1
|
Zhang C, Sun C, Zhao Y, Ye B, Yu G. Signaling pathways of liver regeneration: Biological mechanisms and implications. iScience 2024; 27:108683. [PMID: 38155779 PMCID: PMC10753089 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver possesses a unique regenerative ability to restore its original mass, in this regard, partial hepatectomy (PHx) and partial liver transplantation (PLTx) can be executed smoothly and safely, which has important implications for the treatment of liver disease. Liver regeneration (LR) can be the very complicated procedure that involves multiple cytokines and transcription factors that interact with each other to activate different signaling pathways. Activation of these pathways can drive the LR process, which can be divided into three stages, namely, the initiation, progression, and termination stages. Therefore, it is important to investigate the pathways involved in LR to elucidate the mechanism of LR. This study reviews the latest research on the key signaling pathways in the different stages of LR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Caifang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yabin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Bingyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - GuoYing Yu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis, Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists of Pulmonary Fibrosis, College of Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Micó-Carnero M, Casillas-Ramírez A, Sánchez-González A, Rojano-Alfonso C, Peralta C. The Role of Neuregulin-1 in Steatotic and Non-Steatotic Liver Transplantation from Brain-Dead Donors. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10050978. [PMID: 35625715 PMCID: PMC9138382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Brain death (BD) and steatosis are key risk factors to predict adverse post-transplant outcomes. We investigated the role of Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) in rat steatotic and non-steatotic liver transplantation (LT) from brain death donors (DBD). Methods: NRG1 pathways were characterized after surgery. Results: NRG1 and p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) levels increased in steatotic and non-steatotic grafts from DBDs. The abolishment of NRG1 effects reduced PAK1. When the effect of either NRG1 nor PAK1 was inhibited, injury and regenerative failure were exacerbated. The benefits of the NRG-1-PAK1 axis in liver grafts from DBDs were associated with increased vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) levels, respectively. Indeed, VEGFA administration in non-steatotic livers and IGF1 treatment in steatotic grafts prevented damage and regenerative failure resulting from the inhibition of either NRG1 or PAK-1 activity in each type of liver. Exogenous NRG1 induced greater injury than BD induction. Conclusions: This study indicates the benefits of endogenous NRG1 in liver grafts from DBDs and underscores the specificity of the NRG1 signaling pathway depending on the type of liver: NRG1-PAK1-VEGFA in non-steatotic livers and NRG1-PAK1-IGF1 in steatotic livers. Exogenous NRG1 is not an appropriate strategy to apply to liver grafts from DBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Micó-Carnero
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-C.); (C.R.-A.)
| | - Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (A.S.-G.)
- Facultad de Medicina e Ingeniería en Sistemas Computacionales de Matamoros, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Matamoros 87300, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Sánchez-González
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ciudad Victoria “Bicentenario 2010”, Ciudad Victoria 87087, Mexico; (A.C.-R.); (A.S.-G.)
| | - Carlos Rojano-Alfonso
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-C.); (C.R.-A.)
| | - Carmen Peralta
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (M.M.-C.); (C.R.-A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932-275-400
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Korver S, Bowen J, Pearson K, Gonzalez RJ, French N, Park K, Jenkins R, Goldring C. The application of cytokeratin-18 as a biomarker for drug-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:3435-3448. [PMID: 34322741 PMCID: PMC8492595 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a frequent and dangerous adverse effect faced during preclinical and clinical drug therapy. DILI is a leading cause of candidate drug attrition, withdrawal and in clinic, is the primary cause of acute liver failure. Traditional diagnostic markers for DILI include alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Yet, these routinely used diagnostic markers have several noteworthy limitations, restricting their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy in diagnosing DILI. Consequently, new biomarkers for DILI need to be identified.A potential biomarker for DILI is cytokeratin-18 (CK18), an intermediate filament protein highly abundant in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. Extensively researched in a variety of clinical settings, both full length and cleaved forms of CK18 can diagnose early-stage DILI and provide insight into the mechanism of hepatocellular injury compared to traditionally used diagnostic markers. However, relatively little research has been conducted on CK18 in preclinical models of DILI. In particular, CK18 and its relationship with DILI is yet to be characterised in an in vivo rat model. Such characterization of CK18 and ccCK18 responses may enable their use as translational biomarkers for hepatotoxicity and facilitate management of clinical DILI risk in drug development. The aim of this review is to discuss the application of CK18 as a biomarker for DILI. Specifically, this review will highlight the properties of CK18, summarise clinical research that utilised CK18 to diagnose DILI and examine the current challenges preventing the characterisation of CK18 in an in vivo rat model of DILI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Korver
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Joanne Bowen
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Neil French
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rosalind Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clemens MM, McGill MR, Apte U. Mechanisms and biomarkers of liver regeneration after drug-induced liver injury. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 85:241-262. [PMID: 31307589 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver, the major metabolic organ in the body, is known for its remarkable capacity to regenerate. Whereas partial hepatectomy (PHx) is a popular model for the study of liver regeneration, the liver also regenerates after acute injury, but less is known about the mechanisms that drive it. Recent studies have shown that liver regeneration is critical for survival in acute liver failure (ALF), which is usually due to drug-induced liver injury (DILI). It is sometimes assumed that the signaling pathways involved are similar to those that regulate regeneration after PHx, but there are likely to be critical differences. A better understanding of regeneration mechanisms after DILI and hepatotoxicity in general could lead to development of new therapies for ALF patients and new biomarkers to predict patient outcome. Here, we summarize what is known about the mechanisms of liver regeneration and repair after hepatotoxicity. We also review the literature in the emerging field of liver regeneration biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Clemens
