy number gain. Since we also demonstrated increased SOX3 mRNA levels in amnion cells derived from an unrelated t(X;22)(q27;q11) female fetus with spina bifida, we propose that increased levels of SOX3 could be a risk factor for neural tube defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marijke Bauters
- Human Genome Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Human Genome Laboratory, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Davis SW, Ellsworth BS, Peréz Millan MI, Gergics P, Schade V, Foyouzi N, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Camper SA. Pituitary gland development and disease: from stem cell to hormone production. Curr Top Dev Biol 2013; 106:1-47. [PMID: 24290346 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many aspects of pituitary development have become better understood in the past two decades. The signaling pathways regulating pituitary growth and shape have emerged, and the balancing interactions between the pathways are now appreciated. Markers for multipotent progenitor cells are being identified, and signature transcription factors have been discovered for most hormone-producing cell types. We now realize that pulsatile hormone secretion involves a 3D integration of cellular networks. About a dozen genes are known to cause pituitary hypoplasia when mutated due to their essential roles in pituitary development. Similarly, a few genes are known that predispose to familial endocrine neoplasia, and several genes mutated in sporadic pituitary adenomas are documented. In the next decade, we anticipate gleaning a deeper appreciation of these processes at the molecular level, insight into the development of the hypophyseal portal blood system, and evolution of better therapeutics for congenital and acquired hormone deficiencies and for common craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang CL, Liang L, Shen Z, Zou CC, Fu JF, Dong GP. X-linked recessive combined pituitary hormone deficiency is mapped to Xp22.3-Xp11 in a Chinese family. Genomics 2011; 98:440-4. [PMID: 22001696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations have been identified in a modest proportion of patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). We reported a 3-generation family consisting of 18 members, including 5 affected males (the proband, his 2 brothers, his cousin, and his maternal uncle; III1-III4, II8) suffered with CPHD. MRI of the pituitary gland showed hypoplasia of the pituitary gland in affected members. By 19 STR markers and linkage analysis, we found that the disease gene localized between the DXS987 and DXS1226 markers (LOD score=2.408, θ=0). All affected male patients inherited the same haplotype from the female carrier (I4). The proband's mother (II4) and her sister (II3, II6) were obligate female carriers. However, the unaffected males (II(7), II(9)) in the family did not have this haplotype. These observations confirm a new X-linked recessive inherited disease in a Chinese family with CPHD and the pathogenic gene is mapped to Xp22.1-Xp11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Lin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Archer TC, Jin J, Casey ES. Interaction of Sox1, Sox2, Sox3 and Oct4 during primary neurogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 350:429-40. [PMID: 21147085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sox1, Sox2 and Sox3, the three members of the SoxB1 subgroup of transcription factors, have similar sequences, expression patterns and overexpression phenotypes. Thus, it has been suggested that they have redundant roles in the maintenance of neural stem cells in development. However, the long-term effect of overexpression or their function in combination with their putative co-factor Oct4 has not been tested. Here, we show that overexpression of sox1, sox2, sox3 or oct91, the Xenopus homologue of Oct4, results in the same phenotype: an expanded neural plate at the expense of epidermis and delayed neurogenesis. However, each of these proteins induced a unique profile of neural markers and the combination of Oct91 with each SoxB1 protein had different effects, as did continuous misexpression of the proteins. Overexpression studies indicate that Oct91 preferentially cooperates with Sox2 to maintain neural progenitor marker expression, while knockdown of Oct91 inhibits neural induction driven by either Sox2 or Sox3. Continuous expression of Sox1 and Sox2 in transgenic embryos represses neuron differentiation and inhibits anterior development while increasing cell proliferation. Constitutively active Sox3, however, leads to increased apoptosis suggesting that it functions as a tumor suppressor. While the SoxB1s have overlapping functions, they are not strictly redundant as they induce different sets of genes and are likely to partner with different proteins to maintain progenitor identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tenley C Archer
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kelberman D, Rizzoti K, Lovell-Badge R, Robinson ICAF, Dattani MT. Genetic regulation of pituitary gland development in human and mouse. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:790-829. [PMID: 19837867 PMCID: PMC2806371 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Normal hypothalamopituitary development is closely related to that of the forebrain and is dependent upon a complex genetic cascade of transcription factors and signaling molecules that may be either intrinsic or extrinsic to the developing Rathke's pouch. These factors dictate organ commitment, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation within the anterior pituitary. Abnormalities in these processes are associated with congenital hypopituitarism, a spectrum of disorders that includes syndromic disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia, combined pituitary hormone deficiencies, and isolated hormone deficiencies, of which the commonest is GH deficiency. The highly variable clinical phenotypes can now in part be explained due to research performed over the last 20 yr, based mainly on naturally occurring and transgenic animal models. Mutations in genes encoding both signaling molecules and transcription factors have been implicated in the etiology of hypopituitarism, with or without other syndromic features, in mice and humans. To date, mutations in known genes account for a small proportion of cases of hypopituitarism in humans. However, these mutations have led to a greater understanding of the genetic interactions that lead to normal pituitary development. This review attempts to describe the complexity of pituitary development in the rodent, with particular emphasis on those factors that, when mutated, are associated with hypopituitarism in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lazzaro MA, Todd MAM, Lavigne P, Vallee D, De Maria A, Picketts DJ. Characterization of novel isoforms and evaluation of SNF2L/SMARCA1 as a candidate gene for X-linked mental retardation in 12 families linked to Xq25-26. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:11. [PMID: 18302774 PMCID: PMC2266716 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Mutations in genes whose products modify chromatin structure have been recognized as a cause of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR). These genes encode proteins that regulate DNA methylation (MeCP2), modify histones (RSK2 and JARID1C), and remodel nucleosomes through ATP hydrolysis (ATRX). Thus, genes encoding other chromatin modifying proteins should also be considered as disease candidate genes. In this work, we have characterized the SNF2L gene, encoding an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling protein of the ISWI family, and sequenced the gene in patients from 12 XLMR families linked to Xq25-26. Methods We used an in silico and RT-PCR approach to fully characterize specific SNF2L isoforms. Mutation screening was performed in 12 patients from individual families with syndromic or non-syndromic XLMR. We sequenced each of the 25 exons encompassing the entire coding region, complete 5' and 3' untranslated regions, and consensus splice-sites. Results The SNF2L gene spans 77 kb and is encoded by 25 exons that undergo alternate splicing to generate several distinct transcripts. Specific isoforms are generated through the alternate use of exons 1 and 13, and by the use of alternate donor splice sites within exon 24. Alternate splicing within exon 24 removes a NLS sequence and alters the subcellular distribution of the SNF2L protein. We identified 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms but no mutations in our 12 patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that there are numerous splice variants of SNF2L that are expressed in multiple cell types and which alter subcellular localization and function. SNF2L mutations are not a cause of XLMR in our cohort of patients, although we cannot exclude the possibility that regulatory mutations might exist. Nonetheless, SNF2L remains a candidate for XLMR localized to Xq25-26, including the Shashi XLMR syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maribeth A Lazzaro
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kelberman D, Dattani MT. Hypothalamic and pituitary development: novel insights into the aetiology. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157 Suppl 1:S3-14. [PMID: 17785694 DOI: 10.1530/eje-07-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, reproduction and homeostasis, and is the end-product of a carefully orchestrated pattern of expression of signalling molecules and transcription factors leading to the development of this complex organ secreting six hormones from five different cell types. Naturally occurring and transgenic murine models have demonstrated a role for many of these molecules in the aetiology of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). These include the transcription factors HESX1, PROP1, POU1F1, LHX3, LHX4, TBX19, SOX2 and SOX3. The expression pattern of these transcription factors dictates the phenotype that results when the gene encoding the relevant transcription factor is mutated. The highly variable phenotype may consist of isolated hypopituitarism, or more complex disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia and holoprosencephaly. Since mutations in any one transcription factor are uncommon, and since the overall incidence of mutations in known transcription factors is low in patients with CPHD, it is clear that many genes remain to be identified, and the characterization of these will further elucidate the pathogenesis of these complex conditions and also shed light on normal pituitary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) is a highly heterogeneous condition comprising a variable phenotype of optic nerve hypoplasia, midline forebrain abnormalities and pituitary hypoplasia with consequent endocrine deficits. The majority of cases are sporadic and several aetiologies including drug and alcohol abuse have been suggested to account for the pathogenesis of the condition. However, a number of familial cases have been described and the identification of mutations in the key developmental gene HESX1 in patients with SOD and associated phenotypes suggests that a genetic causation is likely in the more common sporadic cases of the condition. More recently, we have implicated duplications of SOX3 and mutations of both SOX2 and SOX3 in the aetiology of variants of SOD. As with other developmental disorders such as holoprosencephaly, the precise aetiology is most likely multifactorial involving contributions from environmental factors in addition to an important role for crucial developmental genes. This potentially complex interaction between genetics and the environment is borne out by the variability of the penetrance and phenotypes in patients with genetic SOD, but at present, the understanding of these interactions