1
|
Ting HC, Chang CY, Lu KY, Chuang HM, Tsai SF, Huang MH, Liu CA, Lin SZ, Harn HJ. Targeting Cellular Stress Mechanisms and Metabolic Homeostasis by Chinese Herbal Drugs for Neuroprotection. Molecules 2018; 23:E259. [PMID: 29382106 PMCID: PMC6017457 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine has been practiced for centuries in East Asia. Herbs are used to maintain health and cure disease. Certain Chinese herbs are known to protect and improve the brain, memory, and nervous system. To apply ancient knowledge to modern science, some major natural therapeutic compounds in herbs were extracted and evaluated in recent decades. Emerging studies have shown that herbal compounds have neuroprotective effects or can ameliorate neurodegenerative diseases. To understand the mechanisms of herbal compounds that protect against neurodegenerative diseases, we summarize studies that discovered neuroprotection by herbal compounds and compound-related mechanisms in neurodegenerative disease models. Those compounds discussed herein show neuroprotection through different mechanisms, such as cytokine regulation, autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, glucose metabolism, and synaptic function. The interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α signaling pathways are inhibited by some compounds, thus attenuating the inflammatory response and protecting neurons from cell death. As to autophagy regulation, herbal compounds show opposite regulatory effects in different neurodegenerative models. Herbal compounds that inhibit ER stress prevent neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, there are compounds that protect against neuronal death by affecting glucose metabolism and synaptic function. Since the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is complicated, and compound-related mechanisms for neuroprotection differ, therapeutic strategies may need to involve multiple compounds and consider the type and stage of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lu
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Meng Chuang
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Mao-Hsuan Huang
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 970, Taiwan; (H.-C.T.); (C.-Y.C.); (K.-Y.L.); (H.-M.C.); (M.-H.H.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sclip A, Bacaj T, Giam LR, Südhof TC. Extended Synaptotagmin (ESyt) Triple Knock-Out Mice Are Viable and Fertile without Obvious Endoplasmic Reticulum Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158295. [PMID: 27348751 PMCID: PMC4922586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extended synaptotagmins (ESyts) are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins composed of an N-terminal transmembrane region, a central SMP-domain, and five (ESyt1) or three C-terminal cytoplasmic C2-domains (ESyt2 and ESyt3). ESyts bind phospholipids in a Ca2+-dependent manner via their C2-domains, are localized to ER-plasma membrane contact sites, and may catalyze lipid exchange between the plasma membrane and the ER via their SMP-domains. However, the overall function of ESyts has remained enigmatic. Here, we generated triple constitutive and conditional knock-out mice that lack all three ESyt isoforms; in addition, we produced knock-in mice that express mutant ESyt1 or ESyt2 carrying inactivating substitutions in the Ca2+-binding sites of their C2A-domains. Strikingly, all ESyt mutant mice, even those lacking all ESyts, were apparently normal and survived and bred in a manner indistinguishable from control mice. ESyt mutant mice displayed no major changes in brain morphology or synaptic protein composition, and exhibited no large alterations in stress responses. Thus, in mice ESyts do not perform an essential role in basic cellular functions, suggesting that these highly conserved proteins may perform a specialized role that may manifest only during specific, as yet untested challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Sclip
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305–5453, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Taulant Bacaj
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305–5453, United States of America
| | - Louise R. Giam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305–5453, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305–5453, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, 265 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kucharz K, Wieloch T, Toresson H. Fission and Fusion of the Neuronal Endoplasmic Reticulum. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:652-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
4
|
Valenzuela JI, Jaureguiberry-Bravo M, Couve A. Neuronal protein trafficking: emerging consequences of endoplasmic reticulum dynamics. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:269-77. [PMID: 21782949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly polarized morphology and complex geometry of neurons is determined to a great extent by the structural and functional organization of the secretory pathway. It is intuitive to propose that the spatial arrangement of secretory organelles and their dynamic behavior impinge on protein trafficking and neuronal function, but these phenomena and their consequences are not well delineated. Here we analyze the architecture and motility of the archetypal endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and their relationship to the microtubule cytoskeleton and post-translational modifications of tubulin. We also review the dynamics of the ER in axons, dendrites and spines, and discuss the role of ER dynamics on protein mobility and trafficking in neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Valenzuela