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tan YF, Tang L, OuYang WX, Jiang T, Zhang H, Li SJ. β-catenin-coordinated lncRNA MALAT1 up-regulation of ZEB-1 could enhance the telomerase activity in HGF-mediated differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocytes. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:546-554. [PMID: 30658864 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate role of β-catenin and lncRNA MALAT1/miR-217 axis to converge into the regulation of ZEB-1 in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced hepatocytes differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). METHODS BM-MSCs were isolated and HGF was used to induce the differentiation of BM-MSCs into hepatocytes. HSC-T6 cells, BRL-3 A cells and differentiated BM-MSCs were treated by lipopolysaccharide(LPS). shRNAs were used to silence β-catenin and recombinant plasmids were used to over-express ZEB1. Measurement of cell viability was conducted using MTT assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay was used to determine binding of miR-217-3p and MALAT1. RESULTS BM-MSCs successfully differentiated into hepatocytes by HGF treatment. Expression of β-catenin, ZEB-1 and TERT was up-regulated to a higher level in hepatocytes differentiated from BM-MSCs than HSC-T6 cells and BRL-3 A cells after LPS stimulation. When β-catenin was knocked down in all cell lines, expression of β-catenin, ZEB-1 and TERT was significantly decreased as well as telomerase activity. While when ZEB1 was over-expressed, expression of TERT and telomerase activity was all significantly up-regulated. In hepatocytes differentiated from BM-MSCs, miR-217 was down-regulated and lncRNA MALAT1 was up-regulated. RIP analysis showed MALAT1 was physically associated with miR-217 and might function in the regulation of ZEB-1, further enhancing the expression of TERT so as to augment telomerase activity. CONCLUSION We successfully used HGF to mediate differentiation of BM-MSCs into hepatocytes, and found that β-catenin-coordinated MALAT1/miR-217 axis could up-regulate expression of ZEB-1 and further enhanced the telomerase activity through regulation of TERT in BM-MSCs differentiating into hepatocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Fang Tan
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China
| | - Lian Tang
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China
| | - Wen-Xian OuYang
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China
| | - Shuang-Jie Li
- Department of Hepatopathy Center, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fiore E, Malvicini M, Bayo J, Peixoto E, Atorrasagasti C, Sierra R, Rodríguez M, Gómez Bustillo S, García MG, Aquino JB, Mazzolini G. Involvement of hepatic macrophages in the antifibrotic effect of IGF-I-overexpressing mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:172. [PMID: 27876093 PMCID: PMC5120504 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is a major health problem worldwide and new therapies are needed. Hepatic macrophages (hMø) have a pivotal role in liver fibrosis, being able to act in both its promotion and its resolution. It is well-known that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can modulate the immune/inflammatory cells. However, the effects of MSCs over hMø in the context of liver fibrosis remain unclear. We previously described evidence of the antifibrotic effects of in vivo applying MSCs, which were enhanced by forced overexpression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (AdIGF-I-MSCs). The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of MSCs on hMø behavior in the context of liver fibrosis resolution. METHODS Fibrosis was induced in BALB/c mice by chronic administration of thioacetamide (8 weeks). In vivo gene expression analyses, in vitro experiments using hMø isolated from the nonparenchymal liver cells fraction, and in vivo experiments with depletion of Mø were performed. RESULTS One day after treatment, hMø from fibrotic livers of MSCs-treated animals showed reduced pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic gene expression profiles. These shifts were more pronounced in AdIGF-I-MSCs condition. This group showed a significant upregulation in the expression of arginase-1 and a higher downregulation of iNOS expression thus suggesting decreased levels of oxidative stress. An upregulation in IGF-I and HGF expression was observed in hMø from AdIGF-I-MSCs-treated mice suggesting a restorative phenotype in these cells. Factors secreted by hMø, preconditioned with MSCs supernatant, caused a reduction in the expression levels of hepatic stellate cells pro-fibrogenic and activation markers. Interestingly, hMø depletion abrogated the therapeutic effect achieved with AdIGF-I-MSCs therapy. Expression profile analyses for cell cycle markers were performed on fibrotic livers after treatment with AdIGF-I-MSCs and showed a significant regulation in genes related to DNA synthesis and repair quality control, cell cycle progression, and DNA damage/cellular stress compatible with early induction of pro-regenerative and hepatoprotective mechanisms. Moreover, depletion of hMø abrogated such effects on the expression of the most highly regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that AdIGF-I-MSCs are able to induce a pro-fibrotic to resolutive phenotype shift on hepatic macrophages, which is a key early event driving liver fibrosis amelioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Fiore
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Mariana Malvicini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Bayo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Estanislao Peixoto
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina Sierra
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Marcelo Rodríguez
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Sofia Gómez Bustillo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Mariana G. García
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge B. Aquino
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Peron 1500, Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires B1629AHJ Argentina
- CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chiang CH, Wu WW, Li HY, Chien Y, Sun CC, Peng CH, Lin ATL, Huang CS, Lai YH, Chiou SH, Hung SI, Chang YL, Lan YT, Liu DM, Chien CS, Huo TI, Lee SD, Wang CY. Enhanced antioxidant capacity of dental pulp-derived iPSC-differentiated hepatocytes and liver regeneration by injectable HGF-releasing hydrogel in fulminant hepatic failure. Cell Transplant 2015; 24:541-59. [PMID: 25668102 DOI: 10.3727/096368915x686986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic failure (AHF) is a severe liver injury leading to sustained damage and complications. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) may be an alternative option for the treatment of AHF. In this study, we reprogrammed human dental pulp-derived fibroblasts into iPSCs, which exhibited pluripotency and the capacity to differentiate into tridermal lineages, including hepatocyte-like cells (iPSC-Heps). These iPSC-Heps resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells in gene signature and hepatic markers/functions. To improve iPSC-Heps engraftment, we next developed an injectable carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan hydrogel (CHC) with sustained hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) release (HGF-CHC) and investigated the hepatoprotective activity of HGF-CHC-delivered iPSC-Heps in vitro and in an immunocompromised AHF mouse model induced by thioacetamide (TAA). Intrahepatic delivery of HGF-CHC-iPSC-Heps reduced the TAA-induced hepatic necrotic area and rescued liver function and recipient viability. Compared with PBS-delivered iPSC-Heps, the HGF-CHC-delivered iPSC-Heps exhibited higher antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities that reduced hepatic necrotic area. Importantly, these HGF-CHC-mediated responses could be abolished by administering anti-HGF neutralizing antibodies. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that HGF mediated the enhancement of iPSC-Hep antioxidant/antiapoptotic capacities and hepatoprotection and that HGF-CHC is as an excellent vehicle for iPSC-Hep engraftment in iPSC-based therapy against AHF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hung Chiang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fiore EJ, Bayo JM, Garcia MG, Malvicini M, Lloyd R, Piccioni F, Rizzo M, Peixoto E, Sola MB, Atorrasagasti C, Alaniz L, Camilletti MA, Enguita M, Prieto J, Aquino JB, Mazzolini G. Mesenchymal stromal cells engineered to produce IGF-I by recombinant adenovirus ameliorate liver fibrosis in mice. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 24:791-801. [PMID: 25315017 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis involves chronic wound healing and fibrotic processes. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult progenitor cells that are used as vehicles of therapeutic genes. Insulin growth factor like-I (IGF-I) was shown to counteract liver fibrosis. We aimed at analyzing the effect of applying IGF-I overexpressing mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs on hepatic fibrosis. Fibrosis was induced by chronic thioacetamide application or bile duct ligation. MSCs engineered to produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) (AdGFP-MSCs) or IGF-I (AdIGF-I-MSCs) were applied systemically, and changes in collagen deposition and in the expression of key pro-fibrogenic and pro-regenerative genes/proteins were assessed. In addition, immunogenicity of transduced cells was analyzed. Liver fibrosis was further ameliorated after a single-dose application of AdIGF-I-MSCs when compared with AdGFP-MSCs and/or recombinant IGF-I treatments. Interestingly, an early and transitory upregulation in IGF-I and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA expression was found in the liver of MSC-treated animals, which was more pronounced in AdIGF-I-MSCs condition. A reduction in hepatic stellate cell activation status was found after incubation with MSCs conditioned media. In addition, the AdIGF-I-MSCs cell-free supernatant induced the expression of IGF-I and HGF in primary cultured hepatocytes. From day 1 after transplantation, the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen was upregulated in the liver of AdIGF-I-MSCs group, mainly in hepatocytes. MSCs were in vivo traced till day 14 after injection. In addition, multiple doses of Ad-IGF-I-MSCs likely suppressed antiviral immune response and it further reduced collagen deposition. Our results uncover early events that are likely involved in the anti-fibrogenic effect of genetically modified MSCs and overall would support the use of AdIGF-I-MSCs in treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban J Fiore
- 1 Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mungunsukh O, McCart EA, Day RM. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Isoforms in Tissue Repair, Cancer, and Fibrotic Remodeling. Biomedicines 2014; 2:301-326. [PMID: 28548073 PMCID: PMC5344272 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines2040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor (SF), is a pleotropic factor required for normal organ development during embryogenesis. In the adult, basal expression of HGF maintains tissue homeostasis and is up-regulated in response to tissue injury. HGF expression is necessary for the proliferation, migration, and survival of epithelial and endothelial cells involved in tissue repair in a variety of organs, including heart, lung, kidney, liver, brain, and skin. The administration of full length HGF, either as a protein or using exogenous expression methodologies, increases tissue repair in animal models of tissue injury and increases angiogenesis. Full length HGF is comprised of an N-terminal hairpin turn, four kringle domains, and a serine protease-like domain. Several naturally occurring alternatively spliced isoforms of HGF were also identified. The NK1 variant contains the N-terminal hairpin and the first kringle domain, and the NK2 variant extends through the second kringle domain. These alternatively spliced forms of HGF activate the same receptor, MET, but they differ from the full length protein in their cellular activities and their biological functions. Here, we review the species-specific expression of the HGF isoforms, their regulation, the signal transduction pathways they activate, and their biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ognoon Mungunsukh
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McCart
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
| | - Regina M Day
- Department of Pharmacology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tivers MS, Lipscomb VJ, Smith KC, Wheeler-Jones CP, House AK. Markers of hepatic regeneration associated with surgical attenuation of congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs. Vet J 2014; 200:305-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
11
|
Abstract
