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Yang Y, Sheng J, Hu S, Cui Y, Xiao J, Yu W, Peng J, Han W, He Q, Fan Y, Niu Y, Lin J, Tian Y, Chang C, Yeh S, Jin J. Estrogen and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor accelerate the progression of benign prostatic hyperplasia by inducing prostatic fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:533. [PMID: 35672281 PMCID: PMC9174491 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common and progressive urological disease in elderly men worldwide. Epidemiological studies have suggested that the speed of disease progression varies among individuals, while the pathophysiological mechanisms of accelerated clinical progression in some BPH patients remain to be elucidated. In this study, we defined patients with BPH as belonging to the accelerated progressive group (transurethral resection of the prostate [TURP] surgery at ≤50 years old), normal-speed progressive group (TURP surgery at ≥70 years old), or non-progressive group (age ≤50 years old without BPH-related surgery). We enrolled prostate specimens from the three groups of patients and compared these tissues to determine the histopathological characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying BPH patients with accelerated progression. We found that the main histopathological characteristics of accelerated progressive BPH tissues were increased stromal components and prostatic fibrosis, which were accompanied by higher myofibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition. Mechanism dissection demonstrated that these accelerated progressive BPH tissues have higher expression of the CYP19 and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) with higher estrogen biosynthesis. Estrogen functions via GPER/Gαi signaling to modulate the EGFR/ERK and HIF-1α/TGF-β1 signaling to increase prostatic stromal cell proliferation and prostatic stromal fibrosis. The increased stromal components and prostatic fibrosis may accelerate the clinical progression of BPH. Targeting this newly identified CYP19/estrogen/GPER/Gαi signaling axis may facilitate the development of novel personalized therapeutics to better suppress the progression of BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Jindong Sheng
- grid.411918.40000 0004 1798 6427Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Tianjin’s Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Cui
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100020 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Peng
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenke Han
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Qun He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211 Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Lin
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Ye Tian
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XDepartment of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- grid.265021.20000 0000 9792 1228Chawnshang Chang Sex Hormone Research Center, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, 300211 Tianjin, China ,grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- grid.412750.50000 0004 1936 9166George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Jie Jin
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, 100034 Beijing, China ,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urogenital diseases (male) molecular diagnosis and treatment center, Beijing, China
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Choi YJ, Fan M, Tang Y, Iwasa M, Han KI, Lee H, Hwang JY, Lee B, Kim EK. Heat-Killed and Live Enterococcus faecalis Attenuates Enlarged Prostate in an Animal Model of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1134-1143. [PMID: 34226410 PMCID: PMC9705861 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2102.02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and live E. faecalis on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The BPH rat model was established by administering male rats with testosterone propionate (TP, 5 mg/kg, in corn oil) via subcutaneous injections daily for four weeks after castration. The rats were divided into five groups: Con, corn oil-injected (s.c.) + DW administration; BPH, TP (5 mg/kg, s.c.) + DW administration; BPH+K_EF, TP (5 mg/kg, s.c.) + heat-killed E. faecalis (7.5 × 1012 CFU/g, 2.21 mg/kg) administration; BPH+L_EF, TP (5 mg/kg, s.c.) + live E. faecalis (1 × 1011 CFU/g, 166 mg/kg) administration; BPH+Fi, TP (5 mg/kg, s.c.) + finasteride (1 mg/kg) administration. In both of BPH+K_EF and BPH+L_EF groups, the prostate weight decreased and histological changes due to TP treatment recovered to the level of the Con group. Both of these groups also showed regulation of androgen-signaling factors, growth factors, and apoptosis-related factors in prostate tissue. E. faecalis exhibited an inhibitory effect on benign prostatic hyperplasia, and even heat-killed E. faecalis showed similar efficacy on the live cells in the BPH rat model. As the first investigation into the effect of heat-killed and live E. faecalis on BPH, our study suggests that heat-killed E. faecalis might be a food additive candidate for use in various foods, regardless of heat processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Choi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea,Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Meiqi Fan
- Division of Food Bioscience, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujiao Tang
- School of Bio-Science and Food Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130-600, P.R. China
| | - Masahiro Iwasa
- R&D Center, Korea BeRM Co., Ltd., Wonju 26362, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Il Han
- R&D Center, Korea BeRM Co., Ltd., Wonju 26362, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongchan Lee
- Wiebien Hospital, Seoul 06035, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Dong-Eui University, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Lee
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea,Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea,Center for Silver-targeted Biomaterials, Brain Busan 21 Plus Program, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-200-7321 E-mail:
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Tao R, Miao L, Yu X, Orgah JO, Barnabas O, Chang Y, Liu E, Fan G, Gao X. Cynomorium songaricum Rupr demonstrates phytoestrogenic or phytoandrogenic like activities that attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via regulating steroid 5-α-reductase. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 235:65-74. [PMID: 30708032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. (CS) belongs to the genus of parasitic perennial flowering plants, mostly used in Chinese traditional medicine for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment. BPH is a chronic disease in men that both androgen and estrogen play a crucial role in promoting its development via their receptors. Previously we have showed that compounds from CS have the phytoestrogenic and/or phytoandrogenic activities that may have the potential suppressive effects on BPH, while the mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of CS and its derived compounds: luteolin (LUT), gallic acid (GA), protocatechuic acid (PA) and protocatechualdehyde (Pra) on inhibition of rat BPH and proliferation of BPH-1 cell line respectively, and further uncover whether it is related with the phytoestrogenic and / or phytoandrogenic activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Estradiol/testosterone (1:100) was subcutaneous injected to induce BPH in a castrated rat model, and CS was orally administrated for 45 days. Then the weights of the body and prostate were recorded, the pathogenesis changes of prostate were analyzed by Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC). The levels of 17β-estradiol (E2), testosterone, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) from rats' serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, human benign prostatic epithelial cell BPH-1 was cultured and treated with or without different CS compounds and DHT or E2. MTT and CCK-8 assays were performed to detect the regulatory effects on cell proliferation. The expressions of PCNA, AR, ERα, ERβ, and steroid 5-α-reductases (SRD5A1 and SRD5A2) were further analyzed by western blotting upon treatment. RESULTS Treatment with CS significantly inhibited rat prostate enlargement, improved the pathological feature and reduced the thickness of smooth muscle layer. The up-regulated AR and ERα expressions and down-regulated ERβ in BPH rat prostate were significantly blocked after CS administration. Moreover, the enhanced values of E2/testosterone and the level of DHT in serum were also strongly inhibited in CS group compared with those in BPH groups. In cellular level, LUT, GA, PA, or Pra significantly inhibited DHT- or E2- induced BPH-1 cell proliferation and PCNA expressions. Consistently with the data in vivo, compounds from CS interfered the DHT or E2-regulated AR, ERα and ERβ expressions in BPH-1 cells as well. Importantly, the dramatic increased SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 expressions were observed in BPH rat prostates and DHT or E2-stimulated BPH-1 cells. However, treatment with CS in rat or with compounds isolated from CS in BPH-1 cells significantly blocked the induction of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2. CONCLUSIONS CS suppressed BPH development through interfering with prostatic AR, ERα/β, and SRD5A1/2 expressions, which provided evidence of CS for BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Lin Miao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Xiean Yu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - John Owoicho Orgah
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Oche Barnabas
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Yanxu Chang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Erwei Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.
