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Comeglio P, Guarnieri G, Filippi S, Cellai I, Acciai G, Holyer I, Zetterberg F, Leffler H, Kahl-Knutson B, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Maggi M, Slack RJ, Vignozzi L. The galectin-3 inhibitor selvigaltin reduces liver inflammation and fibrosis in a high fat diet rabbit model of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1430109. [PMID: 39144627 PMCID: PMC11322497 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1430109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Galectin-3 is a pro-fibrotic β-galactoside binding lectin highly expressed in fibrotic liver and implicated in hepatic fibrosis. Selvigaltin (previously known as GB1211) is a novel orally active galectin-3 small molecule inhibitor that has high affinity for galectin-3 (human KD = 25 nM; rabbit KD = 12 nM) and high oral bioavailability in rabbits and man. In this study the efficacy of selvigaltin was investigated in a high fat diet (HFD) rabbit model of metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Methods Male New Zealand White rabbits were individually caged under standard conditions in a temperature and humidity-controlled room on a 12 h light/darkness cycle. After 1 week of regular diet (RD), rabbits were randomly assigned for 8 or 12 weeks to different groups: RD/vehicle, RD/selvigaltin, HFD (8 weeks), HFD/vehicle and HFD/selvigaltin (0.3, 1.0, 5.0 or 30 mg/kg selvigaltin with vehicle/selvigaltin p.o. dosed therapeutically q.d. 5 days per week from week 9 or 12). Liver inflammation, steatosis, ballooning, and fibrosis was measured via blood metabolic markers, histomorphological evaluation [Oil Red O, Giemsa, Masson's trichome, picrosirius red (PSR) and second harmonic generation (SHG)], and mRNA and protein expression. Results Steatosis, inflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis were all increased from RD to HFD/vehicle groups. Selvigaltin demonstrated target engagement by significantly decreasing galectin-3 levels in the liver as measured via immunohistochemistry and mRNA analysis. Selvigaltin dose-dependently reduced biomarkers of liver function (AST, ALT, bilirubin), inflammation (cells foci), and fibrosis (PSR, SHG), as well as decreasing the mRNA and protein expression of several key inflammation and fibrosis biomarkers (e.g., IL6, TGFβ3, SNAI2, collagen). Doses of 1.0 or 5.0 mg/kg demonstrated consistent efficacy across most biological endpoints supporting the current clinical doses of selvigaltin being investigated in liver disease. Discussion Selvigaltin significantly reduced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in an HFD rabbit model of MASH following therapeutic dosing for 4 weeks in a dose-dependent manner. These data support the human selvigaltin dose of 100 mg b.i.d. that has been shown to reduce key liver biomarkers during a clinical study in liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Comeglio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Guarnieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Filippi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cellai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Acciai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Erica Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Annamaria Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Linda Vignozzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium “Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi” (INBB), Rome, Italy
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Grujcic M, Milovanovic M, Nedeljkovic J, Jovanovic D, Arsenijevic D, Solovjova N, Stankovic V, Tanaskovic I, Arsenijevic A, Milovanovic J. The Possible Effects of Galectin-3 on Mechanisms of Renal and Hepatocellular Injury Induced by Intravascular Hemolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8129. [PMID: 39125698 PMCID: PMC11311984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intravascular hemolysis is a central feature of congenital and acquired hemolytic anemias, complement disorders, infectious diseases, and toxemias. Massive and/or chronic hemolysis is followed by the induction of inflammation, very often with severe damage of organs, which enhances the morbidity and mortality of hemolytic diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that modulates the functions of many immune cells, thus affecting inflammatory processes. Gal-3 is also one of the main regulators of fibrosis. The role of Gal-3 in the development of different kidney and liver diseases and the potential of therapeutic Gal-3 inhibition have been demonstrated. Therefore, the objective of this review is to discuss the possible effects of Gal-3 on the process of kidney and liver damage induced by intravascular hemolysis, as well as to shed light on the potential therapeutic targeting of Gal-3 in intravascular hemolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Grujcic
- Institute for Transfusiology and Hemobiology of Military Medical Academy, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nedeljkovic
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Danijela Jovanovic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Arsenijevic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Natalija Solovjova
- Academy of Applied Studies Belgrade, The College of Health Science, Cara Dušana 254, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Stankovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Irena Tanaskovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Harm Reduction of Biological and Chemical Hazards, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovića 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.M.); (D.A.); (V.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Histology and Embriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Cheng M, Hao X, Wei H, Sun R, Tian Z. Galectin-3-ITGB1 Signaling Mediates Interleukin 10 Production of Hepatic Conventional Natural Killer Cells in Hepatitis B Virus Transgenic Mice and Correlates with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression in Patients. Viruses 2024; 16:737. [PMID: 38793619 PMCID: PMC11125742 DOI: 10.3390/v16050737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The outcomes of HBV infections are related to complex immune imbalances; however, the precise mechanisms by which HBV induces immune dysfunction are not well understood. METHODS HBV transgenic (HBs-Tg) mice were used to investigate intrahepatic NK cells in two distinct subsets: conventional NK (cNK) and liver-resident NK (LrNK) cells during a chronic HBV infection. RESULTS The cNK cells, but not the LrNK cells, were primarily responsible for the increase in the number of bulk NK cells in the livers of ageing HBs-Tg mice. The hepatic cNK cells showed a stronger ability to produce IL-10, coupled with a higher expression of CD69, TIGIT and PD-L1, and lower NKG2D expression in ageing HBs-Tg mice. A lower mitochondrial mass and membrane potential, and less polarized localization were observed in the hepatic cNK cells compared with the splenic cNK cells in the HBs-Tg mice. The enhanced galectin-3 (Gal-3) secreted from HBsAg+ hepatocytes accounted for the IL-10 production of hepatic cNK cells via ITGB1 signaling. For humans, LGALS3 and ITGB1 expression is positively correlated with IL-10 expression, and negatively correlated with the poor clinical progression of HCC. CONCLUSIONS Gal-3-ITGB1 signaling shapes hepatic cNK cells but not LrNK cells during a chronic HBV infection, which may correlate with HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Wendi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Min Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Department of Geriatrics, Gerontology Institute of Anhui Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Xiaolei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Immune Response and Immunotherapy, Institute of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences and Health Laboratory of Anhui Province, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
- Research Unit of NK Cell Study, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hefei 230027, China
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Bajraktari G, Elger T, Huss M, Loibl J, Albert A, Kandulski A, Müller M, Tews HC, Buechler C. Serum Galectin-3 as a Non-Invasive Marker for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4765. [PMID: 38731984 PMCID: PMC11084718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a serious liver disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Galectin-3, an inflammatory and fibrotic molecule, has elevated circulating levels in patients with chronic liver disease and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study aims to clarify whether galectin-3 can differentiate between patients with IBD, PSC, and PSC-IBD. Our study measured serum galectin-3 levels in 38 healthy controls, 55 patients with IBD, and 22 patients with PSC (11 patients had underlying IBD and 11 patients did not), alongside the urinary galectin-3 of these patients and 18 controls. Serum and urinary galectin-3 levels in IBD patients were comparable to those in controls. Among IBD patients, those with high fecal calprotectin, indicating severe disease, exhibited lower serum and elevated urinary galectin-3 levels compared to those with low calprotectin levels. Serum galectin-3 levels were inversely correlated with C-reactive protein levels. PSC patients displayed higher serum and urinary galectin-3 levels than IBD patients, with the highest serum levels observed in PSC patients with coexisting IBD. There was no correlation between serum and urinary galectin-3 levels and laboratory indicators of liver injury in both IBD and PSC patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that serum and urinary galectin-3 levels can distinguish IBD from PSC patients, and also reveals higher serum galectin-3 levels in PSC-IBD patients compared to those with isolated PSC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology, and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (G.B.); (T.E.); (M.H.); (J.L.); (A.A.); (A.K.); (M.M.); (H.C.T.)
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5
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Patwekar M, Sehar N, Patwekar F, Medikeri A, Ali S, Aldossri RM, Rehman MU. Novel immune checkpoint targets: A promising therapy for cancer treatments. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 126:111186. [PMID: 37979454 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The immune system frequently comprises immunological checkpoints. They serve as a barrier to keep the immune system from overreacting and damaging cells that are robust. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are utilized in immunotherapy to prevent the synergy of partner proteins of checkpoint proteins with auxiliary proteins. Moreover, the T cells may target malignant cells since the "off" signal cannot be conveyed. ICIs, which are mostly composed of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and anti- programmed death-1/programmed ligand 1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1), might transform the context of cancer therapy. Further, more patients continued to exhibit adaptive resistance, even though several ICIs demonstrated convincing therapeutic benefits in selective tumor types. Immune checkpoint therapy's overall effectiveness is still lacking at this time. A popular area of study involves investigating additional immune checkpoint molecules. Recent research has found a number of fresh immune checkpoint targets, including NKG2A ligands, TIGIT, B7-H6 ligands, Galectin 3, TIM3, and so on. These targets have been focus of the study, and recent investigational approaches have shown encouraging outcomes. In this review article, we covered the development and present level understanding of these recently identified immune checkpoint molecules, its effectiveness and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nouroz Sehar
- Centre for Translational and Clinical Research, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Faheem Patwekar
- Luqman College of Pharmacy, Gulbarga, 585102, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shafat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Rana M Aldossri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneeb U Rehman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Das S, Dey MK, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. Biomarkers in Cancer Detection, Diagnosis, and Prognosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 24:37. [PMID: 38202898 PMCID: PMC10780704 DOI: 10.3390/s24010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Biomarkers are vital in healthcare as they provide valuable insights into disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment response, and personalized medicine. They serve as objective indicators, enabling early detection and intervention, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced costs. Biomarkers also guide treatment decisions by predicting disease outcomes and facilitating individualized treatment plans. They play a role in monitoring disease progression, adjusting treatments, and detecting early signs of recurrence. Furthermore, biomarkers enhance drug development and clinical trials by identifying suitable patients and accelerating the approval process. In this review paper, we described a variety of biomarkers applicable for cancer detection and diagnosis, such as imaging-based diagnosis (CT, SPECT, MRI, and PET), blood-based biomarkers (proteins, genes, mRNA, and peptides), cell imaging-based diagnosis (needle biopsy and CTC), tissue imaging-based diagnosis (IHC), and genetic-based biomarkers (RNAseq, scRNAseq, and spatial transcriptomics).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (S.D.); (M.K.D.); (R.D.)