Liver regeneration is perhaps the most studied example of compensatory growth aimed to replace loss of tissue in an organ. Hepatocytes, the main functional cells of the liver, manage to proliferate to restore mass and to simultaneously deliver all functions hepatic functions necessary to maintain body homeostasis. They are the first cells to respond to regenerative stimuli triggered by mitogenic growth factor receptors MET (the hepatocyte growth factor receptor] and epidermal growth factor receptor and complemented by auxiliary mitogenic signals induced by other cytokines. Termination of liver regeneration is a complex process affected by integrin mediated signaling and it restores the organ to its original mass as determined by the needs of the body (hepatostat function). When hepatocytes cannot proliferate, progenitor cells derived from the biliary epithelium transdifferentiate to restore the hepatocyte compartment. In a reverse situation, hepatocytes can also transdifferentiate to restore the biliary compartment. Several hormones and xenobiotics alter the hepatostat directly and induce an increase in liver to body weight ratio (augmentative hepatomegaly). The complex challenges of the liver toward body homeostasis are thus always preserved by complex but unfailing responses involving orchestrated signaling and affecting growth and differentiation of all hepatic cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George K Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu R, Zeng G, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Liu B, Liu J, Chen H, Li M. Oroxylin A accelerates liver regeneration in CCl₄-induced acute liver injury mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71612. [PMID: 23951204 PMCID: PMC3738530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Based on the previous research that oroxylin A can suppress inflammation, we investigated the hepatoprotective role of oroxylin A against CCl4-induced liver damage in mice and then studied the possible alteration of the activities of cytokine signaling participating in liver regeneration. Wild type (WT) mice were orally administrated with oroxylin A (60 mg/kg) for 4 days after CCl4 injection, the anti-inflammatory effects of oroxylin A were assessed directly by hepatic histology and indirectly by measuring serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Albumin. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) staining was performed to evaluate the role of oroxylin A in promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Serum IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1Ra levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liver HGF, EGF, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1Ra and IL-1β gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The data indicated that the IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA of oroxylin A administered group significantly increased higher than the control within 12 hours after CCl4 treatment. Meanwhile, oroxylin A significantly enhanced the expression of IL-1Ra at the early phase, which indicated that oroxylin A could facilitate the initiating events in liver regeneration by increasing IL-1Ra which acts as an Acute-Phase Protein (APP). In addition, a lethal CCl4-induced acute liver failure model offers a survival benefit in oroxylin A treated WT mice. However, oroxylin A could not significantly improve the percent survival of IL-1RI−/− mice with a lethal CCl4-induced acute liver failure. Conclusions Our study confirmed that oroxylin A could strongly promote liver structural remodeling and functional recovery through IL-1Ra/IL-1RI signaling pathway. All these results support the possibility of oroxylin A being a therapeutic candidate for acute liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Guofang Zeng
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yinqin Chen
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qingyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hege Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ML); (HC)
| | - Mingyi Li
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, China
- * E-mail: (ML); (HC)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang N, Sun H, Tang L, Deng J, Luo Y, Guo H, Liu Q. Establishment and primary clinical application of competitive inhibition for measurement of augmenter of liver regeneration. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:93-96. [PMID: 24348771 PMCID: PMC3861493 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to establish a quantitative method for the measurement of serum human augmenter of liver regeneration (hALR) using competitive inhibition that is applicable in the clinic. A monoclonal antibody to hALR was used as the primary antibody and the pure hALR protein was used as a standard for competition with Eu3+-labeled hALR (Eu3+-hALR) to plot a standard curve. Serum samples from 90 patients with various liver diseases due to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were used for a competitive reaction with Eu3+-hALR. A regression analysis of the results was performed using the standard curve to calculate the serum concentration of hALR. The minimum detectable value using direct competitive measurement established by Eu3+-hALR was 1 ng/ml, with a positive linear correlation within the range of 200 ng/ml. In the sera of the 90 patients, the hALR level in the severe hepatitis group was the highest, followed by that in the acute hepatitis group. The serum hALR levels in the cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis groups were significantly higher compared with those in the normal control groups (P<0.01). The direct competitive measurement method of serum hALR established in the present study has high sensitivity, specificity, stability and reliability, meets clinical requirements and may be used as potential index in clinical tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hang Sun
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Lin Tang
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jianchuan Deng
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Ya Luo
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Hui Guo
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Institute for Viral Hepatitis and Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang HL, Wang YJ, Zhang QY, Liu B, Wang FY, Li JJ, Zhu RZ. Hepatoprotective effects of baicalein against CCl 4-induced acute liver injury in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6605-13. [PMID: 23236235 PMCID: PMC3516202 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i45.6605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the hepatoprotective effect of baicalein against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in mice.
METHODS: Mice were orally administered with baicalein after CCl4 injection, and therapeutic baicalein was given twice a day for 4 d. The anti-inflammation effects of baicalein were assessed directly by hepatic histology and serum alanine aminotranferease and aspartate aminotransferase measurement. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was used to evaluate the effect of baicalein in promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and liver IL-6, TNF-α, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) genes expression were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: CCl4-induced acute liver failure model offers a survival benefit in baicalein-treated mice. The data indicated that the mRNA levels of IL-6 and TNF-α significantly increased within 12 h after CCl4 treatment in baicalein administration groups, but at 24, 48 and 72 h, the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was kept at lower levels compared with the control. The expression of TGF-α, HGF and EGF was enhanced dramatically in baicalein administration group at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h. Furthermore, we found that baicalein significantly elevated the serum level of TNF-α and IL-6 at the early phase, which indicated that baicalein could facilitate the initiating events in liver regeneration.
