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Hickey JW, Becker WR, Nevins SA, Horning A, Perez AE, Zhu C, Zhu B, Wei B, Chiu R, Chen DC, Cotter DL, Esplin ED, Weimer AK, Caraccio C, Venkataraaman V, Schürch CM, Black S, Brbić M, Cao K, Chen S, Zhang W, Monte E, Zhang NR, Ma Z, Leskovec J, Zhang Z, Lin S, Longacre T, Plevritis SK, Lin Y, Nolan GP, Greenleaf WJ, Snyder M. Organization of the human intestine at single-cell resolution. Nature 2023; 619:572-584. [PMID: 37468586 PMCID: PMC10356619 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a complex organ that promotes digestion, extracts nutrients, participates in immune surveillance, maintains critical symbiotic relationships with microbiota and affects overall health1. The intesting has a length of over nine metres, along which there are differences in structure and function2. The localization of individual cell types, cell type development trajectories and detailed cell transcriptional programs probably drive these differences in function. Here, to better understand these differences, we evaluated the organization of single cells using multiplexed imaging and single-nucleus RNA and open chromatin assays across eight different intestinal sites from nine donors. Through systematic analyses, we find cell compositions that differ substantially across regions of the intestine and demonstrate the complexity of epithelial subtypes, and find that the same cell types are organized into distinct neighbourhoods and communities, highlighting distinct immunological niches that are present in the intestine. We also map gene regulatory differences in these cells that are suggestive of a regulatory differentiation cascade, and associate intestinal disease heritability with specific cell types. These results describe the complexity of the cell composition, regulation and organization for this organ, and serve as an important reference map for understanding human biology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hickey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Winston R Becker
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron Horning
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Almudena Espin Perez
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chenchen Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bei Wei
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roxanne Chiu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Derek C Chen
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel L Cotter
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edward D Esplin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Annika K Weimer
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chiara Caraccio
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Black
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Brbić
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- School of Computer and Communication Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kaidi Cao
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shuxiao Chen
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Weiruo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emma Monte
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nancy R Zhang
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Zongming Ma
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Jure Leskovec
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhengyan Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Shin Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Teri Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sylvia K Plevritis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yiing Lin
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | | | - Michael Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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2
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Dridi M, Peoc'h M, Karpathiou G. Primary endometrial gastric (gastro-intestinal)-type carcinoma: A practical approach. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 241:154271. [PMID: 36502736 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The latest WHO classification of the female genital tract tumors introduces a new type of carcinoma: the primary gastric-type (or gastro-intestinal type) carcinoma of the endometrium. This type of neoplasm tends to have a poor outcome, making its correct diagnostic important. As little is known about this entity and given its quite challenging diagnosis, we aim to review existing data about it and propose a practical diagnostic approach. There are currently 11 cases published in 8 articles fitting the precise definition of a primary gastric-type carcinoma of the endometrium. Three main differential diagnoses must be excluded before considering this tumor: endometrioid adenocarcinoma with mucinous (Müllerian-type) differentiation, endocervical primary, and gastro-intestinal primary. Morphological aspects of this tumor can be heterogeneous and confusing; in this context, immunochemistry can be helpful to highlight the gastric or intestinal differentiation, but also to eliminate a mucinous endometrioid adenocarcinoma of Müllerian-type, by the constant negativity of estrogen receptors. A metastasis of a primary gastro-intestinal tract carcinoma must also be excluded by clinical, endoscopic and imaging work-up. Finally, an endometrial extension of a primary endocervical gastric-type carcinoma should be ruled out by complete sampling of the cervix. Intestinal type endocervical adenocarcinoma is easier to eliminate since this is an HPV-associated neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroa Dridi
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Michel Peoc'h
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, France
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3
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Lohova E, Pilmane M. Expression of MUC-2, MUC-6, NAPE-PLD, IL-6 and IL-13 in Healthy and Metaplastic Bronchial Epithelium. Diseases 2022; 11:diseases11010005. [PMID: 36648870 PMCID: PMC9844475 DOI: 10.3390/diseases11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The normal tissue structure of the respiratory system is necessary to provide adequate protection of the airways and lungs. Prolonged exposure to trigger factors can result in adaptive mechanism activation and lead to the development of chronic pulmonary diseases or even dysplastic changes. Materials and methods: Respiratory system material with a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium was obtained from 12 patients (aged 16 to 95), and material with a stratified squamosa epithelium was obtained from six patients (aged 23 to 93). Routine staining was performed, and an immunohistochemistry was conducted for MUC-2, MUC-6, NAPE-PLD, IL-6 and IL-13. Results: Inflammatory processes were not detected in any of the specimens. A number of correlations were identified, with the most important being a strong positive correlation for IL-13 between the alveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages and a strong positive correlation for IL-6 between the alveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages in the stratified squamous epithelium group. We also detected a statistically significant difference in IL-6 in alveolar macrophages. Conclusions: There were no signs of dysplastic changes in either group. Increased secretion of IL-13 in the stratified squamous epithelium group shows its involvement in metaplastic changes in the bronchial epithelium. The secretion of atypical factors by hyaline cartilage demonstrates its plasticity and adaptability.
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Johnson SE, Galan MC. Synthesis of 2-deoxy mucin-type O-glycan analogues as biological probes. Carbohydr Res 2022; 514:108542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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5
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Shi D, Xi XX. Regulation of MUC6 Methylation Correlates with Progression of Gastric Cancer. Yonsei Med J 2021; 62:1005-1015. [PMID: 34672134 PMCID: PMC8542475 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2021.62.11.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the mechanistic downregulation of mucin 6 (MUC6) and its influence on the progression of gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of MUC6 was examined in 40 GC patients. The methylation status of the MUC6 promoter region was investigated using GC cell lines and GC tissue specimens by immunohistochemistry and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). MUC6 was knocked down in the gastric epithelial cells (GES-1) cell and overexpressed in the SGC7901 cell. The effects of MUC6 knockdown and overexpression on cell migration and invasion were examined using Transwell assays. The effects of demethylation and methylation on MUC6 expression were examined by western blot, qPCR, or double luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS The expression of MUC6 in GC with lymph node metastasis and poor pathological stage was significantly lower than that in GC without lymph node metastasis and good pathological stage, respectively. While cell migration and invasion were significantly decreased after overexpression of MUC6, these abilities significantly increased after the knockdown of MUC6. The methylation levels of MUC6 in GC tissues and GC cell lines were significantly higher than those in para-cancerous tissues and normal GES. Promoter methylation could significantly reduce the binding of related transcription factors to the MUC6 promoter. The expression of MUC6 increased with the concentration and time of action of demethylation drugs. CONCLUSION Expression of MUC6 was regulated by promotor methylation. This methylation of the MUC6 promoter may lead to significant downregulation of MUC6 in GC and promote the progression of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Xi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hwamei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China.
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6
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Asaka S, Nakajima T, Ida K, Asaka R, Kobayashi C, Ito M, Miyamoto T, Uehara T, Ota H. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of immunophenotypic characterization of endocervical adenocarcinoma using CLDN18, CDH17, and PAX8 in association with HPV status. Virchows Arch 2021; 480:269-280. [PMID: 34581850 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, the WHO published a new system for classifying invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma based on histological features and high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. However, immunophenotypes of each histological subtype require further investigation. We immunohistochemically analyzed 66 invasive endocervical adenocarcinomas using three cell-lineage-specific markers: claudin 18 (CLDN18) for gastric, cadherin 17 (CDH17) for intestinal, and PAX8 for Müllerian epithelial cells. We identified five immunophenotypes of endocervical adenocarcinoma: gastric (21%); intestinal (14%); gastrointestinal (11%); Müllerian (35%); and not otherwise specified (NOS) (20%). Adenocarcinomas with gastric immunophenotype, characterized by aging (p = 0.0050), infrequent HPV infection (p < 0.0001), concurrent lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (p = 0.0060), lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.0073), advanced clinical stage (p = 0.0001), and the poorest progression-free (p < 0.0001) and overall (p = 0.0023) survivals, were morphologically compatible with gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the WHO 2020 classification. Conversely, most adenocarcinomas with Müllerian (91%) and intestinal (89%) immunophenotypes were HPV associated and morphologically compatible with usual- or intestinal-type adenocarcinomas of the WHO 2020 classification. The morphology of adenocarcinomas with gastrointestinal immunophenotype was intermediate or mixed between those of gastric and intestinal immunophenotypes; 57% were HPV associated. Adenocarcinomas with NOS immunophenotype were mainly HPV associated (85%) and histologically poorly differentiated. Multivariate analysis revealed that gastric (p = 0.008), intestinal + gastrointestinal (p = 0.0103), and NOS (p = 0.009) immunophenotypes were independent predictors of progression-free survival. Immunophenotypes characterized by CLDN18, CDH17, and PAX8 exhibited clinicopathological relevance and may improve the diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value of conventional histological classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan. .,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan.
