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Esteban F, Ramos-García P, Muñoz M, González-Moles MÁ. Substance P and Neurokinin 1 Receptor in Chronic Inflammation and Cancer of the Head and Neck: A Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:ijerph19010375. [PMID: 35010633 PMCID: PMC8751191 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a growing worldwide public health problem, accounting for approximately 1,500,000 new cases and 500,000 deaths annually. Substance P (SP) is a peptide of the tachykinin family, which has roles related to a large number of physiological mechanisms in humans. The implications of SP in carcinogenesis have recently been reported through the stimulation of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R), or directly, through the effects derived from the constitutive activation of NK1R. Consequently, SP/NK1R seems to play relevant roles in cancer, upregulating cell proliferation, cell migration and chronic inflammation, among other oncogenic actions. Furthermore, there is growing evidence pointing to a central role for SP in tumour progression, singularly so in laryngeal and oral squamous cell carcinomas. The current narrative review of the literature focuses on the relationship between the SP/NK1R system and chronic inflammation and cancer in the head-and-neck region. We described a role for SP/NK1R in the transition from chronic inflammation of the head and neck mucosa, to preneoplastic and neoplastic transformation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Esteban
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, University of Sevilla, 41004 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Pablo Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Miguel Muñoz
- Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides (IBIS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, 41013 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel González-Moles
- School of Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain
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2
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Kim EJ, Kim HY, Ahn JH. Neurotoxicity of local anesthetics in dentistry. J Dent Anesth Pain Med 2020; 20:55-61. [PMID: 32395610 PMCID: PMC7193059 DOI: 10.17245/jdapm.2020.20.2.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During dental treatment, a dentist usually applies the local anesthesia. Therefore, all dentists should have expertise in local anesthesia and anesthetics. Local anesthetics have a neurotoxic effect at clinically relevant concentrations. Many studies have investigated the mechanism of neurotoxicity of local anesthetics but the precise mechanism of local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity is still unclear. In addition, it is difficult to demonstrate the direct neurotoxic effect of local anesthetics because perioperative nerve damage is influenced by various factors, such as the anesthetic, the patient, and surgical risk factors. This review summarizes knowledge about the pharmacology of local anesthetics, nerve anatomy, and the incidence, risk factors, and possible cellular mechanisms of local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Ahn
- Department of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Dental Research Institute, Yangsan, Korea
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3
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Zhu G, Chen Z, Dai B, Zheng C, Jiang H, Xu Y, Sheng X, Guo J, Dan Y, Liang S, Li G. Chronic lead exposure enhances the sympathoexcitatory response associated with P2X4 receptor in rat stellate ganglia. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:631-639. [PMID: 29457680 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lead exposure causes peripheral sympathetic nerve stimulation, including increased blood pressure and heart rate. Purinergic receptors are involved in the sympathoexcitatory response induced by myocardial ischemia injury. However, whether P2X4 receptor participates in sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure and the possible mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the change of the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure via the P2X4 receptor in the stellate ganglion (SG). Rats were given lead acetate through drinking water freely at doses of 0 g/L (control group), 0.5 g/L (low lead group), and 2 g/L (high lead group) for 1 year. Our results demonstrated that lead exposure caused autonomic nervous dysfunction, including blood pressure and heart rate increased and heart rate variability (HRV) decreased. Western blotting results indicated that after lead exposure, the protein expression levels in the SG of P2X4 receptor, IL-1β and Cx43 were up-regulated, the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was activated. Real-time PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of P2X4 receptor in the SG was higher in lead exposure group than that in the control group. Double-labeled immunofluorescence results showed that P2X4 receptor was co-expressed with glutamine synthetase (GS), the marker of satellite glial cells (SGCs). These changes were positively correlated with the dose of lead exposure. The up-regulated expression of P2X4 receptor in SGCs of the SG maybe enhance the sympathoexcitatory response induced by chronic lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaochun Zhu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhenying Chen
- The Fourth Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Dai
- The Fourth Clinical, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaoran Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huaide Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yurong Xu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xuan Sheng
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Dan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shangdong Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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4
