1
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Herrera B, Sajad A, Errington SP, Schall JD, Riera JJ. Cortical origin of theta error signals. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:11300-11319. [PMID: 37804250 PMCID: PMC10690871 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A multi-scale approach elucidated the origin of the error-related-negativity (ERN), with its associated theta-rhythm, and the post-error-positivity (Pe) in macaque supplementary eye field (SEF). Using biophysical modeling, synaptic inputs to a subpopulation of layer-3 (L3) and layer-5 (L5) pyramidal cells (PCs) were optimized to reproduce error-related spiking modulation and inter-spike intervals. The intrinsic dynamics of dendrites in L5 but not L3 error PCs generate theta rhythmicity with random phases. Saccades synchronized the phases of the theta-rhythm, which was magnified on errors. Contributions from error PCs to the laminar current source density (CSD) observed in SEF were negligible and could not explain the observed association between error-related spiking modulation in L3 PCs and scalp-EEG. CSD from recorded laminar field potentials in SEF was comprised of multipolar components, with monopoles indicating strong electro-diffusion, dendritic/axonal electrotonic current leakage outside SEF, or violations of the model assumptions. Our results also demonstrate the involvement of secondary cortical regions, in addition to SEF, particularly for the later Pe component. The dipolar component from the observed CSD paralleled the ERN dynamics, while the quadrupolar component paralleled the Pe. These results provide the most advanced explanation to date of the cellular mechanisms generating the ERN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Herrera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
| | - Amirsaman Sajad
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
| | - Steven P Errington
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Center for Integrative & Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Centre for Vision Research, Vision: Science to Applications Program, Departments of Biology and Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jorge J Riera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, United States
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2
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Cona G, Wiener M, Allegrini F, Scarpazza C. Gradient Organization of Space, Time, and Numbers in the Brain: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies. Neuropsychol Rev 2023:10.1007/s11065-023-09609-z. [PMID: 37594695 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-023-09609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we ran a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies to pinpoint the neural regions that are commonly activated across space, time, and numerosity, and we tested the existence of gradient transitions among these magnitude representations in the brain. Following PRISMA guidelines, we included in the meta-analysis 112 experiments (for space domain), 114 experiments (time domain), and 115 experiments (numerosity domain), and we used the activation likelihood estimation method. We found a system of brain regions that was commonly recruited in all the three magnitudes, which included bilateral insula, the supplementary motor area (SMA), the right inferior frontal gyrus, and bilateral intraparietal sulci. Gradiental transitions between different magnitudes were found along all these regions but insulae, with space and numbers leading to gradients mainly over parietal regions (and SMA) whereas time and numbers mainly over frontal regions. These findings provide evidence for the GradiATOM theory (Gradient Theory of Magnitude), suggesting that spatial proximity given by overlapping activations and gradients is a key aspect for efficient interactions and integrations among magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Cona
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Francesco Allegrini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Scarpazza
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
- IRCSS San Camillo Hospital, Venice, Italy
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3
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Haghir H, Kuckertz A, Zhao L, Hami J, Palomero-Gallagher N. A new map of the rat isocortex and proisocortex: cytoarchitecture and M 2 receptor distribution patterns. Brain Struct Funct 2023:10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7. [PMID: 37318645 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and their receptors are key molecules in information transfer between neurons, thus enabling inter-areal communication. Therefore, multimodal atlases integrating the brain's cyto- and receptor architecture constitute crucial tools to understand the relationship between its structural and functional segregation. Cholinergic muscarinic M2 receptors have been shown to be an evolutionarily conserved molecular marker of primary sensory areas in the mammalian brain. To complement existing rodent atlases, we applied a silver cell body staining and quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiographic visualization of M2 receptors to alternating sections throughout the entire brain of five adult male Wistar rats (three sectioned coronally, one horizontally, one sagittally). Histological sections and autoradiographs were scanned at a spatial resolution of 1 µm and 20 µm per pixel, respectively, and files were stored as 8 bit images. We used these high-resolution datasets to create an atlas of the entire rat brain, including the olfactory bulb, cerebellum and brainstem. We describe the cyto- and M2 receptor architectonic features of 48 distinct iso- and proisocortical areas across the rat forebrain and provide their mean M2 receptor density. The ensuing parcellation scheme, which is discussed in the framework of existing comprehensive atlasses, includes the novel subdivision of mediomedial secondary visual area Oc2MM into anterior (Oc2MMa) and posterior (Oc2MMp) parts, and of lateral visual area Oc2L into rostrolateral (Oc2Lr), intermediate dorsolateral (Oc2Lid), intermediate ventrolateral (Oc2Liv) and caudolateral (Oc2Lc) secondary visual areas. The M2 receptor densities and the comprehensive map of iso-and proisocortical areas constitute useful tools for future computational and neuroscientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Haghir
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Genetic Research Center (MGRC), School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Anika Kuckertz
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Javad Hami
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, HMU Health and Medical University Potsdam, 14471, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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4
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Mrachacz-Kersting N, Stevenson AJT, Ziemann U. Short-interval intracortical inhibition and facilitation targeting upper and lower limb muscles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21993. [PMID: 34754010 PMCID: PMC8578654 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to study excitability of corticospinal neurons in human motor cortex. It is currently not fully elucidated if corticospinal neurons in the hand vs. leg representation show the same or different regulation of their excitability by GABAAergic and glutamatergic interneuronal circuitry. Using a paired-pulse TMS protocol we tested short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF) in 18 healthy participants. Motor evoked potentials were evoked in one hand (abductor digiti minimi) and one leg muscle (tibialis anterior), with systematic variation of the intensities of the first (S1) and second (S2) pulse between 60 and 140% resting motor threshold (RMT) in 10% steps, at two interstimulus intervals of 1.5 and 2.1 ms. For the hand and leg motor representations and for both interstimulus intervals, SICI occurred if the intensities of S1 < RMT and S2 > RMT, while SICF predominated if S1 = S2 ≤ RMT, or S1 > RMT and S2 < RMT. Findings confirm and extend previous evidence that the regulation of excitability of corticospinal neurons of the hand versus leg representation in human primary cortex through GABAAergic and glutamatergic interneuronal circuits is highly similar, and that corticospinal neurons of both representations are activated by TMS transsynaptically in largely identical ways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Hunt LT. Frontal circuit specialisations for decision making. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 53:3654-3671. [PMID: 33864305 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is widespread consensus that distributed circuits across prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (PFC/ACC) are critical for reward-based decision making. The circuit specialisations of these areas in primates were likely shaped by their foraging niche, in which decision making is typically sequential, attention-guided and temporally extended. Here, I argue that in humans and other primates, PFC/ACC circuits are functionally specialised in two ways. First, microcircuits found across PFC/ACC are highly recurrent in nature and have synaptic properties that support persistent activity across temporally extended cognitive tasks. These properties provide the basis of a computational account of time-varying neural activity within PFC/ACC as a decision is being made. Second, the macrocircuit connections (to other brain areas) differ between distinct PFC/ACC cytoarchitectonic subregions. This variation in macrocircuit connections explains why PFC/ACC subregions make unique contributions to reward-based decision tasks and how these contributions are shaped by attention. They predict dissociable neural representations to emerge in orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during sequential attention-guided choice, as recently confirmed in neurophysiological recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence T Hunt
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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6
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Niu M, Rapan L, Funck T, Froudist-Walsh S, Zhao L, Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Organization of the macaque monkey inferior parietal lobule based on multimodal receptor architectonics. Neuroimage 2021; 231:117843. [PMID: 33577936 PMCID: PMC8188735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.117843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The macaque monkey inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is a structurally heterogeneous brain region, although the number of areas it contains and the anatomical/functional relationship of identified subdivisions remains controversial. Neurotransmitter receptor distribution patterns not only reveal the position of the cortical borders, but also segregate areas associated to different functional systems. Thus we carried out a multimodal quantitative analysis of the cyto- and receptor architecture of the macaque IPL to determine the number and extent of distinct areas it encompasses. We identified four areas on the IPL convexity arranged in a caudo-rostral sequence, as well as two areas in the parietal operculum, which we projected onto the Yerkes19 surface. We found rostral areas to have relatively smaller receptor fingerprints than the caudal ones, which is in an agreement with the functional gradient along the caudo-rostral axis described in previous studies. The hierarchical analysis segregated IPL areas into two clusters: the caudal one, contains areas involved in multisensory integration and visual-motor functions, and rostral cluster, encompasses areas active during motor planning and action-related functions. The results of the present study provide novel insights into clarifying the homologies between human and macaque IPL areas. The ensuing 3D map of the macaque IPL, and the receptor fingerprints are made publicly available to the neuroscientific community via the Human Brain Project and BALSA repositories for future cyto- and/or receptor architectonically driven analyses of functional imaging studies in non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Niu
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Lucija Rapan
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Funck
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Ling Zhao
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; C. & O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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7
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Abstract