CONCLUSION: Baicalein may be a therapeutic candidate for acute liver injury. Baicalein accelerates liver regeneration by regulating TNF-α and IL-6 mediated pathways.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim JS, Hwang HY, Cho KR, Park EA, Lee W, Paeng JC, Lee DS, Kim HK, Sohn DW, Kim KB. Intramyocardial transfer of hepatocyte growth factor as an adjunct to CABG: phase I clinical study. Gene Ther 2012; 20:717-22. [PMID: 23151518 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this phase I clinical trial was to evaluate the safety, tolerability and potential efficacy of VM202, naked DNA expressing two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor, as an adjunct therapy to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD). Nine patients were assigned to receive increasing doses (0.5 to 2.0 mg) of VM202 injected into the right coronary artery (RCA) territory following completion of CABG for the left coronary artery territory. Patients were evaluated for safety and tolerability, and changes in myocardial functions were monitored via echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and myocardial single photon emission computed tomography throughout 6-month follow-up period. No serious complication related to VM202 was observed throughout the 6-month follow-up period. Global myocardial functions (wall motion score index, P=0.0084; stress perfusion, P=0.0002) improved during the follow-up period. In the RCA region, there was an increase in the stress perfusion (baseline vs 3-month, P=0.024; baseline vs 6-month, P=0.024) and also in the wall thickness of the diastolic and systolic phases. Intramyocardial injection of VM202 can be safely used in IHD patients with the tolerable dose of 2.0 mg. In addition, VM202 might appear to have improved regional myocardial perfusion and wall thickness in the injected region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Kim
- Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taki-Eldin A, Zhou L, Xie HY, Zheng SS. Liver regeneration after liver transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 48:139-53. [PMID: 22572792 DOI: 10.1159/000337865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE The liver has a remarkable capacity to regenerate after injury or resection. The aim of this review is to outline the mechanisms and factors affecting liver regeneration after liver transplantation. METHODS Relevant studies were reviewed using Medline, PubMed and Springer databases. RESULTS A variety of cytokines (such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α), growth factors (like hepatocyte growth factor and transforming growth factor-α) and cells are involved in liver regeneration. Several factors affect liver regeneration after transplantation such as ischemic injury, graft size, immunosuppression, steatosis, donor age and viral hepatitis. CONCLUSION Liver regeneration has been studied for many years. However, further research is essential to reveal the complex processes affecting liver regeneration, which may provide novel strategies in the management of liver transplantation recipients and donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Taki-Eldin
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marquardt JU, Seo D, Gómez-Quiroz LE, Uchida K, Gillen MC, Kitade M, Kaposi-Novak P, Conner EA, Factor VM, Thorgeirsson SS. Loss of c-Met accelerates development of liver fibrosis in response to CCl(4) exposure through deregulation of multiple molecular pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2012; 1822:942-51. [PMID: 22386877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HGF/c-Met signaling plays a pivotal role in hepatocyte survival and tissue remodeling during liver regeneration. HGF treatment accelerates resolution of fibrosis in experimental animal models. Here, we utilized Met(fl/fl);Alb-Cre(+/-) conditional knockout mice and a carbon tetrachloride(CCl(4))-induced liver fibrosis model to formally address the role of c-Met signaling in hepatocytes in the context of chronic tissue injury. Histological changes during injury (4weeks) and healing phase (4weeks) were monitored by immunohistochemistry; expression levels of selected key fibrotic molecules were evaluated by western blotting, and time-dependent global transcriptomic changes were examined using a microarray platform. Loss of hepatocyte c-Met signaling altered hepatic microenvironment and aggravated hepatic fibrogenesis. Greater liver damage was associated with decreased hepatocyte proliferation, excessive stellate cell activation and rapid dystrophic calcification of necrotic areas. Global transcriptome analysis revealed a broad impact of c-Met on critical signaling pathways associated with fibrosis. Loss of hepatocyte c-Met caused a strong deregulation of chemotactic and inflammatory signaling (MCP-1, RANTES, Cxcl10) in addition to modulation of genes involved in reorganization of the cytoskeletal network (Actb, Tuba1a, Tuba8), intercellular communications and adhesion (Adam8, Icam1, Itgb2), control of cell proliferation (Ccng2, Csnk2a, Cdc6, cdk10), DNA damage and stress response (Rad9, Rad52, Ercc4, Gsta1 and 2, Jun). Our study demonstrates that deletion of c-Met receptor in hepatocytes results in pronounced changes in hepatic metabolism and microenvironment, and establishes an essential role for c-Met in maintaining the structural integrity and adaptive plasticity of the liver under adverse conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens U Marquardt
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Liver regeneration is known to be a process involving highly organized and ordered tissue growth triggered by the loss of liver tissue, and remains a fascinating topic. A large number of genes are involved in this process, and there exists a sequence of stages that results in liver regeneration, while at the same time inhibitors control the size of the regenerated liver. The initiation step is characterized by priming of quiescent hepatocytes by factors such as TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide. The proliferation step is the step during which hepatocytes enter into the cell cycle's G1 phase and are stimulated by complete mitogens including HGF, TGF-α and EGF. Hepatic stimulator substance, glucagon, insulin, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 have also been implicated in regulating the regeneration process. Inhibitors and stop signals of hepatic regeneration are not well known and only limited information is available. Furthermore, the effects of other factors such as VEGF, PDGF, hypothyroidism, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, heat shock proteins, ischemic-reperfusion injury, steatosis and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on liver regeneration are also systematically reviewed in this article. A tissue engineering approach using isolated hepatocytes for in vitro tissue generation and heterotopic transplantation of liver cells has been established. The use of stem cells might also be very attractive to overcome the limitation of donor liver tissue. Liver-specific differentiation of embryonic, fetal or adult stem cells is currently under investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changku Jia
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ono T, Tsuji T, Sakai M, Yukizaki C, Ino H, Akagi I, Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto Y, Sugiura Y, Uto H, Tsubouchi H, Gohda E. Induction of hepatocyte growth factor production in human dermal fibroblasts and their proliferation by the extract of bitter melon pulp. Cytokine 2009; 46:119-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