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Vella V, Malaguarnera R, Lappano R, Maggiolini M, Belfiore A. Recent views of heavy metals as possible risk factors and potential preventive and therapeutic agents in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 457:57-72. [PMID: 27773847 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in many industrialized countries. A role for androgens in prostate tumor progression is well recognized, while estrogens may cooperate with androgens in prostate carcinogenesis. The incidence of prostate cancer is highly variable in the different countries, suggesting an important role of environmental factors. Heavy metals are common environmental contaminants and some of them are confirmed or suspected human carcinogens. Some metals are endowed with estrogenic and/or androgenic activities and may play a role as cancer risk factors through this mechanism. Moreover, prostate cancer may present alterations in the intracellular balance of trace metals, such as zinc and copper, which are involved in several regulatory proteins. Herein, we review the possible role of environmental heavy metals and of metal-dyshomeostasis in prostate cancer development and promotion as well as the potential use of some metals in the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vella
- School of Human and Social Science, Motor Sciences, University "Kore" of Enna, Enna, Italy
| | - Roberta Malaguarnera
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Antonino Belfiore
- Endocrinology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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Ren GY, Chen CY, Chen WG, Huang Y, Qin LQ, Chen LH. The treatment effects of flaxseed-derived secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its metabolite enterolactone on benign prostatic hyperplasia involve the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:1303-1310. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG), a lignan extracted from flaxseed, has been shown to suppress benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). However, little is known about the mechanistic basis for its anti-BPH activity. The present study showed that enterolactone (ENL), the mammalian metabolite of SDG, shared the similar binding site of G1 on a new type of membranous estrogen receptor, G-protein-coupled estrogen eceptor 1 (GPER), by docking simulations method. ENL and G1 (the specific agonist of GPER) inhibited the proliferation of human prostate stromal cell line WPMY-1 as shown by MTT assay and arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, which was displayed by propidium iodide staining following flow cytometer examination. Silencing GPER by short interfering RNA attenuated the inhibitory effect of ENL on WPMY-1 cells. The therapeutic potential of SDG in the treatment of BPH was confirmed in a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model. SDG significantly reduced the enlargement of the rat prostate and the number of papillary projections of prostatic alveolus and thickness of the pseudostratified epithelial and stromal cells when comparing with the model group. Mechanistic studies showed that SDG and ENL increased the expression of GPER both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, ENL-induced cell cycle arrest may be mediated by the activation of GPER/ERK pathway and subsequent upregulation of p53 and p21 and downregulation of cyclin D1. This work, in tandem with previous studies, will enhance our knowledge regarding the mechanism(s) of dietary phytochemicals on BPH prevention and ultimately expand the scope of adopting alternative approaches in BPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 188 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chun-Yang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 188 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Wei-Guo Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, 188 Shizi street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ya Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Dushu Lake Higher Education Town, Suzhou 215123, China
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Đorđević I, Milutinović M, Kostić M, Đorđević B, Dimitrijević M, Stošić N, Ranđelović M, Banković S, Kitić D. PHYTOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA TREATMENT BY PUMPKIN SEED (CUCURBITA PEPO L., CUCURBITACEAE). ACTA MEDICA MEDIANAE 2016. [DOI: 10.5633/amm.2016.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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7
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Coban S, Doluoglu OG, Keles I, Demirci H, Turkoglu AR, Guzelsoy M, Karalar M, Demirbas M. Age and total and free prostate-specific antigen levels for predicting prostate volume in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Aging Male 2016; 19:124-7. [PMID: 26872869 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2015.1131260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the predictive values of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA), total PSA (tPSA) and age on the prostate volume. METHODS The data of 2148 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms were analyzed retrospectively. The patients who had transrectal ultrasonography guided 10 core biopsies owing to the findings obtained on digital rectal examination and presence of high PSA levels (PSA = 2.5-10 ng/dl), and proven to have BPH histopathologically were included in the study. Age, tPSA, fPSA and the prostate volumes (PV) of the patients were noted. RESULTS One thousand patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The PV of the patients were significantly correlated with age, tPSA and fPSA (p < 0.001 and r = 0.307, p < 0.001 and r = 0.382, p < 0.001 and r = 0.296, respectively). On linear regression model, fPSA was found as a stronger predictive for PV (AUC = 0.75, p < 0.001) when compared to age (AUC = 0.64, p < 0.001), and tPSA (AUC = 0.69, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS Although tPSA is an important prognostic factor for predicting PV, the predictive value of fPSA is higher. PV can easily be predicted by using age, and serum tPSA and fPSA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soner Coban
- a Department of Urology , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Omer Gokhan Doluoglu
- b Department of Urology , Ankara Training and Research Hospital , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Keles
- c Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe , Afyon , Turkey , and
| | - Hakan Demirci
- d Department of Family Medicine , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Ali Riza Turkoglu
- a Department of Urology , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Muhammet Guzelsoy
- a Department of Urology , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
| | - Mustafa Karalar
- c Department of Urology , Faculty of Medicine, University of Afyon Kocatepe , Afyon , Turkey , and
| | - Murat Demirbas
- a Department of Urology , Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa , Turkey
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8
