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Liu S, Yu JM, Gan YC, Qiu XZ, Gao ZC, Wang H, Chen SX, Xiong Y, Liu GH, Lin SE, McCarthy A, John JV, Wei DX, Hou HH. Biomimetic natural biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: new biosynthesis methods, recent advances, and emerging applications. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:16. [PMID: 36978167 PMCID: PMC10047482 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetic materials have emerged as attractive and competitive alternatives for tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine. In contrast to conventional biomaterials or synthetic materials, biomimetic scaffolds based on natural biomaterial can offer cells a broad spectrum of biochemical and biophysical cues that mimic the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, such materials have mechanical adaptability, microstructure interconnectivity, and inherent bioactivity, making them ideal for the design of living implants for specific applications in TE and regenerative medicine. This paper provides an overview for recent progress of biomimetic natural biomaterials (BNBMs), including advances in their preparation, functionality, potential applications and future challenges. We highlight recent advances in the fabrication of BNBMs and outline general strategies for functionalizing and tailoring the BNBMs with various biological and physicochemical characteristics of native ECM. Moreover, we offer an overview of recent key advances in the functionalization and applications of versatile BNBMs for TE applications. Finally, we conclude by offering our perspective on open challenges and future developments in this rapidly-evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Jiang-Ming Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Yan-Chang Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China
| | - Zhe-Chen Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Huan Wang
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shi-Xuan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Clinical Functional Materials and Diagnosis & Treatment Devices of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325011, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuan Xiong
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Guo-Hui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Si-En Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Alec McCarthy
- Department of Functional Materials, Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA, 90064, USA
| | - Johnson V John
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68130, USA
| | - Dai-Xu Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200336, China.
- Zigong Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Zigong Psychiatric Research Center, Zigong Institute of Brain Science, Zigong, 643002, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Construction and Detection in Tissue Engineering, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510900, China.
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Commercial Yeast Strains Expressing Polygalacturonase and Glucanase Unravel the Cell Walls of Chardonnay Grape Pomace. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050664. [PMID: 35625392 PMCID: PMC9137979 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Grape skins, usually discarded during wine making, are a valuable source of cellulose (20–50%), hemicelluloses (15–20%), lignin (17–30%) and other compounds, e.g., polyphenols, which can be used as biomaterials in the manufacturing of a variety of new products, such as bioethanol or pharmaceutical products. However, to obtain these biomaterials, the complex polysaccharides of the grape cell walls must be broken down into smaller molecules to allow the extraction of compounds. The degradation process is often performed enzymatically or hydrothermally. Microorganisms that produce the required enzymes while using this waste product as a growth medium can have interesting economic advantages. Here, we created two genetically engineered wine yeast strains that produce grape cell wall degrading enzymes. These yeasts, when grown on grape pomace, induced enzymatic structural changes to the grape cell walls. A collection of antibodies binding to the different cell wall molecules were used to monitor the impact on the cell wall structure of the enzymes, confirming increased extractability of key cell wall polymers when relatively low levels of enzymes are present, illustrating the potential to develop and optimise yeast for grape waste valorisation applications. Abstract Industrial wine yeast strains expressing hydrolytic enzymes were fermented on Chardonnay pomace and were shown to unravel the cell walls of the berry tissues according to the enzyme activities. The yeasts produced a native endo-polygalacturonase (Saccharomyces cerevisiae × Saccharomyces paradoxus hybrid, named PR7) and/or a recombinant endo-glucanase (S. cerevisiae strains named VIN13 END1 and PR7 END1). The impact of the enzymes during the fermentations was evaluated by directly studying the cell wall changes in the berry tissues using a Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling technique. By the end of the fermentation, the endo-glucanase did not substantially modify the berry tissue cell walls, whereas the endo-polygalacturonase removed some homogalacturonan. The recombinant yeast strain producing both enzymes (PR7 END1) unravelled the cell walls more fully, enabling polymers, such as rhamnogalacturonan-I, β-1,4-D-galactan and α-1,5-L-arabinan, as well as cell wall proteins to be extracted in a pectin solvent. This enzyme synergism led to the enrichment of rhamnogalacturonan-type polymers in the subsequent NaOH fractions. This study illustrated the potential utilisation of a recombinant yeast in pomace valorisation processes and simulated consolidated bioprocessing. Furthermore, the cell wall profiling techniques were confirmed as valuable tools to evaluate and optimise enzyme producing yeasts for grape and plant cell wall degradation.