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koichi Ida
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Asaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Chinatsu Kobayashi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ito
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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7
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Molinari C, Tedaldi G, Rebuzzi F, Morgagni P, Capelli L, Ravaioli S, Tumedei MM, Scarpi E, Tomezzoli A, Bernasconi R, Ambrosio MR, D'Ignazio A, Solaini L, Limarzi F, Ercolani G, Martinelli G, Ulivi P, Saragoni L. Early Gastric Cancer: identification of molecular markers able to distinguish submucosa-penetrating lesions with different prognosis. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:392-401. [PMID: 33156452 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-020-01135-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early Gastric Cancer (EGC) reaches 25% of the gastric cancers surgically treated in some areas of Northeastern Italy and is usually characterized by a good prognosis. However, among EGCs classified according to Kodama's criteria, Pen A subgroup is characterized by extensive submucosal invasion, lymph node metastases and worse prognosis, whereas Pen B subgroup by better prognosis. The aim of the study was to characterize the differences between Pen A, Pen B and locally advanced gastric cancer (T3N0) in order to identify biomarkers involved in aggressiveness and clinical outcome. METHODS We selected 33 Pen A, 34 Pen B and 20 T3N0 tumors and performed immunohistochemistry of mucins, copy number variation analysis of a gene panel, microsatellite instability (MSI), TP53 mutation and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analyses. RESULTS Pen A subgroup was characterized by MUC6 overexpression (p = 0.021). Otherwise, the Pen B subgroup was significantly associated with the amplification of GATA6 gene (p = 0.002). The higher percentage of MSI tumors was observed in T3N0 group (p = 0.002), but no significant differences between EGC types were found. Finally, TP53 gene analysis showed that 32.8% of Pen tumors have a mutation in exons 5-8 and 50.0% presented LOH. Co-occurrence of TP53 mutation and LOH mainly characterized Pen A tumors (p = 0.022). CONCLUSIONS Our analyses revealed that clinico-pathological parameters, microsatellite status and frequency of TP53 mutations do not seem to distinguish Pen subgroups. Conversely, the amplification of GATA6 was associated with Pen B, as well as the overexpression of MUC6 and the TP53mut/LOH significantly characterized Pen A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Molinari
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tedaldi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rebuzzi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Paolo Morgagni
- Department of Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Laura Capelli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Ravaioli
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Tumedei
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Emanuela Scarpi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Trials Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Anna Tomezzoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Maria Raffaella Ambrosio
- Pathology Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Pathology Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Leonardo Solaini
- Department of Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy.,Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Limarzi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ercolani
- Department of Surgery, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
| | - Paola Ulivi
- Biosciences Laboratory, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, via P. Maroncelli 40, 47014, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Luca Saragoni
- Pathology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, Forlì, Italy
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8
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Sohn SH, Sul HJ, Kim B, Kim BJ, Kim HS, Zang DY. Tepotinib Inhibits the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Tumor Growth of Gastric Cancers by Increasing GSK3β, E-Cadherin, and Mucin 5AC and 6 Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176027. [PMID: 32825724 PMCID: PMC7503648 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of mucins (MUCs) can promote the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), which leads to enhanced tumorigenesis. Carcinogenesis-related pathways involving c-MET and β-catenin are associated with MUCs. In this study, we characterized the expression of EMT-relevant proteins including MET, β-catenin, and E-cadherin in human gastric cancer (GC) cell lines, and further characterized the differential susceptibility of these cell lines compared with the c-MET inhibitor tepotinib. We assessed the antitumor activity of tepotinib in GC cell lines. The effects of tepotinib on cell viability, apoptotic cell death, EMT, and c-MET and β-catenin signaling were evaluated by 3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), flow cytometry, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. The antitumor efficacy was assessed in MKN45 xenograft mice. Tepotinib treatment induced apoptosis in c-MET-amplified SNU620, MKN45, and KATO III cells, but had no effect on c-MET-reduced MKN28 or AGS cells. Tepotinib treatment also significantly reduced the protein levels of phosphorylated and total c-MET, phosphorylated and total ERK, β-catenin, and c-MYC in SNU620 and MKN45 cells. In contrast, this drug was only slightly active against KATO III cells. Notably, tepotinib significantly reduced the expression of EMT-promoting genes such as MMP7, COX-2, WNT1, MUC5B, and c-MYC in c-MET-amplified GC cells and increased the expression of EMT-suppressing genes such as MUC5AC, MUC6, GSK3β, and E-cadherin. In a mouse model, tepotinib exhibited good antitumor growth activity along with increased E-cadherin and decreased phosphorylated c-MET (phospho-c-MET) protein levels. Collectively, these results suggest that tepotinib suppresses tumor growth and migration by negatively regulating c-MET-induced EMT. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism by which MUC5AC and MUC6 contribute to GC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hwa Sohn
- Hallym Translational Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (H.J.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Hee Jung Sul
- Hallym Translational Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (H.J.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Bohyun Kim
- Hallym Translational Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (H.J.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Bum Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea; (B.J.K.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Hyeong Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea; (B.J.K.); (H.S.K.)
| | - Dae Young Zang
- Hallym Translational Research Institute, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Korea; (S.-H.S.); (H.J.S.); (B.K.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Medical Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14068, Korea; (B.J.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-380-4167
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9
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Katsumata Y, Fardo DW, Bachstetter AD, Artiushin SC, Wang WX, Wei A, Brzezinski LJ, Nelson BG, Huang Q, Abner EL, Anderson S, Patel I, Shaw BC, Price DA, Niedowicz DM, Wilcock DW, Jicha GA, Neltner JH, Van Eldik LJ, Estus S, Nelson PT. Alzheimer Disease Pathology-Associated Polymorphism in a Complex Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Region Within the MUC6 Gene, Near the AP2A2 Gene. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:3-21. [PMID: 31748784 PMCID: PMC8204704 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We found evidence of late-onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD)-associated genetic polymorphism within an exon of Mucin 6 (MUC6) and immediately downstream from another gene: Adaptor Related Protein Complex 2 Subunit Alpha 2 (AP2A2). PCR analyses on genomic DNA samples confirmed that the size of the MUC6 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) region was highly polymorphic. In a cohort of autopsied subjects with quantitative digital pathology data (n = 119), the size of the polymorphic region was associated with the severity of pTau pathology in neocortex. In a separate replication cohort of autopsied subjects (n = 173), more pTau pathology was again observed in subjects with longer VNTR regions (p = 0.031). Unlike MUC6, AP2A2 is highly expressed in human brain. AP2A2 expression was lower in a subset analysis of brain samples from persons with longer versus shorter VNTR regions (p = 0.014 normalizing with AP2B1 expression). Double-label immunofluorescence studies showed that AP2A2 protein often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD but was not colocalized with pTau proteinopathy in progressive supranuclear palsy, or with TDP-43 proteinopathy. In summary, polymorphism in a repeat-rich region near AP2A2 was associated with neocortical pTau proteinopathy (because of the unique repeats, prior genome-wide association studies were probably unable to detect this association), and AP2A2 was often colocalized with neurofibrillary tangles in LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Katsumata
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D Bachstetter
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sergey C Artiushin
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Angela Wei
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Lena J Brzezinski
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Bela G Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Qingwei Huang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Erin L Abner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Sonya Anderson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Indumati Patel
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Benjamin C Shaw
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Douglas A Price
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Dana M Niedowicz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Donna W Wilcock
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Gregory A Jicha
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Janna H Neltner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Linda J Van Eldik
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Steven Estus
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging (YK, DWF, ADB, SCA, W-XW, AW, LJB, BGN, QH, ELA, SA, IP, DAP, DMN, DWW, GAJ, LJVE, PTN); Department of Biostatistics (YK, DWF); Spinal Cord & Brain Injury Research Center (ADB); Department of Neuroscience (ADB, DWW, LJVE); Department of Epidemiology (ELA); Department of Neurology (DWW, GAJ); Department of Physiology (BCS, SE); and Department of Pathology (W-XW, JHN, PTN), University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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10
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Uemura S, Higuchi R, Yazawa T, Izumo W, Matsunaga Y, Shiihara M, Ota T, Furukawa T, Yamamoto M. Prognostic Factors for Surgically Resected Intraductal Papillary Neoplasm of the Bile Duct: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:826-834. [PMID: 32651697 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-08835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, postoperative prognostic factors for intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) have not been well-established. This study aimed to examine the histopathologic features and postoperative prognosis of the two IPNB subclassifications, as well as factors affecting prognosis, based on the authors' experience at a single institution. METHODS The study enrolled 83 patients who underwent surgical resection for pathologically diagnosed IPNB at the authors' institution. The clinicopathologic features and postoperative outcomes for these patients were examined. The study also investigated postoperative prognostic factors for IPNB using uni- and multivariate analyses. RESULTS More than half of the tumors (64%) diagnosed as IPNB were early-stage cancer (UICC Tis or T1). However, none were diagnosed as benign. The multivariate analysis showed that lymph node metastasis (hazard ratio [HR], 5.78; p = 0.002) and bile duct margin status with carcinoma in situ (D-CIS; HR, 5.10; p = 0.002) were independent prognostic factors, whereas MUC6 expression showed only a marginal influence on prediction of prognosis (HR, 0.32; p = 0.07). The tumor recurrence rate and the proportion of locoregional recurrence were significantly greater among the patients with D-CIS than among those with negative bile duct margins, including those patients with low-grade dysplasia. The patients with D-CIS showed a significantly poorer prognosis than those with negative bile duct margins (5-year survival, 38% versus 87%; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of resected IPNBs showed cancer in all cases. Avoiding positive biliary stumps during surgery, including resection of carcinoma in situ, would improve the prognosis for patients with IPNB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Uemura