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Fujimoto N, Kanno J. Increase in prostate stem cell antigen expression in prostatic hyperplasia induced by testosterone and 17β-estradiol in C57BL mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 158:56-62. [PMID: 26815912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) is known to act synergistically with testosterone (T) for the development of prostatic hyperplasia in rats and dogs, but murine prostate is less responsive to hormonal stimulation. However, a recent study revealed that the combined administration of E2 and T induced prostatic hyperplasia with bladder outlet obstruction in C57BL mice. To understand the mechanisms underlying the hormonal induction of prostatic hyperplasia, the expression of growth factors and their receptors, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor (ER), and prostatic secretory proteins was investigated. Ten-week-old male C57BL mice were treated with T (30mg) or T+E2 (0.5mg) for 10 weeks, and prostatic lobes were dissected and subjected to quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblotting analysis. T administration appeared to induce glandular prostatic growth, while with T+E2 administration this growth was greater and accompanied by extreme bladder enlargement. The expression of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA and protein was increased in prostate tissue in the T group. The combined administration of E2 with T prominently enhanced PSCA expression, along with increased insulin growth factor 1 mRNA levels and decreased estrogen receptor β mRNA expression. The synergistic effect of E2 on the expression of PSCA suggests that this protein may play an important role in the hormone-induced development of prostatic hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Kanno
- National Institute of Health Science, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Wang C, Du X, Yang R, Liu J, Xu D, Shi J, Chen L, Shao R, Fan G, Gao X, Tian G, Zhu Y, Zhang J. The prevention and treatment effects of tanshinone IIA on oestrogen/androgen-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:28-37. [PMID: 25290459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the major diseases of the urinary system in elderly men. Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is the active ingredient extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Salvia, and it has effects of anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, vascular smooth muscle relaxation and tumour growth inhibition. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Tan IIA in the prevention and treatment of BPH. In a rat model of oestradiol/testosterone-induced BPH, Tan IIA inhibited the increase in the thickness of the peri-glandular smooth muscle layer, suppressed the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in both prostate epithelial cells and stromal cells, downregulated the expression of androgen receptor (AR), oestrogen receptor α (ERα), cyclin B1 (CCNB1) and cyclin D1 (CCND1), and effectively prevented the development of the disorder. In vitro, Tan IIA inhibited the proliferation of human prostate stromal cell line WPMY-1 and epithelial cell line RWPE-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In WPMY-1 cells, Tan IIA treatment arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase and downregulated the expression of CCNB1. However, in RWPE-1 cells, Tan IIA treatment arrested cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase and reduced the expression of CCND1. Tan IIA also reduced the expression of ERα and AR in WPMY-1 and RWPE-1 cells. These results suggest that Tan IIA can inhibit the growth of prostate stromal and epithelial cells both in vivo and in vitro by a mechanism that may involve arresting the cell cycle and downregulating ERα and AR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoling Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiandang Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Linfeng Chen
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02445, USA
| | - Rui Shao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guanwei Fan
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Guo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Bioactive Materials Key Lab of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Luo Y, Waladali W, Li S, Zheng X, Hu L, Zheng H, Hu W, Chen C. 17β-Estradiol affects proliferation and apoptosis of rat prostatic smooth muscle cells by modulating cell cycle transition and related proteins. Cell Biol Int 2013; 32:899-905. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Vitkus S, Yeh CR, Lin HH, Hsu I, Yu J, Chen M, Yeh S. Distinct function of estrogen receptor α in smooth muscle and fibroblast cells in prostate development. Mol Endocrinol 2012. [PMID: 23204329 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen signaling, through estrogen receptor (ER)α, has been shown to cause hypertrophy in the prostate. Our recent report has shown that epithelial ERα knockout (KO) will not affect the normal prostate development or homeostasis. However, it remains unclear whether ERα in different types of stromal cells has distinct roles in prostate development. This study proposed to elucidate how KO of ERα in the stromal smooth muscle or fibroblast cells may interrupt cross talk between prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Smooth muscle ERαKO (smERαKO) mice showed decreased glandular infolding with the proximal area exhibiting a significant decrease. Fibroblast ERαKO mouse prostates did not exhibit this phenotype but showed a decrease in the number of ductal tips. Additionally, the amount of collagen observed in the basement membrane was reduced in smERαKO prostates. Interestingly, these phenotypes were found to be mutually exclusive among smERαKO or fibroblast ERαKO mice. Compound KO of ERα in both fibroblast and smooth muscle showed combined phenotypes from each of the single KO. Further mechanistic studies showed that IGF-I and epidermal growth factor were down-regulated in prostate smooth muscle PS-1 cells lacking ERα. Together, our results indicate the distinct functions of fibroblast vs. smERα in prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Vitkus
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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12
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Abstract
Estrogens and androgens have both been implicated as causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Although epidemiological data on an association between serum androgen concentrations and BPH are inconsistent, it is generally accepted that androgens play a permissive role in BPH pathogenesis. In clinical practice, inhibitors of 5α-reductase (which converts testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone) have proven effective in the management of BPH, confirming an essential role for androgens in BPH pathophysiology. To date, multiple lines of evidence support a role for estrogens in BPH pathogenesis. Studies of the two estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes have shed light on their differential functions in the human prostate; ERα and ERβ have proliferative and antiproliferative effects on prostate cells, respectively. Effects of estrogens on the prostate are associated with multiple mechanisms including apoptosis, aromatase expression and paracrine regulation via prostaglandin E2. Selective estrogen receptor modulators or other agents that can influence intraprostatic estrogen levels might conceivably be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of BPH.