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Oh EJ, Jin YS. Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for efficient fermentation of cellulose. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5698803. [PMID: 31917414 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels using microbial fermentation is an attractive option to substitute petroleum-based production economically and sustainably. The substantial efforts to design yeast strains for biomass hydrolysis have led to industrially applicable biological routes. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a robust microbial platform widely used in biofuel production, based on its amenability to systems and synthetic biology tools. The critical challenges for the efficient microbial conversion of lignocellulosic biomass by engineered S. cerevisiae include heterologous expression of cellulolytic enzymes, co-fermentation of hexose and pentose sugars, and robustness against various stresses. Scientists developed many engineering strategies for cellulolytic S. cerevisiae strains, bringing the application of consolidated bioprocess at an industrial scale. Recent advances in the development and implementation of engineered yeast strains capable of assimilating lignocellulose will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joong Oh
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder, 4001 Discovery Dr., CO 80303, USA
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, 905 S. Goodwin Ave., IL 61801, USA.,1105 Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. Urbana, IL 61801. USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Gregory Dr. Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Claes A, Deparis Q, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Thevelein JM. Simultaneous secretion of seven lignocellulolytic enzymes by an industrial second-generation yeast strain enables efficient ethanol production from multiple polymeric substrates. Metab Eng 2020; 59:131-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Construction of a cellulose-metabolizing Komagataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris) by co-expressing glucanases and β-glucosidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1297-1306. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8656-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Behera B, Sethi B, Mishra R, Dutta S, Thatoi H. Microbial cellulases - Diversity & biotechnology with reference to mangrove environment: A review. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 15:197-210. [PMID: 30647656 PMCID: PMC6296582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is an abundant natural biopolymer on earth, found as a major constituent of plant cell wall in lignocellulosic form. Unlike other compounds cellulose is not easily soluble in water hence enzymatic conversion of cellulose has become a key technology for biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials. Microorganisms such as aerobic bacteria, fungi, yeast and actinomycetes produce cellulase that degrade cellulose by hydrolysing the β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages of cellulose. In contrast to aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria lack the ability to effectively penetrate into the cellulosic material which leads to the development of complexed cellulase systems called cellulosome. Among the different environments, the sediments of mangrove forests are suitable for exploring cellulose degrading microorganisms because of continuous input of cellulosic carbon in the form of litter which then acts as a substrate for decomposition by microbe. Understanding the importance of cellulase, the present article overviews the diversity of cellulolytic microbes from different mangrove environments around the world. The molecular mechanism related to cellulase gene regulation, expression and various biotechnological application of cellulase is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.C. Behera
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India
| | - B.K. Sethi
- Department of Biotechnology, MITS School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - R.R. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, MITS School of Biotechnology, Bhubaneswar 751024, India
| | - S.K. Dutta
- Department of Zoology, North Orissa University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India
| | - H.N. Thatoi
- Department of Biotechnology, North Orissa University, Baripada 757003, Odisha, India
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Yang P, Zhang H, Jiang S. Construction of recombinant sestc Saccharomyces cerevisiae for consolidated bioprocessing, cellulase characterization, and ethanol production by in situ fermentation. 3 Biotech 2016; 6:192. [PMID: 28330264 PMCID: PMC5010821 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioethanol is an important oil substitute produced by the sugar fermentation process. To improve the efficiency of cellulase expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a eukaryotic expression vector harboring a single-enzyme-system-three-cellulase gene (sestc) was integrated into the S. cerevisiae genome by the protoplast method. Using PCR screening, RT-PCR, and “transparent circle” detection, several recombinant S. cerevisiae strains, capable of efficiently expressing the heterogeneous cellulase, were selected. The total activity of cellulase, endo-β-D-glucanase, exo-β-D-glucanase, and xylanase of the recombinant S. cerevisiae transformant (designated number 14) was 1.1, 378, 1.44, and 164 U ml−1, respectively, which was 27.5-, 63-, 24-, and 19-fold higher than that of the wild-type strain. The concentration of ethanol produced by the engineered S. cerevisiae strain was 8.1 gl−1, with wheat bran as the carbon source, under submerged conditions; this was 57.86-fold higher than that produced by the wild-type strain (0.14 gl−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhou Yang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China.
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
| | - Shaotong Jiang
- The Key Laboratory for Agricultural Products Processing of Anhui Province, College of Food Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi Road 193, Hefei, 230009, Anhui, China
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Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Production of Fuels and Chemicals from Biomass by Integrated Bioprocesses. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527807833.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Kobe University; Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation; 1-1 Rokkodai Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- RIKEN; Biomass Engineering Program; 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
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Wendisch VF, Brito LF, Gil Lopez M, Hennig G, Pfeifenschneider J, Sgobba E, Veldmann KH. The flexible feedstock concept in Industrial Biotechnology: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus and yeast strains for access to alternative carbon sources. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:139-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Homologous and Heterologous Expression of Basidiomycete Genes Related to Plant Biomass Degradation. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kowallik V, Miller E, Greig D. The interaction of Saccharomyces paradoxus with its natural competitors on oak bark. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:1596-610. [PMID: 25706044 PMCID: PMC4405091 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is poorly understood and confounded by domestication. In nature, S. cerevisiae and its undomesticated relative S. paradoxus are usually found on the bark of oak trees, a habitat very different from wine or other human fermentations. It is unclear whether the oak trees are really the primary habitat for wild yeast, or whether this apparent association is due to biased sampling. We use culturing and high-throughput environmental sequencing to show that S. paradoxus is a very rare member of the oak bark microbial community. We find that S. paradoxus can grow well on sterile medium made from oak bark, but that its growth is strongly suppressed when the other members of the community are present. We purified a set of twelve common fungal and bacterial species from the oak bark community and tested how each affected the growth of S. paradoxus in direct competition on oak bark medium at summer and winter temperatures, identifying both positive and negative interactions. One Pseudomonas species produces a diffusible toxin that suppresses S. paradoxus as effectively as either the whole set of twelve species together or the complete community present in nonsterilized oak medium. Conversely, one of the twelve species, Mucilaginibacter sp., had the opposite effect and promoted S. paradoxus growth at low temperatures. We conclude that, in its natural oak tree habitat, S. paradoxus is a rare species whose success depends on the much more abundant microbial species surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vienna Kowallik
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, August Thienemann Strasse 2, 24306, Plön, Germany
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Du H, Lu H, Xu Y. Influence of geosmin-producing Streptomyces on the growth and volatile metabolites of yeasts during chinese liquor fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:290-296. [PMID: 25487847 DOI: 10.1021/jf503351w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Diverse Streptomyces species act as geosmin producers in the Chinese liquor-making process, causing an earthy, off-odor containment. Through microbiological and metabolite analyses, this paper investigates the influence of several geosmin-producing Streptomyces on the microbial community of a brewing system. The antifungal activity against functional liquor-brewing microbes was assayed by an agar diffusion method. Several Streptomyces, most notably Streptomyces sampsonii QC-2, inhibited the growth of the brewing functional yeasts and molds in pure culture. In a simulated coculture, Streptomyces spp. reduced the flavor compounds (alcohols and esters) contributed by yeasts. Nine components in Streptomyces sampsonii QC-2 broth were detected by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with photo diode array (UPLC–PDA), with characteristic ultraviolet absorptions at 360, 380, and 400 nm. The main products of Streptomyces sampsonii QC-2 were identified by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF–MS/MS), and confirmed by standard mass spectrometry. The antifungal active components were revealed as a series of heptaene macrolide antibiotics.