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yamada N, Sasaki S, Ishii H, Sato J, Kanno T, Wako Y, Tsuchitani M. Dark cell change of the cerebellar Purkinje cells induced by terbutaline under transient disruption of the blood-brain barrier in adult rats: morphological evaluation. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:790-5. [PMID: 21618259 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish a cerebellar degeneration animal model and to characterize the dark cell change of Purkinje cells. We hypothesized that terbutaline, a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, induces cerebellar degeneration not only in neonatal rats, but also in adult rats. Nine-week-old adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and infused with 25% mannitol via the left common carotid artery. Thirty seconds later, terbutaline was infused via the same artery. Dark-stained Purkinje cells were observed in the entire cerebellum on day 3. Prominent Bergmann glial cells accompanied by swelling of the glial processes were present, and were closely associated with the dark-stained Purkinje cells. These findings were found continuously throughout day 30. Ultrastructurally, dilated Golgi vesicles and/or endoplasmic reticulum and large lamella bodies were present in both severely changed and slightly changed Purkinje cells. Bergmann glial cells in the area of synaptic contacts of the severely changed Purkinje cells showed swelling. The Bergmann glial process in close contact with the slightly changed Purkinje cell dendrite in molecular layer showed slight swelling, and large lamella bodies in the dendrite were observed close to the dendritic spines. These findings may suggest that terbutaline induced a failure of Bergmann glial cell and resulted in dark cell degeneration of the Purkinje cells due to glutamate excitotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoaki Yamada
- Pathology Division, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, 14 Sunayama, Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki, 314-0255, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ramírez OA, Couve A. The endoplasmic reticulum and protein trafficking in dendrites and axons. Trends Cell Biol 2011; 21:219-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Abstract
AIM To investigate the nature of a neurological disease in Wiltshire sheep. METHODS Three affected lambs were examined, humanely killed and necropsied. Selected neurological tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. RESULTS Primary neurological lesions were confined to the cerebellum and were characterised by loss of Purkinje cells and the presence of large hypertrophied dendrites of surviving Purkinje cells. These contained stacks of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. There was hyperplasia and cell swelling of Bergmann glia. Mild Wallerian-type degeneration affected white matter in the cerebellum and spinal cord. CONCLUSION The cerebellar lesions were of a degenerative and reactive rather than hypoplastic nature. These, and the history, suggest a genetic cause with putative inheritance as an autosomal recessive trait. Accordingly, the disorder is described as a cerebellar abiotrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A C Johnstone
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Renvoisé B, Blackstone C. Emerging themes of ER organization in the development and maintenance of axons. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2010; 20:531-7. [PMID: 20678923 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a continuous membrane system comprising the nuclear envelope, polyribosome-studded peripheral sheets, and a polygonal network of smooth tubules extending throughout the cell. Though protein biosynthesis, transport, and quality control in the ER have been extensively studied, mechanisms underlying the heterogeneous architecture of the ER have been clarified more recently. These insights have increased interest in ER morphology changes associated with the development of neuronal axons and dendrites as well as their integration with presynaptic and postsynaptic signaling pathways. A number of proteins involved in shaping and distributing the ER network are mutated in neurological disorders, particularly the hereditary spastic paraplegias, emphasizing the importance of proper ER morphology for the establishment and maintenance of highly polarized neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Renvoisé
- Cellular Neurology Unit, Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Teigler A, Komljenovic D, Draguhn A, Gorgas K, Just WW. Defects in myelination, paranode organization and Purkinje cell innervation in the ether lipid-deficient mouse cerebellum. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:1897-908. [PMID: 19270340 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ether lipids (ELs), particularly plasmalogens, are essential constituents of the mammalian central nervous system. The physiological role of ELs, in vivo, however is still enigmatic. In the present study, we characterized a mouse model carrying a targeted deletion of the peroxisomal dihydroxyacetonephosphate acyltransferase gene that results in the complete lack of ELs. Investigating the cerebellum of these mice, we observed: (i) defects in foliation patterning and delay in precursor granule cell migration, (ii) defects in myelination and concomitant reduction in the level of myelin basic protein, (iii) disturbances in paranode organization by extending the Caspr distribution and disrupting axo-glial septate-like junctions, (iv) impaired innervation of Purkinje cells by both parallel fibers and climbing fibers and (v) formation of axon swellings by the accumulation of inositol-tris-phosphate receptor 1 containing smooth ER-like tubuli. Functionally, conduction velocity of myelinated axons in the corpus callosum was significantly reduced. Most of these phenotypes were already apparent at P20 but still persisted in 1-year-old animals. In summary, these data show that EL deficiency results in severe developmental and lasting structural alterations at the cellular and network level of the cerebellum, and reveal an important role of ELs for proper brain function. Common molecular mechanisms that may underlie these phenotypes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Teigler