Comparative neuroscience is entering the era of big data. New high-throughput methods and data-sharing initiatives have resulted in the availability of large, digital data sets containing many types of data from ever more species. Here, we present a framework for exploiting the new possibilities offered. The multimodality of the data allows vertical translations, which are comparisons of different aspects of brain organization within a single species and across scales. Horizontal translations compare particular aspects of brain organization across species, often by building abstract feature spaces. Combining vertical and horizontal translations allows for more sophisticated comparisons, including relating principles of brain organization across species by contrasting horizontal translations, and for making formal predictions of unobtainable data based on observed results in a model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom; .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
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8
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Albertini D, Gerbella M, Lanzilotto M, Livi A, Maranesi M, Ferroni CG, Bonini L. Connectional gradients underlie functional transitions in monkey pre-supplementary motor area. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 184:101699. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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9
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Bathla G, Gene MN, Peck KK, Jenabi M, Tabar V, Holodny AI. Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Supplementary Motor Area to Motor and Language Networks in Patients with Brain Tumors. J Neuroimaging 2019; 29:521-526. [PMID: 31034698 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We examined the resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in brain tumor patients. We compared the SMA subdivisions (pre-SMA, SMA proper, central SMA) in terms of RSFC projected from each region to the motor gyrus and language areas. METHODS We retrospectively identified 14 brain tumor patients who underwent task-based and resting-state fMRI, and who completed motor and language paradigms that activated the SMA proper and pre-SMA, respectively. Regions of interest (ROIs) obtained from task-based fMRI were generated in both areas and the central SMA to produce RSFC maps. Degree of RSFC was measured from each subdivision to the motor gyrus and Broca's area (BA). RESULTS All patients showed RSFC between the pre-SMA and language centers and between the SMA proper and motor gyrus. Thirteen of 14 patients showed RSFC from the central SMA to both motor and language areas. There was no significant difference between subdivisions in degree of RSFC to BA (pre-SMA, r = .801; central SMA, r = .803; SMA proper; r = .760). The pre-SMA showed significantly less RSFC to the motor gyrus (r = .732) compared to the central SMA (r = .842) and SMA proper (r = .883) (P = .016, P = .001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The region between the pre-SMA and SMA proper produces reliable RSFC to the motor gyrus and language areas in brain tumor patients. This study is the first to examine RSFC of the central SMA in this population. Consequently, our results provide further validation to previous studies, supporting the existence of a central SMA with connectivity to both motor and language networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Bathla
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Radiology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA
| | - Madeleine N Gene
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Kyung K Peck
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Mehrnaz Jenabi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Viviane Tabar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY
| | - Andrei I Holodny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY.,Department of Radiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
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10
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Mars RB, Passingham RE, Jbabdi S. Connectivity Fingerprints: From Areal Descriptions to Abstract Spaces. Trends Cogn Sci 2018; 22:1026-1037. [PMID: 30241910 PMCID: PMC6198109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen years ago, Passingham and colleagues proposed that brain areas can be described in terms of their unique pattern of input and output connections with the rest of the brain, and that these connections are a crucial determinant of their function. We explore how the advent of neuroimaging of connectivity has allowed us to test and extend this proposal. We show that describing the brain in terms of an abstract connectivity space, as opposed to physical locations of areas, provides a natural and powerful framework for thinking about brain function and its variation across the brains of individuals, populations, and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard E Passingham
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College, London, London, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Herold C, Paulitschek C, Palomero-Gallagher N, Güntürkün O, Zilles K. Transmitter receptors reveal segregation of the arcopallium/amygdala complex in pigeons (Columba livia). J Comp Neurol 2017; 526:439-466. [PMID: 29063593 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
At the beginning of the 20th century it was suggested that a complex group of nuclei in the avian posterior ventral telencephalon is comparable to the mammalian amygdala. Subsequent findings, however, revealed that most of these structures share premotor characteristics, while some indeed constitute the avian amygdala. These developments resulted in 2004 in a change of nomenclature of these nuclei, which from then on were named arcopallial or amygdala nuclei and referred to as the arcopallium/amygdala complex. The structural basis for the similarities between avian and mammalian arcopallial and amygdala subregions is poorly understood. Therefore, we analyzed binding site densities for glutamatergic AMPA, NMDA and kainate, GABAergic GABAA , muscarinic M1 , M2 and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh; α4 β2 subtype), noradrenergic α1 and α2 , serotonergic 5-HT1A and dopaminergic D1/5 receptors using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography combined with a detailed analysis of the cyto- and myelo-architecture. Our approach supports a segregation of the pigeon's arcopallium/amygdala complex into the following subregions: the arcopallium anterius (AA), the arcopallium ventrale (AV), the arcopallium dorsale (AD), the arcopallium intermedium (AI), the arcopallium mediale (AM), the arcopallium posterius (AP), the nucleus posterioris amygdalopallii pars basalis (PoAb) and pars compacta (PoAc), the nucleus taeniae amgygdalae (TnA) and the area subpallialis amygdalae (SpA). Some of these subregions showed further subnuclei and each region of the arcopallium/amygdala complex are characterized by a distinct multi-receptor density expression. Here we provide a new detailed map of the pigeon's arcopallium/amygdala complex and compare the receptor architecture of the subregions to their possible mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Herold
- C. and O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christina Paulitschek
- C. and O. Vogt Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Research Center Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, and JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N. Multiple Transmitter Receptors in Regions and Layers of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28970785 PMCID: PMC5609104 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We measured the densities (fmol/mg protein) of 15 different receptors of various transmitter systems in the supragranular, granular and infragranular strata of 44 areas of visual, somatosensory, auditory and multimodal association systems of the human cerebral cortex. Receptor densities were obtained after labeling of the receptors using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography in human postmortem brains. The mean density of each receptor type over all cortical layers and of each of the three major strata varies between cortical regions. In a single cortical area, the multi-receptor fingerprints of its strata (i.e., polar plots, each visualizing the densities of multiple different receptor types in supragranular, granular or infragranular layers of the same cortical area) differ in shape and size indicating regional and laminar specific balances between the receptors. Furthermore, the three strata are clearly segregated into well definable clusters by their receptor fingerprints. Fingerprints of different cortical areas systematically vary between functional networks, and with the hierarchical levels within sensory systems. Primary sensory areas are clearly separated from all other cortical areas particularly by their very high muscarinic M2 and nicotinic α4β2 receptor densities, and to a lesser degree also by noradrenergic α2 and serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors. Early visual areas of the dorsal and ventral streams are segregated by their multi-receptor fingerprints. The results are discussed on the background of functional segregation, cortical hierarchies, microstructural types, and the horizontal (layers) and vertical (columns) organization in the cerebral cortex. We conclude that a cortical column is composed of segments, which can be assigned to the cortical strata. The segments differ by their patterns of multi-receptor balances, indicating different layer-specific signal processing mechanisms. Additionally, the differences between the strata-and area-specific fingerprints of the 44 areas reflect the segregation of the cerebral cortex into functionally and topographically definable groups of cortical areas (visual, auditory, somatosensory, limbic, motor), and reveals their hierarchical position (primary and unimodal (early) sensory to higher sensory and finally to multimodal association areas). HighlightsDensities of transmitter receptors vary between areas of human cerebral cortex. Multi-receptor fingerprints segregate cortical layers. The densities of all examined receptor types together reach highest values in the supragranular stratum of all areas. The lowest values are found in the infragranular stratum. Multi-receptor fingerprints of entire areas and their layers segregate functional systems Cortical types (primary sensory, motor, multimodal association) differ in their receptor fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1)Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, and JARA-Translational Brain MedicineAachen, Germany
| | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1)Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, and JARA-Translational Brain MedicineAachen, Germany
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13
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Duarte R, Seeholzer A, Zilles K, Morrison A. Synaptic patterning and the timescales of cortical dynamics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:156-165. [PMID: 28407562 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neocortical circuits, as large heterogeneous recurrent networks, can potentially operate and process signals at multiple timescales, but appear to be differentially tuned to operate within certain temporal receptive windows. The modular and hierarchical organization of this selectivity mirrors anatomical and physiological relations throughout the cortex and is likely determined by the regional electrochemical composition. Being consistently patterned and actively regulated, the expression of molecules involved in synaptic transmission constitutes the most significant source of laminar and regional variability. Due to their complex kinetics and adaptability, synapses form a natural primary candidate underlying this regional temporal selectivity. The ability of cortical networks to reflect the temporal structure of the sensory environment can thus be regulated by evolutionary and experience-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Duarte
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; Institute of Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alexander Seeholzer
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany; JARA-BRAIN, Aachen, Germany
| | - Abigail Morrison