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Anasontzis GE, Kourtoglou E, Mamma D, Villas-Boâs SG, Hatzinikolaou DG, Christakopoulos P. Constitutive homologous expression of phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase increases the metabolic flux of Fusarium oxysporum. Microb Cell Fact 2014; 13:43. [PMID: 24649884 PMCID: PMC3999909 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-13-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium oxysporum is among the few filamentous fungi that have been reported of being able to directly ferment biomass to ethanol in a consolidated bioprocess. Understanding its metabolic pathways and their limitations can provide some insights on the genetic modifications required to enhance its growth and subsequent fermentation capability. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis reported previously that phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase are metabolic bottlenecks in the glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway of the F. oxysporum metabolism. RESULTS Both enzymes were homologously overexpressed in F. oxysporum F3 using the gpdA promoter of Aspergillus nidulans for constitutive expression. Transformants were screened for their phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase genes expression levels with northern blot. The selected transformant exhibited high mRNA levels for both genes, as well as higher specific activities of the corresponding enzymes, compared to the wild type. It also displayed more than 20 and 15% higher specific growth rate upon aerobic growth on glucose and xylose, respectively, as carbon sources and 30% higher biomass to xylose yield. The determination of the relative intracellular amino and non-amino organic acid concentrations at the end of growth on glucose revealed higher abundance of most determined metabolites between 1.5- and 3-times in the recombinant strain compared to the wild type. Lower abundance of the determined metabolites of the Krebs cycle and an 68-fold more glutamate were observed at the end of the cultivation, when xylose was used as carbon source. CONCLUSIONS Homologous overexpression of phosphoglucomutase and transaldolase in F. oxysporum was shown to enhance the growth characteristics of the strain in both xylose and glucose in aerobic conditions. The intracellular metabolites profile indicated how the changes in the metabolome could have resulted in the observed growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå SE-97187, Sweden.
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Wang TY, Huang CJ, Chen HL, Ho PC, Ke HM, Cho HY, Ruan SK, Hung KY, Wang IL, Cai YW, Sung HM, Li WH, Shih MC. Systematic screening of glycosylation- and trafficking-associated gene knockouts in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies mutants with improved heterologous exocellulase activity and host secretion. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:71. [PMID: 24004614 PMCID: PMC3766678 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a strong fermentator, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the potential to be an excellent host for ethanol production by consolidated bioprocessing. For this purpose, it is necessary to transform cellulose genes into the yeast genome because it contains no cellulose genes. However, heterologous protein expression in S. cerevisiae often suffers from hyper-glycosylation and/or poor secretion. Thus, there is a need to genetically engineer the yeast to reduce its glycosylation strength and to increase its secretion ability. Results Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene-knockout strains were screened for improved extracellular activity of a recombinant exocellulase (PCX) from the cellulose digesting fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Knockout mutants of 47 glycosylation-related genes and 10 protein-trafficking-related genes were transformed with a PCX expression construct and screened for extracellular cellulase activity. Twelve of the screened mutants were found to have a more than 2-fold increase in extracellular PCX activity in comparison with the wild type. The extracellular PCX activities in the glycosylation-related mnn10 and pmt5 null mutants were, respectively, 6 and 4 times higher than that of the wild type; and the extracellular PCX activities in 9 protein-trafficking-related mutants, especially in the chc1, clc1 and vps21 null mutants, were at least 1.5 times higher than the parental strains. Site-directed mutagenesis studies further revealed that the degree of N-glycosylation also plays an important role in heterologous cellulase activity in S. cerevisiae. Conclusions Systematic screening of knockout mutants of glycosylation- and protein trafficking-associated genes in S. cerevisiae revealed that: (1) blocking Golgi-to-endosome transport may force S. cerevisiae to export cellulases; and (2) both over- and under-glycosylation may alter the enzyme activity of cellulases. This systematic gene-knockout screening approach may serve as a convenient means for increasing the extracellular activities of recombinant proteins expressed in S. cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzi-Yuan Wang
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan.