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Antagonism of estrogen-mediated cell proliferation by raloxifene in prevention of ageing-related prostatic hyperplasia. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:735-43. [PMID: 20473319 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has important roles in the initiation and development of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Regulators of the estrogen receptor (ER) are tissue- and cell-specific. We evaluated the effect of estrogen antagonist, raloxifene (Ral), on the prevention and treatment of BPH by investigating its effect on the proliferation of two different prostate cell lines: a stromal cell line, WPMY-1, and a benign prostatic hyperplasia epithelial cell line, BPH-1. We additionally evaluated its effect on prostatic hyperplasia induced by estrogen and androgen in a rat model. The effect of Ral on the prevention of prostatic hyperplasia was analyzed by haematoxylin and eosin staining and quantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC) for proliferating cell nuclear antigen and alpha-smooth muscle actin. In vitro and in vivo, tamoxifen (Tam), another anti-estrogen drug, and finasteride (Fin), a drug for the clinical treatment of BPH, served as efficacy controls. The in vitro data showed that neither Ral nor Tam alone affected the proliferation of WPMY-1 and BPH-1, but both antagonized the effect of oestradiol in promoting the proliferation of the two cells. Results from the IHC staining of the rat prostates indicated that, similar to Tam and Fin, Ral inhibited the proliferation of stromal cells in vivo. Interestingly, in contrast to Tam, both Ral and Fin inhibited the proliferation of epithelial cells. Furthermore, Ral treatment much strongly decreased the number of prostatic acini and the surrounding layers of smooth muscle cells than Fin (P < 0.05). Our data showed for the first time that Ral may have a role in the response of the rat prostate to selective ER modulators.
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14
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Koch P, Petri M, Paradowska A, Stenzinger A, Sturm K, Steger K, Wimmer M. PTPIP51 mRNA and protein expression in tissue microarrays and promoter methylation of benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma. Prostate 2009; 69:1751-62. [PMID: 19691131 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51 (PTPIP51) shows a tissue-specific expression pattern and is associated with cellular differentiation and apoptosis in several mammalian tissues. Overexpression of the full-length protein enhances apoptosis. It is also expressed in various carcinomas. In this study the expression of PTPIP51 and its in vitro interaction partners was investigated in human benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and in prostate carcinoma (PCa). METHODS Tissue microarrays of human BPH and PCa were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. For polymerase chain reaction (PCR), cryo samples of BPH and PCa were used. Bisulfite DNA treatment, followed by sequencing of PCR products was performed in order to analyze CpGs methylation within the promoter region of the PTPIP51 gene. RESULTS PTPIP51 mRNA and protein expression was detected in prostatic epithelia of BPH and in tumor cells of PCa, respectively, and within smooth muscle cells of the stromal compartment. A stronger expression was present in nerve fibers, particularly in PCa, in immune cells and in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of vessels of BPH and PCa. On mRNA levels, a slightly elevated expression of PTPIP51 was observed in the PCa group as tested by real-time quantitative PCR analyses. Methylation experiments revealed that at least 70% of methylated CpGs in the CpG island of the PTPIP51 gene promoter region were identified in BPH samples. In contrast, a loss of methylation has been found in the PCa group. CONCLUSION The promoter methylation status of PTPIP51 seems to influence the expression of PTPIP51, which was seen as elevated in the PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Koch
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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15
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Park II, Zhang Q, Liu V, Kozlowski JM, Zhang J, Lee C. 17Beta-estradiol at low concentrations acts through distinct pathways in normal versus benign prostatic hyperplasia-derived prostate stromal cells. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4594-605. [PMID: 19608654 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify differential responses to low concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (E2) in primary stromal cell cultures derived from either normal organ donors or benign prostatic hyperplasia or hypertrophy (BPH) specimens. Furthermore, we sought to identify the potential mechanism of E2 action in these cell types, through either a genomic or nongenomic mechanism. We initially treated stromal cells derived from five normal prostates or five BPH specimens with low concentrations of E2 (0.001-1.0 nM) and analyzed their growth response. To determine whether genomic or nongenomic pathways were involved, we performed studies using specific estrogen receptor antagonists to confirm transcriptional activity or MAPK inhibitors to confirm the involvement of rapid signaling. Results of these studies revealed a fundamental difference in the mechanism of the response to E2. In normal cells, we found that a nongenomic, rapid E2 signaling pathway is predominantly involved, mediated by G protein-coupled receptor-30 and the subsequent activation of ERK1/2. In BPH-derived prostate stromal cells, a genomic pathway is predominantly involved because the addition of ICI 182780 was sufficient to abrogate any estrogenic effects. In conclusion, prostate stromal cells respond to far lower concentrations of E2 than previously recognized or examined, and this response is mediated through two distinct mechanisms, depending on its origin. This may provide the basis for new insights into the causes of, and possible treatments for, BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin I Park
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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16
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Proliferation and phenotypic changes of stromal cells in response to varying estrogen/androgen levels in castrated rats. Asian J Androl 2009; 11:451-9. [PMID: 19483715 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that human benign prostatic hyperplasia might arise from an estrogen/androgen (E/T) imbalance. We studied the response of castrated rat prostate to different ratios of circulating E/T. The castrated male Wistar rats were randomly injected with E/T at different ratios for 4 weeks. The prostates of E/T (1:100) group showed a distinct prostatic hyperplasia response by prostatic index, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA). In this group, cells positive for Vimentin, non-muscle myosin heavy chain (NMMHC) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) increased in the stroma and epithelium. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) and NMMHC increased. So E/T at a ratio of 1:100 can induce a stromal hyperplastic response in the prostate of castrated rats. The main change observed was an increase of smooth muscle cells, whereas some epithelial changes were also seen in the rat prostates.