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I, Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany; Bernstein Center Freiburg, Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomy of the Supplementary Motor Area Complex in Humans. World Neurosurg 2016; 95:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Battaglia-Mayer A, Babicola L, Satta E. Parieto-frontal gradients and domains underlying eye and hand operations in the action space. Neuroscience 2016; 334:76-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Lima CF, Krishnan S, Scott SK. Roles of Supplementary Motor Areas in Auditory Processing and Auditory Imagery. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:527-542. [PMID: 27381836 PMCID: PMC5441995 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas have been intensely investigated in relation to their motor functions, they are also consistently reported in studies of auditory processing and auditory imagery. This involvement is commonly overlooked, in contrast to lateral premotor and inferior prefrontal areas. We argue here for the engagement of supplementary motor areas across a variety of sound categories, including speech, vocalizations, and music, and we discuss how our understanding of auditory processes in these regions relate to findings and hypotheses from the motor literature. We suggest that supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas play a role in facilitating spontaneous motor responses to sound, and in supporting a flexible engagement of sensorimotor processes to enable imagery and to guide auditory perception. Hearing and imagining sounds–including speech, vocalizations, and music–can recruit SMA and pre-SMA, which are normally discussed in relation to their motor functions. Emerging research indicates that individual differences in the structure and function of SMA and pre-SMA can predict performance in auditory perception and auditory imagery tasks. Responses during auditory processing primarily peak in pre-SMA and in the boundary area between pre-SMA and SMA. This boundary area is crucially involved in the control of speech and vocal production, suggesting that sounds engage this region in an effector-specific manner. Activating sound-related motor representations in SMA and pre-SMA might facilitate behavioral responses to sounds. This might also support a flexible generation of sensory predictions based on previous experience to enable imagery and guide perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- César F Lima
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Saloni Krishnan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie K Scott
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
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17
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Turk E, Scholtens LH, van den Heuvel MP. Cortical chemoarchitecture shapes macroscale effective functional connectivity patterns in macaque cerebral cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:1856-65. [PMID: 26970255 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cortex is a complex system of-at the microscale level-interconnected neurons and-at the macroscale level-interconnected areas, forming the infrastructure for local and global neural processing and information integration. While the effects of regional chemoarchitecture on local cortical activity are well known, the effect of local neurotransmitter receptor organization on the emergence of large scale region-to-region functional interactions remains poorly understood. Here, we examined reports of effective functional connectivity-as measured by the action of strychnine administration acting on the chemical balance of cortical areas-in relation to underlying regional variation in microscale neurotransmitter receptor density levels in the macaque cortex. Linking cortical variation in microscale receptor density levels to collated information on macroscale functional connectivity of the macaque cortex, we show macroscale patterns of effective corticocortical functional interactions-and in particular, the strength of connectivity of efferent macroscale pathways-to be related to the ratio of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor densities of cortical areas. Our findings provide evidence for the microscale chemoarchitecture of cortical areas to have a direct stimulating influence on the emergence of macroscale functional connectivity patterns in the mammalian brain. Hum Brain Mapp 37:1856-1865, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Turk
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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18
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Lyo JK, Arevalo-Perez J, Petrovich Brennan N, Peck KK, Holodny AI. Pre-operative fMRI localization of the supplementary motor area and its relationship with postoperative speech deficits. Neuroradiol J 2015; 28:281-8. [PMID: 26246097 DOI: 10.1177/1971400915589681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurosurgery of the supplementary motor area (SMA) is associated with transient speech defects. We investigated whether SMA laterality correlates with postoperative speech defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The authors reviewed 17 patients with SMA-area lesion resection and preoperative language fMRI. SMA laterality was calculated by comparison of voxel activation in paired SMAs by hand-drawn regions of interest (ROIs) (drawn by a neuroradiologist), and compared with qualitative assessment by two neuroradiologists. Postoperative speech defects before and after surgery were assessed by chart review. RESULTS Six patients developed new speech defects that resolved within several months. Two of the patients had a pre-existing speech defect that had developed after prior SMA-area surgery. All these patients had left-sided lesions, while none of the four patients with a right-sided lesion developed a speech defect. Neuroradiologists' assessment of SMA laterality agreed with ROI calculation for the SMAs that were lateralized. However, for the SMAs in the "codominant" range by ROI, the neuroradiologists felt that all but one of the cases clearly lateralized, with the exception deemed indeterminate or codominant. No correlation between laterality of SMA and speech defect was identified. Twelve patients showed lateralization contralateral to the lesion. CONCLUSIONS fMRI lateralization does not correlate with transient speech defects that developed from SMA-area surgery. Qualitative/visual assessment of SMA laterality was superior to ROI calculation because of the close proximity and possible overlap of signal from midline SMA. A majority of patients showed SMA lateralization contralateral to the SMA lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Lyo
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | | | - Nicole Petrovich Brennan
- Functional MRI Laboratory of the Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Kyung K Peck
- Functional MRI Laboratory of the Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - Andrei I Holodny
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA Functional MRI Laboratory of the Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
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19
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Bastiani M, Roebroeck A. Unraveling the multiscale structural organization and connectivity of the human brain: the role of diffusion MRI. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:77. [PMID: 26106304 PMCID: PMC4460430 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural architecture and the anatomical connectivity of the human brain show different organizational principles at distinct spatial scales. Histological staining and light microscopy techniques have been widely used in classical neuroanatomical studies to unravel brain organization. Using such techniques is a laborious task performed on 2-dimensional histological sections by skilled anatomists possibly aided by semi-automated algorithms. With the recent advent of modern magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast mechanisms, cortical layers and columns can now be reliably identified and their structural properties quantified post-mortem. These developments are allowing the investigation of neuroanatomical features of the brain at a spatial resolution that could be interfaced with that of histology. Diffusion MRI and tractography techniques, in particular, have been used to probe the architecture of both white and gray matter in three dimensions. Combined with mathematical network analysis, these techniques are increasingly influential in the investigation of the macro-, meso-, and microscopic organization of brain connectivity and anatomy, both in vivo and ex vivo. Diffusion MRI-based techniques in combination with histology approaches can therefore support the endeavor of creating multimodal atlases that take into account the different spatial scales or levels on which the brain is organized. The aim of this review is to illustrate and discuss the structural architecture and the anatomical connectivity of the human brain at different spatial scales and how recently developed diffusion MRI techniques can help investigate these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bastiani
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alard Roebroeck
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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20
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Potgieser ARE, de Jong BM, Wagemakers M, Hoving EW, Groen RJM. Insights from the supplementary motor area syndrome in balancing movement initiation and inhibition. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:960. [PMID: 25506324 PMCID: PMC4246659 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The supplementary motor area (SMA) syndrome is a characteristic neurosurgical syndrome that can occur after unilateral resection of the SMA. Clinical symptoms may vary from none to a global akinesia, predominantly on the contralateral side, with preserved muscle strength and mutism. A remarkable feature is that these symptoms completely resolve within weeks to months, leaving only a disturbance in alternating bimanual movements. In this review we give an overview of the old and new insights from the SMA syndrome and extrapolate these findings to seemingly unrelated diseases and symptoms such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and tics. Furthermore, we integrate findings from lesion, stimulation and functional imaging studies to provide insight in the motor function of the SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. R. E. Potgieser
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - B. M. de Jong
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - M. Wagemakers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - E. W. Hoving
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - R. J. M. Groen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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21
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Procyk E, Wilson CRE, Stoll FM, Faraut MCM, Petrides M, Amiez C. Midcingulate Motor Map and Feedback Detection: Converging Data from Humans and Monkeys. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:467-76. [PMID: 25217467 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional and anatomical organization of the cingulate cortex across primate species is the subject of considerable and often confusing debate. The functions attributed to the midcingulate cortex (MCC) embrace, among others, feedback processing, pain, salience, action-reward association, premotor functions, and conflict monitoring. This multiplicity of functional concepts suggests either unresolved separation of functional contributions or integration and convergence. We here provide evidence from recent experiments in humans and from a meta-analysis of monkey data that MCC feedback-related activity is generated in the rostral cingulate premotor area by specific body maps directly related to the modality of feedback. As such, we argue for an embodied mechanism for adaptation and exploration in MCC. We propose arguments and precise tools to resolve the origins of performance monitoring signals in the medial frontal cortex, and to progress on issues regarding homology between human and nonhuman primate cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Procyk
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 69500 Bron, France Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche S-846, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Charles R E Wilson
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 69500 Bron, France Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche S-846, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Frederic M Stoll
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 69500 Bron, France Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche S-846, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Maïlys C M Faraut
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 69500 Bron, France Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche S-846, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Michael Petrides
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A2B4