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Nakatani Y, Yamada R, Ogino C, Kondo A. Synergetic effect of yeast cell-surface expression of cellulase and expansin-like protein on direct ethanol production from cellulose. Microb Cell Fact 2013; 12:66. [PMID: 23835302 PMCID: PMC3716962 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-12-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies have examined the direct fermentation of cellulosic materials by cellulase-expressing yeast; however, ethanol productivity in these systems has not yet reached an industrial level. Certain microorganisms, such as the cellulolytic fungus Trichoderma reesei, produce expansin-like proteins, which have a cellulose-loosening effect that may increase the breakdown of cellulose. Here, to improve the direct conversion of cellulose to ethanol, yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae co-displaying cellulase and expansin-like protein on the cell surface were constructed and examined for direct ethanol fermentation performance. Results The cellulase and expansin-like protein co-expressing strain showed 246 mU/g-wet cell of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) degradation activity, which corresponded to 2.9-fold higher activity than that of a cellulase-expressing strain. This result clearly demonstrated that yeast cell-surface expressed cellulase and expansin-like protein act synergistically to breakdown cellulose. In fermentation experiments examining direct ethanol production from PASC, the cellulase and expansin-like protein co-expressing strain produced 3.4 g/L ethanol after 96 h of fermentation, a concentration that was 1.4-fold higher than that achieved by the cellulase-expressing strain (2.5 g/L). Conclusions The PASC degradation and fermentation ability of an engineered yeast strain was markedly improved by co-expressing cellulase and expansin-like protein on the cell surface. To our knowledge, this is the first report to demonstrate the synergetic effect of co-expressing cellulase and expansin-like protein on a yeast cell surface, which may be a promising strategy for constructing direct ethanol fermenting yeast from cellulose.
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Yamada R, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Endowing non-cellulolytic microorganisms with cellulolytic activity aiming for consolidated bioprocessing. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:754-63. [PMID: 23473971 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the exhaustion of fossil fuels and with the environmental issues they pose, utilization of abundant lignocellulosic biomass as a feedstock for biofuels and bio-based chemicals has recently become an attractive option. Lignocellulosic biomass is primarily composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin and has a very rigid and complex structure. It is accordingly much more expensive to process than starchy grains because of the need for extensive pretreatment and relatively large amounts of cellulases for efficient hydrolysis. Efficient and cost-effective methods for the production of biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulose are required. A consolidated bioprocess (CBP), which integrates all biological steps consisting of enzyme production, saccharification, and fermentation, is considered a promising strategy for reducing production costs. Establishing an efficient CBP using lignocellulosic biomass requires both lignocellulose degradation into glucose and efficient production of biofuels or chemicals from glucose. With this aim, many researchers are attempting to endow selected microorganisms with lignocellulose-assimilating ability. In this review, we focus on studies aimed at conferring lignocellulose-assimilating ability not only to yeast strains but also to bacterial strains by recombinant technology. Recent developments in improvement of enzyme productivity by microorganisms and in improvement of the specific activity of cellulase are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Yamada
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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den Haan R, Kroukamp H, van Zyl JHD, van Zyl WH. Cellobiohydrolase secretion by yeast: Current state and prospects for improvement. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Srivastava A, Somvanshi P, Mishra BN. Reconstruction and visualization of carbohydrate, N-glycosylation pathways in Pichia pastoris CBS7435 using computational and system biology approaches. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2012; 7:7-22. [PMID: 24432138 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-012-9102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pichia pastoris is an efficient expression system for production of recombinant proteins. To understand its physiology for building novel applications it is important to understand and reconstruct its metabolic network. The metabolic reconstruction approach connects genotype with phenotype. Here, we have attempted to reconstruct carbohydrate metabolism pathways responsible for high biomass density and N-glycosylation pathways involved in the post translational modification of proteins of P. pastoris CBS7435. Both these metabolic pathways play a crucial role in heterologous protein production. We report novel, missing and unannotated enzymes involved in the target metabolic pathways. A strong possibility of cellulose and xylose metabolic processes in P. pastoris CBS7435 suggests its use in the area of biofuels. The reconstructed metabolic networks can be used for increased yields and improved product quality, for designing appropriate growth medium, for production of recombinant therapeutics and for making biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akriti Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, G.B. Technical University, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226021 India
| | - Pallavi Somvanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110070 India
| | - Bhartendu Nath Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Technology, G.B. Technical University, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226021 India
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In situ reversible aggregation of extracellular cellobiase in the filamentous fungus Termitomyces clypeatus. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-012-0002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Consolidated bioprocessing and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulose to ethanol with thermotolerant yeast strains. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Rumbold K, van Buijsen HJJ, Gray VM, van Groenestijn JW, Overkamp KM, Slomp RS, van der Werf MJ, Punt PJ. Microbial renewable feedstock utilization: a substrate-oriented approach. Bioeng Bugs 2012; 1:359-66. [PMID: 21326838 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.5.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates are used as the feedstock for industrial fermentations. These biomass hydrolysates consist of complex mixtures of different fermentable sugars, but also contain inhibitors and salts that affect the performance of the product-generating microbes. The performance of six industrially relevant microorganisms, i.e., two bacteria (Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum), two yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis) and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei) were compared for their ability to utilize and grow on different feedstock hydrolysates (corn stover, wheat straw, sugar cane bagasse and willow wood). Moreover, the ability of the selected hosts to utilize waste glycerol from the biodiesel industry was evaluated. P. stipitis and A. niger were found to be the most versatile and C. glutamicum, and S. cerevisiae were shown to be the least adapted to renewable feedstocks. Clear differences in the utilization of the more abundant carbon sources in these feedstocks were observed between the different species. Moreover, in a species-specific way the production of various metabolites, in particular polyols, alcohols and organic acids was observed during fermentation. Based on the results obtained we conclude that a substrate-oriented instead of the more commonly used product oriented approach towards the selection of a microbial production host will avoid the requirement for extensive metabolic engineering. Instead of introducing multiple substrate utilization and detoxification routes to efficiently utilize lignocellulosic hydrolysates only one biosynthesis route forming the product of interest has to be engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Rumbold
