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Lee R, McGee A, Fernandez FX. Systematic review of drugs that modify the circadian system's phase-shifting responses to light exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2022; 47:866-879. [PMID: 34961774 PMCID: PMC8882192 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-021-01251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We searched PubMed for primary research quantifying drug modification of light-induced circadian phase-shifting in rodents. This search, conducted for work published between 1960 and 2018, yielded a total of 146 papers reporting results from 901 studies. Relevant articles were those with any extractable data on phase resetting in wildtype (non-trait selected) rodents administered a drug, alongside a vehicle/control group, near or at the time of exposure. Most circadian pharmacology experiments were done using drugs thought to act directly on either the brain's central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the SCN's primary relay, the retinohypothalamic tract, secondary pathways originating from the medial/dorsal raphe nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet, or the brain's sleep-arousal centers. While the neurotransmitter systems underlying these circuits were of particular interest, including those involving glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, and acetylcholine, other signaling modalities have also been assessed, including agonists and antagonists of receptors linked to dopamine, histamine, endocannabinoids, adenosine, opioids, and second-messenger pathways downstream of glutamate receptor activation. In an effort to identify drugs that unduly influence circadian responses to light, we quantified the net effects of each drug class by ratioing the size of the phase-shift observed after administration to that observed with vehicle in a given experiment. This allowed us to organize data across the literature, compare the relative efficacy of one mechanism versus another, and clarify which drugs might best suppress or potentiate phase resetting. Aggregation of the available data in this manner suggested that several candidates might be clinically relevant as auxiliary treatments to suppress ectopic light responses during shiftwork or amplify the circadian effects of timed bright light therapy. Future empirical research will be necessary to validate these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Austin McGee
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Fabian-Xosé Fernandez
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- BIO5 and McKnight Brain Research Institutes, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Kurtova AI, Dil’mukhametova LK, Pronina TS, Mingazov ER, Nikishina YO, Sukhinich KK, Ugrumov MV. Dopamine-Producing Neurons in Rat Ontogeny: Phenotypic Features Underlying Molecular Mechanisms of Secretion and Regulation. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360420010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Luo S, Zhang Y, Ezrokhi M, Li Y, Tsai T, Cincotta AH. Circadian peak dopaminergic activity response at the biological clock pacemaker (suprachiasmatic nucleus) area mediates the metabolic responsiveness to a high-fat diet. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12563. [PMID: 29224246 PMCID: PMC5817247 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among vertebrate species of the major vertebrate classes in the wild, a seasonal rhythm of whole body fuel metabolism, oscillating from a lean to obese condition, is a common biological phenomenon. This annual cycle is driven in part by annual changes in the circadian dopaminergic signalling at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), with diminution of circadian peak dopaminergic activity at the SCN facilitating development of the seasonal obese insulin-resistant condition. The present study investigated whether such an ancient circadian dopamine-SCN activity system for expression of the seasonal obese, insulin-resistant phenotype may be operative in animals made obese amd insulin resistant by high-fat feeding and, if so, whether reinstatement of the circadian dopaminergic peak at the SCN would be sufficient to reverse the adverse metabolic impact of the high-fat diet without any alteration of caloric intake. First, we identified the supramammillary nucleus as a novel site providing the majority of dopaminergic neuronal input to the SCN. We further identified dopamine D2 receptors within the peri-SCN region as being functional in mediating SCN responsiveness to local dopamine. In lean, insulin-sensitive rats, the peak in the circadian rhythm of dopamine release at the peri-SCN coincided with the daily peak in SCN electrophysiological responsiveness to local dopamine administration. However, in rats made obese and insulin resistant by high-fat diet (HFD) feeding, these coincident circadian peak activities were both markedly attenuated or abolished. Reinstatement of the circadian peak in dopamine level at the peri-SCN by its appropriate circadian-timed daily microinjection to this area (but not outside this circadian time-interval) abrogated the obese, insulin-resistant condition without altering the consumption of the HFD. These findings suggest that the circadian peak of dopaminergic activity at the peri-SCN/SCN is a key modulator of metabolism and the responsiveness to adverse metabolic consequences of HFD consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Luo
- VeroScience LLCTivertonRIUSA
| | | | | | - Y. Li
- VeroScience LLCTivertonRIUSA