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Higuchi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Yazawa
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Izumo
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Matsunaga
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shiihara
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiro Ota
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Furukawa
- Department of Investigative Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masakazu Yamamoto
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Zhang D, Pan J, Zhou H, Cao Y. Evidence from ileum and liver transcriptomes of resistance to high-salt and water-deprivation conditions in camel. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2020; 6:8. [PMID: 32518679 PMCID: PMC7275387 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-020-00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Camels have evolved various resistance characteristics adaptive to their desert habitats. In the present study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate stress-induced alternative splicing events as well as different genes involved in resistance to water deprivation and salt absorption in the ileum and liver in Camelus bactrianus. Through association analyses of mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA, we sought to explicate how camels respond to high salt and water scarcity conditions. There were two modes by which genes driven by alternative splicing were enriched to molecular functions, invoking of which was potentially fixed by organ and stress types. With qRT-PCR detection, the differentially expressed MUC6, AQP5, LOC105076960, PKP4, CDH11, TENM1, SDS, LOC105061856, PLIN2 and UPP2 were screened as functionally important genes, along with miR-29b, miR-484, miR-362-5p, miR-96, miR-195, miR-128 and miR-148a. These genes contributed to cellular stress resistance, for instance by reducing water loss, inhibiting excessive import of sodium, improving protective barriers and sodium ion homeostasis, and maintaining uridine content. The underlying competing endogenous RNAs referred to LNC001664, let-7e and LOC105076960 mRNA in ileum, and LNC001438, LNC003417, LNC001770, miR-199c and TENM1 mRNA in liver. Besides competent interpretation to resistance, there may be inspirations for curing human diseases triggered by high-salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018 P.R. China
| | - Jing Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018 P.R. China
| | - Huanmin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018 P.R. China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 306 Zhaowuda Road, Hohhot, 010018 P.R. China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 10 Poyanghu Road, Tianjin, 301617 P.R. China
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12
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Nelson PT, Fardo DW, Katsumata Y. The MUC6/AP2A2 Locus and Its Relevance to Alzheimer's Disease: A Review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2020; 79:568-584. [PMID: 32357373 PMCID: PMC7241941 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-linked genetic variation within the mucin 6 (MUC6) gene on chromosome 11p, nearby the adaptor-related protein complex 2 subunit alpha 2 (AP2A2) gene. This locus has interesting features related to human genomics and clinical research. MUC6 gene variants have been reported to potentially influence viral-including herpesvirus-immunity and the gut microbiome. Within the MUC6 gene is a unique variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) region. We discovered an association between MUC6 VNTR repeat expansion and AD pathologic severity, particularly tau proteinopathy. Here, we review the relevant literature. The AD-linked VNTR polymorphism may also influence AP2A2 gene expression. AP2A2 encodes a polypeptide component of the adaptor protein complex, AP-2, which is involved in clathrin-coated vesicle function and was previously implicated in AD pathogenesis. To provide background information, we describe some key knowledge gaps in AD genetics research. The "missing/hidden heritability problem" of AD is highlighted. Extensive portions of the human genome, including the MUC6 VNTR, have not been thoroughly evaluated due to limitations of existing high-throughput sequencing technology. We present and discuss additional data, along with cautionary considerations, relevant to the hypothesis that MUC6 repeat expansion influences AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - David W Fardo
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Yuriko Katsumata
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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13
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Mastrodonato M, Calamita G, Mentino D, Scillitani G. High-fat Diet Alters the Glycosylation Patterns of Duodenal Mucins in a Murine Model. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:279-294. [PMID: 32141795 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420911930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD) alters the glycosylation patterns of intestinal mucins leading to several health problems. We studied by histochemical and lectin-binding methods mucin alterations in the duodenum of mice fed a HFD for 25 weeks. Histochemical methods included periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH 2.5, and high-iron diamine. Lectin-binding experiments were performed with SBA, PNA, WGA, MAA-II, SNA, ConA, UEA-I, LTA, and AAA. SBA, PNA, WGA, MAA-II, and SNA were tested also after desulfation and ConA after periodate-sodium borohydrate treatments (paradoxical ConA). Duodenal mucins are secreted by Brunner's glands and goblet cells in the villi. Brunner's glands of HFD mice showed increased secreting activity and a general reduction of glycosylated residuals, such as fucose and terminal α1,4-linked GlcNAc. Moreover, a general reduction of glycosylated residuals in the goblet cells of villi such as the fucosylated and sulfated ones was observed. Since the cited residuals are involved in cytoprotective and cytostatic functions, as well as in interactions with the intestinal microbiota and protection against parasites and inflammatory disorders, we conclude that HFD can predispose duodenum to several possible health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Calamita
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
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14
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Liberelle M, Jonckheere N, Melnyk P, Van Seuningen I, Lebègue N. EGF-Containing Membrane-Bound Mucins: A Hidden ErbB2 Targeting Pathway? J Med Chem 2020; 63:5074-5088. [PMID: 32027502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound mucins belong to a heterogeneous family of large O-glycoproteins involved in numerous cancers and inflammatory diseases of the epithelium. Some of them are also involved in protein-protein interactions, with receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2, and fundamental and clinical data showed that these complexes have a detrimental impact on cancer outcome, thus raising interest in therapeutic targeting. This paper aims to demonstrate that MUC3, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, and MUC17 have a common evolutionary origin and share a common structural organization with EGF-like and SEA domains. Theoretical structure-function relationship analysis of the conserved domains indicated that the studied membrane-bound mucins share common biological properties along with potential specific functions. Finally, the potential druggability of these complexes is discussed, revealing ErbB2-related pathways of cell signaling to be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Liberelle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm CHU Lille, UMR-S1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LiNC-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Jonckheere
- Univ. Lille, Inserm CHU Lille, UMR-S1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Patricia Melnyk
- Univ. Lille, Inserm CHU Lille, UMR-S1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LiNC-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Van Seuningen
- Univ. Lille, Inserm CHU Lille, UMR-S1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-UMR-S 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Lebègue
- Univ. Lille, Inserm CHU Lille, UMR-S1172-JPArc-Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert Neurosciences et Cancer, F-59000 Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S 1172-LiNC-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
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15
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McCright JC, Maisel K. Engineering drug delivery systems to overcome mucosal barriers for immunotherapy and vaccination. Tissue Barriers 2019; 8:1695476. [PMID: 31775577 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2019.1695476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces protect our bodies from pathogens and external irritants using a system of biological barriers. Overcoming these barriers is a significant drug delivery challenge, particularly for immunotherapies that aim to modulate the local immune response. Reaching local lymphoid tissues and draining lymph nodes (LNs) requires crossing the mucus mesh, mucosal epithelium, and either targeting M cells covering lymphoid tissues or utilizing lymphatic transport that shuttles molecules and particulates from the periphery to the LN. We first highlight the barrier properties of mucus and mucosal epithelium, and the function of the mucosal immune system. We then dive into existing drug delivery technologies that have been engineered to overcome each of these barriers. We particularly focus on novel strategies for targeting lymphoid tissues, which has been shown to enhance immunotherapies and vaccinations, via directly targeting LNs, lymphatic vessels, and M cells that transport samples of mucosal content to the lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C McCright
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Katharina Maisel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland College Park, College Park, MD, USA
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16
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Primary Vaginal Gastric-type Adenocarcinoma and Vaginal Adenosis Exhibiting Gastric Differentiation: Report of a Series With Detailed Immunohistochemical Analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2019; 42:958-970. [PMID: 29664741 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000001068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
So-called gastric-type adenocarcinoma and related premalignant lesions have been characterized in the cervix, but similar lesions are not widely recognized in the vagina. We report a series of 11 vaginal glandular lesions exhibiting gastric differentiation, comprising 5 cases of adenocarcinoma and 6 of adenosis. All cases occurred in adults (aged 33 to 69) with no known history of diethylstilboestrol exposure. The vaginal adenocarcinomas exhibited morphologic features identical to gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the cervix, but 1 case additionally demonstrated basaloid and sarcomatoid components, which have not been previously reported in cervical gastric-type adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the adenocarcinomas were positive for MUC6 (4/5), PAX8 (3/5), CK7 (5/5), CK20 (1/5), CDX2 (5/5), CA19.9 (5/5), CEA (4/5), CA125 (5/5), and hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (5/5). p16, estrogen receptor, and Napsin A were negative in all cases tested, whereas p53 exhibited mutation-type staining in 3/5 cases. In all 5 adenocarcinomas, a component of adenosis with benign or atypical nuclear features was identified; the adenosis displayed gastric morphology in 4 cases and tuboendometrial morphology in 1. The 6 cases of pure vaginal adenosis (without associated adenocarcinoma) all contained gastric-type mucinous glands together with tuboendometrial glands in 2 cases. There was focal intestinal differentiation with goblet cells in all 6 cases and neuroendocrine cells with eosinophilic granules in 3. Cytologic atypia was observed in 4/6 cases of pure vaginal adenosis. Immunohistochemically, the gastric-type adenosis (10 cases) was positive for MUC6 (10/10), estrogen receptor (5/10), PAX8 (8/10), CK7 (9/9), CK20 (2/9), CDX2 (5/9), CA19.9 (8/9), CEA (6/9), CA125 (6/9), hepatocyte nuclear factor 1β (10/10), and Napsin A (1/10). p53 exhibited wild-type immunoreactivity in all 10 cases, whereas p16 was negative in all cases tested. Scattered individual chromogranin-positive cells were present in all 5 cases of pure adenosis tested. Follow-up was available in 4 of the adenocarcinoma cases, with 3 patients dead of disease within 1 to 3 years and 1 patient alive with disease at 1 year. The morphologic and immunohistochemical findings in our study suggest a close relationship between vaginal gastric-type adenocarcinoma and adenosis exhibiting gastric differentiation. This probably represents a distinct pathway of vaginal gastric-type carcinogenesis analogous to that occurring in the cervix. We propose that gastric-type adenocarcinoma be recognized as a distinct histologic subtype of vaginal adenocarcinoma while vaginal adenosis of gastric-type represents a novel subtype of adenosis that requires further study to clarify its biological potential.