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7
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Ahmed R, Anam K, Ahmed H. Development of Galectin-3 Targeting Drugs for Therapeutic Applications in Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8116. [PMID: 37175823 PMCID: PMC10179732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is one of the most studied members of the galectin family that mediate various biological processes such as growth regulation, immune function, cancer metastasis, and apoptosis. Since Gal3 is pro-inflammatory, it is involved in many diseases that are associated with chronic inflammation such as cancer, organ fibrosis, and type 2 diabetes. As a multifunctional protein involved in multiple pathways of many diseases, Gal3 has generated significant interest in pharmaceutical industries. As a result, several Gal3-targeting therapeutic drugs are being developed to address unmet medical needs. Based on the PubMed search of Gal3 to date (1987-2023), here, we briefly describe its structure, carbohydrate-binding properties, endogenous ligands, and roles in various diseases. We also discuss its potential antagonists that are currently being investigated clinically or pre-clinically by the public and private companies. The updated knowledge on Gal3 function in various diseases could initiate new clinical or pre-clinical investigations to test therapeutic strategies, and some of these strategies could be successful and recognized as novel therapeutics for unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hafiz Ahmed
- GlycoMantra Inc., Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Dong J, Zhang R, Xia Y, Jiang X, Zhou K, Li J, Guo M, Cao X, Zhang S. The necroptosis related gene LGALS3 can be used as a biomarker for the adverse progression from chronic HBV infection to HCC. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1142319. [PMID: 37180150 PMCID: PMC10169569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1142319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains large, despite the remarkable effectiveness of antiviral drugs and vaccines for HBV in preventing and treating HBV infection. Necroptosis is closely related to the occurrence of inflammation, clearance of viral infection, and tumor progression. Presently, little is known about the changes in necroptosis-related genes in the progression from chronic HBV infection (CHI) to HBV-related hepatic fibrosis (HBV-HF) and HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). In this study, Cox regression analysis was performed using GSE14520 chip data and a necroptosis-related genes survival prognosis score (NRGPS) was established for HBV-HCC patients. NRGPS was constructed using three model genes (G6PD, PINK1 and LGALS3), and verified by data sequencing in the TCGA database. The HBV-HCC cell model was established by transfection of pAAV/HBV1.2C2, constructed by homologous recombination, into HUH7 and HEPG2 cells. The expression levels of G6PD, PINK1, and LGALS3 were detected using RT-qPCR. We further analyzed the expression of the model genes in GSE83148, GSE84044, and GSE14520 and found that LGALS3 was consistently highly expressed in CHI, high fibrosis score and high NRGPS. In addition, immune microenvironment analysis showed that LGALS3 was not only associated with the infiltration of regulatory T cells in the immune microenvironment but also with expression of CCL20 and CCR6. The expression levels of model genes, FOXP3 and CCR6, were analyzed using RT-qPCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 31 hepatitis B surface antibody positive patients, 30 CHI, 21 HBV-HF, and 20 HBV-HCC. In further cell-model experiments, we analyzed the expression of CCL20 by RT-qPCR and the changes in cell proliferation and migration by CCK8 and transwell assays, respectively, in HBV-HCC cell models after LGALS3 knockdown. The findings of this study suggest that LGALS3 could be a biomarker for adverse progression following chronic HBV infection and may also be involved in the regulation of the immune microenvironment, making it a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Dong
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongzheng Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Xia
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mengrui Guo
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyang Cao
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuyun Zhang
- Scientific Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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9
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Tews HC, Elger T, Grewal T, Weidlich S, Vitali F, Buechler C. Fecal and Urinary Adipokines as Disease Biomarkers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041186. [PMID: 37189804 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of biomarkers is of great clinical value for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and the assessment of treatment efficacy. In this context, adipokines secreted from adipose tissue are of interest, as their elevated circulating levels are associated with a range of metabolic dysfunctions, inflammation, renal and hepatic diseases and cancers. In addition to serum, adipokines can also be detected in the urine and feces, and current experimental evidence on the analysis of fecal and urinary adipokine levels points to their potential as disease biomarkers. This includes increased urinary adiponectin, lipocalin-2, leptin and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in renal diseases and an association of elevated urinary chemerin as well as urinary and fecal lipocalin-2 levels with active inflammatory bowel diseases. Urinary IL-6 levels are also upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and may become an early marker for kidney transplant rejection, while fecal IL-6 levels are increased in decompensated liver cirrhosis and acute gastroenteritis. In addition, galectin-3 levels in urine and stool may emerge as a biomarker for several cancers. With the analysis of urine and feces from patients being cost-efficient and non-invasive, the identification and utilization of adipokine levels as urinary and fecal biomarkers could become a great advantage for disease diagnosis and predicting treatment outcomes. This review article highlights data on the abundance of selected adipokines in urine and feces, underscoring their potential to serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauke C Tews
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Elger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Simon Weidlich
- Department of Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, University Hospital Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Vitali
- Department of Medicine 1, Gastroenterology, Pneumology and Endocrinology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Intracellular galectin-3 is a lipopolysaccharide sensor that promotes glycolysis through mTORC1 activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7578. [PMID: 36481721 PMCID: PMC9732310 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How the carbohydrate binding protein galectin-3 might act as a diabetogenic and tumorogenic factor remains to be investigated. Here we report that intracellular galectin-3 interacts with Rag GTPases and Ragulator on lysosomes. We show that galectin-3 senses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to facilitate the interaction of Rag GTPases and Ragulator, leading to the activation of mTORC1. We find that the lipopolysaccharide/galectin-3-Rag GTPases/Ragulator-mTORC1 axis regulates a cohort of genes including GLUT1, and HK2, and PKM2 that are critically involved in glucose uptake and glycolysis. Indeed, galectin-3 deficiency severely compromises LPS-promoted glycolysis. Importantly, the expression of HK2 is significantly reduced in diabetes patients. In multiple types of cancer including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), galectin-3 is highly expressed, and its level of expression is positively correlated with that of HK2 and PKM2 and negatively correlated with the prognosis of HCC patients. Our study unravels that galectin-3 is a sensor of LPS, an important modulator of the mTORC1 signaling, and a critical regulator of glucose metabolism.
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The Synthesis and Preclinical Investigation of Lactosamine-Based Radiopharmaceuticals for the Detection of Galectin-3-Expressing Melanoma Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112504. [PMID: 36432695 PMCID: PMC9695418 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin promoting tumor growth and metastatis, it could be a valuable target for the treatment of Gal-3-expressing neoplasms. An aromatic group introduced to the C-3′ position of lactosamine increased its affinity for Gal-3. Herein, we aimed at developing a radiopharmaceutical for the detection of Gal-3 positive malignancies. To enhance tumor specificity, a heterodimeric radiotracer capable of binding to both Gal-3 and αvβ3 integrin was also synthetized. Arginine-glycine-asparagine (RGD) peptide is the ligand of angiogenesis- and metastasis-associated αvβ3 integrin. Following the synthesis of the chelator-conjugated (2-naphthyl)methylated lactosamine, the obtained compound was applied as a precursor for radiolabeling and was conjugated to the RGD peptide by click reaction as well. Both synthetized precursors were radiolabeled with 68Ga, resulting in high labeling yield (>97). The biological studies were carried out using B16F10 melanoma tumor-bearing C57BL6 mice. High tumor accumulation of both labeled lactosamine derivatives—detected by in vivo PET and ex vivo biodistribution studies—indicated their potential for melanoma detection. However, the heterodimer radiotracer showed high hepatic uptake, while low liver accumulation characterized chelator-conjugated lactosamine, resulting in PET images with excellent contrast. Therefore, this novel carbohydrate-based radiotracer is suitable for the highly selective determination of Gal-3-expressing melanoma cells.