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Zheng X, Chen L, Du X, Cai J, Yu S, Wang H, Xu G, Luo Z. Effects of hyperbaric factors on lidocaine-induced apoptosis in spinal neurons and the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rats with diabetic neuropathic pain. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:2855-2861. [PMID: 28587350 PMCID: PMC5450626 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of lidocaine can lead to nerve damage. Evidence suggests that patients with diabetic neuropathy are at a higher risk for neurotoxicity. In the present study, the successful induction of diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) in rats via a high-sugar, high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of 1% streptozotocin was verified and pronounced tactile allodynia was observed. It was found that intrathecal injections of hyperbaric lidocaine produced motor blocks of longer durations in the DNP model rats than in nondiabetic rats, or in DNP model rats injected with isobaric lidocaine. Histology of the lumbar 4-5 spinal cord revealed a significant difference in neuropathology between the DNP and nondiabetic rats. Moreover, edematous neurons and TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the hyperbaric lidocaine group. It was also found that the inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) played a neuroprotective role in response to hyperbaric lidocaine-induced apoptosis in DNP rats, which indicates that p38MAPK plays a key role in the regulation of hyperbaric lidocaine-induced apoptosis in DNP rats. These findings suggest that hyperbaric lidocaine can promote spinal cord neuronal apoptosis in rats with DNP. Furthermore, p38MAPK might play a key role in the regulation of hyperbaric lidocaine-induced apoptosis in rats with DNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Prevention and Health Care, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Junying Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Shuchun Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Guohai Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhong Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Xue LX, Xu ZH, Wang JQ, Cui Y, Liu HY, Liang WZ, Ji QY, He JT, Shao YK, Mang J, Xu ZX. Activin A/Smads signaling pathway negatively regulates Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-induced autophagy via suppression of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in neuronal PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 480:355-361. [PMID: 27769861 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Activin A (Act A), a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), reduces neuronal apoptosis during cerebral ischemia through Act A/Smads signaling pathway. However, little is known about the effect of Act A/Smads pathway on autophagy in neurons. Here, we found that oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced autophagy was suppressed by exogenous Act A in a concentration-dependent manner and enhanced by Act A/Smads pathway inhibitor (ActRIIA-Ab) in neuronal PC12 cells. These results indicate that Act A/Smads pathway negatively regulates autophagy in OGD-treated PC12 cells. In addition, we found that c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways are involved in the OGD-induced autophagy. The activation of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in OGD-treated PC12 cells was suppressed by exogenous Act A and enhanced by ActRIIA-Ab. Together, our results suggest that Act A/Smads signaling pathway negatively regulates OGD-induced autophagy via suppression of JNK and p38 MAPK pathways in neuronal PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Xing Xue
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Zhong-Hang Xu
- Clinical Medicine of Norman Bethune Medical Department, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiao-Qi Wang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wen-Zhao Liang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiu-Ye Ji
- Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jin-Ting He
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yan-Kun Shao
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jing Mang
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhong-Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130012, China.
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Abstract
Cerebellar disorders trigger the symptoms of movement problems, imbalance, incoordination, and frequent fall. Cerebellar disorders are shown in various CNS illnesses including a drinking disorder called alcoholism. Alcoholism is manifested as an inability to control drinking in spite of adverse consequences. Human and animal studies have shown that cerebellar symptoms persist even after complete abstinence from drinking. In particular, the abrupt termination (ethanol withdrawal) of long-term excessive ethanol consumption has shown to provoke a variety of neuronal and mitochondrial damage to the cerebellum. Upon ethanol withdrawal, excitatory neurotransmitter molecules such as glutamate are overly released in brain areas including cerebellum. This is particularly relevant to the cerebellar neuronal network as glutamate signals are projected to Purkinje neurons through granular cells that are the most populated neuronal type in CNS. This excitatory neuronal signal may be elevated by ethanol withdrawal stress, which promotes an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) level and a decrease in a Ca(2+)-binding protein, both of which result in the excessive entry of Ca(2+) to the mitochondria. Subsequently, mitochondria undergo a prolonged opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the overproduction of harmful free radicals, impeding adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-generating function. This in turn provokes the leakage of mitochondrial molecule cytochrome c to the cytosol, which triggers a cascade of adverse cytosol reactions. Upstream to this pathway, cerebellum under the condition of ethanol withdrawal has shown aberrant gene modifications through altered DNA methylation, histone acetylation, or microRNA expression. Interplay between these events and molecules may result in functional damage to cerebellar mitochondria and consequent neuronal degeneration, thereby contributing to motoric deficit. Mitochondria-targeting research may help develop a powerful new therapy to manage cerebellar disorders associated with hyperexcitatory CNS disorders like ethanol withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna E Jung
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd., Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA,