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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22
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Abstract
The availability of the sequence of the Saccharomyces genome in combination with the development of chemical analytical technologies with dynamic ranges sensitive enough to detect volatile aromatic compounds has generated a renewed interest in defining the role of yeast in the generation of wine aroma and flavor. Genetic differences among wine strains are well documented and aroma profiles also appear to vary, implying that specific allelic alterations may exist and impact the production of compounds associated with flavor. Partial or complete sequencing data on several wine strains are available and reveal underlying genetic differences across strains in key genes implicated in flavor formation. This review discusses the current understanding of the roles of Saccharomyces in wine flavor with an emphasis on positive contributions to flavor and highlights the discoveries of the underlying enzymatic and metabolic mechanisms responsible for the yeast contribution to wine quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda F Bisson
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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23
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Wilde C, Gold ND, Bawa N, Tambor JHM, Mougharbel L, Storms R, Martin VJJ. Expression of a library of fungal β-glucosidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the development of a biomass fermenting strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:647-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Development of yeast cell factories for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to bioethanol through cell surface engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 30:1207-18. [PMID: 22085593 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
To build an energy and material secure future, a next generation of renewable fuels produced from lignocellulosic biomass is required. Although lignocellulosic biomass, which represents an abundant, inexpensive and renewable source for bioethanol production, is of great interest as a feedstock, the complicated ethanol production processes involved make the cost of producing bioethanol from it higher compared to corn starch and cane juice. Therefore, consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), which combines enzyme production, saccharification and fermentation in a single step, has gained increased recognition as a potential bioethanol production system. CBP requires a highly engineered microorganism developed for several different process-specific characteristics. The dominant strategy for engineering a CBP biocatalyst is to express multiple components of a cellulolytic system from either fungi or bacteria in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The development of recombinant yeast strains displaying cellulases and hemicellulases on the cell surface represents significant progress toward realization of CBP. Regardless of the process used for biomass hydrolysis, CBP-enabling microorganisms encounter a variety of toxic compounds produced during biomass pretreatment that inhibit microbial growth and ethanol yield. Systems biology approaches including disruptome screening, transcriptomics, and metabolomics have been recently exploited to gain insight into the molecular and genetic traits involved in tolerance and adaptation to the fermentation inhibitors. In this review, we focus on recent advances in development of yeast strains with both the ability to directly convert lignocellulosic material to ethanol and tolerance in the harsh environments containing toxic compounds in the presence of ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Organization of Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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25
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Abstract
In 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, Neurospora crassa. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. This discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by N. crassa. The identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant cell walls. Integrating this pathway with the endogenous metabolism and signaling networks of S. cerevisiae is now a major goal of our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Galazka
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, USA
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26
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Wang HY, Gao YB, Fan QW, Xu Y. Characterization and comparison of microbial community of different typical Chinese liquor Daqus by PCR-DGGE. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:134-40. [PMID: 21554340 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To identify and compare microbiota in Chinese liquor Daqu, which were produced in the different regions using different production process. METHODS AND RESULTS The DNA exacted from Daqu samples was used as a template for PCR with universal primers of 16S rRNA, 26S rRNA and 18S rRNA, respectively. The amplicons were analysed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). It was observed that the bacterial DGGE profile indicated high diversity and predominance of lactic acid bacteria. The results showed that Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and Pichia anomal were dominant yeast species and that several non-Saccharomyces yeasts including Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Issatchenkia orientalis and Trichosporon asahii were also detected. As for fungal DGGE, Aspergillus oryzae and Absidia blakesleeana were the most common species amongst different samples. Based on the DGGE analysis, a few differences in community structure were found between Daqu samples. CONCLUSIONS A variety of bacteria, yeast and moulds were identified in Daqu samples, in addition to the present knowledge obtained mainly through the traditional culture-dependent methods. Moreover, production temperature played a more decisive role on the formation of micro-organism composition in Daqu than geographical region. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY PCR-DGGE technique was used in this study to fully observe and asses all microbial community (including bacteria, yeast and mould) in Chinese liquor Daqu for the first time and proved to be effective in profiling Daqu microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education & School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, China
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27
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Sadie CJ, Rose SH, den Haan R, van Zyl WH. Co-expression of a cellobiose phosphorylase and lactose permease enables intracellular cellobiose utilisation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1373-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Revised: 01/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Zietsman AJ, de Klerk D, van Rensburg P. Coexpression of α-l-arabinofuranosidase and β-glucosidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Yeast Res 2010; 11:88-103. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2010.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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29