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Cervantes-Alvarez E, Limon-de la Rosa N, Vilatoba M, Pérez-Monter C, Hurtado-Gomez S, Martinez-Cabrera C, Argemi J, Alatorre-Arenas E, Yarza-Regalado S, Tejeda-Dominguez F, Lizardo-Thiebaud MJ, Mendez-Guerrero O, Gamboa-Dominguez A, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Huang CA, Kershenobich D, Bataller R, Torre A, Navarro-Alvarez N. Galectin-3 is overexpressed in advanced cirrhosis and predicts post-liver transplant infectious complications. Liver Int 2022; 42:2260-2273. [PMID: 35635536 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Patients with advanced cirrhosis often have immune dysfunction and are more susceptible to infections. Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin implicated in inflammation, immune regulation and liver fibrosis. We aim to investigate galectin-3 expression in advanced cirrhosis and its ability to predict post-transplant infectious complications. METHODS We collected sera and liver samples from 129 cirrhotic patients at the time of liver transplantation and from an external cohort of 37 patients with alcoholic liver disease including alcoholic hepatitis (AH) at the time of diagnosis. Galectin-3 was assessed by ELISA, real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry and RNA-seq. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis were performed to assess the predictive power of galectin-3 for disease severity and post-transplant infections. RESULTS Increased galectin-3 levels were found in advanced cirrhosis. Galectin-3 significantly correlated with disease severity parameters and inflammatory markers. Galectin-3 had significant discriminating power for compensated and advanced cirrhosis (AUC = 0.78/0.84, circulating/liver galectin-3; p < .01), and was even higher to discriminate severe AH (AUC = 0.95, p < .0001). Cox Proportional-hazard model showed that galectin-3, MELD-Na and the presence of SIRS predict the development of post-transplant infectious complications. Patients with circulating galectin-3 (>16.58 ng/ml) were at 2.19-fold 95% CI (1.12-4.29) increased risk, but when combined with MELD-Na > 20.0 and SIRS, the risk to develop post-transplant infectious complications, increased to 4.60, 95% CI (2.38-8.90). CONCLUSION Galectin-3 is a novel biological marker of active inflammation and disease severity that could be clinically useful alone or in combination with other scores to discriminate advanced cirrhosis and predict post-transplant infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,PECEM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nathaly Limon-de la Rosa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mario Vilatoba
- Department of Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Pérez-Monter
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sahara Hurtado-Gomez
- Department of Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cynthia Martinez-Cabrera
- Department of Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Josepmaria Argemi
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elisa Alatorre-Arenas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Yarza-Regalado
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Osvely Mendez-Guerrero
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Gamboa-Dominguez
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos A Aguilar-Salinas
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Christene A Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - David Kershenobich
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramon Bataller
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Liver Unit, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Hepatology Program, Center for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aldo Torre
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nalu Navarro-Alvarez
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Universidad Panamericana School of Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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13
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Liu X, Chen W, Shao W, Jiang Y, Cao Z, He W, Wu M, Chen Z, Ma J, Chen Y, Yu P, Zhang Y, Wang J. Liver fibrosis scores and atrial fibrillation incidence in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ESC Heart Fail 2022; 9:3985-3994. [PMID: 35996808 PMCID: PMC9773713 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related advanced liver fibrosis (Stage 3 or 4) was reported to be linked to worse prognosis in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This study aims to assess the relationship between liver fibrosis scores and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence in patients with HFpEF in the Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist (TOPCAT) trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline liver fibrosis levels, assessed by NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) or Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), with AF incidence were expressed as hazard ratios (HRs) using the Cox proportional hazard model. The risk for advanced fibrosis was estimated to be 21.5% (447/2072) as assessed by FIB-4 (>3.25) and 4.2% (88/2072) as assessed by NFS (>0.676) in HFpEF patients without baseline AF. After a median follow-up of 3.11 years, 106 new-onset AF cases occurred. In multivariate analysis, elevated NFS [NFS = -1.455-0.676: HR 2.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-4.68; NFS > 0.676: HR 3.36, 95% CI 1.27-6.80; per 1 unit increase: HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01-1.32], not FIB-4 (FIB-4 = 1.45-3.25: HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.67-1.55; FIB-4 > 3.25: HR 1.69, 95% CI 0.76-3.79; per 1 unit increase: HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.93-1.37), was associated with increased AF incidence. The NFS (C-index 0.662), not FIB-4 (C-index 0.531), had a moderate predictive ability in predicting incident AF. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with HFpEF, the risk of advanced liver fibrosis is associated with an increased incidence of new-onset AF and may be a novel predictor for new-onset AF. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular DiseaseSun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wenya Chen
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wen Shao
- Department of EndocrineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Wanbing He
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Maoxiong Wu
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhiteng Chen
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jianyong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems PhysiologyUniversity of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOhioUSA
| | - Yangxin Chen
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of EndocrineThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchangJiangxiChina
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular DiseaseSun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Department of CardiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and ElectrophysiologySun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina,Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Translation in Major Cardiovascular DiseaseSun Yat‐sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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Zanotti S, Boot GF, Coto-Llerena M, Gallon J, Hess GF, Soysal SD, Kollmar O, Ng CKY, Piscuoglio S. The Role of Chronic Liver Diseases in the Emergence and Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: An Omics Perspective. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:888850. [PMID: 35814741 PMCID: PMC9263082 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.888850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) typically develops from a background of cirrhosis resulting from chronic inflammation. This inflammation is frequently associated with chronic liver diseases (CLD). The advent of next generation sequencing has enabled extensive analyses of molecular aberrations in HCC. However, less attention has been directed to the chronically inflamed background of the liver, prior to HCC emergence and during recurrence following surgery. Hepatocytes within chronically inflamed liver tissues present highly activated inflammatory signaling pathways and accumulation of a complex mutational landscape. In this altered environment, cells may transform in a stepwise manner toward tumorigenesis. Similarly, the chronically inflamed environment which persists after resection may impact the timing of HCC recurrence. Advances in research are allowing an extensive epigenomic, transcriptomic and proteomic characterization of CLD which define the emergence of HCC or its recurrence. The amount of data generated will enable the understanding of oncogenic mechanisms in HCC from the CLD perspective and provide the possibility to identify robust biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of primary and recurrent HCC. Importantly, biomarkers defined by the analysis of CLD tissue may permit the early detection or prevention of HCC emergence and recurrence. In this review, we compile the current omics based evidence of the contribution of CLD tissues to the emergence and recurrence of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zanotti
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas University Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gina F. Boot
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mairene Coto-Llerena
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John Gallon
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel F. Hess
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Savas D. Soysal
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Otto Kollmar
- Clarunis, University Center for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, St. Clara Hospital and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte K. Y. Ng
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Salvatore Piscuoglio
- Visceral Surgery and Precision Medicine Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Salvatore Piscuoglio
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15
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Kott KA, Bishop M, Yang CHJ, Plasto TM, Cheng DC, Kaplan AI, Cullen L, Celermajer DS, Meikle PJ, Vernon ST, Figtree GA. Biomarker Development in Cardiology: Reviewing the Past to Inform the Future. Cells 2022; 11:588. [PMID: 35159397 PMCID: PMC8834296 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac biomarkers have become pivotal to the clinical practice of cardiology, but there remains much to discover that could benefit cardiology patients. We review the discovery of key protein biomarkers in the fields of acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and atherosclerosis, giving an overview of the populations they were studied in and the statistics that were used to validate them. We review statistical approaches that are currently in use to assess new biomarkers and overview a framework for biomarker discovery and evaluation that could be incorporated into clinical trials to evaluate cardiovascular outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine A. Kott
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Michael Bishop
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Kensington 2033, Australia;
| | - Christina H. J. Yang
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Toby M. Plasto
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Daniel C. Cheng
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Adam I. Kaplan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Louise Cullen
- Emergency and Trauma Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston 4029, Australia;
| | - David S. Celermajer
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown 2050, Australia
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown 2042, Australia
| | - Peter J. Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne 3004, Australia;
| | - Stephen T. Vernon
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
| | - Gemma A. Figtree
- Cardiovascular Discovery Group, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards 2065, Australia; (K.A.K.); (S.T.V.)
- Department of Cardiology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2050, Australia; (C.H.J.Y.); (T.M.P.); (D.C.C.); (A.I.K.); (D.S.C.)
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16
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Luís C, Soares R, Baylina P, Fernandes R. Underestimated Prediabetic Biomarkers: Are We Blind to Their Strategy? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:805837. [PMID: 35321333 PMCID: PMC8936175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.805837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is currently one of the fastest growing health challenging, a non-communicable disease result of the XXI century lifestyle. Given its growing incidence and prevalence, it became increasingly imperative to develop new technologies and implement new biomarkers for early diagnosis in order to promote lifestyle changes and thus cause a setback of the disease. Promising biomarkers have been identified as predictive of T2D development; however, none of them have yet been implemented in clinical practice routine. Moreover, many prediabetic biomarkers can also represent potential therapeutical targets in disease management. Previous studies have identified the most popular biomarkers, which are being thoroughly investigated. However, there are some biomarkers with promising preliminary results with limited associated studies; hence there is still much to be understood about its mechanisms and associations in T2D pathophysiology. This work identifies and discusses the promising results of Galectin-3, Ophthalmate and Fetuin-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Luís
- Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology (LABMI)-Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carla Luís, ; Rúben Fernandes,
| | - Raquel Soares
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pilar Baylina
- Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology (LABMI)-Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS-IPP – Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rúben Fernandes
- Laboratory of Medical & Industrial Biotechnology (LABMI)-Porto Research, Technology and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS-IPP – Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Carla Luís, ; Rúben Fernandes,
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Synthesis of 68Ga-Labeled cNGR-Based Glycopeptides and In Vivo Evaluation by PET Imaging. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122103. [PMID: 34959383 PMCID: PMC8703807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia induces angiogenesis, which is required for tumor cell survival. The aminopeptidase N receptor (APN/CD13) is an excellent marker of angiogenesis since it is overexpressed in angiogenic blood vessels and in tumor cells. Asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) peptide analogs bind selectively to the APN/CD13 recepto, therefore, they are important vector molecules in the development of a PET radiotracer which is capable of detecting APN-rich tumors. To investigate the effect of glycosylation and pegylation on in-vivo efficacy of an NGR-based radiotracer, two 68Ga-labeled radioglycopeptides were synthesized. A lactosamine derivative was applied to glycosylation of the NGR derivative and PEG4 moiety was used for pegylation. The receptor targeting potential and biodistribution of the radiopeptides were evaluated with in vivo PET imaging studies and ex vivo tissue distribution studies using B16-F10 melanoma tumor-bearing mice. According to these studies, all synthesized radiopeptides were capable of detecting APN expression in B16-F10 melanoma tumor. In addition, lower hepatic uptake, higher tumor-to background (T/M) ratio and prolonged circulation time were observed for the novel [68Ga]-10 radiotracer due to pegylation and glycosylation, resulting in more contrasting PET imaging. These in vivo PET imaging results correlated well with the ex vivo tissue distribution data.