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Grippo RM, Purohit AM, Zhang Q, Zweifel LS, Güler AD. Direct Midbrain Dopamine Input to the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Accelerates Circadian Entrainment. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2465-2475.e3. [PMID: 28781050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission controls behaviors important for survival, including voluntary movement, reward processing, and detection of salient events, such as food or mate availability. Dopaminergic tone also influences circadian physiology and behavior. Although the evolutionary significance of this input is appreciated, its precise neurophysiological architecture remains unknown. Here, we identify a novel, direct connection between the DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We demonstrate that D1 dopamine receptor (Drd1) signaling within the SCN is necessary for properly timed resynchronization of activity rhythms to phase-shifted light:dark cycles and that elevation of DA tone through selective activation of VTA DA neurons accelerates photoentrainment. Our findings demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for direct DA input to the master circadian clock and highlight the importance of an evolutionarily significant relationship between the circadian system and the neuromodulatory circuits that govern motivational behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Grippo
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Aarti M Purohit
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Larry S Zweifel
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ali D Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, 485 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, 409 Lane Road, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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5
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Dopamine D 2 receptors and the circadian clock reciprocally mediate antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic disturbances. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:17. [PMID: 28560263 PMCID: PMC5441531 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are widely prescribed medications, used for numerous psychiatric illnesses. However, antipsychotic drugs cause serious metabolic side effects that can lead to substantial weight gain and increased risk for type 2 diabetes. While individual drugs differ, all antipsychotic drugs may cause these important side effects to varying degrees. Given that the single unifying property shared by these medications is blockade of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors, these receptors likely play a role in antipsychotic drug-induced metabolic side effects. Dopamine D2 and dopamine D3 receptors are expressed in brain regions critical for metabolic regulation and appetite. Surprisingly, these receptors are also expressed peripherally in insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. By inhibiting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, dopamine D2 and dopamine D3 receptors are important mediators of pancreatic insulin release. Crucially, antipsychotic drugs disrupt this peripheral metabolic regulatory mechanism. At the same time, disruptions to circadian timing have been increasingly recognized as a risk factor for metabolic disturbance. Reciprocal dopamine and circadian signaling is important for the timing of appetitive/feeding behaviors and insulin release, thereby coordinating cell metabolism with caloric intake. In particular, circadian regulation of dopamine D2 receptor/dopamine D3 receptor signaling may play a critical role in metabolism. Therefore, we propose that antipsychotic drugs’ blockade of dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine D3 receptors in pancreatic beta cells, hypothalamus, and striatum disrupts the cellular timing mechanisms that regulate metabolism. Ultimately, understanding the relationships between the dopamine system and circadian clocks may yield critical new biological insights into mechanisms of antipsychotic drug action, which can then be applied into clinical practice.
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Bedont JL, Blackshaw S. Constructing the suprachiasmatic nucleus: a watchmaker's perspective on the central clockworks. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:74. [PMID: 26005407 PMCID: PMC4424844 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian system constrains an organism's palette of behaviors to portions of the solar day appropriate to its ecological niche. The central light-entrained clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the mammalian circadian system has evolved a complex network of interdependent signaling mechanisms linking multiple distinct oscillators to serve this crucial function. However, studies of the mechanisms controlling SCN development have greatly lagged behind our understanding of its physiological functions. We review advances in the understanding of adult SCN function, what has been described about SCN development to date, and the potential of both current and future studies of SCN development to yield important insights into master clock function, dysfunction, and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Bedont
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seth Blackshaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA ; Center for High-Throughput Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jones S, Fileccia E, Murphy M, Fowler M, King M, Shortall S, Wigmore P, Green A, Fone K, Ebling F. Cathinone increases body temperature, enhances locomotor activity, and induces striatal c-fos expression in the Siberian hamster. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:34-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Duffield GE, Mikkelsen JD, Ebling FJP. Conserved expression of the glutamate NMDA receptor 1 subunit splice variants during the development of the Siberian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37496. [PMID: 22675426 PMCID: PMC3365105 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate neurotransmission and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) are central to photic signaling to the master circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). NMDARs also play important roles in brain development including visual input circuits. The functional NMDAR is comprised of multiple subunits, but each requiring the NR1 subunit for normal activity. The NR1 can be alternatively spliced to produce isoforms that confer different functional properties on the NMDAR. The SCN undergoes extensive developmental changes during postnatal life, including synaptogenesis and acquisition of photic signaling. These changes are especially important in the highly photoperiodic Siberian hamster, in which development of sensitivity to photic cues within the SCN could impact early physiological programming. In this study we examined the expression of NR1 isoforms in the hamster at different developmental ages. Gene expression in the forebrain was quantified by in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes specific to alternatively spliced regions of the NR1 heteronuclear mRNA, including examination of anterior hypothalamus, piriform cortex, caudate-putamen, thalamus and hippocampus. Gene expression analysis within the SCN revealed the absence of the N1 cassette, the presence of the C2 cassette alone and the combined absence of C1 and C2 cassettes, indicating that the dominant splice variants are NR1-2a and NR1-4a. Whilst we observe changes at different developmental ages in levels of NR1 isoform probe hybridization in various forebrain structures, we find no significant changes within the SCN. This suggests that a switch in NR1 isoform does not underlie or is not produced by developmental changes within the hamster SCN. Consistency of the NR1 isoforms would ensure that the response of the SCN cells to photic signals remains stable throughout life, an important aspect of the function of the SCN as a responder to environmental changes in quality/quantity of light over the circadian day and annual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Duffield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America.
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Differential hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase distribution and activation by light in adult mice reared under different light conditions during the suckling period. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:357-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gannon RL, Millan MJ. Evaluation of serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibitors on light-induced phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 195:325-32. [PMID: 17694388 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0903-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are widely prescribed for the treatment of anxiodepressive states that are often associated with perturbed circadian rhythms including, in certain patients, phase advances. Surprisingly, the influence of SSRIs upon circadian activity rhythms has been little studied in experimental models. OBJECTIVES Accordingly, this study examined the ability of SSRIs to modulate the phase-setting properties of light on circadian activity rhythms in hamsters. Their actions were compared to those of the mixed serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), venlafaxine, the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, and the dopamine reuptake inhibitor, bupropion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wheel-running activity rhythms were recorded in male Syrian hamsters. Drugs were administered systemically before a light stimulus that was used to advance the timing of the hamster running rhythms. RESULTS Four chemically diverse SSRIs, citalopram (1-10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), fluvoxamine (1-10), paroxetine (1-10), and fluoxetine (10 and 20), all robustly and significantly inhibited the ability of light to phase advance hamster circadian wheel-running activity rhythms. Their actions were mimicked by venlafaxine (1-10) that likewise elicited a marked reduction in phase advances. Conversely, reboxetine (1-20) and bupropion (1-20) did not exert significant effects. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that suppression of serotonin (but not noradrenaline or dopamine) reuptake by SSRIs and SNRIs modifies circadian locomotor activity rhythms in hamsters. Further, they support the notion that an inhibitory influence upon the early-morning light-induced advance in circadian activity contributes to the therapeutic effects of serotonin uptake inhibitors in certain depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Gannon
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698, USA.
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Shearman LP, Weaver DR. Distinct pharmacological mechanisms leading to c-fos gene expression in the fetal suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Biol Rhythms 2001; 16:531-40. [PMID: 11760011 DOI: 10.1177/074873001129002222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal treatment with cocaine or a D1-dopamine receptor agonist induces c-fos gene expression in the fetal suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Other treatments that induce c-fos expression in the fetal SCN include caffeine and nicotine. In the current article, the authors assessed whether these different pharmacological treatments activate c-fos expression by a common neurochemical mechanism. The results indicate the presence of at least two distinct pharmacological pathways to c-fos expression in the fetal rat SCN. Previous studies demonstrate that prenatal activation of dopamine receptors affects the developing circadian system. The present work shows that stimulant drugs influence the fetal brain through multiple transmitter systems and further suggests that there may be multiple pathways leading to entrainment of the fetal biological clock.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Caffeine/pharmacology
- Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology
- Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, fos/drug effects
- Genes, fos/genetics
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- In Situ Hybridization
- Pregnancy
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/drug effects
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/embryology
- Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Shearman
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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