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17
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Chang IH, Ahn SH, Han JH, Kim TH, Kim YS, Myung SC. The clinical significance in healthy men of the association between obesity related plasma hemodilution and tumor marker concentration. J Urol 2008; 181:567-72; discussion 572-3. [PMID: 19084848 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the association between body mass index and the concentration of tumor markers including carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, the carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and prostate specific antigen, as well as the association between body mass index changes and tumor marker concentration changes in a population of healthy men. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated data on 8,776 men screened for tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and prostate specific antigen) at least 3 times annually during an annual examination from 2001 to 2007. We assessed the tumor marker test findings for a trend in the age, alanine aminotransferase and creatinine adjusted tumor marker concentration by body mass index. We used multivariate regression analysis to determine whether a change in body mass index was associated with a tumor marker concentration change over time using calculated tumor markers, body mass index, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase concentration change per year. RESULTS After adjusting for age, creatinine and alanine aminotransferase a higher body mass index was associated with lower prostate specific antigen (p for trend <0.001), carcinoembryonic antigen (p for trend <0.001) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (p for trend <0.001). On multivariate regression analysis each 1 kg/m(2) of body mass index gain per year was associated with a -0.011 ng/ml change in prostate specific antigen concentration, a -0.030 ng/ml change in carcinoembryonic antigen concentration and a -0.192 IU/ml change in carbohydrate antigen 19-9 concentration per year. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of healthy men hemodilution from increased plasma volume may be responsible for the observed decreased tumor marker concentration in men with a higher body mass index. In addition, an increase in body mass index may predict a lower tumor marker concentration in an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Ho Chang
- Department of Urology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Ando R, Nagaya T, Hashimoto Y, Suzuki S, Itoh Y, Umemoto Y, Ikeda N, Tozawa K, Kohri K, Tokudome S. Inverse relationship between obesity and serum prostate-specific antigen level in healthy Japanese men: a hospital-based cross-sectional survey, 2004-2006. Urology 2008; 72:561-5. [PMID: 18514773 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To confirm an inverse relationship between obesity and serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels in Japanese men with a smaller body mass index (BMI) than white and African-American men. METHODS We analyzed 5246 apparently healthy Japanese men aged >20 years who visited our medical center for a health checkup from January 2004 to December 2006. The men were divided into 6 groups by age decade, and the BMI was categorized into 5 groups. The body fat percentage (BFP) was also used and was grouped into quartiles. The Mantel-Haenszel chi(2) test was used to check for trends in proportions of subjects with abnormal PSA values for each cutoff point (2.5 and 4.0 ng/mL) in these groups. The relationships between the PSA levels and BMI or BFP were examined using multivariate analysis. RESULTS The median age, BMI, BFP, and PSA level was 46 years, 23.2 kg/m(2), 21.5%, and 0.78 ng/mL, respectively. The proportion of subjects with an abnormal PSA value increased significantly with age (P for trend < .0001); however, no trends were found across the BMI or BFP categories. The geometric mean PSA level increased significantly with age (P for linear trend < .0001) and decreased with BMI and BFP categories (P for linear trend = .001 and P for linear trend = .002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings have demonstrated an inverse relationship between obesity and PSA levels even in Japanese men with a low prevalence of obesity, such as was previously reported for American men. Therefore, in prostate cancer screening, obesity, which can affect the accuracy of PSA testing, independent of race and ethnicity, should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Nephro-Urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.