is rudimentary. Further study of these critical factors may shed light on the aetiology of this complex disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Developmental Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu YZ, Xiao P, Guo YF, Xiong DH, Zhao LJ, Shen H, Liu YJ, Dvornyk V, Long JR, Deng HY, Li JL, Recker RR, Deng HW. Genetic linkage of human height is confirmed to 9q22 and Xq24. Hum Genet 2006; 119:295-304. [PMID: 16446976 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Accepted: 01/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human height is an important and heritable trait. Our previous two genome-wide linkage studies using 630 (WG1 study) and an extended sample of 1,816 Caucasians (WG2 study) identified 9q22 [maximum LOD score (MLS)=2.74 in the WG2 study] and preliminarily confirmed Xq24 (two-point LOD score=1.91 in the WG1 study, 2.64 in the WG2 study) linked to height. Here, with a much further extended large sample containing 3,726 Caucasians, we performed a new genome-wide linkage scan and confirmed, in high significance, the two regions' linkage to height. An MLS of 4.34 was detected on 9q22 and a two-point LOD score of 5.63 was attained for Xq24. In an independent sub-sample (i.e., the subjects not involved in the WG1 and WG2 studies), the two regions also achieved significant empirical P values (0.002 and 0.004, respectively) for "region-wise" linkage confirmation. Importantly, the two regions were replicated on a genotyping platform different from the WG1 and WG2 studies (i.e., a different set of markers and different genotyping instruments). Interestingly, 9q22 harbors the ROR2 gene, which is required for growth plate development, and Xq24 was linked to short stature. With the largest sample from a single population of the same ethnicity in the field of linkage studies for complex traits, our current study, together with two previous ones, provided overwhelming evidence substantiating 9q22 and Xq24 for height variation. In particular, our three consecutive whole genome studies are uniquely valuable as they represent the first practical (rather than simulated) example of how significant increase in sample size may improve linkage detection for human complex traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zhong Liu
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University Medical Center, 601 N 30th Street, Suite 6787, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kelberman D, Dattani MT. The role of transcription factors implicated in anterior pituitary development in the aetiology of congenital hypopituitarism. Ann Med 2006; 38:560-77. [PMID: 17438671 DOI: 10.1080/07853890600994963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior pituitary gland is a central regulator of growth, reproduction and homeostasis, and is the end-product of a carefully orchestrated pattern of expression of signalling molecules and transcription factors leading to the development of this complex organ secreting six hormones from five different cell types. Naturally occurring and transgenic murine models have demonstrated a role for many of these molecules in the aetiology of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). These include the transcription factors HESX1, PROP1, POU1FI, LHX3, LHX4, TBX19 (TPIT), SOX3 and SOX2. The expression pattern of these transcription factors, their interaction with co-factors and their impact on target genes dictate the phenotype that results when the gene encoding the relevant transcription factor is mutated. The highly variable phenotype may consist of isolated hypopituitarism, or more complex disorders such as septo-optic dysplasia (SOD) and holoprosencephaly. Since mutations in any one transcription factor are uncommon, and since the overall incidence of mutations in known transcription factors is low in patients with CPHD, it is clear that many genes remain to be identified, and characterization of these will further elucidate the pathogenesis of these complex conditions, and also shed light on normal pituitary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kelberman
- Biochemistry, Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, Institute for Child Health, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Slavotinek A, Lee SS, Hamilton SP. A family with X-linked anophthalmia: exclusion of SOX3 as a candidate gene. Am J Med Genet A 2005; 138A:89-94. [PMID: 16114045 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.30872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report on a four-generation family with X-linked anophthalmia in four affected males and show that this family has LOD scores consistent with linkage to Xq27, the third family reported to be linked to the ANOP1 locus. We sequenced the SOX3 gene at Xq27 as a candidate gene for the X-linked anophthalmia based on the high homology of this gene to SOX2, a gene previously mutated in bilateral anophthlamia. However, no amino acid sequence alterations were identified in SOX3. We have improved the definition of the phenotype in males with anophthalmia linked to the ANOP1 locus, as microcephaly, ocular colobomas, and severe renal malformations have not been described in families linked to ANOP1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Clinical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0748, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang YJ, Liu YZ, Li MX, Lei SF, Chen XD, Sun X, Deng HW. Linkage exclusion analysis of two important chromosomal regions for height. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:1287-92. [PMID: 16112080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adult height (stature), as an important parameter of human physical development, has been studied in many populations. Recently, we reported a whole genome scan of height on a sample of 630 Caucasian subjects from 53 human pedigrees. Two chromosome regions, 6q24-25 and 7q31.3-36, achieved low linkage signals (multipoint LOD score 0.5), but gained significant results in the linkage studies of height by other groups. In addition, the region 6q24-25 harbors the ER-alpha gene, an important candidate gene for linear growth. To resolve the controversies over these two regions for height, linkage exclusion analyses were performed in an extended sample of 79 pedigrees with 1816 subjects, which include the 53 pedigrees containing 630 subjects for our previous whole genome study and additional 128 new subjects, and 26 new pedigrees containing 1058 subjects. The two regions, 6q24-25 and 7q31.3-36, were excluded at a relative effect size of 10% or greater (p value < 0.0005) and 5% or greater (p value < 0.0018), respectively. Our results suggest that the two regions may not contribute substantially to height variation in our Caucasian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Yang