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Zhang XZ, Zhang YHP. One-step production of biocommodities from lignocellulosic biomass by recombinant cellulolytic Bacillus subtilis: Opportunities and challenges. Eng Life Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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30
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Hyeon JE, Yu KO, Suh DJ, Suh YW, Lee SE, Lee J, Han SO. Production of minicellulosomes from Clostridium cellulovorans for the fermentation of cellulosic ethanol using engineered recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:39-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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31
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la Grange DC, den Haan R, van Zyl WH. Engineering cellulolytic ability into bioprocessing organisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Expression of a Glucose-tolerant β-glucosidase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:2036-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8732-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Fukuda H, Kondo A, Tamalampudi S. Bioenergy: Sustainable fuels from biomass by yeast and fungal whole-cell biocatalysts. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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34
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Shi JH, Xiao YP, Li XR, Ma EB, Du XW, Quan ZX. Analyses of microbial consortia in the starter of Fen Liquor. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 48:478-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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35
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Yu HY, Kittur FS, Bevan DR, Esen A. Lysine-81 and Threonine-82 on Maize β-Glucosidase Isozyme Glu1 Are the Key Amino Acids Involved in β-Glucosidase Aggregating Factor Binding. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2924-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bi900012h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Yu
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406
| | - Farooqahmed S. Kittur
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406
| | - David R. Bevan
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406
| | - Asim Esen
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0406
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36
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Abstract
The traditional use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae in alcoholic fermentation has, over time, resulted in substantial accumulated knowledge concerning genetics, physiology, and biochemistry as well as genetic engineering and fermentation technologies. S. cerevisiae has become a platform organism for developing metabolic engineering strategies, methods, and tools. The current review discusses the relevance of several engineering strategies, such as rational and inverse metabolic engineering, evolutionary engineering, and global transcription machinery engineering, in yeast strain improvement. It also summarizes existing tools for fine-tuning and regulating enzyme activities and thus metabolic pathways. Recent examples of yeast metabolic engineering for food, beverage, and industrial biotechnology (bioethanol and bulk and fine chemicals) follow. S. cerevisiae currently enjoys increasing popularity as a production organism in industrial ("white") biotechnology due to its inherent tolerance of low pH values and high ethanol and inhibitor concentrations and its ability to grow anaerobically. Attention is paid to utilizing lignocellulosic biomass as a potential substrate.
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37
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Morant AV, Jørgensen K, Jørgensen C, Paquette SM, Sánchez-Pérez R, Møller BL, Bak S. beta-Glucosidases as detonators of plant chemical defense. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2008; 69:1795-813. [PMID: 18472115 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some plant secondary metabolites are classified as phytoanticipins. When plant tissue in which they are present is disrupted, the phytoanticipins are bio-activated by the action of beta-glucosidases. These binary systems--two sets of components that when separated are relatively inert--provide plants with an immediate chemical defense against protruding herbivores and pathogens. This review provides an update on our knowledge of the beta-glucosidases involved in activation of the four major classes of phytoanticipins: cyanogenic glucosides, benzoxazinoid glucosides, avenacosides and glucosinolates. New aspects of the role of specific proteins that either control oligomerization of the beta-glucosidases or modulate their product specificity are discussed in an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vinther Morant
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and The VKR Research Centre Proactive Plants, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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38
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Tokuhiro K, Ishida N, Kondo A, Takahashi H. Lactic fermentation of cellobiose by a yeast strain displaying beta-glucosidase on the cell surface. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:481-8. [PMID: 18443785 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase 1 (bgl1) gene was expressed in a lactic-acid-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to enable lactic fermentation with cellobiose. The recombinant beta-glucosidase enzyme was expressed on the yeast cell surface by fusing the mature protein to the C-terminal half region of the alpha-agglutinin. The beta-glucosidase expression plasmids were integrated into the genome. Three strong promoters of S. cerevisiae, the TDH3, PGK1, and PDC1 promoters, were used for beta-glucosidase expression. The specific beta-glucosidase activity varied with the promoter used and the copy number of the bgl1 gene. The highest activity was obtained with strain PB2 that possessed two copies of the bgl1 gene driven by the PDC1 promoter. PB2 could grow on cellobiose and glucose minimal medium at the same rate. Fermentation experiments were conducted in non-selective-rich media containing 95 g l(-1) cellobiose or 100 g l(-1) glucose as a carbon source under microaerobic conditions. The maximum rate of L-lactate production by PB2 on cellobiose (2.8 g l(-1) h(-1)) was similar to that on glucose (3.0 g l(-1) h(-1)). This indicates that efficient fermentation of cellobiose to L-lactate can be accomplished using a yeast strain expressing beta-glucosidase from a mitotically stable genomic integration plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenro Tokuhiro
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc., Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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39