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17
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Mesa H, Manivel JC, Larson WS, Dachel SK, Reinink AR, Jessurun J. Immunophenotypic Comparison of Neoplasms of the Appendix, Right Colon, and Left Colon in Search of a Site-Specific Phenotypic Signature. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 28:20-30. [PMID: 31271071 DOI: 10.1177/1066896919859096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aims. The proximal colon derives from the midgut endoderm, the distal one third derives from the hindgut endoderm, and the distal anal canal is of ectodermal origin. At least 5 molecular subtypes of colorectal carcinomas (CRC) have been identified, and some have a marked preferential right-sided location. Histologically, some CRC are much more common in the appendix. We hypothesized that these findings suggest the existence of diverse molecular genetic colonic subregions and compared the expression of classic and recently discovered colorectal markers in tumors at various locations to determine if a site-specific immunophenotypic signature could be identified. Methods and Results. Immunostains for CK7, CK20, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, SATB2, DCR3/TNF6B, CDX2, Ki-67, and MMR proteins were performed on 17 appendiceal low-grade mucinous neoplasms and 6 crypt cell adenocarcinomas of the appendix, 15 right-sided and 15 left-sided mucinous adenocarcinomas, 17 right-sided and 15 left-sided conventional adenocarcinomas, and 5 signet ring cell adenocarcinomas (SRCCA). Statistically significant differences in the expression of MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC6, CK7, and SATB2 by site and/or histologic type were documented. MMR deficiency showed a significant correlation with MUC5AC and MUC6 expression. DCR3, CDX2, and CK20 expression was consistent throughout the colon. A CK7+/CK20+ phenotype was most common in appendiceal tumors and SRCCA. Conclusions. Statistically significant differences in the expression of some markers by histologic type and site were documented, supporting the existence of regional molecular genetic heterogeneity in the colon that result in site-specific epigenetic susceptibilities, tumor phenotypes, and immunophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Mesa
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Juan C Manivel
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Wendy S Larson
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan K Dachel
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrew R Reinink
- Veterans Administration Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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18
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Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) characteristically consist of mucin-filled dilated ducts lined with neoplastic cells forming papillae with a diverse range of morphologies and varying grades of atypia. Based on morphological characteristics and immunohistochemical reaction against mucin proteins, IPMNs are classified into four distinct subtypes: gastric, intestinal, pancreatobiliary, and oncocytic. In this chapter, histomorphological criteria and techniques of immunohistochemical staining and its evaluation for subtyping IPMNs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Furukawa
- Department of Histopathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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19
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Liu R, Mignardi M, Jones R, Enge M, Kim SK, Quake SR, Zou J. Modeling Spatial Correlation of Transcripts with Application to Developing Pancreas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5592. [PMID: 30944357 PMCID: PMC6447534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently high-throughput image-based transcriptomic methods were developed and enabled researchers to spatially resolve gene expression variation at the molecular level for the first time. In this work, we develop a general analysis tool to quantitatively study the spatial correlations of gene expression in fixed tissue sections. As an illustration, we analyze the spatial distribution of single mRNA molecules measured by in situ sequencing on human fetal pancreas at three developmental time points–80, 87 and 117 days post-fertilization. We develop a density profile-based method to capture the spatial relationship between gene expression and other morphological features of the tissue sample such as position of nuclei and endocrine cells of the pancreas. In addition, we build a statistical model to characterize correlations in the spatial distribution of the expression level among different genes. This model enables us to infer the inhibitory and clustering effects throughout different time points. Our analysis framework is applicable to a wide variety of spatially-resolved transcriptomic data to derive biological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruishan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marco Mignardi
- Department of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Lgerhyddsvgen 2, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden. .,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Robert Jones
- Department of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Martin Enge
- Department of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Seung K Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Lgerhyddsvgen 2, Uppsala, SE-751 05, Sweden.,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - James Zou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, 499 Illinois St., San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
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20
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Asaka S, Nakajima T, Momose M, Miyamoto T, Uehara T, Ota H. Trefoil factor family 2 protein: a potential immunohistochemical marker for aiding diagnosis of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia and gastric-type adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Virchows Arch 2018; 474:79-86. [PMID: 30324235 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-018-2469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastric-type adenocarcinoma (GA) is an aggressive subtype of cancer of the uterine cervix. Several immunohistochemical markers for gastric mucins, such as mucin 6 (MUC6) and N-acetylglucosamine α1 → 4galactose → R (αGlcNAc-R), which is recognized by HIK1083 antibody, have been introduced for diagnosis of GA and lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH). However, MUC6 is also expressed in normal endocervical glands and HIK1083 antibody has limited availability. Trefoil factor family 2 protein (TFF2) is secreted by gastric, but not normal endocervical glands. Here, we evaluated TFF2 immunostaining for detection of a gastric immunophenotype in endocervical glandular lesions. We compared TFF2, αGlcNAc-R, and MUC6 expression in 103 endocervical glandular lesions: LEGH (n = 23), adenocarcinoma in situ/microinvasive adenocarcinoma (AIS-MIA) (n = 29), and invasive adenocarcinoma (usual type [UA], n = 26; GA, n = 11; intestinal type [IA], n = 2; signet ring cell type [Sig], n = 2; and mucinous adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified [NOS], n = 10). TFF2 and αGlcNAc-R expression was completely concordant in each subtype: LEGH (100%), AIS-MIA (44.8%), UA (26.9%), GA (90.9%), IA (100%), Sig (0%), and NOS (20%). TFF2 staining scores were significantly correlated with those of αGlcNAc-R in these lesions. TFF2 and αGlcNAc-R immunoreactivity was present in cytoplasmic mucins and luminal secretions. TFF2 and αGlcNAc-R were not expressed in the normal endocervical glands. MUC6 was frequently expressed in normal endocervical glands and endocervical glandular lesions. Endocervical adenocarcinomas sometimes stained only for MUC6. TFF2 is a promising immunohistochemical marker and its identification in uterine cervical secretion is a potentially useful diagnostic test for endocervical glandular lesions with gastric differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Asaka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakajima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masanobu Momose
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Miyamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan.
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21
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Minatsuki C, Yamamichi N, Inada KI, Takahashi Y, Sakurai K, Shimamoto T, Tsuji Y, Shiogama K, Kodashima S, Sakaguchi Y, Niimi K, Ono S, Niwa T, Ohata K, Matsuhashi N, Ichinose M, Fujishiro M, Tsutsumi Y, Koike K. Expression of Gastric Markers Is Associated with Malignant Potential of Nonampullary Duodenal Adenocarcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 63:2617-2625. [PMID: 29956011 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-018-5179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sporadic nonampullary duodenal epithelial tumors (NADETs) are uncommon, and thus their clinicopathological features have not been fully assessed. AIMS In this study, we have analyzed a series of early sporadic NADETs, focusing on various immunohistological features. METHODS We conducted a multicenter retrospective analysis of 68 patients with endoscopically resected sporadic NADETs. Associations between immunohistological features and clinicopathological features were statistically analyzed. RESULTS The 68 patients consisted of 46 men (68%) and 22 women (32%) with a mean age of 60.7 ± 12.2 years (range 37-85 years). The 68 tumors were composed of 39 adenomas (57%) and 29 early-stage adenocarcinomas (43%). Duodenal adenocarcinomas were larger in size than adenomas and had papillary architecture in their pathological diagnosis with statistical significance. Duodenal adenocarcinomas also demonstrated a significantly higher expression of gastric markers (MUC5AC and MUC6) and a higher MIB-1 index. Duodenal adenomas were contrastively apt to express intestinal markers (MUC2, CDX1 and CDX2). Of the 68 cases analyzed, there were only 3 tumors positive for p53 staining, all of which were adenocarcinoma. When 7 submucosal invasive cancers and 21 intramucosal cancers were compared, submucosal invasion was positively associated with expression of MUC5AC. Also, submucosal invasion showed strong association with double-positivity of MUC5AC and MUC6. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that immunohistochemical evaluation is useful for predicting malignant potential of NADETs, especially focusing on the expression of gastrointestinal markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Minatsuki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Nobutake Yamamichi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Inada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 3-6-10, Otobashi, Nakagawa-Ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Yu Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology II, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 3-6-10, Otobashi, Nakagawa-Ku, Nagoya City, Aichi, 454-8509, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimamoto
- Kameda Medical Center Makuhari, CD-2, 1-3, Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, 261-0023, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tsuji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shiogama
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Shinya Kodashima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sakaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Keiko Niimi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ono
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Niwa
- Wakayama Medical University Hospital, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Ken Ohata
- NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0022, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matsuhashi
- NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 5-9-22 Higashi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0022, Japan
| | - Masao Ichinose
- Wakayama Medical University Hospital, 811-1, Kimiidera, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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22
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Zou L, Li W, Han J, Yang Y, Jin J, Xiao F, Xu X, Zhai Z. Identification of a low frequency missense mutation in MUC6 contributing to pulmonary artery hypertension by whole-exome sequencing. Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018794374. [PMID: 30047301 PMCID: PMC6104216 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018794374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) represents a progressive disease characterized by abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. Although mutations in the bone morphogenetic receptor 2 (BMPR2) are found in 80% of heritable, their low penetrance suggests that other unidentified genetic modifiers are required for this disease. In this report, whole-exome sequencing (WES) and a linkage analysis were performed on genomic DNA isolated from four affected relatives and one non-affected relative in two PAH families. By focusing on meaningful variants which were presented in the four affected family members, but not presented in the non-affected individual, 49 SNP and eight indel variants in 39 genes were identified as candidates. Further high-throughput multiplex genotyping and Sanger sequencing were carried out to confirm the putative causal mutations in 150 individuals (30 idiopathic PAH [IPAH] patients, 30 chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension [CTEPH] patients, and 90 normal controls). A heterozygous and deleterious mutation in the gene MUC6 (p.Pro1716Ser) was confirmed in the IPAH group (20/30, 67%) and CTEPH group (1/30, 3.33%); no variant was detected in the 90 normal controls. MUC6, which is short for mucin 6, encodes high molecular weight glycoprotein produced by many epithelial tissues and forms an insoluble mucous barrier that protects the lumens. We re-confirmed this low frequency mutation with the 1000 Genomes database across all species; no population or frequency data of this allele were acquired. We also found that this mutation site was highly conserved in different species and predicted MUC6 has the protection function of the airway and pneumoangiogram based on genomic sequence data. The compound heterozygous MUC6 gene mutation (p.Pro1716Ser) suggests a novel disease mechanism leading to PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Zou
- 1 The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenqing Li
- 1 The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jingli Han
- 1 The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yuanhua Yang
- 2 Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Junhua Jin
- 1 The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Xiao
- 1 The MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaomao Xu
- 3 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenguo Zhai
- 4 Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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23
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Balázs A, Balla Z, Kui B, Maléth J, Rakonczay Z, Duerr J, Zhou-Suckow Z, Schatterny J, Sendler M, Mayerle J, Kühn JP, Tiszlavicz L, Mall MA, Hegyi P. Ductal Mucus Obstruction and Reduced Fluid Secretion Are Early Defects in Chronic Pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:632. [PMID: 29896115 PMCID: PMC5987707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Defective mucus production in the pancreas may be an important factor in the initiation and progression of chronic pancreatitis (CP), therefore we aimed to (i) investigate the qualitative and quantitative changes of mucus both in human CP and in an experimental pancreatitis model and (ii) to correlate the mucus phenotype with epithelial ion transport function. Design: Utilizing human tissue samples and a murine model of cerulein induced CP we measured pancreatic ductal mucus content by morphometric analysis and the relative expression of different mucins in health and disease. Pancreatic fluid secretion in CP model was measured in vivo by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and in vitro on cultured pancreatic ducts. Time-changes of ductal secretory function were correlated to those of the mucin production. Results: We demonstrate increased mucus content in the small pancreatic ducts in CP. Secretory mucins MUC6 and MUC5B were upregulated in human, Muc6 in mouse CP. In vivo and in vitro fluid secretion was decreased in cerulein-induced CP. Analysis of time-course changes showed that impaired ductal ion transport is paralleled by increased Muc6 expression. Conclusion: Mucus accumulation in the small ducts is a combined effect of mucus hypersecretion and epithelial fluid secretion defect, which may lead to ductal obstruction. These results suggest that imbalance of mucus homeostasis may have an important role in the early-phase development of CP, which may have novel diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Balázs
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zsolt Balla
- MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithel Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kui
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - József Maléth
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Momentum Epithel Cell Signalling and Secretion Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Rakonczay
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Julia Duerr
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhe Zhou-Suckow
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jolanthe Schatterny
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Internal Medicine A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens-P Kühn
- Institute of Radiology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Marcus A Mall
- Department of Translational Pulmonology, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegyi
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, First Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Szeged, Hungary
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24
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Ringot-Destrez B, D'Alessandro Z, Lacroix JM, Mercier-Bonin M, Léonard R, Robbe-Masselot C. A Sensitive and Rapid Method to Determin the Adhesion Capacity of Probiotics and Pathogenic Microorganisms to Human Gastrointestinal Mucins. Microorganisms 2018; 6:E49. [PMID: 29844291 PMCID: PMC6027390 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms6020049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus is the habitat for the microorganisms, bacteria and yeast that form the commensal flora. Mucins, the main macromolecules of mucus, and more specifically, the glycans that cover them, play essential roles in microbial gastrointestinal colonization. Probiotics and pathogens must also colonize mucus to have lasting positive or deleterious effects. The question of which mucin-harboured glycan motifs favour the adhesion of specific microorganisms remains very poorly studied. In the current study, a simple test based on the detection of fluorescent-labeled microorganisms raised against microgram amounts of mucins spotted on nitrocellulose was developed. The adhesion of various probiotic, commensal and pathogenic microorganisms was evaluated on a panel of human purified gastrointestinal mucins and compared with that of commercially available pig gastric mucins (PGM) and of mucins secreted by the colonic cancer cell line HT29-MTX. The latter two proved to be very poor indicators of adhesion capacity on intestinal mucins. Our results show that the nature of the sialylated cores of O-glycans, determined by MALDI MS-MS analysis, potentially enables sialic acid residues to modulate the adhesion of microorganisms either positively or negatively. Other identified factors affecting the adhesion propensity were O-glycan core types and the presence of blood group motifs. This test should help to select probiotics with enhanced adhesion capabilities as well as deciphering the role of specific mucin glycotopes on microbial adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bélinda Ringot-Destrez
- Univ.lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Zéa D'Alessandro
- Univ.lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Univ.lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Muriel Mercier-Bonin
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Renaud Léonard
- Univ.lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F59000 Lille, France.