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18
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Ou SM, Tsai MT, Chen HY, Li FA, Tseng WC, Lee KH, Chang FP, Lin YP, Yang RB, Tarng DC. Identification of Galectin-3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:748225. [PMID: 34869439 PMCID: PMC8633540 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.748225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a multifunctional glycan-binding protein shown to be linked to chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Plasma Gal-3 is associated with proteinuria and renal dysfunction, but its role has never been confirmed with kidney biopsy results. In our study, we aimed to explore the expression of Gal-3 in biopsy-proven patients, and we tested the hypothesis that chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to upregulation of plasma Gal-3 expression in corresponding biopsy findings and RNA sequencing analysis. Method: In 249 patients (male/female: 155/94, age: 57.2 ± 16.3 years) who underwent kidney biopsy, plasma levels of Gal-3 were measured to estimate the association of renal fibrosis. Relationships between plasma Gal-3 levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and renal histology findings were also assessed. We further examined the gene expression of Gal-3 in RNA-sequencing analysis in biopsy-proven patients. Results: Compared to patients without CKD, CKD patients had higher levels of plasma Gal-3 (1,016.3 ± 628.1 pg/mL vs. 811.6 ± 369.6 pg/ml; P = 0.010). Plasma Gal-3 was inversely correlated with eGFR (P = 0.005) but not with proteinuria. Higher Gal-3 levels were associated with interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and vascular intimal fibrosis. RNA-sequencing analysis showed the upregulation of Gal-3 in fibrotic kidney biopsy samples, and the differentially expressed genes were mainly enhanced in immune cell activation and the regulation of cell-cell adhesion. Conclusions: Plasma Gal-3 levels are inverse correlated with eGFR but positively correlated with renal fibrosis, which may be involved in the immune response and associated pathways. These findings support the role of Gal-3 as a predictive marker of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Ming Ou
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsun Tsai
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Cheng Tseng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hua Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Pang Chang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Inflammation and Immunity Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ping Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Bing Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Der-Cherng Tarng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sánchez PS, Rigual MDM, Djouder N. Inflammatory and Non-Inflammatory Mechanisms Controlling Cirrhosis Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205045. [PMID: 34680192 PMCID: PMC8534267 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The liver is continuously exposed to several harmful factors, subsequently activating sophisticated mechanisms set-up in order to repair and regenerate the damaged liver and hence to prevent its failure. When the injury becomes chronic, the regenerative response becomes perpetual and goes awry, leading to cirrhosis with a fatal liver dysfunction. Cirrhosis is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common, usually lethal, human primary liver neoplasm with very limited therapeutic options. Considering the pivotal role of immune factors in the development of cirrhosis, here we review and discuss the inflammatory pathways and components implicated in the development of cirrhosis. A better understanding of these circuits would help the design of novel strategies to prevent and treat cirrhosis and HCC, two lethal diseases. Abstract Because the liver is considered to be one of the most important metabolic organs in the body, it is continuously exposed to damaging environmental agents. Upon damage, several complex cellular and molecular mechanisms in charge of liver recovery and regeneration are activated to prevent the failure of the organ. When liver injury becomes chronic, the regenerative response goes awry and impairs the liver function, consequently leading to cirrhosis, a liver disorder that can cause patient death. Cirrhosis has a disrupted liver architecture and zonation, along with the presence of fibrosis and parenchymal nodules, known as regenerative nodules (RNs). Inflammatory cues contribute to the cirrhotic process in response to chronic damaging agents. Cirrhosis can progress to HCC, the most common and one of the most lethal liver cancers with unmet medical needs. Considering the essential role of inflammatory pathways in the development of cirrhosis, further understanding of the relationship between immune cells and the activation of RNs and fibrosis would guide the design of innovative therapeutic strategies to ameliorate the survival of cirrhotic and HCC patients. In this review, we will summarize the inflammatory mechanisms implicated in the development of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nabil Djouder
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-3-491-732-8000 (ext. 3830); Fax: +34-3-491-224-6914
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20
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Sehrawat S, Kaur M. Galectin-3 as a modifier of anti-microbial immunity: Unraveling the unknowns. Glycobiology 2021; 30:418-426. [PMID: 31985798 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins play diverse roles in pathophysiology of infectious diseases and cancers. Galectin-3 is one of the most studied family member and the only chimeric type lectin. Many aspects of its biogenesis, range of activities, and the disease-modifying potential particularly during microbial infections are yet to be known. We review our current understanding of these issues and also highlight gaps in better defining the immune modulatory potential of galectin-3 during different stages of host responsiveness when an infection sets in. Additionally, we discuss commonly used strategies to disrupt galectin-3 functions both extracellulalry and intracellularly. Existing and improved novel strategies could help fine-tune immune responses to achieve better prognosis of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvan Sehrawat
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306 India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Biological Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, SAS Nagar Knowledge City, PO Manauli, Mohali 140306 India
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21
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Diagnostic Significance of Serum Galectin-3 in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19-A Preliminary Study. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081136. [PMID: 34439802 PMCID: PMC8393726 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with hyperinflammation leading to organ injury, including respiratory failure. Galectin-3 was implicated in innate immunological response to infections and in chronic fibrosis. The aim of our preliminary study was the assessment of the diagnostic utility of serum galectin-3 in patients with COVID-19. The prospective observational study included adult patients admitted with active COVID-19 and treated in tertiary hospital between June and July 2020. The diagnosis was confirmed by the quantitative detection of nucleic acid of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. Galectin-3 was measured by enzyme immunoassay in serum samples obtained during the first five days of hospital stay. We included 70 patients aged 25 to 73 years; 90% had at least one comorbidity. During the hospital stay, 32.9% were diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and 12.9% required treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU). Serum galectin-3 was significantly increased in patients who developed pneumonia, particularly those who required ICU admission. Positive correlations were found between galectin-3 and inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, ferritin, pentraxin-3), a marker of endothelial injury (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1), and a range of tissue injury markers. Serum galectin-3 enabled the diagnosis of pneumonia with moderate diagnostic accuracy and the need for ICU treatment with high diagnostic accuracy. Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that galectin-3 may be involved in severe COVID-19. Further studies are planned to confirm the preliminary results and to verify possible associations of galectin-3 with long-term consequences of COVID-19, including pulmonary fibrosis.
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22
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Ellero AA, van den Bout I, Vlok M, Cromarty AD, Hurrell T. Continual proteomic divergence of HepG2 cells as a consequence of long-term spheroid culture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10917. [PMID: 34035320 PMCID: PMC8149451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89907-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional models are considered a powerful tool for improving the concordance between in vitro and in vivo phenotypes. However, the duration of spheroid culture may influence the degree of correlation between these counterparts. When using immortalised cell lines as model systems, the assumption for consistency and reproducibility is often made without adequate characterization or validation. It is therefore essential to define the biology of each spheroid model by investigating proteomic dynamics, which may be altered relative to culture duration. As an example, we assessed the influence of culture duration on the relative proteome abundance of HepG2 cells cultured as spheroids, which are routinely used to model aspects of the liver. Quantitative proteomic profiling of whole cell lysates labelled with tandem-mass tags was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In excess of 4800 proteins were confidently identified, which were shared across three consecutive time points over 28 days. The HepG2 spheroid proteome was divergent from the monolayer proteome after 14 days in culture and continued to change over the successive culture time points. Proteins representing the recognised core hepatic proteome, cell junction, extracellular matrix, and cell adhesion proteins were found to be continually modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Antonio Ellero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Iman van den Bout
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maré Vlok
- Proteomics Unit, Central Analytical Facility, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Allan Duncan Cromarty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Bioengineering and Integrated Genomics Group, Next Generation Health Cluster, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Secretory Galectin-3 promotes hepatic steatosis via regulation of the PPARγ/CD36 signaling pathway. Cell Signal 2021; 84:110043. [PMID: 33991615 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is an essential regulator of a number of metabolic disorders. Previous studies have established that Gal3 is a positive regulator of inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. However, its function in the early pathogenesis of hepatic lipid accumulation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unresolved. Here, we demonstrate the presence of significantly upregulated extracellular concentrations of Gal3 in the fatty livers of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced mice. Systemic inhibition of Gal3 by injection of TD139 reduced the accumulation of lipid in the livers of HFD-fed mice, accompanied by the decreased expression of CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ). Treatment with Gal3 protein elicited the opposite response in palmitic acid (PA)-induced HepG2 hepatocytes. It was additionally discovered that Gal3 positively regulates CD36 transcription by increased activation of PPARγ, thereby increasing fatty acid uptake, resulting in hepatic steatosis. In conclusion, the present study confirmed the roles of Gal3 in hepatic lipid metabolism in both in vitro and in vivo studies and revealed that Gal3 is a secretory protein that promotes hepatic steatosis through the PPARγ-CD36-dependent pathway, suggesting that targeting Gal3 may represent a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of NAFLD and related metabolic disorders.
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24
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Zhuang JJ, Zhou L, Zheng YH, Ding YS. The serum galectin-3 levels are associated with the severity and prognosis of ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:7454-7464. [PMID: 33686023 PMCID: PMC7993705 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a microglia/macrophage-derived inflammatory mediator, plays a role in the stroke progression. In this single-center prospective study, we included 288 consecutive patients with a first-ever acute ischemic stroke to assess the association between galectin-3 serum level and clinical severity at admission and outcome at discharge by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. The results were presented as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Patients with high severity and poor outcomes had higher serum levels of galectin-3 (P<0.001 and P<0.001). Multivariate analysis suggested that a galectin-3 serum level in the highest quartile (The lowest three quartiles[Q1-3] as the reference) was associated with poor functional outcome (OR, 3.15; 95% CI, 2.44–3.87). The AUC (standard error) for the NIHSS and the combined model were 0.764 (0.031) and 0.823 (0.027), corresponding to a difference of 0.059 (0.004). This study shows that higher serum levels of galectin-3 are associated with stroke severity at admission and stroke prognosis at discharge in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jun Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Hua Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Sheng Ding
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong, China
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25
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Ge JY, Zheng YW, Tsuchida T, Furuya K, Isoda H, Taniguchi H, Ohkohchi N, Oda T. Hepatic stellate cells contribute to liver regeneration through galectins in hepatic stem cell niche. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:425. [PMID: 32993816 PMCID: PMC7526193 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a critical cellular component in the hepatic stem cell niche, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play critical roles in regulating the expansion of hepatic stem cells, liver regeneration, and fibrogenesis. However, the signaling of HSCs, particularly that involved in promoting hepatic stem cell expansion, remains unclear. While the overexpression of galectins has been identified in regenerating liver tissues, their involvement in cell-cell interactions between HSCs and hepatic stem cells remains to be elucidated. METHODS To generate a liver regeneration rat model and establish a hepatic oval cell microenvironment as a stem cell niche, 2-acetylaminofluorene treatment plus partial hepatectomy was performed. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to detect the emergence of hepatic stem cells and their niche. Liver parenchymal cells, non-parenchymal cells, and HSCs were isolated for gene and protein expression analysis by qPCR or western blotting. To evaluate the effect of galectins on the colony-forming efficiency of hepatic stem cells, c-Kit-CD29+CD49f+/lowCD45-Ter-119- cells were cultured with recombinant galectin protein, galectin antibody, galectin-producing HSCs, and galectin-knockdown HSCs. RESULTS Following liver injury, the cytokeratin 19+ ductal cells were robustly induced together with the emergence of OV6+CD44+CD133+EpCAM+ hepatic stem cells. The activated desmin+ HSCs were recruited around the periportal area and markedly enriched in the galectin-positive domain compared to the other non-parenchymal cells. Notably, the HSC fraction isolated from regenerating liver was accompanied by dramatically elevated gene and protein expression of galectins. Hepatic stem cells co-cultured with HSCs significantly enhanced colony-forming efficiency. Conversely, single or double knockdown of galectin-1 and galectin-3 led into a significant function loss, impaired the co-cultured hepatic stem cells to attenuated colony size, inhibited colony frequency, and reduced total cell numbers in colonies. On the other hand, the promotive function of galectins was further confirmed by recombinant galectin protein supplementation and galectins blocking antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, for the first time, demonstrated that galectins from activated HSCs contribute to hepatic stem cell expansion during liver regeneration, suggesting that galectins serve as important stem cell niche components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yun Ge
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yun-Wen Zheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. .,Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, China. .,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan. .,School of Biotechnology and Heath Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, Guangdong, China.