- Osteoporosis Research Center and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Solomon NM, Ross SA, Morgan T, Belsky JL, Hol FA, Karnes PS, Hopwood NJ, Myers SE, Tan AS, Warne GL, Forrest SM, Thomas PQ. Array comparative genomic hybridisation analysis of boys with X linked hypopituitarism identifies a 3.9 Mb duplicated critical region at Xq27 containing SOX3. J Med Genet 2005; 41:669-78. [PMID: 15342697 PMCID: PMC1735898 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2003.016949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Array comparative genomic hybridisation (array CGH) is a powerful method that detects alteration of gene copy number with greater resolution and efficiency than traditional methods. However, its ability to detect disease causing duplications in constitutional genomic DNA has not been shown. We developed an array CGH assay for X linked hypopituitarism, which is associated with duplication of Xq26-q27. METHODS We generated custom BAC/PAC arrays that spanned the 7.3 Mb critical region at Xq26.1-q27.3, and used them to search for duplications in three previously uncharacterised families with X linked hypopituitarism. RESULTS Validation experiments clearly identified Xq26-q27 duplications that we had previously mapped by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. Array CGH analysis of novel XH families identified three different Xq26-q27 duplications, which together refine the critical region to a 3.9 Mb interval at Xq27.2-q27.3. Expression analysis of six orthologous mouse genes from this region revealed that the transcription factor Sox3 is expressed at 11.5 and 12.5 days after conception in the infundibulum of the developing pituitary and the presumptive hypothalamus. DISCUSSION Array CGH is a robust and sensitive method for identifying X chromosome duplications. The existence of different, overlapping Xq duplications in five kindreds indicates that X linked hypopituitarism is caused by increased gene dosage. Interestingly, all X linked hypopituitarism duplications contain SOX3. As mutation of this gene in human beings and mice results in hypopituitarism, we hypothesise that increased dosage of Sox3 causes perturbation of pituitary and hypothalamic development and may be the causative mechanism for X linked hypopituitarism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N M Solomon
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Woods KS, Cundall M, Turton J, Rizotti K, Mehta A, Palmer R, Wong J, Chong WK, Al-Zyoud M, El-Ali M, Otonkoski T, Martinez-Barbera JP, Thomas PQ, Robinson IC, Lovell-Badge R, Woodward KJ, Dattani MT. Over- and underdosage of SOX3 is associated with infundibular hypoplasia and hypopituitarism. Am J Hum Genet 2005; 76:833-49. [PMID: 15800844 PMCID: PMC1199372 DOI: 10.1086/430134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 03/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Duplications of Xq26-27 have been implicated in the etiology of X-linked hypopituitarism associated with mental retardation (MR). Additionally, an expansion of a polyalanine tract (by 11 alanines) within the transcription factor SOX3 (Xq27.1) has been reported in patients with growth hormone deficiency and variable learning difficulties. We report a submicroscopic duplication of Xq27.1, the smallest reported to date (685.6 kb), in two siblings with variable hypopituitarism, callosal abnormalities, anterior pituitary hypoplasia (APH), an ectopic posterior pituitary (EPP), and an absent infundibulum. This duplication contains SOX3 and sequences corresponding to two transcripts of unknown function; only Sox3 is expressed in the infundibulum in mice. Next, we identified a novel seven-alanine expansion within a polyalanine tract in SOX3 in a family with panhypopituitarism in three male siblings with an absent infundibulum, severe APH, and EPP. This mutation led to reduced transcriptional activity, with impaired nuclear localization of the mutant protein. We also identified a novel polymorphism (A43T) in SOX3 in another child with hypopituitarism. In contrast to findings in previous studies, there was no evidence of MR or learning difficulties in our patients. We conclude that both over- and underdosage of SOX3 are associated with similar phenotypes, consisting of infundibular hypoplasia and hypopituitarism but not necessarily MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Woods
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Maria Cundall
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - James Turton
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Karine Rizotti
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Ameeta Mehta
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Rodger Palmer
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Jacqueline Wong
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - W. K. Chong
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Mahmoud Al-Zyoud
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Maryam El-Ali
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Juan-Pedro Martinez-Barbera
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Paul Q. Thomas