20
|
Shanmukhappa K, Matte U, Degen JL, Bezerra JA. Plasmin-mediated proteolysis is required for hepatocyte growth factor activation during liver repair. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:12917-23. [PMID: 19286661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807313200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological relevance of the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (Hgf) by the plasminogen (Plg) system of proteases and its contribution to tissue repair are largely undefined. Here, we investigated whether the defective liver repair in mice lacking Plg is due to impaired activation of Hgf. Loss of Plg in vivo suppressed Hgf activation and signaling through its Met tyrosine kinase receptor. Without Plg, hepatocytes were unresponsive to Hgf-induced proliferation and migration, with a more pronounced impairment in hepatocyte movement within the hepatic environment. Most notably, circumventing the defect in proteolytic activation of Hgf by the downstream expression of an activated Met receptor corrected the functional deficits and improved liver repair in Plg-deficient mice. These findings support a fibrinolysis-unrelated role for Plg in modulating cell proliferation and migration by activation of Hgf.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Shanmukhappa
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Motoki T, Sugiura Y, Matsumoto Y, Tsuji T, Kubota S, Takigawa M, Gohda E. Induction of hepatocyte growth factor expression by maleic acid in human fibroblasts through MAPK activation. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:1465-76. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
22
|
Chauhan A, Legewie S, Westermark PO, Lorenzen S, Herzel H. A mesoscale model of G1/S phase transition in liver regeneration. J Theor Biol 2008; 252:465-73. [PMID: 18339403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The liver regenerates and maintains its function and size after injury by counterbalancing cell death with compensatory cell division. During liver regeneration, injured sites release cytokines, which stimulate normally quiescent hepatocytes to re-enter cell division cycle. Using a mesoscale approach, we have implemented the first mathematical model that describes cytokine-induced dedifferentiation of hepatocytes and the subsequent initiation of DNA synthesis (G0/G1 and G1/S phase transitions of the cell cycle). The model accurately reproduces experimentally measured kinetics of various signaling intermediates and DNA synthesis in hepatocytes for varying degrees of liver damage, in both wild type and knockout backgrounds. Liver regeneration is known to be a robust process, as liver mass reconstitution still occurs in various knockout mice (albeit with different kinetics). We analyze the robustness of the model using methods of control analysis. Moreover, we discuss the system's bandpass filtering properties and delays, which arise from feedbacks and nested feed-forward loops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chauhan
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Humboldt University, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gomez D, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Graham AM, Prasad KR. Role of ischaemic preconditioning in liver regeneration following major liver resection and transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:657-70. [PMID: 17278187 PMCID: PMC4065997 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i5.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to protect the liver from the detrimental effects of ischaemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), which contributes significantly to the morbidity and mortality following major liver surgery. Recent studies have focused on the role of IPC in liver regeneration, the precise mechanism of which are not completely understood. This review discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of liver regeneration and the role of IPC in this setting. Relevant articles were reviewed from the published literature using the Medline database. The search was performed using the keywords “liver”, “ischaemic reperfusion”, “ischaemic preconditioning”, “regeneration”, “hepatectomy” and “transplantation”. The underlying mechanism of liver regeneration is a complex process involving the interaction of cytokines, growth factors and the metabolic demand of the liver. IPC, through various mediators, promotes liver regeneration by up-regulating growth-promoting factors and suppresses growth-inhibiting factors as well as damaging stresses. The increased understanding of the cellular mechanisms involved in IPC will enable the development of alternative treatment modalities aimed at promoting liver regeneration following major liver resection and transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gomez
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Transplantation, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qiu J, Liu Z, Da L, Li Y, Xuan H, Lin Q, Li F, Wang Y, Li Z, Zhao M. Overexpression of the gene for transmembrane 4 superfamily member 4 accelerates liver damage in rats treated with CCl4. J Hepatol 2007; 46:266-75. [PMID: 17069928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 4 (TM4SF4) is up-regulated in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in rats, but the in vivo functions of this protein are still largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated the role of TM4SF4 during liver injury. METHODS Expression of TM4SF4 was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blotting in normal and CCl4-injured rats. Overexpression or reduced expression of TM4SF4 in the liver was achieved by injection of sense or antisense TM4SF4 expression plasmids. Assessment of liver injury (histology, serum ALT and AST levels), apoptosis by TUNEL assay were performed. Expression of injury-related genes was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS Overexpression of TM4SF4 in rats after CCl4 treatment showed extensive liver damage and increased levels of serum ALT and AST. Decreased TM4SF4 gene expression showed minimal liver necrosis and depressed ALT and AST levels. Increased expression of TM4SF4 affected the expression levels of growth factors and receptors, such as TNF-alpha, TNFR1 and c-met. Furthermore, pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic gene expression was altered after TM4SF4 administration. CONCLUSIONS Rat TM4SF4 is overexpressed in acutely injured liver induced by CCl4 and plays a crucial role in accelerating liver injury, which may be mediated by the TNF-alpha and HGF/c-met signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