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19
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Assinder SJ. Oxytocin increases 5alpha-reductase activity of human prostate epithelial cells, but not stromal cells. Prostate 2008; 68:115-21. [PMID: 18008328 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxytocin is known to modulate 5-alpha-reductase expression and has, therefore, been implicated in the etiology and novel pharmacological treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). These suggestions have been made in the absence of any direct evidence that oxytocin regulates expression or activity of 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes in the human prostate. This study evaluated the effects of oxytocin on the activity and expression of 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes I and II of human prostate stromal (PrSC; primary site of BPH development) and epithelial (PrEC) cells. METHODS Cell cultures were incubated with oxytocin, or oxytocin plus a specific oxytocin antagonist for 24 hr, and conversion of (3)H-Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone used to estimate total 5-alpha-reductase activity and to determine activity of both type I and type II isoenzymes. Fully quantitative real-time RT-PCR determined levels of expression of both isoenzymes following treatments. RESULTS Oxytocin significantly increased the total 5-alpha-reductase activity of PrEC but not of PrSC. 5-alpha-Reductase I gene expression and enzyme activity were also increased (P<0.05) in PrEC by oxytocin. Oxytocin significantly increased type II activity, but not expression, in PrEC. Oxytocin did not significantly affect 5-alpha-reductase activity or expression in PrSC. CONCLUSION Both 5-alpha-reductase I and II are expressed in normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Only 5-alpha-reductase isoenzymes of prostate epithelium are modulated by oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Assinder
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences & Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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20
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Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Liu J, Webber MM, Waalkes MP. Estrogen signaling and disruption of androgen metabolism in acquired androgen-independence during cadmium carcinogenesis in human prostate epithelial cells. Prostate 2007; 67:135-45. [PMID: 17075824 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lethal prostate cancers often become androgen-independent due to androgen receptor (AR) overexpression. The role of cadmium in prostate tumor progression was determined. METHODS Control and cadmium-transformed prostate epithelial cells (CTPE) were compared for steroid-induced proliferation, steroid receptor expression, and androgen metabolism. RESULTS CTPE cells showed rapid proliferation in complete medium and sustained proliferation in steroid-reduced medium. Androgens stimulated significantly less cell proliferation and AR-related genes expression in CTPE cells. 5alpha-Dihydrotestosterone increased PSA expression more effectively in control cells. Flutamide reduced 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone-stimulated growth less effectively in CTPE cells compared to control. CTPE cells showed decreased p27 expression. Estrogen receptors were overexpressed and estradiol markedly stimulated proliferation in CTPE cells. In CTPE cells 5alpha-aromatase was markedly increased, while 5alpha-reductase was decreased. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium-induced malignant transformation stimulates androgen independence, unrelated to AR expression or activity. Increased estrogen receptor and 5alpha-aromatase expression suggest estrogen signaling may be critical to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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21
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Fowke JH, Motley SS, Cookson MS, Concepcion R, Chang SS, Wills ML, Smith JA. The association between body size, prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2006; 10:137-42. [PMID: 17179979 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Increasing prostate volume contributes to urinary tract symptoms and may obscure prostate cancer detection. We investigated the association between obesity and prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and PSA density among 753 men referred for prostate biopsy. Among men with a negative biopsy, prostate volume significantly increased approximately 25% from the lowest to highest body mass index (BMI), waist or hip circumference or height categories. PSA was 0.7 ng/ml lower with a high waist-to-hip ratio. These associations were less consistent among subjects diagnosed with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia or cancer. Our data suggest that obesity and height are independently associated with prostate volume..
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Fowke
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Division of Internal Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-8300, USA.
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22
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Kristal AR, Chi C, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, Etzioni R, Thompson IM. Associations of demographic and lifestyle characteristics with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration and rate of PSA increase. Cancer 2006; 106:320-8. [PMID: 16342294 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.21603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to examine whether demographic and lifestyle characteristics are associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and the rate of PSA increase (PSA velocity). METHODS Data for this study came from 3341 participants in the placebo arm of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial who, based on biopsies at the end of the study, were free of prostate carcinoma. Linear regression was used to assess associations of age, race, smoking, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, diet, and supplement use with PSA concentration during the second year of the trial, and linear mixed models were used to assess associations of these factors with PSA velocity (the percentage increase in PSA per year) during 6 years of the trial. RESULTS Between the group of men ages 50-59 years and the group of men age 70 years and older, mean PSA increased by 0.22 ng/mL, and PSA velocity decreased by 1.2 percentage points (both P < 0.001). The PSA level among men who had a BMI > or = 35 kg/cm(2) was 0.20 ng/mL lower than the PSA level among men who had a BMI < 25 kd/cm(2) (P < 0.001), but BMI was not associated with PSA velocity. PSA velocity was 1.2 percentage points higher in African-American men compared with white men (P = 0.043). Low energy intake and the use of high-dose calcium supplements were associated with significantly lower PSA velocity (both P = 0.05). Weight gain also was associated with lower PSA velocity. CONCLUSIONS Differences in PSA concentration associated with demographic and lifestyle characteristics were small and were not likely to bias the interpretation of a single PSA test. Age, race, energy intake, calcium supplement use, and weight change were associated with substantial differences in PSA velocity, and the clinical interpretation of PSA velocity may be biased by these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Kristal
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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23