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Verlinde M, Hollmann MW, Stevens MF, Hermanns H, Werdehausen R, Lirk P. Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:339. [PMID: 26959012 PMCID: PMC4813201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes current knowledge concerning incidence, risk factors, and mechanisms of perioperative nerve injury, with focus on local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. Perioperative nerve injury is a complex phenomenon and can be caused by a number of clinical factors. Anesthetic risk factors for perioperative nerve injury include regional block technique, patient risk factors, and local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity. Surgery can lead to nerve damage by use of tourniquets or by direct mechanical stress on nerves, such as traction, transection, compression, contusion, ischemia, and stretching. Current literature suggests that the majority of perioperative nerve injuries are unrelated to regional anesthesia. Besides the blockade of sodium channels which is responsible for the anesthetic effect, systemic local anesthetics can have a positive influence on the inflammatory response and the hemostatic system in the perioperative period. However, next to these beneficial effects, local anesthetics exhibit time and dose-dependent toxicity to a variety of tissues, including nerves. There is equivocal experimental evidence that the toxicity varies among local anesthetics. Even though the precise order of events during local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity is not clear, possible cellular mechanisms have been identified. These include the intrinsic caspase-pathway, PI3K-pathway, and MAPK-pathways. Further research will need to determine whether these pathways are non-specifically activated by local anesthetics, or whether there is a single common precipitating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Verlinde
- Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus W Hollmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Markus F Stevens
- Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Hermanns
- Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Werdehausen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany.
| | - Philipp Lirk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
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8
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Roles of full-length and truncated neurokinin-1 receptors on tumor progression and distant metastasis in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 140:49-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Ju X, Wen Y, Metzger D, Jung M. The role of p38 in mitochondrial respiration in male and female mice. Neurosci Lett 2013; 544:152-6. [PMID: 23603578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
p38 is a mitogen-activated protein kinase and mediates cell growth, cell differentiation, and synaptic plasticity. The aim of this study is to determine the extent to which p38 plays a role in maintaining mitochondrial respiration in male and female mice under a normal condition. To achieve this aim, we have generated transgenic mice that lack p38 in cerebellar Purkinje neurons by crossing Pcp2 (Purkinje cell protein 2)-Cre mice with p38(loxP/loxP) mice. Mitochondria from cerebellum were then isolated from the transgenic and wild-type mice to measure mitochondrial respiration using XF24 respirometer. The mRNA and protein expression of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) in cerebellum were also measured using RT-PCR and immunoblot methods. Separately, HT22 cells were used to determine the involvement of 17β-estradiol (E2) and COX in mitochondrial respiration. The genetic knockout of p38 in Purkinje neurons suppressed the mitochondrial respiration only in male mice and increased COX expression only in female mice. The inhibition of COX by sodium azide (SA) sharply suppressed mitochondrial respiration of HT22 cells in a manner that was protected by E2. These data suggest that p38 is required for the mitochondrial respiration of male mice. When p38 is below a normal level, females may maintain mitochondrial respiration through COX up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ju
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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In Zucker diabetic fatty rats, subclinical diabetic neuropathy increases in vivo lidocaine block duration but not in vitro neurotoxicity. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2013; 37:601-6. [PMID: 23011115 DOI: 10.1097/aap.0b013e3182664afb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Application of local anesthetics may lead to nerve damage. Increasing evidence suggests that risk of neurotoxicity is higher in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. In addition, block duration may be prolonged in neuropathy. We sought to investigate neurotoxicity in vitro and block duration in vivo in a genetic animal model of diabetes mellitus type 2. METHODS In the first experiments, neurons harvested from control Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were exposed to acute (24 hours) or chronic (72 hours) hyperglycemia, followed by incubation with lidocaine 40 mM (approximately 1%). In a second experiment, neurons harvested from control ZDF rats, or diabetic ZDF rats, were incubated with lidocaine, with or without SB203580, an inhibitor of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Finally, we performed sciatic nerve block (lidocaine 2%, 0.2 mL) in control or diabetic ZDF rats and measured motor and nociceptive block duration. RESULTS In vitro, neither acute nor chronic hyperglycemia altered neurotoxic properties of lidocaine. In vitro, incubation of neurons with lidocaine resulted in a slightly decreased survival ratio when neurons were harvested from diabetic (57% ± 19%) as compared with control (64% ± 9%) rats. The addition of SB203580 partly reversed this enhanced neurotoxic effect and raised survival to 71% ± 12% in diabetic neurons and 66% ± 9% in control rats, respectively. In vivo, even though no difference was detected at baseline testing, motor block was significantly prolonged in diabetic as compared with control rats (137 ± 16 vs 86 ± 17 min). CONCLUSIONS In vitro, local anesthetic neurotoxicity was more pronounced on neurons from diabetic animals, but the survival difference was small. In vivo, subclinical neuropathy leads to substantial prolongation of block duration. We conclude that early diabetic neuropathy increases block duration, whereas the observed increase in toxicity was small.