| | - Catherine Robbe-Masselot
- Univ.lille, CNRS, UMR8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F59000 Lille, France.
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Campus CNRS de la Haute Borne, 50 avenue de Halley, 59658 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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25
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Probiotic supplementation affects the glycan composition of mucins secreted by Brunner's glands of the pig duodenum. Ann Anat 2018; 218:236-242. [PMID: 29730471 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a dietary probiotic blend on the carbohydrate composition of mucins secreted by the Brunner's glands in the duodenum of growing-finishing pigs was investigated by means of conventional (periodic acid-Schiff, Alcian Blue pH 2.5, high iron diamine staining) and lectin (15 lectins) histochemistry. Pigs were assigned to two dietary treatments: a control basal diet without the probiotic blend (No-Pro) and a test diet that included the probiotic blend (Pro). Duodenal tissue fragments were fixed in 4% phosphate-buffered-saline-buffered paraformaldehyde, dehydrated through a graded alcohol series, and embedded in paraffin wax. The secretory cells of the Brunner's glands from No-Pro pigs primarily produced neutral glycoproteins and a small amount of acidic non-sulphated mucins. This glycan pattern was opposite that of the Brunner's glands from Pro animals. A comparison of lectin-binding profiles of the secretory cells of Brunner's glands in these two groups showed that in Pro pigs, there was (i) a decrease in N-linked glycans containing α1,2-linked fucose (Con A, UEA I); (ii) a loss of complex types of N-glycans (PHA-L, PHA-E) terminating with lactosamine (RCA120), α1,6- and α1,3-linked fucose (LTA), and α-galactose (GSA I-B4), as well as of O-glycans with terminal Galβ1,3GalNAc (PNA); and (iii) an increase in O-glycans containing GalNAc HPA. No-Pro and Pro samples showed no change in the expression of α2,6 sialoglycans and terminal GlcNAc residues and no affinity for MAL II, DBA, and SBA. These results indicate that probiotic supplementation affects the glycan composition of mucins produced in the Brunner's glands of growing-finishing pigs. These changes could effectively act on the gastrointestinal function and health status of these animals because the probiotic blend induced higher growth performance and meat quality in the test probiotic group than it did in the control basal diet group (Tufarelli et al., 2017).
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26
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Kowalska M, Rupik W. Development of the duct system during exocrine pancreas differentiation in the grass snakeNatrix natrix(Lepidosauria, Serpentes). J Morphol 2018; 279:724-746. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology; University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
| | - Weronika Rupik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology; University of Silesia; Katowice Poland
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Garg K, Karnezis AN, Rabban JT. Uncommon hereditary gynaecological tumour syndromes: pathological features in tumours that may predict risk for a germline mutation. Pathology 2018; 50:238-256. [PMID: 29373116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The most common hereditary gynaecological tumour syndromes are hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome and Lynch syndrome. However, pathologists also may encounter gynaecological tumours in women with rare hereditary syndromes. Many of these tumours exhibit distinctive gross and microscopic features that are associated with a risk for an inherited gene mutation. The sensitivity and specificity of these tumour pathology features for predicting an inherited mutation vary depending on the syndrome. By recognising these tumour features, pathologists may potentially contribute to the diagnosis of an unsuspected syndrome by recommending referral of the patient for formal risk assessment by genetic counselling. Patients additionally benefit from diagnosis of an inherited syndrome because many also carry a lifetime risk for developing primary malignancies outside of the gynaecological tract. Early diagnosis of an inherited syndrome permits early screening, detection, and management of additional malignancies associated with the syndrome. This review highlights these rare syndromes and their tumour pathology, including Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (gastric type mucinous carcinoma of the cervix; ovarian sex cord tumour with annular tubules); hereditary leiomyoma renal cell carcinoma syndrome (uterine leiomyoma); tuberous sclerosis complex (uterine PEComa; uterine lymphangioleiomyomatosis); DICER1 syndrome (ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumour; cervical embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma); rhabdoid tumour predisposition syndrome 2 (small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcaemic type); Cowden syndrome (endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma); naevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (ovarian fibroma); and Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (clear cell papillary cystadenoma of the broad ligament).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Garg
- University of California San Francisco, Pathology Department, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Anthony N Karnezis
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Joseph T Rabban
- University of California San Francisco, Pathology Department, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Leal J, Smyth HDC, Ghosh D. Physicochemical properties of mucus and their impact on transmucosal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:555-572. [PMID: 28917986 PMCID: PMC5744044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucus is a selective barrier to particles and molecules, preventing penetration to the epithelial surface of mucosal tissues. Significant advances in transmucosal drug delivery have recently been made and have emphasized that an understanding of the basic structure, viscoelastic properties, and interactions of mucus is of great value in the design of efficient drug delivery systems. Mucins, the primary non-aqueous component of mucus, are polymers carrying a complex and heterogeneous structure with domains that undergo a variety of molecular interactions, such as hydrophilic/hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions. These properties are directly relevant to the numerous mucin-associated diseases, as well as delivering drugs across the mucus barrier. Therefore, in this review we discuss regional differences in mucus composition, mucus physicochemical properties, such as pore size, viscoelasticity, pH, and ionic strength. These factors are also discussed with respect to changes in mucus properties as a function of disease state. Collectively, the review seeks to provide a state of the art roadmap for researchers who must contend with this critical barrier to drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmim Leal
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Debadyuti Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2409 University Ave., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Abstract
Foamy gland (FG) change is a distinctive morphological alteration most widely recognised in adenocarcinomas of the prostate and pancreas, and characterised by cells showing prominent cytoplasmic microvacuolation often with deceptively bland nuclear appearances. To our knowledge, FG alteration has not been described in endocervical neoplasia. We report four patients with gastric-type endocervical neoplasms (3 invasive and 1 in situ) in which FG change was present in 30-80% of the tumour cells. The mean age was 56.5 years (range 45-66 years) and three patients, one of whom also had post-coital bleeding, had atypical glandular cells detected on cervical cytology. Three cases showed a pure gastric phenotype and benign gastric-type changes including pyloric metaplasia, tunnel clusters and/or lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia were also present. These cases were MUC6 positive and p16 negative on immunohistochemistry while HPV was not detected. One adenocarcinoma showed a mixed histological pattern including usual-type endocervical carcinoma and gastric-type adenocarcinoma: only the latter component expressed MUC6 and this case was p16 and HPV18 positive. This report expands the morphological spectrum exhibited by gastric-type endocervical lesions and the range of anatomical sites in which neoplasms with FG features may be encountered.