McKinnon H, Gherardi E, Reidy M, Bowyer D. Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and MET are involved in arterial repair and atherogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:340-8. [PMID: 16400035 PMCID: PMC1592681 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that in the arterial wall hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) is expressed by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) but acts on endothelial cells, not SMCs. Other studies, however, have indicated that SMCs can respond to HGF/SF. We have reinvestigated expression and activity of HGF/SF and its receptor MET in arterial SMC and endothelial cell cultures and in whole arteries after superficial or deep injury or atherogenesis. High-density cultures of SMCs produced HGF/SF but did not express MET, whereas SMCs, at the leading edge of injured cultures, expressed both ligand and receptor and showed a dramatic motility and growth response to HGF/SF. In line with these results, HGF/SF and MET expression was undetectable in the media of uninjured carotid arteries but was induced after deep arterial injury in areas of SMC migration in the neointima. Strong MET expression was also observed in the SMCs of the atherosclerotic lesions of homozygous apoE(-/-) mice, whereas HGF/SF was expressed by macrophage-derived foam cells. These results demonstrate that MET is induced in migrating and proliferating SMCs and that HGF/SF and MET are key mediators of the SMC response in atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather McKinnon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hiramatsu K, Matsumoto Y, Miyazaki M, Tsubouchi H, Yamamoto I, Gohda E. Inhibition of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Production in Human Fibroblasts by Ursodeoxycholic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28:619-24. [PMID: 15802798 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulates the proliferation of hepatocytes and biliary epithelial cells and protects hepatocytes from apoptosis induced by various stimuli. In view of HGF induction by interferons, substances used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C, this study was conducted to determine whether ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which is widely used for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases, modulates HGF production. UDCA did not induce HGF production in human dermal fibroblasts, but it potently inhibited phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)- and cholera-toxin-induced HGF production without affecting cell viability. The inhibitory effects of UDCA were as potent as those of transforming growth factor-beta1 and dexamethasone. Up-regulations of HGF gene expression induced by PMA and cholera toxin were also inhibited by UDCA. Moreover, UDCA dose-dependently inhibited high constitutive HGF production by MRC-5 cells without decreasing cell viability. Deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, taurochenodeoxycholate and glycochenodeoxycholate also inhibited cholera-toxin-induced HGF production at non-cytotoxic doses. UDCA, however, had no apparent effect on PMA-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is crucial for HGF induction by PMA. These results indicate that non-cytotoxic doses of UDCA inhibited constitutive and induced HGF production and suggest that UDCA supplemented with HGF or HGF inducers could have a more potential therapeutic effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Hiramatsu
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Takami Y, Kanasaki K, Tsubouchi H, Ishii T, Yamamoto I, Gohda E. Inhibition of hepatocyte growth factor induction in human dermal fibroblasts by interleukin-1 and its prevention by interferon-γ. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:676-82. [PMID: 15541342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is one of the vital factors for liver regeneration. HGF production is induced by the activation of protein kinase A and protein kinase C-mediated pathways, interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mesenchymal cells. We here report that IL-1 and TNF-alpha, hitherto regarded as HGF inducers, potently inhibited HGF production stimulated by other HGF inducers. IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha alone had minimal stimulating effects on HGF production in human dermal fibroblasts, but they strongly inhibited production of HGF induced by cholera toxin, 8-bromo-cAMP, EGF, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Moreover, although the high level of HGF production in MRC-5 cells was enhanced by PMA and less markedly by IL-1beta, HGF production in MRC-5 cells treated with PMA plus IL-1beta was less than that in the cells treated with PMA alone. In the presence of interferon (IFN)-gamma, however, cholera toxin- and 8-bromo-cAMP-induced HGF production was not inhibited by IL-1beta. Pretreatment of cells with IL-1beta suppressed the phosphorylation of cAMP-responsive element-binding protein induced by cholera toxin but not that induced by 8-bromo-cAMP. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-1 inhibited HGF production stimulated by various inducers, including protein kinase A-activating agents, and that IFN-gamma overcame this inhibition of induction of HGF production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Takami
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
The unusual regenerative properties of the liver are a logical adaptation by organisms, as the liver is the main detoxifying organ of the body and is likely to be injured by ingested toxins. The numerous cytokine- and growth-factor-mediated pathways that are involved in regulating liver regeneration are being successfully dissected using molecular and genetic approaches. So what is known about this process at present and which questions remain?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Taub
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yagi Y, Sotani T, Nagao T, Horio T, Yamamoto I, Gohda E. Induction by staurosporine of hepatocyte growth factor production in human skin fibroblasts independent of protein kinase inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:1797-808. [PMID: 14563490 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine is one of the most potent and well known inhibitors of protein kinases, and it is often used to study the involvement of protein kinases in signal transduction pathways. We now report that staurosporine can induce the production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) independently of protein kinase inhibition. Staurosporine markedly stimulated the production of HGF in various cell types, including human skin fibroblasts. Its effect was accompanied by up-regulation of HGF gene expression. The inhibition of protein kinases appears not to be involved in staurosporine-induced HGF production, because other protein kinase inhibitors, K-252a, H-7, GF 109203X and genistein, had no HGF-inducing activity. UCN-01, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, which differs from staurosporine only in its aglycone moiety, also showed HGF-inducing activity, and inactive K-252a differs from staurosporine only in its sugar moiety. These results indicate that the sugar moiety, a six-atom ring structure, is important in the HGF-inducing activity of staurosporine. Experiments were then carried out to determine whether the characteristics of staurosporine-induced HGF production have similarities to those of HGF production stimulated by other HGF inducers. The effect of staurosporine like that of 8-bromo-cAMP and that of cholera toxin was marked in human skin fibroblasts from all four different sources, whereas the effects of epidermal growth factor and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate were variable depending on cells. The net increase in HGF production induced by staurosporine was not reduced in protein kinase C-depleted human skin fibroblasts. Moreover, synergistic induction of HGF was detected between staurosporine and interferon-gamma as well as between 8-bromo-cAMP and interferon-gamma. Staurosporine, however, did not increase intracellular cAMP levels in human skin fibroblasts. These results indicate that staurosporine induced HGF in different cell types via a signaling pathway similar to the cAMP-mediated pathway without increasing cAMP levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yagi