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Iain C. Robinson
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Robin Lovell-Badge
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Karen J. Woodward
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| | - Mehul T. Dattani
- London Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Endocrinology, and Metabolism Unit, Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, and Neural Development Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, Divisions of Developmental Genetics and Molecular Neuroendocrinology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, and North-East London Regional Cytogenetics Laboratory and Department of Neuroradiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London; Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne; Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; and Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu YZ, Xu FH, Shen H, Liu YJ, Zhao LJ, Long JR, Zhang YY, Xiao P, Xiong DH, Dvornyk V, Li JL, Conway T, Davies KM, Recker RR, Deng HW. Genetic dissection of human stature in a large sample of multiplex pedigrees. Ann Hum Genet 2005; 68:472-88. [PMID: 15469424 DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00117.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported a whole genome scan on a sample of 630 Caucasian subjects from 53 human pedigrees. Several genomic regions were suggested to be linked to height. In an attempt to confirm the identified genomic regions, as well as to identify new genomic regions linked to height, we conducted a whole genome linkage study on an extended sample of 1,816 subjects from 79 pedigrees, which includes the 53 pedigrees containing the original 630 subjects from our previous whole genome study and an additional 128 new subjects, and 26 further pedigrees containing 1,058 subjects. Several regions achieved suggestive linkage signals, such as 9q22.32 [MLS (multipoint LOD score) = 2.74], 9q34.3 [MLS = 2.66], Xq24 [two-point LOD score = 2.64 at the marker DXS8067], and 7p14.2 [MLS = 2.05]. The importance of the above regions is supported either by other whole genome studies or by candidate genes within these regions relevant to linear growth or pathogenesis of short stature. In addition, this study has tentatively confirmed the Xq24 region's linkage to height, as this region was also detected in the previous whole genome study. To date, our study has achieved the largest sample size in the field of genetic linkage studies of human height. Together with the findings of other studies, the current study has further delineated the genetic basis of human stature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Zhong Liu
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, 601 N. 30th St. Suite 6787, Omaha, NE 68131, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The application of the powerful tool molecular biology has made it possible to ask questions not only about hormone production and action but also to characterize many of the receptor molecules that initiate responses to the hormones. We are beginning to understand how cells may regulate the expression of genes and how hormones intervene in regulatory processes to adjust the expression of individual genes. In addition, great strides have been made in understanding how individual cells talk to each other through locally released factors to coordinate growth, differentiation, secretion, and other responses within a tissue. In this review I (1) focus on developmental aspects of the pituitary gland, (2) focus on the different components of the growth hormone axis and (3) examine the different altered genes and their related growth factors and/or regulatory systems that play an important physiological and pathophysiological role in growth. Further, as we have already entered the 'post-genomic' area, in which not only a defect at the molecular level becomes important but also its functional impact at the cellular level, I concentrate in the last part on some of the most important aspects of cell biology and secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Primus E Mullis
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Weiss J, Meeks JJ, Hurley L, Raverot G, Frassetto A, Jameson JL. Sox3 is required for gonadal function, but not sex determination, in males and females. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:8084-91. [PMID: 14585968 PMCID: PMC262333 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.22.8084-8091.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox3 is expressed in developing gonads and in the brain. Evolutionary evidence suggests that the X-chromosomal Sox3 gene may be the ancestral precursor of Sry, a sex-determining gene, and Sox3 has been proposed to play a role in sex determination. However, patients with mutations in SOX3 exhibit normal gonadal determination but are mentally retarded and have short stature secondary to growth hormone (GH) deficiency. We used Cre-LoxP targeted mutagenesis to delete Sox3 from mice. Null mice of both sexes had no overt behavioral deficits and exhibited normal GH gene expression. Low body weight was observed for some mice; overgrowth and misalignment of the front teeth was observed consistently. Female Sox3 null mice (-/-) developed ovaries but had excess follicular atresia, ovulation of defective oocytes, and severely reduced fertility. Pituitary (luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone) and uterine functions were normal in females. Hemizygous male null mice (-/Y) developed testes but were hypogonadal. Testis weight was reduced by 42%, and there was extensive Sertoli cell vacuolization, loss of germ cells, reduced sperm counts, and disruption of the seminiferous tubules. We conclude that Sox3 is not required for gonadal determination but is important for normal oocyte development and male testis differentiation and gametogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Laumonnier F, Ronce N, Hamel BCJ, Thomas P, Lespinasse J, Raynaud M, Paringaux C, van Bokhoven H, Kalscheuer V, Fryns JP, Chelly J, Moraine C, Briault S. Transcription factor SOX3 is involved in X-linked mental retardation with growth hormone deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:1450-5. [PMID: 12428212 PMCID: PMC420004 DOI: 10.1086/344661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2002] [Accepted: 09/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical mapping of the breakpoints of a pericentric inversion of the X chromosome (46,X,inv[X][p21q27]) in a female patient with mild mental retardation revealed localization of the Xp breakpoint in the IL1RAPL gene at Xp21.3 and the Xq breakpoint near the SOX3 gene (SRY [sex determining region Y]-box 3) (GenBank accession number NM_005634) at Xq26.3. Because carrier females with microdeletion in the IL1RAPL gene do not present any abnormal phenotype, we focused on the Xq breakpoint. However, we were unable to confirm the involvement of SOX3 in the mental retardation in this female patient. To validate SOX3 as an X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) gene, we performed mutation analyses in families with XLMR whose causative gene mapped to Xq26-q27. We show here that the SOX3 gene is involved in a large family in which affected individuals have mental retardation and growth hormone deficiency. The mutation results in an in-frame duplication of 33 bp encoding for 11 alanines in a polyalanine tract of the SOX3 gene. The expression pattern during neural and pituitary development suggests that dysfunction of the SOX3 protein caused by the polyalanine expansion might disturb transcription pathways and the regulation of genes involved in cellular processes and functions required for cognitive and pituitary development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Laumonnier
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Nathalie Ronce
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Ben C. J. Hamel
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Paul Thomas
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - James Lespinasse
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Martine Raynaud
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Christine Paringaux
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Vera Kalscheuer
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Jean-Pierre Fryns
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Claude Moraine
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| | - Sylvain Briault
- Services de Génétique- and Pédopsychiatrie-INSERM U316, CHU Bretonneau, Tours, France; Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique, CH Chambéry, France; Max Planck Institue for Molekulare Genetik, Berlin; Center for Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut Cochin-CHU Cochin Port-Royal, Paris
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Solomon NM, Nouri S, Warne GL, Lagerström-Fermér M, Forrest SM, Thomas PQ. Increased gene dosage at Xq26-q27 is associated with X-linked hypopituitarism. Genomics 2002; 79:553-9. [PMID: 11944988 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2002.6741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have identified a novel interstitial duplication at Xq26.1-q27.3 in a previously reported family with X-linked recessive hypopituitarism [1]. Mapping of the duplication was carried out using interphase FISH analysis of over 60 bacterial genomic clones from Xq25-q28. The proximal and distal breakpoints of the duplication are contained within the 432N13 and 91O18 clones, respectively, and are separated by approximately 9 Mb. Comparison with a recently published 13-Mb duplication in another XH family [2] indicated that the duplication break-points in these families were different. Therefore, we conclude that X-linked hypopituitarism is caused by increased dosage of a gene that is critical for pituitary development and that the causative gene is located within the 9-Mb duplicated region that we have defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola M Solomon
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, 3052
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vitale E, Specchia C, Devoto M, Angius A, Rong S, Rocchi M, Schwalb M, Demelas L, Paglietti D, Manca S, Mastropaolo C, Serra G. Novel X-linked mental retardation syndrome with short stature maps to Xq24. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 103:1-8. [PMID: 11562927 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We describe a large family from Sardinia, Italy, in which a novel X- linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome segregates. The phenotype observed in the 8 affected males includes severe mental retardation (MR), lack of speech, coarse face, distinctive skeletal features with short stature, brachydactyly of fingers and toes, small downslanting palpebral fissures, large bulbous nose, hypoplastic ear lobe and macrostomia. Carrier females are not mentally retarded, although some of them have mild dysmorphic features such as minor ear lobe abnormalities, as well as language and learning problems. Linkage analysis for X-chromosome markers resulted in a maximum lod score of 3.61 with marker DXS1001 in Xq24. Recombination observed with flanking markers identified a region of 16 cM for further study. None of the other XLMR syndromes known to map in the same region shows the same composite phenotype. This evidence strongly suggests that the genetic disease in this family is unique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Vitale