| | - Tomonori Tsuchida
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kinji Furuya
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroko Isoda
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hideki Taniguchi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan. .,Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Oda
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
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26
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Kong F, Jin M, Cao D, Jia Z, Liu Y, Jiang J. Galectin-3 not Galectin-9 as a candidate prognosis marker for hepatocellular carcinoma. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9949. [PMID: 32995093 PMCID: PMC7501799 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Galectins (Gal) are a family of protein that bind to the β-galactoside of glycoproteins. It modulates a variety of biological functions, such as tumor growth, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. A series of experimental and clinical evidences have been reported to support a correlation between galectin expressions and neoplastic transformation, progression and prognosis. The objective of this study was to estimate the expression of Gal-3 and Gal-9 in order to evaluate their relation to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) -related clinical features and their prognostic values. Methods We evaluated Gal-3 and Gal-9 expression in 247 HCC patients by a tissue microarray immunohistochemistry method, then analyzed the relationship between expression levels of Gal-3 and Gal-9 protein and tumor parameters or clinical outcomes. Results The Gal-3 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues (P < 0.001), while no significant differences of Gal-9 was detected (P = 0.222). A higher Gal-3 expression was significantly associated with lymph-vascular invasion (P = 0.049), poor histological differentiation (P = 0.016), and no cirrhosis (P = 0.040). In contrast, a lower Gal-9 expression was related to lymph-vascular invasion (P = 0.012) and poor histological differentiation (P = 0.002). Survival analysis showed that patients with higher Gal-3 expression had worse overall survival (P = 0.012) , however no correlation was found between Gal-9 expression and survival (P = 0.185). Multivariate analysis showed that multiple tumor (HR = 1.94, 95% CI [1.36–2.78]), tumor size ≥ 5 cm (HR = 1.51, 95% CI [1.07–2.12]), Lymph-vascular invasion (HR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.00–2.10]) and Gal-3 expression (HR = 1.57, 95% CI [1.06–2.33]) were independent influencing factors of prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusion Gal-3 was expected to serve as a novel prognostic marker of hepatocellular carcinoma, while Gal-9 expression was only related to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Kong
- Division of Clinical Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hepatology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meishan Jin
- Department of Pathology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Donghui Cao
- Division of Clinical Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhifang Jia
- Division of Clinical Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yawen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- Division of Clinical Research, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Garrido A, Djouder N. Cirrhosis: A Questioned Risk Factor for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:29-36. [PMID: 32917550 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is one of the major metabolic organs in the body, susceptible to injury caused by various factors. In response to injury, sophisticated mechanisms are engaged to repair and regenerate the damaged liver, preventing its failure. When the damage is chronic, regeneration goes awry, impairing liver function and causing cirrhosis. Hence, cirrhosis may rather be a protective response to injury, where wound-healing processes are set to primarily repair the damaged liver. Although cirrhosis is clinically considered a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), comprehensive population-based studies demonstrate a very modest incidence, refuting the idea that cirrhosis progresses to HCC. Here, we discuss and shed light on the provocative question of whether cirrhosis predisposes to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Garrido
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Molecular Oncology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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28
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Sun MJ, Cao ZQ, Leng P. The roles of galectins in hepatic diseases. J Mol Histol 2020; 51:473-484. [PMID: 32734557 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic diseases include all diseases that occur in the liver, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, etc. Hepatic diseases worldwide are characterized by high incidences of digestive system diseases, which present with subtle symptoms, are difficult to treat and have high mortality. Galectins are β-galactoside-binding proteins that have been found to be aberrantly expressed during hepatic disease progression. An increasing number of studies have shown that abnormal expression of galectins is extensively involved in hepatic diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Galectins function as intracellular and extracellular hepatic disease regulators mainly through the binding of their carbohydrate recognition domain to glycoconjugates expressed in hepatocytes. In this review, we summarize current research on the various roles of galectins in cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver fibrosis and HCC, which may provide a preliminary theoretical basis for the exploration of new targets for the treatment of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Juan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhan-Qi Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Leng
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiang Su Road, Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
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Azevedo Foinquinos G, Azevedo Acioli ME, Santana Cavalcanti AH, Barbosa Junior WL, Lima RE, Juca NT, de Azevedo Foinquinos RC, Rocha da Cruz C, Fernandez Pereira FM, de Carvalho SR, de Mendonça Belmont TF, Vasconcelos LRS, Beltrão Pereira LMM. Influence of LGALS3 and PNPLA3 genes in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in patients undergone bariatric surgery. Obes Res Clin Pract 2020; 14:326-332. [PMID: 32690320 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study evaluated the genesPNPLA3 and LGALS3 in patients who have undergone bariatric surgery. METHODS Individuals with NAFLD and NASH were evaluated, the DNA was extracted from total blood for genotyping of rs4644, rs4652 from LGALS3 and rs738409 from PNPLA3 genes, the total RNA was obtained from liver biopsy. For the detection of the molecular targets, real-time PCR through Taqman probes was used. RESULTS From a total of 46 collected patients, of those 21 (456%) were included as NASH and 25 (544%) as steatosis group. This groups showed significant difference to aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) (p = 0.0108, p = 0.0090 and p = 0.0044). Regarding to gene expression in studied groups, hepatic steatosis vs NASH, we observed a higher expression of the LGALS3 gene in NASH (p = 0.0273). In addition, patients with C allele in homozygous for rs4644 and rs4652 of LGALS3 gene had higher expression, in NASH group (p = 0.0500 and p = 0.0242, respectively), furthermore for rs4644 both alleles in homozygous showed higher expression (AA/CC vs AC) (p = 0.0500), when analyzed PNPLA3 rs738409, NASH patients with G allele in homozygous had higher expression (p = 0.0494). CONCLUSIONS Therefore, an increased expression of the LGALS3 gene in patients with NASH may be important in the etiopathogenesis of the disease, as well as the presence of rs4652 and rs4644 SNPs in the regulation of transcriptional levels of the gene in patients with NAFLD and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Luydson Richardson Silva Vasconcelos
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Brazil; Aggeu Magalhães Institute - IAM- FIOCRUZ-PE, Brazil; Institute of Liver and Transplant of Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Mac-2-binding protein glycan isomer enhances the aggressiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma by activating mTOR signaling. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1145-1153. [PMID: 32624579 PMCID: PMC7525442 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-0971-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA)+ Mac-2-binding protein (M2BPGi) is a novel serum marker for liver fibrosis. Although an elevated serum level of M2BPGi can predict development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the effect of M2BPGi on HCC remains unclear. There are no reports about the association of M2BPGi with HCC aggressiveness. We aimed to clarify the significance of M2BPGi in HCC. Methods The protein expression of M2BPGi and galectin-3, a ligand of M2BP, and the mRNA expression of M2BP were evaluated in surgically resected human HCC samples. M2BPGi-regulating signals in HCC cells were investigated using transcriptome analysis. The effects of M2BPGi on HCC properties and galectin-3/mTOR signaling were evaluated. Results M2BPGi and galectin-3 proteins co-localised in HCC cells, while M2BP mRNA was detected in cirrhotic liver stromal cells. mTOR signaling was upregulated in M2BPGi-treated HCC cells. Moreover, M2BPGi treatment induced tumour-promoting effects on HCC in vitro by activated mTOR signaling. In addition, M2BPGi bound to galectin-3 to induce membranous galectin-3 expression in HCC cells. In vivo, M2BPGi enhanced the growth of xenografted HCC. Conclusions M2BPGi is produced in stromal cells of the cirrhotic liver. Furthermore, M2BPGi enhances the progression of HCC through the galectin-3/mTOR pathway.