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Paleri V, Pearson JP, Bulmer D, Jeannon JP, Wight RG, Wilson JA. Expression Of Mucin Gene Products in Laryngeal Squamous Cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 131:84-8. [PMID: 15243562 DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2003.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Mucins are high-molecular-weight glycoproteins present at the outer surface of mammalian cells. The objective of this study was to examine the expression of mucin (MUC) genes 3, 4, 5AC, 5B, 6, and 7 in early and late laryngeal squamous cancer using the in situ hybridization technique. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of pathological archive specimens. RESULTS: While MUC 3 and 7 are expressed in a small proportion of early cancers, MUC 5AC, 5B, and 6 are not expressed in laryngeal squamous cancer. MUC 4 was expressed in 13 of the 30 patients. Ten patients and 3 patients with stage 1 and stage 4 disease respectively expressed MUC 4 gene (Fisher's exact, P = 0.02). MUC 4-positive patients had a definite trend towards better survival (log rank test, P = 0.05). In the presence of tumor stage and comorbidity grade, Cox's proportional hazards model failed to statistically confirm the survival advantage provided by MUC 4 gene expression. CONCLUSION: There is a survival advantage for patients with advanced-stage nonmetastatic cancer when the MUC 4 gene is expressed.AIMS: To study the expression of mucin (MUC) genes 3, 4, 5AC, 5B, 6, and 7 in early and advanced squamous cell cancer of the larynx; to attempt to correlate changes in gene expression with tumor stage by studying stage I and stage IV (AJCC, 1988) tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinidh Paleri
- University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
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Bou Zgheib N, Marchion DC, Bush SH, Judson PL, Wenham RM, Apte SM, Lancaster JM, Gonzalez-Bosquet J. Molecular determinants for lymph node metastasis in clinically early-stage endometrial cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:323-329. [PMID: 26870211 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with occult lymph node metastasis in endometrioid-type endometrial cancer (EC) are prone to the development of recurrences and have worse outcomes compared with patients without lymph node metastasis. In the current study, the aim was to identify molecular parameters associated with lymph node metastasis in EC clinically early-stage disease. A univariate analysis of differentially expressed genes, proteins and clinicopathological parameters (including myometrial invasion and tumor grade) was performed, comparing EC patients with and without lymph node metastasis (n=262 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas). Significant parameters were introduced in a multivariate model and a gene expression pathway analysis. Lymph node metastasis was associated with expression of 268 unique genes (P<0.001), 19 unique proteins (P<0.05), tumor grade and myometrial invasion in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis demonstrated 10 genes independently associated with lymph node metastasis and 4 independently associated proteins. Myometrial invasion was the only independent clinicopathological parameter associated with lymph node status. The enrichment pathway analysis demonstrated that expression of epidermal growth factor receptor, Bcl2 antagonist of cell death and phosphatase and tensin homolog pathways were significantly involved in lymph node metastasis (P≤0.001). A gene expression signature to predict lymph node status in EC was created for future validation. Few studies have focused on the association between EC's molecular characteristics and nodal metastasis. Defining molecular risk factors for EC lymphatic nodal metastasis may help to individualize treatment and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Bou Zgheib
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Douglas C Marchion
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Stephen H Bush
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Patricia L Judson
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert M Wenham
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sachin M Apte
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Johnathan M Lancaster
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Chemical Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Jesus Gonzalez-Bosquet
- Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics, Iowa, IA 52242, USA
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Scillitani G, Mentino D. Comparative glycopattern analysis of mucins in the Brunner's glands of the guinea-pig and the house mouse (Rodentia). Acta Histochem 2015; 117:612-23. [PMID: 26105998 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mucins secreted by the Brunner's glands and the duodenal goblet cells of the Guinea-pig and the house mouse were compared by conventional and FITC-conjugated lectin histochemistry. Methylation/saponification and sialidase digestion were performed prior to lectin binding to detect the residues subterminal to sulfated groups and sialic acid, respectively. In the Guinea-pig the Brunner's glands produce class-III stable sulfosialomucins. Sialic acid is mostly 2,6-linked to galactose or to N-acetylgalactosamine and is in part O-acetylated in C7, C8, and C9. Sulfated groups are probably linked to sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine. Terminal residuals of N-acetylglucosamine, galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine and fucose linked in α1,2, α1,3, and α1,4 are also present. Duodenal goblet cells of the Guinea-pig present a lower number of residuals in respect to the Brunner's glandular ones, with sialic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine subterminal to sulfated groups. In the house mouse the Brunner's glands produce class-III stable neutral mucins, binding to same lectins as in the Guinea-pig except for those specific to sialic acid. A diversity of fucosylated residuals higher than in the Guinea-pig is observed. The mouse duodenal goblet cells lack stable class-III mucins, have little sialic acid and present a lower number of residuals in respect to the correspondent Brunner's glands. Regulation of the acidic intestinal microenvironment, prevention of pathologies and hosting of microflora can explain the observed results and the differences observed between the two rodents.
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Exploring the role and diversity of mucins in health and disease with special insight into non-communicable diseases. Glycoconj J 2015; 32:575-613. [PMID: 26239922 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-015-9606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mucins are major glycoprotein components of the mucus that coats the surfaces of cells lining the respiratory, digestive, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. They function to protect epithelial cells from infection, dehydration and physical or chemical injury, as well as to aid the passage of materials through a tract i.e., lubrication. They are also implicated in the pathogenesis of benign and malignant diseases of secretory epithelial cells. In Human there are two types of mucins, membrane-bound and secreted that are originated from mucous producing goblet cells localized in the epithelial cell layer or in mucous producing glands and encoded by MUC gene. Mucins belong to a heterogeneous family of high molecular weight proteins composed of a long peptidic chain with a large number of tandem repeats that form the so-called mucin domain. The molecular weight is generally high, ranging between 0.2 and 10 million Dalton and all mucins contain one or more domains which are highly glycosylated. The size and number of repeats vary between mucins and the genetic polymorphism represents number of repeats (VNTR polymorphisms), which means the size of individual mucins can differ substantially between individuals which can be used as markers. In human it is only MUC1 and MUC7 that have mucin domains with less than 40% serine and threonine which in turn could reduce number of PTS domains. Mucins can be considered as powerful two-edged sword, as its normal function protects from unwanted substances and organisms at an arm's length while, malfunction of mucus may be an important factor in human diseases. In this review we have unearthed the current status of different mucin proteins in understanding its role and function in various non-communicable diseases in human with special reference to its organ specific locations. The findings described in this review may be of direct relevance to the major research area in biomedicine with reference to mucin and mucin associated diseases.
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Tsai JH, Lin YL, Cheng YC, Chen CC, Lin LI, Tseng LH, Cheng ML, Liau JY, Jeng YM. Aberrant expression of annexin A10 is closely related to gastric phenotype in serrated pathway to colorectal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:268-78. [PMID: 25081749 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2014.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A10 (ANXA10) is a member of the ANX family that is normally expressed in gastric mucosa. ANXA10 was recently observed to be upregulated in sessile serrated adenoma, a precursor to microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer. We investigated the use of ANXA10 in diagnosing colorectal carcinoma. In an immunohistochemical analysis, the intensity and quantity of ANXA10, MUC5AC, MUC6 and CDX2 in 123 colorectal carcinomas were graded. We determined the molecular status of BRAF and KRAS mutations, as well as the microsatellite instability status and the CpG island methylator phenotype in all colorectal carcinomas, and subcategorized into four molecular subgroups according to the molecular derangements. Nuclear ANXA10 staining was present in 36 colorectal carcinomas, exhibiting a strong significant association with the BRAF mutation status (P<0.0001) and positive CpG island methylator phenotype (P<0.0001), and a borderline significant association with high levels of microsatellite instability (P=0.072). The ANXA10-positive colorectal carcinomas were frequently positive for MUC5AC and MUC6, and were associated with absent or reduced CDX2 expression (all P<0.0001). According to a classification and regression tree analysis, ANXA10 is a superior marker for the molecular subtyping of colorectal carcinomas and represents a specific marker for colorectal cancers of the serrated pathway. Our results indicated that ANXA10 expression is implicated in gastric programming in serrated-pathway-associated colorectal carcinoma. ANXA10-positive colorectal carcinoma is highly associated with the molecular features of the serrated neoplasia pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huei Tsai
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Lin
- 1] Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chuan Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-In Lin
- 1] Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hui Tseng
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Cheng
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yu Liau
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- 1] Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan [2] Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hanson JA, Salem RR, Mitchell KA. Squamoid cyst of pancreatic ducts: a case series describing novel immunohistochemistry, cytology, and quantitative cyst fluid chemistry. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:270-3. [PMID: 24476523 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0667-cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Squamoid cyst of pancreatic ducts (SCPD) is a benign pancreatic cyst often misdiagnosed preoperatively as a mucinous cyst. The histopathologic features are well described but the cytology and quantitative fluid chemistry profiles from fine-needle aspiration have not been reported. This case series discusses the cytology and cyst fluid chemistry profiles in 2 SCPDs and describes morphologic and immunohistochemical features that have not been previously reported. Fine-needle aspiration of 2 SCPDs yielded acellular debris lacking mucin or exfoliated squamous cells. Two cysts had elevated fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and amylase levels. Positive immunohistochemical staining included cytokeratin 5/6, pCEA, synaptophysin, and chromogranin (both focal). MUC2 and MUC5AC showed negativity in all cases, while PAX8 showed negative nuclear staining. An accurate preoperative diagnosis of SCPD is potentially difficult in the setting of elevated fluid CEA levels, and acellular cytology as a mucinous cyst cannot be confidently excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Anspach Hanson
- From the Departments of Pathology (Drs Hanson and Mitchell) and Surgical Oncology (Dr Salem), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Dr Hanson is now with the Department of Pathology at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Jabbar KS, Verbeke C, Hyltander AG, Sjövall H, Hansson GC, Sadik R. Proteomic mucin profiling for the identification of cystic precursors of pancreatic cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 106:djt439. [PMID: 24523528 PMCID: PMC3952201 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are increasingly frequent radiological incidentalomas, with a considerable proportion representing precursors of pancreatic cancer. Better diagnostic tools are required for patients to benefit from this development. METHODS To evaluate whether cyst fluid mucin expression could predict malignant potential and/or transformation in PCLs, a proteomic method was devised and prospectively evaluated in consecutive patients referred to our tertiary center for endoscopic ultrasound-guided aspiration of cystic lesions from May 2007 through November 2008 (discovery cohort) and from December 2008 through October 2012 (validation cohort). Cytology and cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA; premalignancy > 192 ng/mL, malignancy > 1000 ng/mL) were routinely analyzed, and samples were further processed as follows: one-dimensional gel electrophoresis, excision of high-mass areas, tryptic digestion and nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, with peptide identification by Mascot software and an in-house mucin database. All diagnostic evaluations were blinded to proteomics results. Histology was required to confirm the presence/absence of malignant transformation. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Proteomic mucin profiling proved statistically significantly more accurate (97.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 90.3% to 99.6%) than cytology (71.4%; 95% CI = 59.8% to 80.9%; P < .001) and cyst fluid CEA (78.0%; 95% CI = 65.0% to 87.3%; P < .001) in identifying the 37 (out of 79; 46.8%) lesions with malignant potential (ie, premalignant or malignant tumors). The accuracy of proteomics was nearly identical (96.6% vs 98.0%) between the discovery (n = 29) and validation (n = 50) cohorts. Furthermore, mucin profiling predicted malignant transformation, present in 16 out of 29 (discovery cohort: 9, validation cohort: 20) lesions with available histology, with 89.7% accuracy (95% CI = 71.5% to 97.3%) (for the validation cohort only: 95.0%; 95% CI = 73.1% to 99.7%). This markedly exceeded corresponding results for cytology (51.7%; 95% CI = 32.9% to 70.1%; P = .003) and CEA (57.1%; 95% CI = 34.4% to 77.4%; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Proteomic cyst fluid mucin profiling robustly discriminates benign, premalignant, and malignant PCLs. Consequently, it may improve pancreatic cancer prevention and reduce the morbidity burden of unwarranted pancreatic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina S Jabbar