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Geymonat M, Spanos A, Sedgwick SG. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoselection system for optimised recombinant protein expression. Gene 2007; 399:120-8. [PMID: 17566670 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts are attractive organisms for recombinant protein production. They combine highly developed genetic systems and ease of use with reductions in time and costs. We describe an autoselection system for recombinant protein expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which increases yields 5-10-fold compared to conditional selection for expression plasmids. Multicopy expression plasmids encoding essential MOB1 or CDC28 genes are absolutely necessary for the viability of host cells with mob1 or cdc28 deletions in their genomes. Such plasmids are stably maintained, even in rich medium, so optimising biomass production and yields of recombinant protein. Plasmid copy numbers are also increased by limiting selective MOB1 and CDC28 gene expression prior to induction. GST- or 6His-tagged proteins are produced for affinity purification and are expressed from a conditional GAL1-10 promoter to avoid potentially toxic effects of recombinant proteins on growth. Autoselection systems for expressing single or pairs of proteins are described. We demonstrate the versatility of this system by expressing proteins from a number of organisms and include several large and problematic products. The in vitro reconstruction of a step in mitotic regulation shows how this expression system can be successfully applied to the detailed analysis of complex metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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40
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Arévalo-Villena M, Úbeda Iranzo J, Briones Pérez A. Enhancement of Aroma in White Wines Using a β-Glucosidase Preparation FromDebaryomyces pseudopolymorphus(A-77). FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430701410605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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41
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Swain MR, Kar S, Sahoo AK, Ray RC. Ethanol fermentation of mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) flowers using free and immobilized yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Res 2007; 162:93-8. [PMID: 16580830 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2006.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing interest to find alternate bioresources for production of ethanol, apart from cane/sugar beet molasses and starchy crops like sweet sorghum, cassava and sweet potato. Mahula (Madhuca latifolia L.) is a forest tree abundantly available in the Indian subcontinent and its flowers are very rich in fermentable sugars (28.1-36.3 g 100 g(-1)). Batch fermentation of fresh and 12-month-stored flowers with free (whole cells) and immobilized cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (strain CTCRI) was carried out in 2-l Erlenmeyer flasks. The ethanol yields were 193 and 148 g kg(-1) (using free cells) and 205 and 152 g kg(-1) (using immobilized cells) from fresh and 12-month-stored mahula flowers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Swain
- Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Bhubaneswar 751 019, Orissa, India
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42
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Hong J, Wang Y, Kumagai H, Tamaki H. Construction of thermotolerant yeast expressing thermostable cellulase genes. J Biotechnol 2007; 130:114-23. [PMID: 17433483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kluyveromyces marxianus NBRC1777 was identified as a thermotolerant yeast and was developed as a host for the expression of thermostable cellulase genes. The previously isolated genes for thermostable endo-beta-1,4-glucanase, cellobiohydrolase, and beta-glucosidase were introduced into the chromosome of K. marxianus and successfully expressed under the control of high-expression promoters. The recombinant K. marxianus expressing cellulase genes became able to grow in synthetic medium containing cellobiose or carboxymethyl-cellulose as the single carbon source. Moreover, the recombinant strain produced 43.4 g/L ethanol from 10% cellobiose. These results suggest that K. marxianus may afford a useful host system, which may be applicable to the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation and the foundation of cellulose consolidated bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiong Hong
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Research Institute of Natural Resources, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Nonoichi-cho, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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43
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44
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van Zyl WH, Lynd LR, den Haan R, McBride JE. Consolidated bioprocessing for bioethanol production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2007; 108:205-35. [PMID: 17846725 DOI: 10.1007/10_2007_061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) of lignocellulose to bioethanol refers to the combining of the four biological events required for this conversion process (production of saccharolytic enzymes, hydrolysis of the polysaccharides present in pretreated biomass, fermentation of hexose sugars, and fermentation of pentose sugars) in one reactor. CBP is gaining increasing recognition as a potential breakthrough for low-cost biomass processing. Although no natural microorganism exhibits all the features desired for CBP, a number of microorganisms, both bacteria and fungi, possess some of the desirable properties. This review focuses on progress made toward the development of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for CBP. The current status of saccharolytic enzyme (cellulases and hemicellulases) expression in S. cerevisiae to complement its natural fermentative ability is highlighted. Attention is also devoted to the challenges ahead to integrate all required enzymatic activities in an industrial S. cerevisiae strain(s) and the need for molecular and selection strategies pursuant to developing a yeast capable of CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem H van Zyl
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602, Matieland, South Africa.
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45
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Katahira S, Mizuike A, Fukuda H, Kondo A. Ethanol fermentation from lignocellulosic hydrolysate by a recombinant xylose- and cellooligosaccharide-assimilating yeast strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:1136-43. [PMID: 16575564 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0402-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The sulfuric acid hydrolysate of lignocellulosic biomass, such as wood chips, from the forest industry is an important material for fuel bioethanol production. In this study, we constructed a recombinant yeast strain that can ferment xylose and cellooligosaccharides by integrating genes for the intercellular expressions of xylose reductase and xylitol dehydrogenase from Pichia stipitis, and xylulokinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a gene for displaying beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus acleatus on the cell surface. In the fermentation of the sulfuric acid hydrolysate of wood chips, xylose and cellooligosaccharides were completely fermented after 36 h by the recombinant strain, and then about 30 g/l ethanol was produced from 73 g/l total sugar added at the beginning. In this case, the ethanol yield of this recombinant yeast was much higher than that of the control yeast. These results demonstrate that the fermentation of the lignocellulose hydrolysate is performed efficiently by the recombinant Saccharomyces strain with abilities for xylose assimilation and cellooligosaccharide degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Katahira