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Jariwala KA, Sherazi AA, Tazhitdinova R, Shum K, Guevorguian P, Karagiannis J, Staples JF, Timoshenko AV. The association between increasing levels of O-GlcNAc and galectins in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus). Cell Tissue Res 2020; 381:115-123. [PMID: 32157440 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational glycosylation of proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAcylation) and changes of galectin expression profiles are essential in many cellular stress responses. We examine this regulation in the liver tissue of hibernating thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) representing a biological model of hypometabolism and physiological stress resistance. The tissue levels of O-GlcNAcylated proteins as well as galectin-1 and galectin-3 proteins detected by immunodot blot assay were significantly lower by 4.6-5.4-, 2.2-2.3- and 2.5-2.9-fold, respectively, in the non-hibernating summer squirrels compared with those in winter, whether hibernating or aroused. However, there were no differences in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in O-GlcNAc cycle (O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase) and such galectins as LGALS1, LGALS2, LGALS3, LGALS4 and LGALS9. Only the expression of LGALS8 gene in the liver tissue was significantly decreased by 37.6 ± 0.1% in hibernating ground squirrels relative to summer animals. Considering that the expression of a proven genetic biomarker ELOVL6 encoding ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 was readily upregulated in non-hibernating animals by 11.3-32.9-fold, marginal differential changes in the expression of galectin genes cannot be classified as biomarkers of hibernation. Thus, this study provides evidence that hibernation in Ictidomys tridecemlineatus is associated with increasing O-GlcNAcylation of liver proteins and suggests that the contribution of galectins deserves further studies at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal A Jariwala
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Ali A Sherazi
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Rada Tazhitdinova
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kathryn Shum
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Philipp Guevorguian
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jim Karagiannis
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - James F Staples
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Alexander V Timoshenko
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N, London, ON, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Romero FA, Jones CT, Xu Y, Fenaux M, Halcomb RL. The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease. J Med Chem 2020; 63:5031-5073. [PMID: 31930920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, and hepatocellular damage. NASH is a serious condition that can progress to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The association of NASH with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia has led to an emerging picture of NASH as the liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. Although diet and exercise can dramatically improve NASH outcomes, significant lifestyle changes can be challenging to sustain. Pharmaceutical therapies could be an important addition to care, but currently none are approved for NASH. Here, we review the most promising targets for NASH treatment, along with the most advanced therapeutics in development. These include targets involved in metabolism (e.g., sugar, lipid, and cholesterol metabolism), inflammation, and fibrosis. Ultimately, combination therapies addressing multiple aspects of NASH pathogenesis are expected to provide benefit for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anthony Romero
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Christopher T Jones
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Yingzi Xu
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martijn Fenaux
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L Halcomb
- Terns Pharmaceuticals, 1065 E. Hillsdale Blvd., Suite 100, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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Oikonomou T, Goulis I, Ntogramatzi F, Athanasiadou Z, Vagdatli E, Akriviadis E, Cholongitas E. Galectin-3 is associated with glomerular filtration rate and outcome in patients with stable decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:1692-1697. [PMID: 31235313 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2019.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Newly introduced galectin-3 (gal-3) has been associated to impaired renal function. Gal-3 may become prognostic biomarker in hepatic diseases. AIM To investigate the association of gal-3 with prognosis and renal function in patients with stable decompensated cirrhosis. METHOD We studied prospectively 100 stable decompensated patients in our Department between 2010 and 2017. We measured gal-3 in serum samples. Patients' renal function was assessed using 51Chromium-EDTA ("true GFR"). RESULTS Seventy patients (70%) survived and 30 died (n = 16) or underwent LT (n = 14). Twenty nine patients (29%) had normal gal-3, 71 (71%) had ≥11.7 ng/mL; they differed significantly regarding mean "true"-GFR: 90 ± 20 mL/min vs. 76 ± 26 mL/min, p = 0.03 and mean creatinine: 0.83 ± 0.14 mg/dL vs. 0.97 ± 0.4 mg/dL, p = 0.05. Median gal-3 levels were 17.5 ng/mL (range 4.9-76.5 ng/mL); 49 patients with gal-3 ≥17.5 ng/mL had significantly higher MELD score, (15 ± 5 vs. 13 ± 4, p = 0.02) and worse "true" GFR (74 vs. 85 mL/min, p = 0.04). Gal-3 had good performance in predicting "true"-GFR < 60 mL/min; AUC: 0.71, 95%CI [0.58-0.85], best cut off value 17.5 ng/mL. Kaplan-Meier analysis, using median gal-3 (17.5 ng/mL) revealed different survival time for our patients (log-rank p = 0.04). CONCLUSION Gal-3 proved trustworthy marker of established chronic kidney disease, with predictive ability in stable decompensated cirrhosis. Gal-3 came also a significant factor for our patients' outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Oikonomou
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Ioannis Goulis
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Fani Ntogramatzi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Zoi Athanasiadou
- Department of Biochemistry, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Eleni Vagdatli
- Department of Biochemistry, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Evangelos Akriviadis
- Fourth Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Medical School of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54642, Greece
| | - Evangelos Cholongitas
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.
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35
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Mak LY, Ko M, To E, Wong DKH, Ma JHC, Hui TLY, Seto WK, Fung J, Lai CL, Yuen MF. Serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in entecavir-treated chronic hepatitis B patients. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1817-1823. [PMID: 30786068 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can still develop in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients receiving antiviral treatment. Serum Mac-2-binding protein glycosylation isomer (M2BPGi) is a novel marker for liver fibrosis. We investigated its role on incidence of HCC in entecavir (ETV)-treated CHB patients. METHODS We identified HCC cases diagnosed at ≥ 1 year of ETV treatment. CHB patients without HCC (matched for age, gender, baseline hepatitis B virus-DNA, and duration of ETV treatment) were identified in approximately 1:2 ratio (HCC: non-HCC) for comparison. Serum samples were retrieved at baseline (initiation of ETV), 3, and 5 years of ETV for serum M2BPGi measurement (expressed in cut-off index [COI]). RESULTS One hundred HCC cases were matched with 185 CHB patients without HCC (median age 56.7 years, 78.9% male, baseline hepatitis B virus-DNA 5.6 logIU/mL, and median follow-up 7.1 years). Median time from ETV initiation to incident HCC was 3.9 years. Serum M2BPGi levels were significantly higher in HCC cases compared with controls at baseline and year 3 (1.25 vs 0.98 [P = 0.004], 0.89 vs 0.74 [P = 0.018] COI, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that baseline M2BPGi was the only independent factor associated with incident HCC (odds ratio 1.241, 95% confidence interval 1.039-1.482, P = 0.017). Using a cut-off value of 1.15 COI, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of baseline serum M2BPGi in cirrhotic patients to predict incident HCC were 90%, 53.8%, 69.6%, and 82.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Baseline and 3-year serum M2BPGi may be useful to identify high risk patients on antiviral treatment for subsequent HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lung-Yi Mak
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Ko
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Elvis To
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Danny Ka-Ho Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | - Wai-Kay Seto
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - James Fung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ching-Lung Lai
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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The Number of Liver Galectin-3 Positive Cells Is Dually Correlated with NAFLD Severity in Children. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143460. [PMID: 31337151 PMCID: PMC6679049 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a complex disease ranging from steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which is a β-galactoside binding protein, has been associated with liver fibrosis, but its role in NAFLD remains elusive. We investigated the expression of Gal-3 in liver resident cells and its potential association with liver damage in 40 children with biopsy-proven NAFLD. We found that several liver cells expressed Gal-3. The number of total Gal-3 positive cells decreased with the severity of disease and the cells were correlated with the presence of steatosis and the diagnosis of NASH. CD68 macrophages expressed Gal-3 but the number CD68/Gal-3 positive cells was significantly reduced in patients diagnosed with steatosis and NASH. Triple CD68/CD206/Gal-3, which represented the subpopulation of M2 macrophages, were mainly present in patients without NASH, and clearly reduced in patients with steatosis and NASH. On the contrary, the number of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA)/Gal-3 positive cells increased with the severity of fibrosis in children with NAFLD. Our data demonstrated that the number of Gal-3 positive cells was associated with tissue damage in different ways, which suggests a dual role of this protein in the pathogenesis of pediatric NAFLD, even if the role of Gal-3 deserves further studies.