- Heidelberg Center of Biochemistry (BZH), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rismanchi N, Soderblom C, Stadler J, Zhu PP, Blackstone C. Atlastin GTPases are required for Golgi apparatus and ER morphogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1591-604. [PMID: 18270207 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias (SPG1-33) comprise a cluster of inherited neurological disorders characterized principally by lower extremity spasticity and weakness due to a length-dependent, retrograde axonopathy of corticospinal motor neurons. Mutations in the gene encoding the large oligomeric GTPase atlastin-1 are responsible for SPG3A, a common autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia. Here we describe a family of human GTPases, atlastin-2 and -3 that are closely related to atlastin-1. Interestingly, while atlastin-1 is predominantly localized to vesicular tubular complexes and cis-Golgi cisternae, mostly in brain, atlastin-2 and -3 are localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are most enriched in other tissues. Knockdown of atlastin-2 and -3 levels in HeLa cells using siRNA (small interfering RNA) causes disruption of Golgi morphology, and these Golgi structures remain sensitive to brefeldin A treatment. Interestingly, expression of SPG3A mutant or dominant-negative atlastin proteins lacking GTPase activity causes prominent inhibition of ER reticularization, suggesting a role for atlastin GTPases in the formation of three-way junctions in the ER. However, secretory pathway trafficking as assessed using vesicular stomatitis virus G protein fused to green fluorescent protein (VSVG-GFP) as a reporter was essentially normal in both knockdown and dominant-negative overexpression conditions for all atlastins. Thus, the atlastin family of GTPases functions prominently in both ER and Golgi morphogenesis, but they do not appear to be required generally for anterograde ER-to-Golgi trafficking. Abnormal morphogenesis of the ER and Golgi resulting from mutations in atlastin-1 may ultimately underlie SPG3A by interfering with proper membrane distribution or polarity of the long corticospinal motor neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neggy Rismanchi
- Cellular Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jolly RD, Johnstone AC, Norman EJ, Hopwood JJ, Walkley SU. Pathology of mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA in Huntaway dogs. Vet Pathol 2007; 44:569-78. [PMID: 17846229 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dogs with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA were bred within an experimental colony. As part of characterizing them as a model for testing therapeutic strategies for the analogous disease of children, a pathologic study was undertaken. By histology, there were variably stained storage cytosomes within neurons, including many that stained for gangliosides. On ultrastructure examination, these cytosomes contained either moderately dense granular material, tentatively interpreted as precipitated glycosaminoglycan; a variety of multilaminar bodies, interpreted as being associated with secondary accumulation of gangliosides; or a mixture of both types. In the liver, storage vesicles also contained excess glycogen as a secondary storage product. In various tissues, there were large foamy macrophages. In the brain, many of these were in juxtaposition with neurons, and, on ultrastructure examination, they contained storage cytosomes similar to those in neurons. However, the neuron in association with such a macrophage frequently showed little such material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R D Jolly
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Komatsu M, Wang QJ, Holstein GR, Friedrich VL, Iwata JI, Kominami E, Chait BT, Tanaka K, Yue Z. Essential role for autophagy protein Atg7 in the maintenance of axonal homeostasis and the prevention of axonal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:14489-94. [PMID: 17726112 PMCID: PMC1964831 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701311104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated lysosomal degradation process that involves autophagosome formation and transport. Although recent evidence indicates that basal levels of autophagy protect against neurodegeneration, the exact mechanism whereby this occurs is not known. By using conditional knockout mutant mice, we report that neuronal autophagy is particularly important for the maintenance of local homeostasis of axon terminals and protection against axonal degeneration. We show that specific ablation of an essential autophagy gene, Atg7, in Purkinje cells initially causes cell-autonomous, progressive dystrophy (manifested by axonal swellings) and degeneration of the axon terminals. Consistent with suppression