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UMDNJ New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103-2714, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hol FA, Schepens MT, van Beersum SE, Redolfi E, Affer M, Vezzoni P, Hamel BC, Karnes PS, Mariman EC, Zucchi I. Identification and characterization of an Xq26-q27 duplication in a family with spina bifida and panhypopituitarism suggests the involvement of two distinct genes. Genomics 2000; 69:174-81. [PMID: 11031100 DOI: 10.1006/geno.2000.6327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a family with a duplication, dup(X)q26-q27, that was present in two brothers, their mother, and their maternal grandmother. The brothers carrying the duplication displayed spina bifida and panhypopituitarism, whereas a third healthy brother inherited the normal X chromosome. Preferential inactivation of the X chromosome containing the duplication was evident in healthy carrier females. We determined the boundaries of the Xq26-q27 duplication. Via interphase FISH analysis we narrowed down each of the two breakpoint regions to approximately 300-kb intervals. The proximal breakpoint is located in Xq26.1 between DXS1114 and HPRT and is contained in YAC yWXD599, while the distal breakpoint is located in Xq27.3 between DXS369 and DXS1200 and contained in YAC yWXD758. The duplication comprises about 13 Mb. Evidence from the literature points to a predisposing gene for spina bifida in Xq27. We hypothesize that the spina bifida in the two brothers may be due to interruption of a critical gene in the Xq27 breakpoint region. Several candidate genes were mapped to the Xq27 critical region but none was shown to be disrupted by the duplication event. Recently, M. Lagerström-Fermér et al. (1997, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 60, 910-916) reported on a family with X-linked recessive panhypopituitarism associated with a duplication in Xq26; however, no details were reported on the extent of the duplication. Our study corroborates their hypothesis that X-linked recessive panhypopituitarism is likely to be caused by a gene encoding a dosage-sensitive protein involved in pituitary development. We place the putative gene between DXS1114 and DXS1200, corresponding to the interval defined by the duplication in the present family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Hol
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cabezas DA, Slaugh R, Abidi F, Arena JF, Stevenson RE, Schwartz CE, Lubs HA. A new X linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome with short stature, small testes, muscle wasting, and tremor localises to Xq24-q25. J Med Genet 2000; 37:663-8. [PMID: 10978355 PMCID: PMC1734699 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.9.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
METHODS A large family is described in which mental retardation segregates as an X linked trait. Six affected males in three generations were studied by linkage and clinical examination. RESULTS Characteristic clinical features include short stature, prominent lower lip, small testes, muscle wasting of the lower legs, kyphosis, joint hyperextensibility, abnormal gait, tremor, and decreased fine motor coordination. Affected subjects also had impaired speech and decreased attention span. A carrier female was mildly affected. A similar disorder was not found on review of our XLMR Database of 124 syndromes. Linkage analysis of 37 markers resulted in a lod score of 2.80 at DXS1212 and 2.76 at DXS425. The limiting markers were DXS424 and DXS1047. Ten of 124 XLMR syndromes and eight of 58 MRX families overlap this region. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this family appears to have a new XLMR syndrome localising to Xq24-q25.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Cabezas
- Department of Pediatrics/Division of Genetics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Mailman Center for Child Development, 1601 NW 12th Avenue (D-820), Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Christianson AL, Stevenson RE, van der Meyden CH, Pelser J, Theron FW, van Rensburg PL, Chandler M, Schwartz CE. X linked severe mental retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, epilepsy, ophthalmoplegia, and cerebellar atrophy in a large South African kindred is localised to Xq24-q27. J Med Genet 1999; 36:759-66. [PMID: 10528855 PMCID: PMC1734236 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.36.10.759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To date over 150 X linked mental retardation (XLMR) conditions have been documented. We describe a five generation South African family with XLMR, comprising 16 affected males and 10 carrier females. The clinical features common to the 16 males included profound mental retardation (100%), mutism despite apparently normal hearing (100%), grand mal epilepsy (87.5%), and limited life expectancy (68.8%). Of the four affected males examined, all had mild craniofacial dysmorphology and three were noted to have bilateral ophthalmoplegia and truncal ataxia. Three of 10 obligate female carriers had mild mental retardation. Cerebellar and brain stem atrophy was shown by cranial imaging and postmortem examination. Linkage analysis shows the gene to be located between markers DXS424 (Xq24) and DXS548 (Xq27.3), with a maximum two point lod score of 3.10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Christianson