| | - Céline Amiez
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U846, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, 69500 Bron, France Université de Lyon, Lyon 1, Unité Mixte de Recherche S-846, 69003 Lyon, France
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22
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Rizzolatti G, Cattaneo L, Fabbri-Destro M, Rozzi S. Cortical Mechanisms Underlying the Organization of Goal-Directed Actions and Mirror Neuron-Based Action Understanding. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:655-706. [PMID: 24692357 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of motor system evolved remarkably in the last 20 years. This is the consequence not only of an increase in the amount of data on this system but especially of a paradigm shift in our conceptualization of it. Motor system is not considered anymore just a “producer” of movements, as it was in the past, but a system crucially involved in cognitive functions. In the present study we review the data on the cortical organization underlying goal-directed actions and action understanding. Our review is subdivided into two major parts. In the first part, we review the anatomical and functional organization of the premotor and parietal areas of monkeys and humans. We show that the parietal and frontal areas form circuits devoted to specific motor functions. We discuss, in particular, the visuo-motor transformation necessary for reaching and for grasping. In the second part we show how a specific neural mechanism, the mirror mechanism, is involved in understanding the action and intention of others. This mechanism is located in the same parieto-frontal circuits that mediate goal-directed actions. We conclude by indicating future directions for studies on the mirror mechanism and suggest some major topics for forthcoming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Rizzolatti
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Cattaneo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Maddalena Fabbri-Destro
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; and Brain Center for Motor and Social Cognition, Italian Institute of Technology, Parma, Italy
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23
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Mowery TM, Walls SM, Garraghty PE. AMPA and GABA(A/B) receptor subunit expression in the cortex of adult squirrel monkeys during peripheral nerve regeneration. Brain Res 2013; 1520:80-94. [PMID: 23643858 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The primate somatosensory neuroaxis provides a highly translational model system with which to investigate adult neural plasticity. Here, we report immunohistochemical staining data for AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunits in the area 3b cortex of adult squirrel monkeys one and five months after median nerve compression. This method of nerve injury was selected because it allows unique insight into how receptor expression changes during the regeneration of the peripheral nerve. One month after nerve compression, the pattern of subunit staining provides evidence that the cortex enters a state of reorganization. GABA α1 receptor subunits are significantly down-regulated in layer IV, V, and VI. Glur2/3 AMPA receptor subunits and postsynaptic GABABR1b receptor subunits are up and down regulated respectively across all layers of cortex. After five months of recovery from nerve compression, the pattern of AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunits remain significantly altered in a layer specific manner. In layer II/III, GluR1, GluR2/3, and GABA α1 subunit expression is significantly up-regulated while post synaptic GABABR1b receptor subunits are significantly down regulated. In layer VI, V, and VI the GluR2/3 and presynaptic GABABR1a receptor subunits are significantly up-regulated, while the postsynaptic GABABR1b receptor subunits remain significantly down-regulated. Taken together, these results suggest that following nerve injury the cortex enters a state of reorganization that has persistent effects on cortical plasticity even after partial or total reinnervation of the peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Mowery
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 4 Washington Place, NY 10003, USA.
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24
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Luchtmann M, Jachau K, Adolf D, Röhl FW, Baecke S, Lützkendorf R, Müller C, Bernarding J. Ethanol modulates the neurovascular coupling. Neurotoxicology 2012; 34:95-104. [PMID: 23159106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite some evidence of the underlying molecular mechanisms the neuronal basis of ethanol-induced effects on the neurovascular coupling that forms the BOLD (blood oxygenation level dependent) signal is poorly understood. In a recent fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) study monitoring ethanol-induced changes of the BOLD signal a reduction of the amplitude and a prolongation of the BOLD signal were observed. However, the BOLD signal is assumed to consist of a complex superposition of different underlying signals. To gain insight how ethanol influences stimulus efficacy, oxygen extraction, transit time and vessel-related parameters the fMRI time series from the sensori-motor and the visual cortex were analyzed using the balloon model. The results show a region-dependent decrease of the stimulus efficacy to trigger a post-stimulus neurovascular response as well as a prolongation of the transit time through the venous compartment. Oxygen extraction, feedback mechanisms and other vessel-related parameters were not affected. The results may be interpreted as follows: the overall mechanisms of the neurovascular coupling are still acting well at the moderate ethanol level of about 0.8‰ (in particular the vessel-related parts), but the potency to evoke a neurovascular response is already compromised most obviously in the supplementary motor area responsible for complex synchronizing and planning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Luchtmann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Institute for Biometry and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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25
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Zhang J, Hughes LE, Rowe JB. Selection and inhibition mechanisms for human voluntary action decisions. Neuroimage 2012; 63:392-402. [PMID: 22776456 PMCID: PMC3445813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
One can choose between action alternatives that have no apparent difference in their outcomes. Such voluntary action decisions are associated with widespread frontal-parietal activation, and a tendency to inhibit the repetition of a previous action. However, the mechanism of initiating voluntary actions and the functions of different brain regions during this process remains largely unknown. Here, we combine computational modeling and functional magnetic resonance imaging to test the selection and inhibition mechanisms that mediate trial-to-trial voluntary action decisions. We fitted an optimized accumulator model to behavioral responses in a finger-tapping task in which participants were instructed to make chosen actions or specified actions. Model parameters derived from each individual were then applied to estimate the expected accumulated metabolic activity (EAA) engaged in every single trial. The EAA was associated with blood oxygenation level-dependent responses in a decision work that was maximal in the supplementary motor area and the caudal anterior cingulate cortex, consistent with a competitive accumulation-to-threshold mechanism for action decision by these regions. Furthermore, specific inhibition of the previous action's accumulator was related to the suppression of response repetition. This action-specific inhibition correlated with the activity of the right inferior frontal gyrus, when the option to repeat existed. Our findings suggest that human voluntary action decisions are mediated by complementary processes of intentional selection and inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Zhang
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK.
| | - Laura E. Hughes
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - James B. Rowe
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Medical Research Council, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
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26
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Caspers S, Schleicher A, Bacha-Trams M, Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K, Zilles K. Organization of the human inferior parietal lobule based on receptor architectonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:615-28. [PMID: 22375016 PMCID: PMC3563340 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Human inferior parietal lobule (IPL) plays a key role in various cognitive functions. Its functional diversity, including attention, language, and action processing, is reflected by its structural segregation into 7 cytoarchitectonically distinct areas, each with characteristic connectivity patterns. We hypothesized that commonalities of the cytoarchitectonic, connectional, and functional diversity of the IPL should be reflected by a correlated transmitter receptor-based organization. Since the function of a cortical area requires a well-tuned receptor balance, the densities of 15 different receptors were measured in each IPL area. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the receptor balance revealed a tripartite segregation of the IPL into a rostral, middle, and caudal group. Comparison with other cortical areas showed strong similarities with Broca's region for all 3 groups, with the superior parietal cortex for the middle, and with extrastriate visual areas for the caudal group. Notably, caudal-most area PGp has a receptor fingerprint very similar to that of ventral extrastriate visual cortex. We therefore propose a new organizational model of the human IPL, consisting of 3 clusters, which corresponds to its known cytoarchitectonic, connectional, and functional diversity at the molecular level. This might reflect a general organizational principle of human IPL, beyond specific functional domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Caspers
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1, INM-2), Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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27
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The receptor architecture of the pigeons’ nidopallium caudolaterale: an avian analogue to the mammalian prefrontal cortex. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:239-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Palomero-Gallagher N, Vogt BA, Schleicher A, Mayberg HS, Zilles K. Receptor architecture of human cingulate cortex: evaluation of the four-region neurobiological model. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2336-55. [PMID: 19034899 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional organization of the human cingulate cortex is an ongoing focus; however, human imaging studies continue to use the century-old Brodmann concept of a two region cingulate cortex. Recently, a four-region neurobiological model was proposed based on structural, circuitry, and functional imaging observations. It encompasses the anterior cingulate, midcingulate, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices (ACC, MCC, PCC, and RSC, respectively). For the first time, this study performs multireceptor autoradiography of 15 neurotransmitter receptor ligands and multivariate statistics on human whole brain postmortem samples covering the entire cingulate cortex. We evaluated the validity of Brodmann's duality concept and of the four-region model using a hierarchical clustering analysis of receptor binding according to the degree of similarity of each area's receptor architecture. We could not find support for Brodmann's dual cingulate concept, because the anterior part of his area 24 has significantly higher AMPA, kainate, GABA(B), benzodiazepine, and M(3) but lower NMDA and GABA(A) binding site densities than the posterior part. The hierarchical clustering analysis distinguished ACC, MCC, PCC, and RSC as independent regions. The ACC has highest AMPA, kainate, alpha(2), 5-HT(1A), and D(1) but lowest GABA(A) densities. The MCC has lowest AMPA, kainate, alpha(2), and D(1) densities. Area 25 in ACC is similar in receptor-architecture to MCC, particularly the NMDA, GABA(A), GABA(B), and M(2) receptors. The PCC and RSC differ in the higher M(1) and alpha(1) but lower M(3) densities of PCC. Thus, multireceptor autoradiography supports the four-region neurobiological model of the cingulate cortex.