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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Percival Zhang YH, Himmel ME, Mielenz JR. Outlook for cellulase improvement: screening and selection strategies. Biotechnol Adv 2006; 24:452-81. [PMID: 16690241 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 663] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose is the most abundant renewable natural biological resource, and the production of biobased products and bioenergy from less costly renewable lignocellulosic materials is important for the sustainable development of human beings. A reduction in cellulase production cost, an improvement in cellulase performance, and an increase in sugar yields are all vital to reduce the processing costs of biorefineries. Improvements in specific cellulase activities for non-complexed cellulase mixtures can be implemented through cellulase engineering based on rational design or directed evolution for each cellulase component enzyme, as well as on the reconstitution of cellulase components. Here, we review quantitative cellulase activity assays using soluble and insoluble substrates, and focus on their advantages and limitations. Because there are no clear relationships between cellulase activities on soluble substrates and those on insoluble substrates, soluble substrates should not be used to screen or select improved cellulases for processing relevant solid substrates, such as plant cell walls. Cellulase improvement strategies based on directed evolution using screening on soluble substrates have been only moderately successful, and have primarily targeted improvement in thermal tolerance. Heterogeneity of insoluble cellulose, unclear dynamic interactions between insoluble substrate and cellulase components, and the complex competitive and/or synergic relationship among cellulase components limit rational design and/or strategies, depending on activity screening approaches. Herein, we hypothesize that continuous culture using insoluble cellulosic substrates could be a powerful selection tool for enriching beneficial cellulase mutants from the large library displayed on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Percival Zhang
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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47
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van Rooyen R, Hahn-Hägerdal B, La Grange DC, van Zyl WH. Construction of cellobiose-growing and fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. J Biotechnol 2005; 120:284-95. [PMID: 16084620 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucosidase genes of fungal origins were isolated and heterologously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enable growth on the disaccharide, cellobiose. To promote secretion of the beta-glucosidases, the genes were fused to the secretion signal of the Trichoderma reesei xyn2 gene and constitutively expressed from a multi-copy yeast expression vector under transcriptional control of the S. cerevisiae PGK1 promoter and terminator. The resulting recombinant enzymes were characterized with respect to pH and temperature optimum, as well as kinetic properties. The two most promising enzymes, BGL1 from Saccharomycopsis fibuligera and BglA from Aspergillus kawachii, were anchored to the yeast cell surface by fusing the mature proteins to the alpha-agglutinin (AGalpha1) or cell wall protein 2 (Cwp2) peptides. The maximum specific growth rates (mu(max)) of the recombinant S. cerevisiae strains were determined in batch cultivation. S. cerevisiae secreting the recombinant S. fibuligera BGL1 enzyme sustained growth aerobically and anaerobically, in minimal medium containing 5g L(-1) cellobiose at 0.23 h(-1) (compared to 0.29 h(-1) on glucose) and 0.18 h(-1) (compared to 0.25 h(-1) on glucose), respectively. Substrate consumption and product formation were determined to evaluate product yields in glucose and cellobiose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronél van Rooyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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48
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Panagiotou G, Christakopoulos P, Olsson L. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose by Fusarium oxysporum F3—growth characteristics and metabolite profiling. Enzyme Microb Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Abbas A, Koc H, Liu F, Tien M. Fungal degradation of wood: initial proteomic analysis of extracellular proteins of Phanerochaete chrysosporium grown on oak substrate. Curr Genet 2004; 47:49-56. [PMID: 15551134 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-004-0550-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2004] [Revised: 10/12/2004] [Accepted: 10/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis was used to separate the extracellular proteins produced by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Solid-substrate cultures grown on red oak wood chips yielded extracellular protein preparations which were not suitable for 2-D gel analysis. However, pre-washing the wood chips with water helped decrease the amount of brown material which caused smearing on the acidic side of the isoelectric focusing gel. The 2-D gels from these wood-grown cultures revealed more than 45 protein spots. These spots were subjected to in-gel digestion with trypsin followed by either peptide fingerprint analysis by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS) or by liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS sequencing. Data from both methods were analyzed by Protein Prospector and the local P. chrysosporium annotated database. MALDI-TOF/MS only identified two proteins out of 25 analyzed. This was most likely due to problems associated with glycosylation. Protein sequencing by LC/MS/MS of the same 25 proteins resulted in identification of 16 proteins. Most of the proteins identified act on either cellulose or hemicellulose or their hydrolysis products. Thus far no lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase or laccases have been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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50
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Fujita Y, Ito J, Ueda M, Fukuda H, Kondo A. Synergistic saccharification, and direct fermentation to ethanol, of amorphous cellulose by use of an engineered yeast strain codisplaying three types of cellulolytic enzyme. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:1207-12. [PMID: 14766607 PMCID: PMC348929 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.2.1207-1212.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A whole-cell biocatalyst with the ability to induce synergistic and sequential cellulose-degradation reaction was constructed through codisplay of three types of cellulolytic enzyme on the cell surface of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When a cell surface display system based on alpha-agglutinin was used, Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II and Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase 1 were simultaneously codisplayed as individual fusion proteins with the C-terminal-half region of alpha-agglutinin. Codisplay of the three enzymes on the cell surface was confirmed by observation of immunofluorescence-labeled cells with a fluorescence microscope. A yeast strain codisplaying endoglucanase II and cellobiohydrolase II showed significantly higher hydrolytic activity with amorphous cellulose (phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose) than one displaying only endoglucanase II, and its main product was cellobiose; codisplay of beta-glucosidase 1, endoglucanase II, and cellobiohydrolase II enabled the yeast strain to directly produce ethanol from the amorphous cellulose (which a yeast strain codisplaying beta-glucosidase 1 and endoglucanase II could not), with a yield of approximately 3 g per liter from 10 g per liter within 40 h. The yield (in grams of ethanol produced per gram of carbohydrate consumed) was 0.45 g/g, which corresponds to 88.5% of the theoretical yield. This indicates that simultaneous and synergistic saccharification and fermentation of amorphous cellulose to ethanol can be efficiently accomplished using a yeast strain codisplaying the three cellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuya Fujita
- Division of Molecular Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodaicho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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