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Nguyen ST, Prakash R, Anderson CJ, Frydenberg M, Haynes JM. Sex steroids modulate α1-adrenoceptor-stimulated Ca2+ elevation in human cultured prostatic stromal cells. Prostate 2006; 67:74-82. [PMID: 17044087 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an age- and androgen-dependent condition of urethral compression caused by prostatic contractility and glandular enlargement. In this study we investigate whether testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol modulate the ability of human cultured prostatic stromal cells (HCPSCs) to respond to the adrenoceptor agonists, noradrenaline (30 microM) and phenylephrine (100 microM), the protein kinase C activating phorbol ester, phorbol diacetate (PDA, 10 microM), and the L-type Ca(2+) channel activator, (-)-Bay K8644 (Bay K, 10 microM) with elevations of intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)). METHODS Cells were loaded with the Ca(2+) sensitive fluorophore, FURA-2AM (10 microM) and changes in intracellular Ca(2+) determined before and 8-12 min after ligand addition. RESULTS Compared to steroid-free (SF) controls, the incubation of HCPSC with testosterone (30 and 300 pM) significantly increased responses to both noradrenaline and phenylephrine. Responses to Bay K were significantly reduced between 30 nM to 300 pM but responses to PDA were not greatly affected. Compared to SF the addition of estradiol (E(2), 100 pM) did not affect responses to phenylephrine. The concomitant addition of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and E(2) (to give ratios from 1:1 to 1,000:1) elevated the responses to noradrenaline and phenylephrine at the extreme ranges. Responses to PDA and Bay K generally increased as DHT:E(2) approached unity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that sex steroids modulate the activities of HCPSCs through the regulation of both receptors and signal transduction processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Nguyen
- Prostate Research Co-operative, Faculty of Pharmacy, Monash University, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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24
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King KJ, Nicholson HD, Assinder SJ. Effect of increasing ratio of estrogen: androgen on proliferation of normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells, and the malignant cell line LNCaP. Prostate 2006; 66:105-14. [PMID: 16114065 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in steroid ratios seen in the aging male are thought to promote prostate disease. The aims of this study were to compare the effects of varied ratios of steroids on growth of normal stromal and epithelial cell isolates, and the prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP. METHODS The effect of altered steroid ratios on cell proliferation of normal stromal (PrSC) and epithelial (PrEC) prostate cells, and the malignant cell line, LNCaP, were assessed. RESULTS Increasing the ratios of both estrogen:dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and DHT:estrogen, stimulated PrSC proliferation, with increasing estrogen:DHT having the greatest effect. LNCaP proliferation was increased significantly by both steroids, but altered ratios had no additional effect. PrEC proliferation was unaffected when cells were grown alone, despite presence of androgen receptors (AR) and estrogen receptors (ER). When grown in co-culture PrEC cell proliferation was significantly increased by treatments. CONCLUSIONS PrSC proliferation is stimulated by an increasing ratio of estrogen:androgen. Proliferation of normal epithelial cells is stimulated as a result of an indirect action of steroids mediated by stromal cells. Malignant prostate cancer cells have an altered response in comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith J King
- Andrology Research Group of Otago, Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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25
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Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Webber MM, Waalkes MP. Acquisition of androgen independence by human prostate epithelial cells during arsenic-induced malignant transformation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:1134-9. [PMID: 16140617 PMCID: PMC1280391 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Lethal phenotypes of human prostate cancer are characterized by progression to androgen independence, although the mechanisms behind this progression remain unclear. Arsenic is a potential human prostate carcinogen that may affect tumor progression. In this study, we used a prostate cancer cell model in which an immortalized, nontumorigenic human prostate epithelial cell line (RWPE-1) had been malignantly transformed by chronic low-level arsenic to help determine whether arsenic affects prostate tumor progression. Control and CAsE-PE (chronic-arsenic-exposed human prostate epithelial) cells were continuously maintained in a complete medium [keratinocyte serum-free medium (K-SFM) with bovine pituitary extract and epidermal growth factor] or in a steroid-depleted medium (K-SFM alone). The arsenic-transformed cells showed a more rapid proliferation rate in complete medium than did control cells and also showed sustained proliferation in steroid-reduced medium. Although both control and CAsE-PE cells showed similar levels of androgen receptor (AR), androgens were less effective in stimulating cell proliferation and AR-related gene expression in CAsE-PE cells. For instance, dihydrotestosterone caused a 4.5-fold increase in prostate-specific antigen transcript in control cells but only a 1.5-fold increase in CAsE-PE cells. CAsE-PE cells also showed relatively low levels of growth stimulation by nonandrogen steroids, such as estradiol. Thus, arsenic-induced malignant transformation is associated with acquired androgen independence in human prostate cells. This acquired androgen independence was apparently not due to AR up-regulation, increased activity, or altered ligand specificity. The precise manner in which arsenic altered CAsE-PE growth and progression is undefined but may involve a bypass of AR involving direct stimulation of downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa
- Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE Symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common ailments seen by the urologist. Significant advances have occurred in medical and surgical therapy, and in the understanding of the biology of this disease. However, the basic science literature is often conflicting and confusing, without a unified voice. We report the current state of knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of BPH. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compiled and interpreted basic science studies relevant to BPH pathogenesis. RESULTS Cellular alterations that include changes in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and senescence in the epithelium and stroma are implicated in BPH pathogenesis. Molecular analyses have yielded numerous candidate genes important in disease progression. Differential expression of cytokines and growth factors in BPH tissue suggests roles for inflammation and hypoxia. Through the use of cell culture models the complex regulatory mechanisms of growth control in BPH are becoming defined. CONCLUSIONS The scientific endeavor has resulted in great strides in our understanding of BPH on a molecular and cellular level. It is hopeful that basic science and translational research will improve treatment and prevention strategies for this common disease of elderly men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L Lee
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5118, USA
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Roberts RO, Jacobson DJ, Rhodes T, Klee GG, Leiber MM, Jacobsen SJ. Serum sex hormones and measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 2004; 61:124-31. [PMID: 15305335 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite biologic plausibility, the associations between sex hormones and measures of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have not been consistently reported. METHODS Subjects were randomly selected from the Olmsted County, MN population (n, 320; median age, 60.9 years) and followed biennially since 1990. In 2002, surrogate measures of BPH were assessed from an approximation of the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUASI), Peak urinary flow rates (Q(max)), and a transrectal ultrasound assessment of prostate volume. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA), testosterone, bioavailable testosterone, and estradiol were also measured. RESULTS Bioavailable testosterone levels declined with increasing cross-sectional age from 53.8, 50.2, to 41.2 ng/dl (P = 0.001) in men aged <60, 60-69, and >69 years, respectively, and the estradiol/bioavailable testosterone ratio increased from 0.042, 0.044, to 0.050 (P = 0.04). Among men with bioavailable testosterone above the median, estradiol levels had a dose response relationship with prostate size. Among men with bioavailable testosterone level </= the median, however, there was no association between estradiol level and prostate volume CONCLUSIONS While cross-sectional, these findings suggest a more complex relationship between sex steroids and prostate volume in older men than simple independent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosebud O Roberts