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29
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Tremblay P, Gracco VL. Contribution of the pre-SMA to the production of words and non-speech oral motor gestures, as revealed by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Brain Res 2009; 1268:112-124. [PMID: 19285972 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Revised: 02/08/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An emerging theoretical perspective, largely based on neuroimaging studies, suggests that the pre-SMA is involved in planning cognitive aspects of motor behavior and language, such as linguistic and non-linguistic response selection. Neuroimaging studies, however, cannot indicate whether a brain region is equally important to all tasks in which it is activated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the pre-SMA is an important component of response selection, using an interference technique. High frequency repetitive TMS (10 Hz) was used to interfere with the functioning of the pre-SMA during tasks requiring selection of words and oral gestures under different selection modes (forced, volitional) and attention levels (high attention, low attention). Results show that TMS applied to the pre-SMA interferes selectively with the volitional selection condition, resulting in longer RTs. The low- and high-attention forced selection conditions were unaffected by TMS, demonstrating that the pre-SMA is sensitive to selection mode but not attentional demands. TMS similarly affected the volitional selection of words and oral gestures, reflecting the response-independent nature of the pre-SMA contribution to response selection. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tremblay
- McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 1266 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Research on Language, Mind and Brain, Canada.
| | - Vincent L Gracco
- McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, 1266 Avenue des Pins, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Research on Language, Mind and Brain, Canada; Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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30
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Abstract
The supplementary motor complex consists of the supplementary motor area, the supplementary eye field and the pre-supplementary motor area. In recent years, these areas have come under increasing scrutiny from cognitive neuroscientists, motor physiologists and clinicians because they seem to be crucial for linking cognition to action. However, theories regarding their function vary widely. This Review brings together the data regarding the supplementary motor regions, highlighting outstanding issues and providing new perspectives for understanding their functions.
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31
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Hirokawa J, Watakabe A, Ohsawa S, Yamamori T. Analysis of area-specific expression patterns of RORbeta, ER81 and Nurr1 mRNAs in rat neocortex by double in situ hybridization and cortical box method. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3266. [PMID: 18815614 PMCID: PMC2533703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mammalian neocortex is subdivided into many areas, each of which exhibits distinctive lamina architecture. To investigate such area differences in detail, we chose three genes for comparative analyses, namely, RORbeta, ER81 and Nurr1, mRNAs of which have been reported to be mainly expressed in layers 4, 5 and 6, respectively. To analyze their qualitative and quantitative coexpression profiles in the rat neocortex, we used double in situ hybridization (ISH) histochemistry and cortical box method which we previously developed to integrate the data of different staining and individuals in a standard three-dimensional space. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Our new approach resulted in three main observations. First, the three genes showed unique area distribution patterns that are mostly complementary to one another. The patterns revealed by cortical box method matched well with the cytoarchitectonic areas defined by Nissl staining. Second, at single cell level, RORbeta and ER81 mRNAs were coexpressed in a subpopulation of layer 5 neurons, whereas Nurr1 and ER81 mRNAs were not colocalized. Third, principal component analysis showed that the order of hierarchical processing in the cortex correlates well with the expression profiles of these three genes. Based on this analysis, the dysgranular zone (DZ) in the somatosensory area was considered to exhibit a profile of a higher order area, which is consistent with previous proposal. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The tight relationship between the expression of the three layer specific genes and functional areas were revealed, demonstrating the usefulness of cortical box method in the study on the cerebral cortex. In particular, it allowed us to perform statistical evaluation and pattern matching, which would become important in interpreting the ever-increasing data of gene expression in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Hirokawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ohsawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan
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32
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Kötter R, Maier J, Margas W, Zilles K, Schleicher A, Bozkurt A. Databasing receptor distributions in the brain. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 401:267-84. [PMID: 18368371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-520-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Receptor distributions in the brain are studied by autoradiographic mapping in brain slices, which is a labor-intensive and expensive procedure. To keep track of the results of such studies, we have designed CoReDat, a multi-user relational database system that is available for download from www.cocomac.org/coredat. Here, we describe the data model and provide an architectural overview of CoReDat for the neuroscientist who wants to use this database, adapt it for related purposes, or build a new one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Kötter
- Section Neurophysiology & Neuroinformatics, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Gos T, Bock J, Poeggel G, Braun K. Stress-induced synaptic changes in the rat anterior cingulate cortex are dependent on endocrine developmental time windows. Synapse 2008; 62:229-32. [PMID: 18088062 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal brain development is characterized by developmental time windows during which brain regions or neuron types are specifically sensitive to environmental influences. Previous studies on cortical development have revealed evidence for the hypothesis that the extent and the direction of experience-induced neuronal and synaptic changes correlate with time windows of endocrine development. To further test this hypothesis we exposed rats to neonatal separation stress during different phases of endocrine maturation, i.e. prior, during and after the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP) of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We show here that only stress during the SHRP resulted in significantly decreased (-29%) spines densities on the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in layer V of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACd), whereas stress during the other two tested time windows had no effect on these parameters. Dendritic length remained unaffected by stress exposure at any of the tested time windows. These results reveal specific developmental time window for synaptic wiring within the deeper layers of the anterior cingulate cortex, which seem not to be mediated by hormonally induced mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gos
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-204 Gdańsk, Poland
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Tomassini V, Jbabdi S, Klein JC, Behrens TEJ, Pozzilli C, Matthews PM, Rushworth MFS, Johansen-Berg H. Diffusion-weighted imaging tractography-based parcellation of the human lateral premotor cortex identifies dorsal and ventral subregions with anatomical and functional specializations. J Neurosci 2007; 27:10259-69. [PMID: 17881532 PMCID: PMC6672665 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2144-07.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral premotor cortex (PM) in the macaque monkey can be segregated into structurally and functionally distinct subregions, including a major division between dorsal (PMd) and ventral (PMv) parts, which have distinct cytoarchitecture, function, and patterns of connectivity with both frontal and parietal cortical areas. The borders of their subregions are less well defined in the human brain. Here we use diffusion tractography to identify a reproducible border between dorsal and ventral subregions of human precentral gyrus. We derive connectivity fingerprints for the two subregions and demonstrate that each has a distinctive pattern of connectivity with frontal cortex and lateral parietal cortex, suggesting that these areas correspond to human PMd and PMv. Although putative human PMd has a high probability of connection with the superior parietal lobule, dorsal prefrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex, human PMv has a higher probability of connection with the anterior inferior parietal lobule and ventral prefrontal cortex. Finally, we assess the correspondence between our PMd/PMv border and local sulcal and functional anatomy. The location of the border falls at the level of the gyral branch that divides the inferior precentral sulcus from the superior precentral sulcus and corresponded closely to the location of a functional border defined using previous functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Tomassini
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain and
- Department of Neurological Sciences, “La Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | | | | | - Timothy E. J. Behrens
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain and
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Pozzilli
- Department of Neurological Sciences, “La Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Paul M. Matthews
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain and
- GSK Clinical Imaging Centre, Hammersmith Hospitals, GlaxoSmithKline, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom, and
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Imperial College, London W6 8RP, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew F. S. Rushworth
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain and
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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35