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Gallego I, Rioboo A, Reina JJ, Díaz B, Canales Á, Cañada FJ, Guerra‐Varela J, Sánchez L, Montenegro J. Glycosylated Cell‐Penetrating Peptides (GCPPs). Chembiochem 2019; 20:1400-1409. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Gallego
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Alicia Rioboo
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - José J. Reina
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Bernardo Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) del CSIC C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, CP 28040 Madrid Spain
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y QuímicaFac. Ciencias Químicas Univ. Complutense de Madrid Avd/ Complutense s/n, CP Madrid Spain
| | - Ángeles Canales
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y QuímicaFac. Ciencias Químicas Univ. Complutense de Madrid Avd/ Complutense s/n, CP Madrid Spain
| | - F. Javier Cañada
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB) del CSIC C/Ramiro de Maetzu 9, CP 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Jorge Guerra‐Varela
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía FísicaFacultade de Veterinaria Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 27002 Lugo Spain
| | - Laura Sánchez
- Departamento de Zooloxía, Xenética e Antropoloxía FísicaFacultade de Veterinaria Universidade de Santiago de Compostela 27002 Lugo Spain
| | - Javier Montenegro
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e, Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS)Departamento de Química OrgánicaUniversidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Vida 15782 Santiago de Compostela Spain
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Stojanovic B, Milovanovic J, Arsenijevic A, Stojanovic B, Strazic Geljic I, Arsenijevic N, Jonjic S, Lukic ML, Milovanovic M. Galectin-3 Deficiency Facilitates TNF-α-Dependent Hepatocyte Death and Liver Inflammation in MCMV Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:185. [PMID: 30800112 PMCID: PMC6376859 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) has a role in multiple inflammatory pathways. Various, opposite roles of Gal-3 in liver diseases have been described but there are no data about the role of Gal-3 in development of hepatitis induced with cytomegalovirus infection. In this study we aimed to clarify the role of Gal-3 in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced hepatitis by using Gal-3-deficient (Gal-3 KO) mice. Here we provide the evidence that Gal-3 has the protective role in MCMV-induced hepatitis. Enhanced hepatitis manifested by more inflammatory and necrotic foci and serum level of ALT, enhanced apoptosis and necroptosis of hepatocytes and enhanced viral replication were detected in MCMV-infected Gal-3 deficient mice. NK cells does not contribute to more severe liver damage in MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Enhanced expression of TNF-α in the hepatocytes of Gal-3 KO mice after MCMV infection, abrogated hepatocyte death, and attenuated inflammation in the livers of Gal-3 KO mice after TNF-α blockade suggest that TNF-α plays the role in enhanced disease in Gal-3 deficient animals. Treatment with recombinant Gal-3 reduces inflammation and especially necrosis of hepatocytes in the livers of MCMV-infected Gal-3 KO mice. Our data highlight the protective role of Gal-3 in MCMV-induced hepatitis by attenuation of TNF-α-mediated death of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana Stojanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Histology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Aleksandar Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojan Stojanovic
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivana Strazic Geljic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Stipan Jonjic
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Miodrag L Lukic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Milovanovic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Luís C, Costa R, Rodrigues I, Castela Â, Coelho P, Guerreiro S, Gomes J, Reis C, Soares R. Xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin reduce type 2 diabetes-associated oxidative stress by downregulating galectin-3. Porto Biomed J 2018; 4:e23. [PMID: 31595252 PMCID: PMC6750249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbj.0000000000000023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Galectin-3 (Gal3) expression is associated with accumulation of Advanced Glycation End products (AGE), a common feature in diabetes mellitus (DM). The role of Gal3 in oxidative stress is, however, controversial, being considered in the literature to play either a protective role or exacerbating disease. Methods Herein, we examined the interplay between Gal3 and oxidative stress in a high-fat diet -induced type 2 DMC57Bl/6 mice model. Because natural polyphenols are known to play antioxidant and anti-inflammatory roles and to modulate metabolic activity, we further evaluated the effect of xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin polyphenols in this crosstalk. Results Gal3 expression was accompanied by 3-nitrotyrosine and AGE production in liver and kidney of diabetic mice compared to healthy animals (fed with standard diet). Oral supplementation with polyphenols decreased the levels of these oxidative biomarkers as evaluated by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Interestingly, blocking Gal3 by incubating human microvascular endothelial cells with modified citrus pectin increased 3-nitrotyrosine protein expression. Conclusions These findings imply that Gal3 overexpression is probably controlling oxidative stress in endothelial cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that supplementation with 8-prenylnaringenin or xanthohumol reverses diabetes-associated oxidation in liver and kidney, and consequently decreases this diabetic biomarker that predispose to cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Luís
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto
| | - Ilda Rodrigues
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine
| | - Ângela Castela
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto
| | - Pedro Coelho
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto.,ESTSP-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto
| | - Susana Guerreiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto
| | - Joana Gomes
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto
| | - Celso Reis
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto
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Huang WA, Dunipace EA, Sorg JM, Vaseghi M. Liver Disease as a Predictor of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:e008703. [PMID: 30371253 PMCID: PMC6201455 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Impact of liver disease on development of atrial fibrillation ( AF ) is unclear. The purpose of the study was to evaluate prevalence of AF in the setting of liver disease and whether increasing severity of liver disease, using Model for End-Stage Liver Disease ( MELD ), is independently associated with increased risk of AF . Methods and Results Retrospective data analysis of 1727 patients with liver disease evaluated for liver transplantation between 2006 and 2015 was performed, and patient characteristics were analyzed from billing codes and review of medical records. Multivariable time-dependent Cox proportional hazards model was performed to determine effect of increasing MELD score on risk of developing AF . Prevalence of AF was 11.2%. Incidence of AF at median follow-up time of 1.04 years was 8.5%. Both prevalence and incidence of AF increased with increasing MELD scores. Prevalence of AF was 3.7%, 6.4%, 16.7%, and 20.2% corresponding with MELD quartiles 1 to 10, 11 to 20, 21 to 30, and >30, respectively. Compared with patients with MELD quartile 1 to 10, patients with MELD quartile of 11 to 20 had hazard ratio of 2.73 (confidence interval, 1.47-5.07), those in the MELD quartile of 21 to 30 had a hazard ratio of 5.17 (confidence interval, 2.65-10.09), and those with MELD values >30 had hazard ratio of 9.33 (confidence interval, 3.93-22.14) for development of new-onset AF . Other significant variables associated with new-onset AF were age, sleep apnea, valvular heart disease, hemodynamic instability, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction <50% (hazard ratio, of 1.06, 2.17, 3.21, 2.00, and 2.44, respectively). Conclusions Prevalence and incidence of AF in patients with liver disease is high. Severity of liver disease, as measured by MELD , is an important predictor of new-onset AF . This novel finding suggests an interaction between inflammatory and neurohormonal changes in liver disease and pathogenesis of AF .
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Huang
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia CenterDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Eric A. Dunipace
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia CenterDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMA
| | - Julie M. Sorg
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia CenterDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia CenterDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
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Dubé-Delarosbil C, St-Pierre Y. The emerging role of galectins in high-fatality cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1215-1226. [PMID: 29119229 PMCID: PMC11105754 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although we witnessed considerable progress in the prevention and treatment of cancer during the past few decades, a number of cancers remain difficult to treat. The main reasons for this are a lack of effective biomarkers necessary for an early detection and inefficient treatments for cancer that are diagnosed at late stages of the disease. Because of their alarmin-like properties and their protumorigenic role during cancer progression, members of the galectin family are uniquely positioned to provide information that could be used for the exploration of possible avenues for the treatment of high fatality cancer (HFC). A rapid overview of studies that examined the expressions and functions of galectins in cancer cells reveals that they play a central role in at least three major features that characterize HFCs: (1) induction of systemic and local immunosuppression, (2) chemoresistance of cancer cells, and (3) increased invasive behavior. Defining the galectinome in HFCs will also lead to a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity while providing critical information that could improve the accuracy of biomarker panels for a more personalized treatment of HFCs. In this review, we discuss the relevance of the galectinome in HFC and its possible contribution to providing potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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Qu C, Qu Y. Down-regulation of salt-inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) is mediated by RNF2 in hepatocarcinogenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3144-3155. [PMID: 27911266 PMCID: PMC5356871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study reported that down-regulation of SIK1 accelerates the growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the underlying mechanism leading to SIK1 down-regulation in HCC largely remains to be determined. Herein, we demonstrated that RNF2 expression is negatively correlated with SIK1 levels in HCC tissues. Kaplan-Meier analysis of tumor samples revealed that high RNF2 expression with concurrent low SIK1 expression is associated with poor overall survival. The down-regulation of RNF2 expression in HCC cells significantly reduces tumor cell growth and metastasis, while the simultaneous down-regulation of both RNF2 and SIK1 restores tumor cell growth in vitro and in tumor xenograft models. Mechanistically, we identified RNF2 as an E3 ligase that targets SIK1 for degradation. We further demonstrated that direct physical interaction between RNF2 and SIK1 triggers SIK1 down-regulation in HCC cells. These data suggest that RNF2 is an important upstream negative regulator of SIK1 and that restoration of SIK1 levels induced by loss of RNF2 inhibited HCC cell growth and promoted apoptosis, which may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yaqin Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Romualdo GR, Grassi TF, Goto RL, Tablas MB, Bidinotto LT, Fernandes AAH, Cogliati B, Barbisan LF. An integrative analysis of chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis: Histological, biochemical and molecular features. Toxicol Lett 2017; 281:84-94. [PMID: 28943392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed the integrative characterization of morphological, biochemical and molecular features of chemically-induced cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, male Wistar rats were submitted to a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/thioacetamide (TAA)-induced model. Liver tissue was processed for global gene expression, histopathological and collagen evaluations; as well as immunohistochemical and oxidative stress analysis. Gene Ontology and functional analysis showed the upregulation of extracellular matrix deposition genes, such as collagen type I alpha 1 and 2 (Col1α1 and Col1α2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 2 genes (Timp1 and Timp2). In agreement these findings, animals presented extensive liver cirrhosis with increased collagen deposition (Sirius red). Besides, the animals developed many glutathione S-transferase pi (GST-P)-positive preneoplastic lesions showing high cell proliferation (Ki-67), in keeping with the Gstp1 and Gstp2 increased gene expression. DEN/TAA-treated rats also showed the upregulation of tumorigenesis-related annexin A2 gene (Anxa2) and few neoplastic lesions (hepatocellular adenomas, carcinomas, and cholangiocarcinoma). In contrast, gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes were decreased (glutathione peroxidase, total glutathione-S-transferase, and catalase). The model featured remarkable similarities to human hepatocarcinogenesis. Our findings could bring up new molecular insights into cirrhosis-associated hepatocarcinogenesis, and provide a suitable animal model for the establishment of further diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Ribeiro Romualdo
- Department of Pathology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Tony Fernando Grassi
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Leme Goto
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Baptista Tablas
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tadeu Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos - SP, Brazil; Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos - SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Angélica Henrique Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo University (USP), São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu - SP, Brazil.