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Bardin A, Boulle N, Lazennec G, Vignon F, Pujol P. Loss of ERbeta expression as a common step in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Endocr Relat Cancer 2004; 11:537-51. [PMID: 15369453 PMCID: PMC2072930 DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta) brought new insight into the mechanisms underlying estrogen signaling. Estrogen induction of cell proliferation is a crucial step in carcinogenesis of gynecologic target tissues, and the mitogenic effects of estrogen in these tissues (such as breast, endometrium and ovary) are well documented both in vitro and in vivo. There is also an emerging body of evidence that colon and prostate cancer growth is influenced by estrogens. In all of these tissues, most studies have shown decreased ERbeta expression in cancer as compared with benign tumors or normal tissues, whereas ERalpha expression persists. The loss of ERbeta expression in cancer cells could reflect tumor cell dedifferentiation but may also represent a critical stage in estrogen-dependent tumor progression. Modulation of the expression of ERalpha target genes by ERbeta or ERbeta-specific gene induction could explain that ERbeta has a differential effect on proliferation as compared with ERalpha. ERbeta may exert a protective effect and thus constitute a new target for hormone therapy, such as ligand specific activation. The potential distinct roles of ERalpha and ERbeta expression in carcinogenesis, as suggested by experimental and clinical data, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Bardin
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Nathalie Boulle
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et
Hormonale
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve,FR
| | - Gwendal Lazennec
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Gwendal Lazennec
| | - Françoise Vignon
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
| | - Pascal Pujol
- Endocrinologie moléculaire et cellulaire des cancers
INSERM : U540 INSERM : U540Université Montpellier I60 rue de Navacelles
34090 Montpellier,FR
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et
Hormonale
CHRU MontpellierHôpital Arnaud de Villeneuve,FR
- * Correspondence should be adressed to: Pascal Pujol
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Hong JH, Song C, Shin Y, Kim H, Cho SP, Kim WJ, Ahn H. Estrogen induction of smooth muscle differentiation of human prostatic stromal cells is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta. J Urol 2004; 171:1965-9. [PMID: 15076322 DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000123064.78663.2c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The differentiation of prostatic fibroblasts into smooth muscle cells is regarded as the key step in the development of periurethral stromal nodules. Intraprostatic stromal estrogen and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) are considered to be involved in this process. We investigated whether estrogen enhances the stromal cell growth and induction of smooth muscle phenotype, and whether this process is mediated by TGF-beta1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prostate specimens obtained from patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate were used for primary cell culture. Growth of the prostatic stromal cells was assessed with MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test and cell numbers were determined by hemocytometry. The effect of estradiol on the production of TGF-beta1 protein and expression of smooth muscle markers such as smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and desmin were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemical staining. The mRNA levels of TGF-beta1 and its receptors were analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. We also investigated whether the enhanced expression of SMA by estradiol was mediated through the TGF-beta1 pathway using TGF-beta1 blocking antibody. RESULTS Estradiol promoted the proliferation of prostatic stromal cells by 10% to 20%. Estradiol and TGF-beta1 enhanced SMA expression. Although the levels of mRNA expression of TGF-beta1 or its receptors did not change after estradiol treatment, increased production of TGF-beta1 protein was noted. Enhanced expression of SMA by estradiol was blocked by TGF-beta1 blocking antibody. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that estrogen stimulates the growth of prostatic stromal cells and increases smooth muscle cell markers, which may be achieved through a pathway involving TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hyuk Hong
- Department of Urology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Songpa-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Bektic J, Wrulich OA, Dobler G, Kofler K, Ueberall F, Culig Z, Bartsch G, Klocker H. Identification of genes involved in estrogenic action in the human prostate using microarray analysis. Genomics 2004; 83:34-44. [PMID: 14667807 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens have profound effects on the developing prostate and are suspected to contribute to the development of benign prostatic hyperplasia, but the mechanism by which this hormone elicits its regulatory function still remains largely unknown. Using complementary RNA microarrays comprising approximately 10,000 oligonucleotide gene targets we compared differences in mRNA expression of estradiol-treated and untreated prostatic stromal cells in vitro. Based on a threshold of greater than twofold change, 228, 241, and 464 of the expressed genes were found to be regulated by estradiol after 10, 24, and 48 h of treatment, respectively. The secondary analysis of one estradiol-activated transcript, namely lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and four estradiol-repressed genes, namely ras homolog gene family member E (RhoE/Rnd3), ubiquitin thiolesterase, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8 (IL-8), by real-time quantitative PCR confirmed the results of the microarray analysis. Moreover, IL-8 and RhoE were found to be down-regulated by estradiol at the protein level as well. We identified a set of genes involved in a wide range of cellular functions that are potentially important for understanding the molecular basis of estradiol action in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Bektic
- Department of Urology, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-skin cancer in men in most western countries. Despite the high morbidity and mortality from prostate cancer, its etiology remains obscure. Although compelling laboratory data suggest a role for androgens in prostate carcinogenesis, most epidemiologic data on humans are inconclusive. To provide insights and directions for future epidemiologic research on hormones and prostate cancer, this review focuses on current perspectives of serum-based studies and polymorphisms in relevant hormone-related genes. We highlight the importance of methodologic studies and investigations of hormone levels in the prostatic tissue to help clarify the often-contradictory data on serologic studies. We recommend careful analysis and cautious interpretation of studies of genetic markers, including repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as false positive and negative results may arise in many current and future studies with limited statistical power and non-representative samples from the population. The review also highlights the reasons to perform functional analyses of SNPs, a critical and often under-appreciated component of molecular epidemiologic investigations. The time is ripe for large-scale multidisciplinary investigations that incorporate molecular genetics, biochemistry, histopathology, and endocrinology into traditional epidemiologic studies. Such collaboration will lead to a deeper understanding of the etiologic pathways of prostate cancer, ultimately yielding better preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Hsing
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20852-7234, USA.
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