of autophagy, no autophagosomes are observed in these dystrophic swellings, which is in contrast to accumulation of autophagosomes in the axonal dystrophic swellings under pathological conditions. Axonal dystrophy of mutant Purkinje cells proceeds with little sign of dendritic or spine atrophy, indicating that axon terminals are much more vulnerable to autophagy impairment than dendrites. This early pathological event in the axons is followed by cell-autonomous Purkinje cell death and mouse behavioral deficits. Furthermore, ultrastructural analyses of mutant Purkinje cells reveal an accumulation of aberrant membrane structures in the axonal dystrophic swellings. Finally, we observe double-membrane vacuole-like structures in wild-type Purkinje cell axons, whereas these structures are abolished in mutant Purkinje cell axons. Thus, we conclude that the autophagy protein Atg7 is required for membrane trafficking and turnover in the axons. Our study implicates impairment of axonal autophagy as a possible mechanism for axonopathy associated with neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Komatsu
- *Laboratory of Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan; and
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Gay R. Holstein
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Victor L. Friedrich
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Jun-ichi Iwata
- *Laboratory of Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eiki Kominami
- Department of Biochemistry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Brian T. Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- *Laboratory of Frontier Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8613, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, Box 1137, Annenberg 14-62, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nakamura M, Sato K, Fukaya M, Araishi K, Aiba A, Kano M, Watanabe M. Signaling complex formation of phospholipase Cβ4 with metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1α and 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor at the perisynapse and endoplasmic reticulum in the mouse brain. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 20:2929-44. [PMID: 15579147 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Upon activation of cell surface receptors coupled to the Gq subclass of G proteins, phospholipase C (PLC) beta hydrolyses membrane phospholipid to yield a pair of second messengers, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol. PLCbeta4 has been characterized as the isoform enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and the retina and involved in motor and visual functions. Here we examined cellular and subcellular distributions of PLCbeta4 in adult mouse brains. Immunohistochemistry showed that high levels of PLCbeta4 were detected in the somatodendritic domain of neuronal populations expressing the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) type 1alpha, including olfactory periglomerular cells, neurons in the bed nucleus anterior commissure, thalamus, substantia nigra, inferior olive, and unipolar brush cells and PCs in the cerebellum. Low to moderate levels were detected in many other mGluR1alpha-positive neurons and in a few mGluR1alpha-negative neurons. In PCs, immunogold electron microscopy localized PLCbeta4 to the perisynapse, at which mGluR1alpha is concentrated, and to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in dendrites and spines, an intracellular Ca2+ store gated by IP3 receptors. In the cerebellum, immunoblot demonstrated its concentrated distribution in the post-synaptic density and microsomal fractions, where mGluR1alpha and type 1 IP3 receptor were also greatly enriched. Furthermore, PLCbeta4 formed coimmunoprecipitable complexes with mGluR1alpha, type 1 IP3 receptor and Homer 1. These results suggest that PLCbeta4 is preferentially localized in the perisynapse and smooth endoplasmic reticulum as a component of the physically linked phosphoinositide signaling complex. This close molecular relationship might provide PLCbeta4 with a high-fidelity effector function to mediate various neuronal responses under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/cytology
- Calbindins
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Calreticulin/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum/ultrastructure
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gq-G11/metabolism
- Homer Scaffolding Proteins
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Immunoprecipitation/methods
- In Situ Hybridization/methods
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Isoenzymes/immunology
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron/methods
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Parvalbumins/metabolism
- Phospholipase C beta
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Presynaptic Terminals/ultrastructure
- Receptors, AMPA/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/metabolism
- S100 Calcium Binding Protein G/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Type C Phospholipases/immunology
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