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Belmalih A, Borra E, Contini M, Gerbella M, Rozzi S, Luppino G. A multiarchitectonic approach for the definition of functionally distinct areas and domains in the monkey frontal lobe. J Anat 2007; 211:199-211. [PMID: 17623035 PMCID: PMC2375766 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last century, anatomical studies have shown that the cerebral cortex can be subdivided into structurally distinct regions, giving rise to a new branch of neuroanatomy: 'architectonics'. Since then, architectonics has been often accused of being overly subjective, and its validity for the definition of functionally different cortical fields has been seriously questioned. Since the late 1980s, however, the problem of localization has become particularly important in functional studies of the primate motor cortex, because of evidence that (1) the primate motor cortex is made up of a mosaic of functionally specialized areas and (2) the human motor cortex shares several general organizational principles with the monkey motor cortex. Studies of the macaque agranular frontal cortex that used a multimodal cyto-, myelo- and immuno-architectonic approach have shown that architectonic borders can be reliably and consistently defined across different individuals, even at a qualitative level of analysis. The validity of this approach has been confirmed by its ability to localize functionally distinct areas precisely and to predict the existence of new functional areas. After more than a century, architectonics as a discipline goes far beyond its original aim of generating cortical maps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Borra
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Massimo Contini
- Dipartimento di Anatomia, Istologia e Medicina Legale, Sezione di Anatomia, Università degli studi di FirenzeItaly
| | - Marzio Gerbella
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Stefano Rozzi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
| | - Giuseppe Luppino
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione di Fisiologia, Università di ParmaItaly
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36
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Tremblay P, Gracco VL. Contribution of the frontal lobe to externally and internally specified verbal responses: fMRI evidence. Neuroimage 2006; 33:947-57. [PMID: 16990015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2006] [Revised: 07/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that within the frontal cortex there is a lateral to medial shift in the control of action, with the lateral premotor area (PMA) involved in externally specified actions and the medial supplementary motor areas (SMA) involved in internally specified actions. Recent brain imaging studies demonstrate, however, that the control of externally and internally specified actions may involve more complex and overlapping networks involving not only the PMA and the SMA, but also the pre-SMA and the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC). The aim of the present study was to determine whether these frontal regions are differentially involved in the production of verbal responses, when they are externally specified and when they are internally specified. Participants engaged in three overt speaking tasks in which the degree of response specification differed. The tasks involved reading aloud words (externally specified), or generating words aloud from narrow or broad semantic categories (internally specified). Using fMRI, the location and magnitude of the BOLD activity for these tasks was measured in a group of ten participants. Compared with rest, all tasks activated the primary motor area and the SMA-proper, reflecting their common role in speech production. The magnitude of the activity in the PFC (Brodmann area 45), the left PMAv and the pre-SMA increased for word generation, suggesting that each of these three regions plays a role in internally specified action selection. This confirms previous reports concerning the participation of the pre-SMA in verbal response selection. The pattern of activity in PMAv suggests participation in both externally and internally specified verbal actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Tremblay
- Center for Research on Language, Mind and Brain and School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, McGill University, Faculty of Medicine, School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A8.
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37
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Garraghty PE, Arnold LL, Wellman CL, Mowery TM. Receptor autoradiographic correlates of deafferentation-induced reorganization in adult primate somatosensory cortex. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:636-45. [PMID: 16739196 PMCID: PMC4139035 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The primate somatosensory system provides an excellent model system with which to investigate adult neural plasticity. We have previously shown that transection of the median and ulnar nerves is followed by an expansion in the representation of radial nerve skin, and that this plasticity proceeds in stages. Immediately following nerve injury, new receptive fields are "unmasked" in a fraction of the affected cortex. The remaining deprived cortex regains responsiveness to tactile stimulation over the following days to weeks. Given these progressive changes, it has been suggested that different mechanisms might account for the earlier and later phases of reorganization. In the present experiments, we quantified receptor autoradiographic binding data for GABAA and GABAB, AMPA, and NMDA receptors in the primary somatosensory cortices of adult squirrel monkeys at four postnerve injury survival durations: immediately (1-3 hours), 3 days, 1 month, and 2 months. We found dramatic reductions in GABAA binding in layer IV within hours following nerve injury, and this reduction was maintained across all survival durations. This finding is consistent with the idea that the earliest reorganizational changes are due to a relaxation in tonic inhibitory mechanisms permitting the expression of formerly subthreshold receptive fields. GABAB receptor binding is decreased in layer IV by 1 month after nerve injury, while binding for AMPA receptors is increased in layer IV by this time. These findings are consistent with our previous suggestion that the second stage of reorganization proceeds via mechanisms comparable to those revealed to account for NMDA-dependent long-term potentiation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preston E Garraghty
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405-7007, USA.
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38
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Geyer S, Luppino G, Ekamp H, Zilles K. The macaque inferior parietal lobule: cytoarchitecture and distribution pattern of serotonin 5-HT1A binding sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:353-62. [PMID: 16180022 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) of the macaque monkey integrates sensory information as a prerequisite for reaching and grasping movements. Electrophysiological data suggest that the convexity of the IPL is heterogeneous along its rostro-caudal axis. Cytoarchitecture reflects this functional diversity. However, various parcellations have been proposed so far, ranging from one homogeneous region to four areas. In order to obtain a more valid anatomical map of the IPL, we studied the distribution pattern of serotonin 5-HT1A binding sites (i.e., the domain of synaptic transmission and cortical information processing) and cytoarchitecture with an observer-independent technique (thus avoiding the subjectivity inherent in visually guided microstructural parcellations). We cut with a cryostat microtome four unfixed macaque hemispheres and processed sections for 5-HT1A binding sites with [3H]8-OH-DPAT receptor autoradiography or for cell bodies with a modified silver stain. We digitized the autoradiographs and the histological sections and extracted from the cortex of the IPL equidistant density profiles oriented vertically to the cortical layers. We then compared groups of neighboring profiles with multivariate statistics expecting to see a significant difference in profile shape at the interface between two cortical areas. These positions were compared between 5-HT1A autoradiographs (neurochemical borders) and adjacent histological sections (cytoarchitectonic borders). Neurochemical and cytoarchitectonic borders showed a good topographical correspondence and revealed three areas arranged in a rostro-caudal sequence along the convexity of the IPL. Dorsally, the areas extend approximately 1 mm into the depth of the lateral bank of the intraparietal sulcus. Their ventral border lies on the convexity of the IPL close to the shoulder of the lateral sulcus. The three areas are in close agreement with areas PF, PFG, and PG as defined by Pandya and Seltzer (J Comp Neurol 204:196-210, 1982) and Gregoriou et al. (Program No. 919.5, Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner, Washington, Society for Neuroscience, 2003). The neurochemical and cytoarchitectonic data show that a complex structural framework underlies the functional heterogeneity along the rostro-caudal axis of the IPL, e.g., the representation of different types of arm and hand actions in different sectors of the monkey's workspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geyer
- C. and O. Vogt Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, P.O. Box 10 10 07, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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39
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Scheperjans F, Grefkes C, Palomero-Gallagher N, Schleicher A, Zilles K. Subdivisions of human parietal area 5 revealed by quantitative receptor autoradiography: a parietal region between motor, somatosensory, and cingulate cortical areas. Neuroimage 2005; 25:975-92. [PMID: 15808998 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 11/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brodmann's area (BA) 5 of the human superior parietal cortex occupies a central anatomical position between the primary motor (BA 4), somatosensory (area 3b and BA 2), cingulate (area 23c), and superior parietal association cortex (BA 7). We studied the regional and laminar distributions of the binding sites of 12 different neurotransmitter receptors (glutamatergic: AMPA, kainate, NMDA; GABAergic: GABAA, GABAB; cholinergic: muscarinic M2, nicotinic; adrenergic: alpha1, alpha2; serotoninergic: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2; dopaminergic: D1) in human postmortem brains by means of quantitative receptor autoradiography, since the structural and functional aspects of human BA 5 are widely unknown, and previous observations have demonstrated characteristic differences in receptor distribution between motor and somatosensory areas. Binding site densities were measured in the cytoarchitectonically defined BA 5 and surrounding regions. Similarities and differences of receptor distribution between cortical areas were studied by cluster analysis of mean binding site densities averaged over all cortical layers, univariate and multivariate statistics, and by density profiles representing laminar receptor distribution patterns. Based on regional heterogeneities of binding site densities and of the cytoarchitecture within BA 5, we suggest a subdivision into three subareas: medial area 5M, lateral area 5L, and area 5Ci in the region around the cingulate sulcus. BA 5 is therefore a heterogeneous cortical region, comprising three subareas showing receptor expression patterns similar to the adjoining higher order somatosensory, multimodal parietal, or cingulate regions. These findings suggest that human BA 5 constitutes a higher order cortical area, clearly distinct from the primary somatosensory and motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- C. and O. Vogt Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, PO Box 10 10 07, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany