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Buechler C, Haberl EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Aslanidis C. Adipokines in Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1392. [PMID: 28661458 PMCID: PMC5535885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis can progress to cirrhosis, which is considered a serious disease. The Child-Pugh score and the model of end-stage liver disease score have been established to assess residual liver function in patients with liver cirrhosis. The development of portal hypertension contributes to ascites, variceal bleeding and further complications in these patients. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is used to lower portal pressure, which represents a major improvement in the treatment of patients. Adipokines are proteins released from adipose tissue and modulate hepatic fibrogenesis. These proteins affect various biological processes that are involved in liver function, including angiogenesis, vasodilation, inflammation and deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. The best studied adipokines are adiponectin and leptin. Adiponectin protects against hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis, and leptin functions as a profibrogenic factor. These and other adipokines are supposed to modulate disease severity in patients with liver cirrhosis. Consequently, circulating levels of these proteins have been analyzed to identify associations with parameters of hepatic function, portal hypertension and its associated complications in patients with liver cirrhosis. This review article briefly addresses the role of adipokines in hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Here, studies having analyzed these proteins in systemic blood in cirrhotic patients are listed to identify adipokines that are comparably changed in the different cohorts of patients with liver cirrhosis. Some studies measured these proteins in systemic, hepatic and portal vein blood or after TIPS to specify the tissues contributing to circulating levels of these proteins and the effect of portal hypertension, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth M Haberl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Tummala KS, Brandt M, Teijeiro A, Graña O, Schwabe RF, Perna C, Djouder N. Hepatocellular Carcinomas Originate Predominantly from Hepatocytes and Benign Lesions from Hepatic Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 19:584-600. [PMID: 28423321 PMCID: PMC5409928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive primary liver cancer. However, its origin remains a debated question. Using human data and various hepatocarcinogenesis mouse models, we show that, in early stages, transformed hepatocytes, independent of their proliferation status, activate hepatic progenitor cell (HPC) expansion. Genetic lineage tracing of HPCs and hepatocytes reveals that, in all models, HCC originates from hepatocytes. However, whereas in various models tumors do not emanate from HPCs, tracking of progenitors in a model mimicking human hepatocarcinogenesis indicates that HPCs can generate benign lesions (regenerative nodules and adenomas) and aggressive HCCs. Mechanistically, galectin-3 and α-ketoglutarate paracrine signals emanating from oncogene-expressing hepatocytes instruct HPCs toward HCCs. α-Ketoglutarate preserves an HPC undifferentiated state, and galectin-3 maintains HPC stemness, expansion, and aggressiveness. Pharmacological or genetic blockage of galectin-3 reduces HCC, and its expression in human HCC correlates with poor survival. Our findings may have clinical implications for liver regeneration and HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna S Tummala
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Marta Brandt
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Teijeiro
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Osvaldo Graña
- Structural Biology and Biocomputing Programme, Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Robert F Schwabe
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cristian Perna
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRYCIS, Madrid 28034, Spain
| | - Nabil Djouder
- Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Growth Factors, Nutrients and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Biotinylated N-Acetyllactosamine- and N,N-Diacetyllactosamine-Based Oligosaccharides as Novel Ligands for Human Galectin-3. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4020031. [PMID: 28952509 PMCID: PMC5590477 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin inhibitor design is an emerging research field due to the involvement of galectins in cancer. Galectin-3, in particular, plays an important role in tumor progression. To generate inhibitors, modifications of the glycan structure can be introduced. Conjugation of hydrophobic compounds to saccharides has proven to be promising as increased binding of galectin-3 can be observed. In the present study, we report on neo-glycans carrying hydrophobic biotin as novel ligands for human galectin-3. We modified N-acetyllactosamine- and N,N-diacetyllactosamine-based tetrasaccharides at the C6-position of the terminal saccharide unit using selective enzymatic oxidation and subsequent chemical conjugation of biotinamidohexanoic acid hydrazide. These neo-glycans were much better bound by galectin-3 than the unmodified counterparts. High selectivity for galectin-3 over galectin-1 was also proven. We generated multivalent neo-glycoproteins by conjugation of neo-glycans to bovine serum albumin showing high affinity for galectin-3. Compared to non-biotinylated neo-glycoproteins, we achieved high binding levels of galectin-3 with a lesser amount of conjugated neo-glycans. Multivalent ligand presentation of neo-glycoproteins significantly increased the inhibitory potency towards galectin-3 binding to asialofetuin when compared to free monovalent glycans. Our findings show the positive impact of 6-biotinylation of tetrasaccharides on galectin-3 binding, which broadens the recent design approaches for producing high-affinity ligands.
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de Oliveira FL, Carneiro K, Brito JM, Cabanel M, Pereira JX, Paiva LDA, Syn W, Henderson NC, El-Cheikh MC. Galectin-3, histone deacetylases, and Hedgehog signaling: Possible convergent targets in schistosomiasis-induced liver fibrosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005137. [PMID: 28231240 PMCID: PMC5322873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis affects approximately 240 million people in the world. Schistosoma mansoni eggs in the liver induce periportal fibrosis and hepatic failure driven by monocyte recruitment and macrophage activation, resulting in robust Th2 response. Here, we suggested a possible involvement of Galectin-3 (Gal-3), histone deacetylases (HDACs), and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling with macrophage activation during Th1/Th2 immune responses, fibrogranuloma reaction, and tissue repair during schistosomiasis. Gal-3 is highly expressed by liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) around Schistosoma eggs. HDACs and Hh regulate macrophage polarization and hepatic stellate cell activation during schistosomiasis-associated fibrogenesis. Previously, we demonstrated an abnormal extracellular matrix distribution in the liver that correlated with atypical monocyte-macrophage differentiation in S. mansoni-infected, Gal-3-deficient (Lgals3-/-) mice. New findings explored in this review focus on the chronic phase, when wild-type (Lgals3+/+) and Lgals3-/- mice were analyzed 90 days after cercariae infection. In Lgals3-/- infected mice, there was significant inflammatory infiltration with myeloid cells associated with egg destruction (hematoxylin and eosin staining), phagocytes (specifically Kupffer cells), numerically reduced and diffuse matrix extracellular deposition in fibrotic areas (Gomori trichrome staining), and severe disorganization of collagen fibers surrounding the S. mansoni eggs (reticulin staining). Granuloma-derived stromal cells (GR cells) of Lgals3-/- infected mice expressed lower levels of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and eotaxin and higher levels of IL-4 than Lgals3+/+ mice (real-time PCR). The relevant participation of macrophages in these events led us to suggest distinct mechanisms of activation that culminate in defective fibrosis in the liver of Lgals3-/- infected mice. These aspects were discussed in this review, as well as the possible interference between Gal-3, HDACs, and Hh signaling during progressive liver fibrosis in S. mansoni-infected mice. Further studies focused on macrophage roles could elucidate these questions and clear the potential utility of these molecules as antifibrotic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Leite de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Marques Brito
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cabanel
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonathas Xavier Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ligia de Almeida Paiva
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Farmacodinâmica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wingkin Syn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Neil C. Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marcia Cury El-Cheikh
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Huang WC, Chen HL, Chen HY, Peng KP, Lee Y, Huang LM, Chang LY, Liu FT. Galectin-3 and Its Genetic Variation rs4644 Modulate Enterovirus 71 Infection. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168627. [PMID: 28002441 PMCID: PMC5176291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, a chimeric type β-galactoside-binding protein, is known to modulate viral infection; however, its role in enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection has not been investigated. We generated galectin-3 null rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells and evaluated whether EV71 infection would be affected. In galectin-3 null cells, the released and intracellular EV71 viral loads were suppressed after 24 h of infection, and cell death rates were significantly lower, while cell proliferation remained unaltered. In addition, RD cells expressing a nonsynonymous genetic variant of galectin-3, rs4644 (LGALS3 +191C/A, P64H), produced lower virus titers than those with wild-type galectin-3 (C allele). To clarify whether the in vitro viral load reduction correlates with clinical severity, we enrolled children with laboratory-confirmed EV71 infection. Since hyperglycemia is an indicator of severe EV71 infection in children, 152 of 401 enrolled children had glucose examinations at admission, and 59 subjects had serum glucose levels ≥ 150 mg/dL. In comparison to the rs4644 AA genotype (2.2 ± 0.06 log10 mg/dL), serum glucose levels during EV71 infection were higher in patients with CC (2.4 ± 0.17 log10 mg/dL, p = 0.03) and CA (2.4 ± 0.15 log10 mg/dL, p = 0.02) genotypes, respectively. These findings suggest that the rs4644 AA genotype of galectin-3 might exert a protective effect. In summary, galectin-3 affects EV71 replication in our cellular model and its variant, rs4644, is associated with hyperglycemia in the clinical setting. The underlying mechanism and its potential therapeutic application warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chan Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Po Peng
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yungling Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Luan-Yin Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (FTL); (LYC)
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (FTL); (LYC)
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Tian J, Yang G, Chen HY, Hsu DK, Tomilov A, Olson KA, Dehnad A, Fish SR, Cortopassi G, Zhao B, Liu FT, Gershwin ME, Török NJ, Jiang JX. Galectin-3 regulates inflammasome activation in cholestatic liver injury. FASEB J 2016; 30:4202-4213. [PMID: 27630169 PMCID: PMC5102125 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600392rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage activation is an important feature of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) pathogenesis and other cholestatic liver diseases. Galectin-3 (Gal3), a pleiotropic lectin, is produced by monocytic cells and macrophages. However, its role in PBC has not been addressed. We hypothesized that Gal3 is a key to induce NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in macrophages and in turn to propagate proinflammatory IL-17 signaling. In liver tissues from patients with PBC and dnTGF-βRII mice, a model of autoimmune cholangitis, the expression of Gal3, NLRP3, and the adaptor protein adaptor apoptosis-associated speck-like protein was induced, with the downstream activation of caspase-1 and IL-1β. In wild-type hepatic macrophages, deoxycholic acid induced the association of Gal3 and NLRP3 with direct activation of the inflammasome, resulting in an increase in IL-1β. Downstream retinoid-related orphan receptor C mRNA, IL-17A, and IL-17F were induced. In Gal3-/- macrophages, no inflammasome activation was detected. To confirm the key role of Gal3 in the pathogenesis of cholestatic liver injury, we generated dnTGF-βRII/galectin-3-/- (dn/Gal3-/-) mice, which showed impaired inflammasome activation along with significantly improved inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, our data point to a novel role of Gal3 as an initiator of inflammatory signaling in autoimmune cholangitis, mediating the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and inducing IL-17 proinflammatory cascades. These studies provide a rationale to target Gal3 in autoimmune cholangitis and potentially other cholestatic diseases.-Tian, J., Yang, G., Chen, H.-Y., Hsu, D. K., Tomilov, A., Olson, K. A., Dehnad, A., Fish, S. R., Cortopassi, G., Zhao, B., Liu, F.-T., Gershwin, M. E., Török, N. J., Jiang, J. X. Galectin-3 regulates inflammasome activation in cholestatic liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Daniel K Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kristin A Olson
- Department of Pathology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA; and
| | - Ali Dehnad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Sarah R Fish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Natalie J Török
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
- Veterans Administration Northern California Medical Center, Mather, California, USA
| | - Joy X Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA;
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