- Vesicular Glutamate Transport Protein 1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hubbard MJ. Calcium transport across the dental enamel epithelium. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2001; 11:437-66. [PMID: 11132765 DOI: 10.1177/10454411000110040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dental enamel is the most highly calcified tissue in mammals, and its formation is an issue of fundamental biomedical importance. The enamel-forming cells must somehow supply calcium in bulk yet avoid the cytotoxic effects of excess calcium. Disrupted calcium transport could contribute to a variety of developmental defects in enamel, and the underlying cellular machinery is a potential target for drugs to improve enamel quality. The mechanisms used to transport calcium remain unclear despite much progress in our understanding of enamel formation. Here, current knowledge of how enamel cells handle calcium is reviewed in the context of findings from other epithelial calcium-transport systems. In the past, most attention has focused on approaches to boost the poor diffusion of calcium in cytosol. Recent biochemical findings led to an alternative proposal that calcium is routed through high-capacity stores associated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Research areas needing further attention and a working model are also discussed. Calcium-handling mechanisms in enamel cells are more generally relevant to the understanding of epithelial calcium transport, biomineralization, and calcium toxicity avoidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Miyazaki T, Watanabe M, Yamagishi A, Takahashi M. B2 exon splicing of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB is differently regulated in developing and adult rat brain. Neurosci Res 2000; 37:299-306. [PMID: 10958978 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(00)00130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two isoforms of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain IIB (MHC-IIB) are generated by alternative splicing; MHC-IIB(B2) differs from MHC-IIB(DeltaB2) by the insertion of B2 exon cassette near the actin binding region. Here we examined expressions of the two splice variants in developing and adult rat brains by in situ hybridization with isoform-specific oligonucleotide probes. In adult, MHC-IIB(DeltaB2) mRNA was highly expressed in neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum, whereas MHC-IIB(B2) mRNA was mainly distributed in the brainstem and cerebellum, with the highest level in Purkinje cells. During development, MHC-IIB(DeltaB2) mRNA was predominantly expressed in various regions of embryonic and neonatal brains, whereas MHC-IIB(B2) mRNA was low during embryonic stages. Up-regulation of MHC-IIB(B2) started in the cerebellum during early postnatal stages when dendritogenesis and synaptogenesis occur actively in Purkinje cells. We further employed immunofluorescence using two antibodies (one recognizing both splicing variants and another specific to MHC-IIB(B2)), and found similar and dense localization in cell bodies and dendrites of Purkinje cells. Therefore, splicing of the B2 exon cassette undergoes distinct temporal and spatial regulations in the brain in vivo, and the different exon usage seems unlikely to affect the somato-dendritic localization of MHC-IIB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Miyazaki
- Division of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mattson MP, LaFerla FM, Chan SL, Leissring MA, Shepel PN, Geiger JD. Calcium signaling in the ER: its role in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. Trends Neurosci 2000; 23:222-9. [PMID: 10782128 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifaceted organelle that regulates protein synthesis and trafficking, cellular responses to stress, and intracellular Ca2+ levels. In neurons, it is distributed between the cellular compartments that regulate plasticity and survival, which include axons, dendrites, growth cones and synaptic terminals. Intriguing communication networks between ER, mitochondria and plasma membrane are being revealed that provide mechanisms for the precise regulation of temporal and spatial aspects of Ca2+ signaling. Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis in ER contribute to neuronal apoptosis and excitotoxicity, and are being linked to the pathogenesis of several different neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wilson JX, Peters CE, Sitar SM, Daoust P, Gelb AW. Glutamate stimulates ascorbate transport by astrocytes. Brain Res 2000; 858:61-6. [PMID: 10700597 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of glutamate and ascorbate in brain extracellular fluid increase following seizure activity, trauma and ischemia. Extracellular ascorbate concentration also rises following intracerebral glutamate injection. We hypothesized that glutamate triggers the release of ascorbate from astrocytes. We observed in primary cultures of rat cerebral astrocytes that glutamate increased ascorbate efflux significantly within 30 min. The half-maximal effective concentration of glutamate was 180+/-30 microM. Glutamate-stimulated efflux of ascorbate was attenuated by hypertonic media. 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid inhibited both Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake and ascorbate efflux. Two other inhibitors of volume-sensitive organic anion channels (1, 9-dideoxyforskolin and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid) did not slow glutamate uptake but prevented stimulation of ascorbate efflux. Glutamate also stimulated the uptake of ascorbate by ascorbate-depleted astrocytes. In contrast, glutamate uptake was not affected by intracellular ascorbate, thus ruling out a putative glutamate-ascorbate heteroexchange mechanism. These results are consistent with activation by glutamate of ascorbate-permeant channels in astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J X Wilson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Western Ontario, Medical Science Bldg, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|