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40
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Scheperjans F, Palomero-Gallagher N, Grefkes C, Schleicher A, Zilles K. Transmitter receptors reveal segregation of cortical areas in the human superior parietal cortex: relations to visual and somatosensory regions. Neuroimage 2005; 28:362-79. [PMID: 16054841 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2004] [Revised: 06/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regional distributions of ligand binding sites of 12 different neurotransmitter receptors (glutamatergic: AMPA, kainate, NMDA; GABAergic: GABA(A), GABA(B); cholinergic: muscarinic M2, nicotinic; adrenergic: alpha1, alpha2; serotonergic: 5-HT1A, 5-HT2; dopaminergic: D1) were studied in human postmortem brains by means of quantitative receptor autoradiography. Binding site densities were measured in the superior parietal lobule (SPL) (areas 5L, 5M, 5Ci, and different locations within Brodmann's area (BA) 7), somatosensory (BA 2), and visual cortical areas (BA 17, and different locations within BAs 18 and 19). Similarities of receptor distribution between cortical areas were analyzed by cluster analysis, uni- and multivariate statistics of mean receptor densities (averaged over all cortical layers), and profiles representing the laminar distribution patterns of receptors. A considerable heterogeneity of regional receptor densities and laminar patterns between the sites was found in the SPL and the visual cortex. The most prominent regional differences were found for M2 receptors. In the SPL, rostrocaudally oriented changes of receptor densities were more pronounced than those in mediolateral direction. The receptor distribution in the rostral SPL was more similar to that of the somatosensory cortex, whereas caudal SPL resembled the receptor patterns of the dorsolateral extrastriate visual areas. These results suggest a segregation of the different SPL areas based on receptor distribution features typical for somatosensory or visual areas, which fits to the dual functional role of this cortical region, i.e., the involvement of the human SPL in visuomotor and somatosensory motor transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Scheperjans
- C. and O. Vogt Brain Research Institute, University of Düsseldorf, PO Box 10 10 07, 40001 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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41
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Morel A, Liu J, Wannier T, Jeanmonod D, Rouiller EM. Divergence and convergence of thalamocortical projections to premotor and supplementary motor cortex: a multiple tracing study in the macaque monkey. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:1007-29. [PMID: 15787707 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03921.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The premotor cortex of macaque monkeys is currently subdivided into at least six different subareas on the basis of structural, hodological and physiological criteria. To determine the degree of divergence/convergence of thalamocortical projections to mesial [supplementary motor area (SMA)-proper and pre-SMA] and lateral (PMd-c, PMd-r, PMv-c and PMv-r) premotor (PM) subareas, quantitative analyses were performed on the distribution of retrograde labelling after multiple tracer injections in the same animal. The results demonstrate that all PM and SMA subareas receive common inputs from several thalamic nuclei, but the relative contribution of these nuclei to thalamocortical projections differs. The largest difference occurs between subareas of SMA, with much greater contribution from the mediodorsal (MD) and area X, and a smaller contribution from the ventral lateral anterior (VLa) and ventral part of the ventral lateral posterior (VLpv) to pre-SMA than to SMA-proper. In PM, differences between subareas are less pronounced; in particular, all receive a significant contribution from MD, the ventral anterior (VApc) and area X. However, there are clear gradients, such as increasing projections from MD to rostral, from VLa and VLpv to caudal, and from dorsal VLp (VLpd) to dorsal premotor subareas. Intralaminar nuclei provide widespread projections to all premotor subareas. The degree of overlap between thalamocortical projections varies among different PM and SMA subareas and different sectors of the thalamus. These variations, which correspond to different origin and topography of thalamocortical projections, are discussed in relation to functional organizations at thalamic and cortical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Morel
- Laboratory for Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital Zürich, Sternwartstrasse 6, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland.
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42
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Bozkurt A, Zilles K, Schleicher A, Kamper L, Arigita ES, Uylings HBM, Kötter R. Distributions of transmitter receptors in the macaque cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 2005; 25:219-29. [PMID: 15734357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 10/18/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate cingulate cortex is structurally and functionally complex. Although no studies have investigated the regional densities of multiple neurotransmitter receptor systems, such information would be useful for assessing its functions and disease vulnerabilities. We quantified nine different receptors in five transmitter systems by in vitro autoradiographic mapping of the cingulate cortex of macaque monkeys with the aim to link cytoarchitectonic regions and functional specialization. Receptor mapping substantiated the subdivision of the cingulate cortex into anterior versus posterior regions. In anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) AMPA glutamatergic receptors and GABA(A) inhibitory receptors were present in significantly higher concentrations than the modulatory alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors. These differences were absent in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). By contrast, NMDA receptor densities were significantly higher than AMPA receptor densities in PCC, but not in ACC. The midcingulate area 24' shared more features with ACC than PCC. This area was characterized by the highest ratios of NMDA receptors to alpha-adrenergic, muscarinic and 5-HT2 receptors among all cingulate regions. Compared to rostrocaudal divisions, the differences between dorsoventral subdivisions a-c were small in all regions of cingulate cortex, and only muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic receptor densities followed the degree of cytoarchitectonic differentiation. We conclude that multiple receptor mapping reveals a highly differentiated classification of cingulate cortex with a characteristic predominance of fast ionotropic excitatory and inhibitory receptors in ACC, but a strong and varied complement of NMDA and metabotropic receptors in PCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Bozkurt
- C. and O. Vogt Brain Research Institute, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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Morecraft RJ, Cipolloni PB, Stilwell-Morecraft KS, Gedney MT, Pandya DN. Cytoarchitecture and cortical connections of the posterior cingulate and adjacent somatosensory fields in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 2004; 469:37-69. [PMID: 14689472 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cytoarchitecture and connections of the caudal cingulate and medial somatosensory areas were investigated in the rhesus monkey. There is a stepwise laminar differentiation starting from retrosplenial area 30 towards the isocortical regions of the medial parietal cortex. This includes a gradational emphasis on supragranular laminar organization and general reduction of the infragranular neurons as one proceeds from area 30 toward the medial parietal regions, including areas 3, 1, 2, 5, 31, and the supplementary sensory area (SSA). This trend includes a progressive increase in layer IV neurons. Area 23c in the lower bank and transitional somatosensory area (TSA) in the upper bank of the cingulate sulcus appear as nodal points. From area 23c and TSA the architectonic progression can be traced in three directions: one culminates in areas 3a and 3b (core line), the second in areas 1, 2, and 5 (belt line), and the third in areas 31 and SSA (root line). These architectonic gradients are reflected in the connections of these regions. Thus, cingulate areas (30, 23a, and 23b) are connected with area 23c and TSA on the one hand and have widespread connections with parieto-temporal, frontal, and parahippocampal (limbic) regions on the other. Area 23c has connections with areas 30, 23a and b, and TSA as well as with medial somatosensory areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA. Area 23c also has connections with parietotemporal, frontal, and limbic areas similar to areas 30, 23a, and 23b. Area TSA, like area 23c, has connections with areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA. However, it has only limited connections with the parietotemporal and frontal regions and none with the parahippocampal gyrus. Medial area 3 is mainly connected to medial and dorsal sensory areas 3, 1, 2, 5, and SSA and to areas 4 and 6 as well as to supplementary (M2 or area 6m), rostral cingulate (M3 or areas 24c and d), and caudal cingulate (M4 or areas 23c and d) motor cortices. Thus, in parallel with the architectonic gradient of laminar differentiation, there is also a progressive shift in the pattern of corticocortical connections. Cingulate areas have widespread connections with limbic, parietotemporal, and frontal association areas, whereas parietal area 3 has more restricted connections with adjacent somatosensory and motor cortices. TSA is primarily related to the somatosensory-motor areas and has limited connections with the parietotemporal and frontal association cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Morecraft
- University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA.