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Otsuka T, Takagi H, Horiguchi N, Toyoda M, Sato K, Takayama H, Mori M. CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice is inhibited by hepatocyte growth factor overexpression but stimulated by NK2 overexpression. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:391-5. [PMID: 12482598 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03714-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) inhibits acute liver injury. NK2 acts as an antagonist to HGF in vitro, but its in vivo function has reached no consensus conclusions. We have investigated in vivo effects of HGF and NK2 on CCl4-induced acute liver injury. Elevation of the serum alanine aminotransferase level and extension of centrilobular necrosis were inhibited in HGF transgenic mice but were promoted in NK2 transgenic mice. Hepatocyte proliferation after liver injury was not inhibited in NK2 transgenic mice. Thus, this study indicates that HGF inhibits liver injury, and NK2 antagonizes HGF on liver injury, however, NK2 may not antagonize HGF on hepatocyte proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Otsuka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Gunma University School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa, Gunma 371-8511, Maebashi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yamano T, Hirai R, Hato S, Uemura T, Shimizu N. Delayed liver regeneration with negative regulation of hepatocyte growth factor and positive regulation of transforming growth factor-beta1 mRNA after portal branch ligation in biliary obstructed rats. Surgery 2002; 131:163-71. [PMID: 11854694 DOI: 10.1067/msy.2002.119818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of obstructive jaundice on liver regeneration is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate liver regeneration after portal branch ligation (PBL) in the jaundiced rat, focusing on hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta 1). METHODS Male Wistar rats underwent PBL or a sham operation 7 days after a common bile duct ligation. Liver wet weight, proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling, HGF and TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression, and immunohistochemical staining with alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody were studied. RESULTS The rate of liver regeneration in jaundiced liver was decreased as compared to a non-jaundiced liver. DNA synthesis in the jaundiced non-ligated lobe was significantly lower than in the non-jaundiced liver as was the peak level of HGF mRNA expression after PBL. In contrast, the level of TGF-beta 1 mRNA expression was higher in the jaundiced liver, and alpha-smooth muscle actin staining showed that hepatic stellate cells were gradually activated into myofibroblast-like cells. CONCLUSIONS Obstructive jaundice decreased the expression of HGF mRNA and increased the expression of TGF-beta 1 mRNA, resulting in delayed liver regeneration after PBL. We suggest that hepatic stellate cells activated in obstructive jaundice may affect the expression of these growth factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Yamano
- Department of Surgery II, Okayama University, School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cao B, Su Y, Oskarsson M, Zhao P, Kort EJ, Fisher RJ, Wang LM, Vande Woude GF. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies to hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) display antitumor activity in animal models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:7443-8. [PMID: 11416216 PMCID: PMC34688 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131200498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF/SF) receptor, Met, regulates mitogenesis, motility, and morphogenesis in a cell type-dependent fashion. Activation of Met via autocrine, paracrine, or mutational mechanisms can lead to tumorigenesis and metastasis and numerous studies have linked inappropriate expression of this ligand-receptor pair to most types of human solid tumors. To prepare mAbs to human HGF/SF, mice were immunized with native and denatured preparations of the ligand. Recloned mAbs were tested in vitro for blocking activity against scattering and branching morphogenesis. Our results show that no single mAb was capable of neutralizing the in vitro activity of HGF/SF, and that the ligand possesses a minimum of three epitopes that must be blocked to prevent Met tyrosine kinase activation. In vivo, the neutralizing mAb combination inhibited s.c. growth in athymic nu/nu mice of tumors dependent on an autocrine Met-HGF/SF loop. Importantly, growth of human glioblastoma multiforme xenografts expressing Met and HGF/SF were markedly reduced in the presence of HGF/SF-neutralizing mAbs. These results suggest interrupting autocrine and/or paracrine Met-HGF/SF signaling in tumors dependent on this pathway is a possible intervention strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Cao
- Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick, N.E., Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Affiliation(s)
- W J Dai
- Second Department of General Surgery, the First Clinical School, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gohda E, Nagao T, Yamamoto I. Stimulation of hepatocyte growth factor production in human fibroblasts by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 60:1531-7. [PMID: 11020456 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(00)00464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we examined whether the production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in fibroblasts is regulated by protein phosphatase(s). Inhibitors of the enzymes okadaic acid and calyculin A were used for this purpose. Both inhibitors markedly stimulated HGF production in human skin fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of okadaic acid and calyculin A were maximal at 25-37.5 and 1.25 nM, respectively. Highly active HGF production in MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblasts was also promoted by both inhibitors. The effect of okadaic acid was accompanied by an up-regulation of HGF gene expression. The stimulating effect of okadaic acid on HGF production was synergistic with that of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), whereas it was additive to the effect of cholera toxin. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF 109203X inhibited the effect of PMA, but not of okadaic acid and EGF. The effect of okadaic acid as well as EGF was not inhibited, but rather enhanced in human skin fibroblasts pretreated for 24 hr with a high dose of PMA to deplete PKC, as compared with its effect in untreated cells. PD 98059, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase, suppressed the effects of okadaic acid and EGF, but not those of cholera toxin and 8-bromo-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP). These results suggest that HGF production in human skin fibroblasts is down-regulated by protein phosphatase(s) and that HGF production stimulated by okadaic acid is, at least in part, dependent on the activation of the MAP kinase cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Gohda
- Department of Immunochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cheng J, Zhong YW, Liu Y, Dong J, Yang JZ, Chen JM. Cloning and sequence analysis of human genomic DNA of augmenter of liver regeneration. World J Gastroenterol 2000; 6:275-277. [PMID: 11819575 PMCID: PMC4723503 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i2.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|