- Department of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sloan JL, Mager S. Cloning and functional expression of a human Na(+) and Cl(-)-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transporter B(0+). J Biol Chem 1999; 274:23740-5. [PMID: 10446133 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.34.23740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A Na(+)-dependent neutral and cationic amino acid transport system (B(0+)) plays an important role in many cells and tissues; however, the molecular basis for this transport system is still unknown. To identify new transporters, the expressed sequence tag database was queried, and cDNA fragments with sequence similarity to the Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family were identified. Based on these sequences, rapid amplification of cDNA ends of human mammary gland cDNA was used to obtain a cDNA of 4.5 kilobases (kb). The open reading frame encodes a 642-amino acid protein named amino acid transporter B(0+). Human ATB(0+) (hATB(0+)) is a novel member of the Na(+)/Cl(-)-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family with the highest sequence similarity to the glycine and proline transporters. Northern blot analysis identified transcripts of approximately 4.5 kb and approximately 2 kb in the lung. Another tissue survey suggests expression in the trachea, salivary gland, mammary gland, stomach, and pituitary gland. Electrophysiology and radiolabeled amino acid uptake measurements were used to functionally characterize the transporter expressed in Xenopus oocytes. hATB(0+) was found to transport both neutral and cationic amino acids, with the highest affinity for hydrophobic amino acids and the lowest affinity for proline. Amino acid transport was Na(+) and Cl(-)-dependent and was attenuated in the presence of 2-aminobicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, a system B(0+) inhibitor. These characteristics are consistent with system B(0+) amino acid transport. Thus, hATB(0+) is the first cloned B(0+) amino acid transporter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Sloan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology and the Curriculum in Neurobiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
Yntema HG, Hamel BC, Smits AP, van Roosmalen T, van den Helm B, Kremer H, Ropers HH, Smeets DF, van Bokhoven H. Localisation of a gene for non-specific X linked mental retardation (MRX46) to Xq25-q26. J Med Genet 1998; 35:801-5. [PMID: 9783701 PMCID: PMC1051453 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.35.10.801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We report linkage data on a new large family with non-specific X linked mental retardation (MRX), using 24 polymorphic markers covering the entire X chromosome. We could assign the underlying disease gene, denoted MRX46, to the Xq25-q26 region. MRX46 is tightly linked to the markers DXS8072, HPRT, and DXS294 with a maximum lod score of 5.12 at theta=0. Recombination events were observed with DXS425 in Xq25 and DXS984 at the Xq26-Xq27 boundary, which localises MRX46 to a 20.9 cM (12 Mb) interval. Several X linked mental retardation syndromes have been mapped to the same region of the X chromosome. In addition, the localisation of two MRX genes, MRX27 and MRX35, partially overlaps with the linkage interval obtained for MRX46. Although an extension of the linkage analysis for MRX35 showed only a minimal overlap with MRX46, it cannot be excluded that the same gene is involved in several of these MRX disorders. On the other hand, given the considerable genetic heterogeneity in MRX, one should be extremely cautious in using interfamilial linkage data to narrow down the localisation of MRX genes. Therefore, unless the underlying gene(s) is characterised by the analysis of candidate genes, MRX46 can be considered a new independent MRX locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G Yntema
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Raynaud M, Ronce N, Ayrault AD, Francannet C, Malpuech G, Moraine C. X-linked mental retardation with isolated growth hormone deficiency is mapped to Xq22-Xq27.2 in one family. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980319)76:3<255::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
des Portes V, Soufir N, Carrié A, Billuart P, Bienvenu T, Vinet MC, Beldjord C, Ponsot G, Kahn A, Boué J, Chelly J. Gene for nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX 47) is located in Xq22.3-q24. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1997; 72:324-8. [PMID: 9332663 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19971031)72:3<324::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe a large family with nonspecific X-linked mental retardation (MRX 47). An X-linked recessive transmission is suggested by the inheritance from the mothers in two generations of a moderate to severe form of mental retardation in six males, without any specific clinical findings. Two point linkage analysis demonstrated significant linkage between the disorder and two markers in Xq23 (Zmax = 3.75, theta = 0). Multipoint linkage analyses confirmed the significant linkage with a maximum lod score (Z = 3.96, theta = 0) at DXS1059. Recombination events observed with the flanking markers DXS1105 and DXS8067 delineate a 17 cM interval. This interval overlaps with several loci of XLMR disorders previously localized in Xq23-q24, which are reviewed herein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V des Portes
- INSERM U129-ICGM, Faculté de Médecine Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
A current list of all known forms of X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) and a slightly revised classification are presented. The number of known disorders has not increased because 6 disorders have been combined based on new molecular data or on clinical grounds and only 6 newly described XLMR disorders have been reported. Of the current 105 XLMR disorders, 34 have been mapped, and 18 disorders and 1 nonspecific XLMR (FRAXE) have been cloned. The number of families with nonspecific XLMR with a LOD score of > or = 2.0 has more than doubled, with 42 (including FRAXE) now being known. a summary of the localization of presumed nonspecific mental retardation (MR) genes from well-studied X-chromosomal translocations and deletions is also included. Only 10-12 nonoverlapping loci are required to explain all localizations of nonspecific MR from both approaches. These new trends mark the beginning of a significantly improved understanding of the role of genes on the X chromosome in producing MR. Continued close collaboration between clinical and molecular investigators will be required to complete the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Lubs
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|