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden (KSJ, GCH); Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (KSJ, HS, RS) and Department of Surgery (AGH), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (CV)
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Kato H, Tabata M, Azumi Y, Osawa I, Kishiwada M, Hamada T, Mizuno S, Usui M, Sakurai H, Isaji S. Proposal for a morphological classification of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPN-B). JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2013; 20:165-72. [PMID: 22426592 DOI: 10.1007/s00534-012-0513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We propose a morphological classification of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPN-B). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 16 patients with IPN-B who had undergone surgical resection was conducted. These 16 cases were classified into three types based on the primary lesion's anatomical location: branch duct type (6 cases), main duct type (5 cases) and mixed type (5 cases). In this paper we have analyzed the characteristics of IPN-B according to our new classification. RESULTS All branch duct type IPN-B was located in the left lobe and 5 of them were resected by left hepatectomy without extrahepatic bile duct resection (EBDR). On the other hand, all patients with main duct and mixed type IPN-B underwent EBDR in addition to hepatectomy or pancreatoduodenectomy. Microscopically, 2 of 6 patients with branch duct type IPN-B had no malignant component and, in the remaining 4 patients, cancer invasion was restricted to within the ductal wall. There were no cases of branch duct type IPN-B with lymph node metastasis and superficial intraductal tumor spread. In contrast, all patients with main duct and mixed duct type IPN-B had the malignant component. In all cases, lymph node metastasis was not observed, but superficial intraductal tumor spread was frequently found in extrahepatic bile duct lesions: 3 of main duct type and 3 of mixed type. Four patients with superficial intraductal spread had non-curative resection due to a cancer-positive ductal margin. Most patients with IPN-B obtained a good prognosis, but two patients with a cancer-positive ductal margin developed local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Our classification vividly reflects clinical and pathological characteristics of IPN-B and is useful to determine appropriate surgical strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kato
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic and Transplant Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
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Collaco AM, Jakab RL, Hoekstra NE, Mitchell KA, Brooks A, Ameen NA. Regulated traffic of anion transporters in mammalian Brunner's glands: a role for water and fluid transport. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G258-75. [PMID: 23744739 PMCID: PMC3742856 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00485.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Brunner's glands of the proximal duodenum exert barrier functions through secretion of glycoproteins and antimicrobial peptides. However, ion transporter localization, function, and regulation in the glands are less clear. Mapping the subcellular distribution of transporters is an important step toward elucidating trafficking mechanisms of fluid transport in the gland. The present study examined 1) changes in the distribution of intestinal anion transporters and the aquaporin 5 (AQP5) water channel in rat Brunner's glands following second messenger activation and 2) anion transporter distribution in Brunner's glands from healthy and disease-affected human tissues. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), AQP5, sodium-potassium-coupled chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), sodium-bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCe1), and the proton pump vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) were localized to distinct membrane domains and in endosomes at steady state. Carbachol and cAMP redistributed CFTR to the apical membrane. cAMP-dependent recruitment of CFTR to the apical membrane was accompanied by recruitment of AQP5 that was reversed by a PKA inhibitor. cAMP also induced apical trafficking of V-ATPase and redistribution of NKCC1 and NBCe1 to the basolateral membranes. The steady-state distribution of AQP5, CFTR, NBCe1, NKCC1, and V-ATPase in human Brunner's glands from healthy controls, cystic fibrosis, and celiac disease resembled that of rat; however, the distribution profiles were markedly attenuated in the disease-affected duodenum. These data support functional transport of chloride, bicarbonate, water, and protons by second messenger-regulated traffic in mammalian Brunner's glands under physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Collaco
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Robert L. Jakab
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Nadia E. Hoekstra
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;
| | - Kisha A. Mitchell
- 2Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Amos Brooks
- 2Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; ,3Department Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Abstract
Mucins--large, highly glycosylated proteins--are important for the luminal protection of the gastrointestinal tract. Enterocytes have their apical surface covered by transmembrane mucins and goblet cells produce the secreted gel-forming mucins that form mucus. The small intestine has a single unattached mucus layer, which in cystic fibrosis becomes attached, accounting for the intestinal manifestations of this disease. The stomach and colon have two layers of mucus; the inner layer is attached and the outer layer is less dense and unattached. In the colon, the outer mucus layer is the habitat for commensal bacteria. The inner mucus layer is impervious to bacteria and is renewed every hour by surface goblet cells. The crypt goblet cells have the ability to restitute the mucus layer by secretion, for example after an ischaemic challenge. Proteases of certain parasites and some bacteria can cleave mucins and dissolve the mucus as part of their pathogenicity. The inner mucus layer can, however, also become penetrable to bacteria by several other mechanisms, including aberrations in the immune system. When bacteria reach the epithelial surface, the immune system is activated and inflammation is triggered. This mechanism might occur in some types of ulcerative colitis.
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Abstract
Although most tumors of the bile ducts are predominantly invasive, some have an exophytic pattern within the bile ducts; these intraductal papillary neoplasms usually have well-formed papillae at the microscopic level. In this study, however, we describe a novel type of intraductal neoplasm of the bile ducts with a predominantly tubular growth pattern and other distinctive features. Ten cases of biliary intraductal neoplasms with a predominantly tubular architecture were identified in the files of the Pathology Department at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center from 1983 to 2006. For each of these cases we studied the clinical presentation, histologic and immunohistochemical features (9 cases only), and the clinical follow-up of the patients. Three male and 7 female patients (38 to 78 y) presented with obstructive jaundice or abdominal pain. Eight of the patients underwent a partial hepatectomy; 2 underwent a laparoscopic bile duct excision, followed by a pancreatoduodenectomy in one of them. The tumors range in size from 0.6 to 8.0 cm. The intraductal portions of the tumors (8 intrahepatic, 1 extrahepatic hilar, 1 common bile duct) were densely cellular and composed of back-to-back tubular glands and solid sheets with minimal papillary architecture. The cells were cuboidal to columnar with mild to moderate cytologic atypia. Foci of necrosis were present in the intraductal component in 6 cases. An extraductal invasive carcinoma component was present in 7 cases, composing <25% of the tumor in 4 cases, and >75% in 1 case. It was observed by immunohistochemical analysis that the tumor cells expressed CK19, CA19-9, MUC1, and MUC6 in most cases and that SMAD4 expression was retained. MUC2, MUC5AC, HepPar1, synaptophysin, chromogranin, p53, and CA125 were negative in all cases and most were negative for CEA-M and B72.3. Four patients were free of tumor recurrence after 7 to 85 months (average, 27 mo). Four patients with an invasive carcinoma component suffered metastases, 1 after local intraductal recurrence. However, the occurrence of metastasis in 3 of these patients was quite late (average, 52 mo). Intraductal tubular neoplasm of the bile ducts is a biliary intraductal neoplasm with a distinctive histologic pattern resembling the recently described intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. Immunohistochemical features are similar to those of other pancreatobiliary-type carcinomas. However, this tumor may be hard to recognize as intraductal because of its complex architecture. When the tumor is entirely intraductal, the outcome appears to be favorable, but metastases can occur when invasive carcinoma is present, even after many years.
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Nakanishi Y, Nakanuma Y, Ohara M, Iwao T, Kimura N, Ishidate T, Kijima H. Intraductal papillary neoplasm arising from peribiliary glands connecting with the inferior branch of the bile duct of the anterior segment of the liver. Pathol Int 2012; 61:773-7. [PMID: 22126388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2011.02738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary neoplasms of the bile duct are generally thought to arise from neoplastic papillary proliferation of epithelial cells lining the bile duct. We herein report a case with findings that strongly suggested that the biliary cystic tumor might have derived from a peribiliary gland. A 69-year-old female was found to have a cystic lesion with intracystic protrusions at the anterior segment of the right hepatic lobe and underwent hepatic anterior segment resection. Fluoroscopy of the resected specimen injected with contrast medium into the cyst revealed a connection between the cystic lesion and the bile ducts. The cyst was multilocular in appearance. On microscopic examination, the cyst was located within the portal tract of the inferior branch of the anterior segment and connected with the inferior branch of the bile duct. The wall of the hepatic cyst lacked an ovarian-like stroma. The tumor was composed of papillary and glandular components, and the tumor cells were similar to gastric foveolar and pyloric gland epithelia and regarded as adenoma. These tumor cells were positive for MUC 5AC, MUC6, and HIK1083. The tumor was finally diagnosed as an intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (adenoma, gastric type) arising from a peribiliary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Nakanishi
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization, Hakodate Hospital, Hakodate, Japan.
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43
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Sheng YH, Hasnain SZ, Florin THJ, McGuckin MA. Mucins in inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27:28-38. [PMID: 21913981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.06909.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is protected by a mucus barrier with both secreted and cell-surface mucins contributing to the exclusion of luminal microbes and toxins. Alterations in the structure and/or quantity of mucins alter the barrier function of mucus and could play roles in initiating and maintaining mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and in driving cancer development in the intestine. The aim of this review is to focus on the roles of the mucins in IBD. The polymorphisms of mucin genes that have been associated with susceptibility to IBD, and alterations in mucin expression as well as factors that regulate production of the mucins in IBD, are summarized. Data from animal models of intestinal inflammation, which support the importance of mucins in IBD and cancer development, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong H Sheng
- Immunity, Infection and Inflammation Program, Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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44
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Lactobacillus adhesion to mucus. Nutrients 2011; 3:613-36. [PMID: 22254114 PMCID: PMC3257693 DOI: 10.3390/nu3050613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucus provides protective functions in the gastrointestinal tract and plays an important role in the adhesion of microorganisms to host surfaces. Mucin glycoproteins polymerize, forming a framework to which certain microbial populations can adhere, including probiotic Lactobacillus species. Numerous mechanisms for adhesion to mucus have been discovered in lactobacilli, including partially characterized mucus binding proteins. These mechanisms vary in importance with the in vitro models studied, which could significantly affect the perceived probiotic potential of the organisms. Understanding the nature of mucus-microbe interactions could be the key to elucidating the mechanisms of probiotic adhesion within the host.