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Schmitt O, Pakura M, Aach T, Hömke L, Böhme M, Bock S, Preusse S. Analysis of nerve fibers and their distribution in histologic sections of the human brain. Microsc Res Tech 2004; 63:220-43. [PMID: 14988920 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The field of quantitative analysis and subsequent mapping of the cerebral cortex has developed rapidly. New powerful tools have been applied to investigate large regions of complex folded gyrencephalic cortices in order to detect structural transition regions that might partition different cortical fields of disjunct neuronal functions. We have developed a new mapping approach based on axoarchitectonics, a method of cortical visualization that previously has been used only indirectly with regard to myeloarchitectonics. Myeloarchitectonic visualization has the disadvantage of producing strong agglomerative effects of closely neighbored nerve fibers. Therefore, single and neurofunctional-relevant parameters such as axonal branchings, axon areas, and axon numbers have not been determinable with satisfying precision. As a result, different staining techniques had to be explored in order to achieve a suitable histologic staining for axon visualization. The best results were obtained after modifying the Naoumenko-Feigin staining for axons. From these contrast-rich stained histologic sections, videomicroscopic digital image tiles were generated and analyzed using a new fiber analysis framework. Finally, the analysis of histologic images provided topologic ordered parameters of axons that were transferred into parameter maps. The axon parameter maps were analyzed further via a recently developed traverse generating algorithm that calculated test lines oriented perpendicular to the cortical surface and white matter border. The gray value coded parameters of the parameter maps were then transferred into profile arrays. These profile arrays were statistically analyzed by a reliable excess mass approach we recently developed. We found that specific axonal parameters are preferentially distributed throughout granular and agranular types of cortex. Furthermore, our new procedure detected transition regions originally defined by changes of cytoarchitectonic layering. Statistically significant inhomogeneities of the distribution of certain axon quantities were shown to indicate a subparcellation of areas 4 and 6. The quantification techniques established here for the analysis of spatial axon distributions within larger regions of the cerebral cortex are suitable to detect inhomogeneities of laminar axon patterns. Hence, these techniques can be recommended for systematic and observer-supported cortical area mapping and parcellation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, D-18055 Rostock, Germany.
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Sherwood CC, Holloway RL, Erwin JM, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Hof PR. Cortical orofacial motor representation in Old World monkeys, great apes, and humans. I. Quantitative analysis of cytoarchitecture. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2003; 63:61-81. [PMID: 14685002 DOI: 10.1159/000075672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/27/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Social life in anthropoid primates is mediated by interindividual communication, involving movements of the orofacial muscles for the production of vocalization and gestural expression. Although phylogenetic diversity has been reported in the auditory and visual communication systems of primates, little is known about the comparative neuroanatomy that subserves orofacial movement. The current study reports results from quantitative image analysis of the region corresponding to orofacial representation of primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) in several catarrhine primate species (Macaca fascicularis, Papio anubis, Pongo pygmaeus, Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, and Homo sapiens) using the Grey Level Index method. This cortical region has been implicated in the execution of skilled motor activities such as voluntary facial expression and human speech. Density profiles of the laminar distribution of Nissl-stained neuronal somata were acquired from high-resolution images to quantify cytoarchitectural patterns. Despite general similarity in these profiles across catarrhines, multivariate analysis showed that cytoarchitectural patterns of individuals were more similar within-species versus between-species. Compared to Old World monkeys, the orofacial representation of area 4 in great apes and humans was characterized by an increased relative thickness of layer III and overall lower cell volume densities, providing more neuropil space for interconnections. These phylogenetic differences in microstructure might provide an anatomical substrate for the evolution of greater volitional fine motor control of facial expressions in great apes and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Ziabreva I, Schnabel R, Poeggel G, Braun K. Mother's voice "buffers" separation-induced receptor changes in the prefrontal cortex of octodon degus. Neuroscience 2003; 119:433-41. [PMID: 12770557 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the potential vulnerability of the postnatally developing brain toward adverse environmental influences is generally recognized, relatively little is known about the basic mechanisms involved. The plasticity and adaptability of the postnatally developing brain in response to adverse emotional experiences was analyzed in the South American Octodon degus. Our study revealed that repeated brief separation from the parents and exposure to an unfamiliar environment induces an up-regulation of dopamine (D1) and 5-hydroxytrytamine (5HT1(A))-receptor density in the precentral medial, anterior cingulate, prelimbic and infralimbic cortices in female pups. No significant changes of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA(A)) receptor density were found in deprived animals of both genders. The acoustic presence of the mother during parental separation suppressed the D1-receptor up-regulation as well as the 5-HT1(A)-receptor up-regulation, again only in the female pups. These results demonstrate that that early adverse emotional experience alters aminergic function within the prefrontal cortex in the female but not the male brain. The mother's voice, a powerful emotional signal, can protect the developing cortex from separation-induced receptor changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ziabreva
- Department of Zoology/Developmental Neurobiology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse 6, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
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Schmitt O, Hömke L, Dümbgen L. Detection of cortical transition regions utilizing statistical analyses of excess masses. Neuroimage 2003; 19:42-63. [PMID: 12781726 DOI: 10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A new statistical approach for observer-assisted detection of transition regions of adjacent cytoarchitectonic areas within the human cerebral cortex was developed. This method analyzes the structural information of cytoarchitectural profiles (e.g., the modality of a gray level intensity distribution) based on observed excess mass differences verified by a suitable statistical test. Profiles were generated by scanning the cerebral cortex over respective regions of interest that were oriented to trajectories running parallel to the orientation of cell columns. For each single profile, determination of excess masses provided evidence for a certain number of peaks in the cell density, thereby avoiding fluctuation due solely to sampling anomalies. Comparing such excess mass measurements by means of multiple local rank tests over a wide range of profiles allowed for the detection of cytoarchitectural inhomogeneities at respective given confidence levels. Special parameters (e.g., level of significance, width of targeted region, number of peaks) then could be adapted to specific pattern recognition problems in lamination analyses. Such analyses of excess masses provided a general tool for observer-assisted evaluation of profile arrays. This observer-assisted statistical method was applied to five different cortical examples. It detected the same transition regions that had been determined earlier through direct examination of samples, despite cortical convexities, concavities, and some minor staining inhomogeneities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Schmitt
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstr. 9, Germany.
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Passingham RE, Stephan KE, Kötter R. The anatomical basis of functional localization in the cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:606-16. [PMID: 12154362 DOI: 10.1038/nrn893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Passingham
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
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Liu J, Morel A, Wannier T, Rouiller EM. Origins of callosal projections to the supplementary motor area (SMA): a direct comparison between pre-SMA and SMA-proper in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:71-85. [PMID: 11793348 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The two subdivisions of the supplementary motor area (SMA), the pre-SMA (rostrally) and SMA-proper (caudally), exhibit distinct functional properties and clear differences with respect to their connectivity with the spinal cord, the thalamus, and other homolateral motor cortical areas. The goal of the present study was to establish in monkeys whether these subdivisions also differ with regard to their callosal connectivity. Two fluorescent retrograde tracers (Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow) were injected in each animal, one in the pre-SMA and the second in the SMA-proper. Tracer injections in the pre-SMA or in SMA-proper resulted in significant numbers of labeled neurons in the opposite SMA, premotor cortex (PM), cingulate motor areas (CMA), and cingulate gyrus. Labeled neurons in M1 were rare, being observed only after injection in the SMA-proper. The two subdivisions of the SMA differed in the proportion of labeled neurons found across areas providing their callosal inputs. The SMA-proper receives about half of its callosal inputs from its counterpart in the other hemisphere (42-65% across monkeys). A comparable proportion of neurons was found in the pre-SMA after injection in the opposite pre-SMA (32-47%). The pre-SMA receives more callosal inputs from the rostral halves of the dorsal PM, the ventral PM, and the CMA than from their caudal halves. In addition, the pre-SMA, but not the SMA-proper, receives callosal inputs from the prefrontal cortex. The SMA-proper receives more callosal inputs from the caudal halves of the dorsal PM and ventral PM than from their rostral halves. The two subdivisions of the SMA receive callosal inputs from the same cortical areas (except the prefrontal cortex and M1), but they differ with respect to the quantitative contribution of each area of origin. In conclusion, quantitative data now support the notion that pre-SMA receives more transcallosal inputs than the SMA-proper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Laboratory for Functional Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Clinic, University Hospital Zürich, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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