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45
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Yamada N, Kitamoto S, Yokoyama S, Hamada T, Goto M, Tsutsumida H, Higashi M, Yonezawa S. Epigenetic regulation of mucin genes in human cancers. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:85-96. [PMID: 22704331 PMCID: PMC3365379 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0037-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucins are high molecular weight glycoproteins that play important roles in diagnostic and prognostic prediction and in carcinogenesis and tumor invasion. Regulation of expression of mucin genes has been studied extensively, and signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic modification in promoter regions have been described. Detection of the epigenetic status of cancer-related mucin genes is important for early diagnosis of cancer and for monitoring of tumor behavior and response to targeted therapy. Effects of micro-RNAs on mucin gene expression have also started to emerge. In this review, we discuss the current views on epigenetic mechanisms of regulation of mucin genes (MUC1, MUC2, MUC3A, MUC4, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, MUC16, and MUC17) and the possible clinical applications of this epigenetic information.
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46
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Ota H, Harada O, Uehara T, Hayama M, Ishii K. Aberrant expression of TFF1, TFF2, and PDX1 and their diagnostic value in lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:253-61. [PMID: 21228366 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpqmao3pw4ogof] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a distinct benign glandular lesion expressing gastric gland mucous cell-type mucin (N-acetylglucosaminα1 → 4galactose → R [GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R]). To investigate histogenesis and diagnostic markers of LEGH, we examined the immunohistochemical expression profile of gastric surface mucous cell (MUC5AC and TFF1), gastric gland mucous cell (MUC6, TFF2, and GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R), gastric pyloric epithelial cell (PDX1), and endocervical cell (keratan sulfate) markers in normal endocervix samples and benign glandular lesions (nabothian cysts, tunnel clusters, and LEGHs). MUC5AC and MUC6 were expressed in normal endocervical mucosa and benign glandular lesions. TFF1, TFF2, GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R, and PDX1 were expressed only in LEGH. Keratan sulfate was expressed in normal endocervical mucosa and benign glandular lesions. In LEGH, gastric surface mucous cell and gastric gland mucous cell differentiation were demonstrated, and transdifferentiation from endocervical mucosa into gastric pyloric mucosa was suggested. In addition to GlcNAcα1 → 4Gal → R, TFF1, TFF2, and PDX1 are additional useful markers for LEGH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyoshi Ota
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Oi Harada
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uehara
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Hayama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Ishii
- Department of Pathology, Okaya Municipal Hospital, Okaya, Japan
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Chakraborty S, Bonthu N, Swanson BJ, Batra SK. Role of mucins in the skin during benign and malignant conditions. Cancer Lett 2010; 301:127-41. [PMID: 21146919 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin-related diseases comprise a major health challenge to the practicing physician, and constitute a significant psychological, social and financial burden to the society. Further, skin cancer, especially non-melanoma skin cancer is currently the leading type of malignancy in the Western world. Given the huge burden of skin diseases, there is growing emphasis on understanding their pathophysiology, and towards their early detection. Mucins are high-molecular weight O- and N-linked glycoproteins that have emerged in recent years as important molecules in maintaining health and in promoting or protecting against inflammation and cancer. They have also begun to emerge as highly specific diagnostic and prognostic markers and novel therapeutic targets in several malignant disorders. However, their role in cutaneous pathologies has remained largely obscured. The present review provides the expression patterns and proposed role of mucins in the healthy skin and various benign and malignant skin diseases. The review has immense clinical significance as the availability of highly specific reagents including monoclonal antibodies against mucins makes them extremely attractive targets for specific diagnosis and/or immunotherapy of benign and malignant cutaneous diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhankar Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
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48
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Pancreatic lymphoepithelial cysts express CEA and can contain mucous cells: potential pitfalls in the preoperative diagnosis. Mod Pathol 2010; 23:1467-76. [PMID: 20802468 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic lymphoepithelial cysts are rare benign cysts that cannot be reliably differentiated from neoplastic mucinous cysts preoperatively. Although elevated cyst fluid carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels support a diagnosis of a mucinous cyst, the finding of increased CEA levels in lymphoepithelial cysts prompted this study. Nine resected lymphoepithelial cysts were examined for expression of CEA, carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, CK7, p63, PAS-D and a panel of mucins. The pathology data were correlated with clinical information, including serum, cyst fluid and imaging studies. By computed tomography scan, although most lymphoepithelial cysts appeared cystic, 23% were described as masses. The endoscopic ultrasound findings were variable, but the lymphoepithelial cysts tended to be hypoechoic cystic lesions or masses. On cytology, 44% of the cysts had squamous cells, 67% had glandular cells and 56% had atypical cells. The cysts were resected because of size ≥3 cm (89%), symptoms (44%) and/or elevated cyst fluid CEA levels (33%). The cyst fluid CEA levels in the three cysts tested were >450 ng/ml. Histopathologically, all cysts were lined by mature, stratified squamous-type cells and produced keratin. Mucous cells were present in 78% of the cysts. The immunohistochemical profile of the squamous lining was CK7+, p63+, MUC1+, MUC4+, MUC2-, MUC5AC- and MUC6-. Even though lymphoepithelial cysts are lined by squamous-type epithelium, all our resected lymphoepithelial cysts expressed CEA and/or CA19-9, many contained mucous cells, and three exhibited markedly elevated cyst fluid CEA levels. Although cyst fluid CEA levels >200 ng/ml support the diagnosis of mucinous neoplasms, this study emphasizes the need for clinicians and pathologists to recognize that lymphoepithelial cysts can mimic neoplastic mucinous cysts clinically, radiographically and on cyst fluid CEA analysis.
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49
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Kwon JA, Lee SY, Ahn EK, Seol SY, Kim MC, Kim SJ, Kim SI, Chu IS, Leem SH. Short rare MUC6 minisatellites-5 alleles influence susceptibility to gastric carcinoma by regulating gene. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:942-9. [PMID: 20506113 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human MUC6 gene, which is reported to be expressed in the stomach and gall bladder, is clustered on chromosome 11p15.5 with other secreted mucins. In this study, the genomic structure of MUC6 has been analyzed and five VNTR (minisatellites; MS1-MS5) were identified. These minisatellites were analyzed in genomic DNA extracted from 1,103 controls, 470 gastric cancer patients, and multigenerational families. Five novel minisatellites were found to be polymorphic and transmitted through meiosis by Mendelian inheritance in families. We evaluated allelic variation in these minisatellites to determine if such variation affected the susceptibility to gastric cancer. A significant association (odds ratio [OR]=7.08) between short rare MUC6-MS5 alleles and relative risks were observed for gastric cancer (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43-35.19; P=0.005). To investigate the function of minisatellite alleles of MUC6-MS5, we examined the effects on gene expression from luciferase reporters when inserted with minisatellites. Interestingly, when the shortest allele (7TR) was inserted in the promoter, the expression level decreased over 20-fold (P<0.001) in normal and cancer cell lines. Furthermore, the cancer-specific rare allele (TR8) also showed decreased expression levels in cancer cells. Therefore, we suggest that the short rare MUC6-MS5 alleles may be related to cancer development by the regulation of MUC6 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ah Kwon
- Department of Biology and Biomedical Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
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50
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An immunohistochemical profile of the so-called bile duct adenoma: clues to pathogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:1312-8. [PMID: 20679879 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181ead722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The so-called bile duct adenoma and peribiliary glands are characterized by the expression of two foregut antigens (designated D10 and 1F6) and secretion of acid mucin. On account of this similarity in phenotype and their frequent close association with a large caliber bile duct, it was earlier suggested that bile duct adenoma represent a peribiliary gland hamartoma. Here, we compare the expression of 13 tissue antigens in bile duct adenomas, other benign bile duct lesions, and various foregut-derived tissues, to further investigate the bile duct adenoma phenotype and pathogenesis. Antibodies to 4 intestinal mucins, 3 cytokeratins, and CDX2, were not informative. Five foregut antigens (D10, 1F6, MUC6, MUC5AC, and TFF2) and secretion of acid mucin were of use in distinguishing bile duct adenoma from other hepatic lesions. 1F6 and MUC6 were normally present in bile ductules and canals of Hering, whereas the epithelium lining the larger bile ducts stained focally for D10, MUC5AC, MUC6, or TFF2 in, respectively, 21%, 36%, 43%, and 100% of the livers examined. Thirty-six bile duct adenomas examined were distinguished by expression of MUC6 (94% of bile duct adenoma), MUC5AC (90%), TFF2 (80%), D10 (67%), and 1F6 (61%), and varying degrees of acid mucin secretion (100%). Of 30 bile duct adenoma tested for all 5 antigens, 40% expressed all 5, 27% expressed 4, 17% expressed 3, 13% expressed 2, and 1 expressed only MUC6. Peribiliary glands invariably expressed D10, 1F6, MUC6, and TFF2, and showed acid mucin secretion, with MUC5AC present in the inflamed peribiliary glands of 3/4 livers with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis, but none of the glands of the other 23 normal or diseased livers tested. The acini of pyloric gland metaplasia in gallbladder and terminal ileum also stained for D10, 1F6, MUC6, and TFF2, with MUC5AC focally present in the gastric foveolar metaplasia overlying the pyloric gland metaplasia but not in the metaplastic glands. MUC6 was expressed in 92% of ductular reactions, 1F6 in 42%, and D10 in 25%. Focal expression of MUC6, or TFF2 was observed in 1 or 2 examples of 14 von Meyenburg complexes and 6 polycystic livers, with staining for acid mucin generally obvious only in the glycocalyx of the epithelium of these two types of lesions. The distinguishing feature of so-called bile duct adenoma is their display of the same phenotype as pyloric gland metaplasia. It is concluded that they develop as a localized biliary healing response equivalent to the function of a peribiliary gland or pyloric gland metaplasia in the foregut.
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