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Jung M, Metzger D. Purkinje-neuron-specific down-regulation of p38 protects motoric function from the repeated use of benzodiazepine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.46a009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kagias K, Nehammer C, Pocock R. Neuronal responses to physiological stress. Front Genet 2012; 3:222. [PMID: 23112806 PMCID: PMC3481051 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological stress can be defined as any external or internal condition that challenges the homeostasis of a cell or an organism. It can be divided into three different aspects: environmental stress, intrinsic developmental stress, and aging. Throughout life all living organisms are challenged by changes in the environment. Fluctuations in oxygen levels, temperature, and redox state for example, trigger molecular events that enable an organism to adapt, survive, and reproduce. In addition to external stressors, organisms experience stress associated with morphogenesis and changes in inner chemistry during normal development. For example, conditions such as intrinsic hypoxia and oxidative stress, due to an increase in tissue mass, have to be confronted by developing embryos in order to complete their development. Finally, organisms face the challenge of stochastic accumulation of molecular damage during aging that results in decline and eventual death. Studies have shown that the nervous system plays a pivotal role in responding to stress. Neurons not only receive and process information from the environment but also actively respond to various stresses to promote survival. These responses include changes in the expression of molecules such as transcription factors and microRNAs that regulate stress resistance and adaptation. Moreover, both intrinsic and extrinsic stresses have a tremendous impact on neuronal development and maintenance with implications in many diseases. Here, we review the responses of neurons to various physiological stressors at the molecular and cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kagias
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Ptasinska-Wnuk D, Lawnicka H, Mucha S, Kunert-Radek J, Pawlikowski M, Stepien H. Angiotensins inhibit cell growth in GH3 lactosomatotroph pituitary tumor cell culture: a possible involvement of the p44/42 and p38 MAPK pathways. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:189290. [PMID: 22619620 PMCID: PMC3349324 DOI: 10.1100/2012/189290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The local renin-angiotensin system is present in the pituitary. We investigated the effects of angiotensins on GH3 lactosomatotroph cells proliferation in vitro and the involvement of p44/42 and p38 MAPK inhibitors in the growth-regulatory effects of angiotensins. Materials and Methods. Cell viability using the Mosmann method and proliferation by the measurement of BrdU incorporation during DNA synthesis were estimated. Results. Ang II and ang IV decreased the viability and proliferation of GH3 cells. Inhibitor of p44/42 MAPK attenuated the effects of ang II on cell viability and proliferation but did not affect the ang 5-8-dependent actions. Inhibitor of p38 MAPK prevented the decrease in the number of GH3 cells in ang-II- and ang-IV-treated groups. Conclusions. The growth-inhibitory effect of ang II is possibly mediated by the p44/42 MAPK. The p38 MAPK appears to mediate the inhibitory effects of both ang II and ang 5-8 upon cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Ptasinska-Wnuk
- Department of Endocrinology, The County Hospital of Kutno, 52 Kosciuszki Street, 99-300 Kutno, Poland
| | - Hanna Lawnicka
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Dr. Sterling 3 Street, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Slawomir Mucha
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Dr. Sterling 3 Street, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kunert-Radek
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Dr. Sterling 3 Street, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek Pawlikowski
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Dr. Sterling 3 Street, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
| | - Henryk Stepien
- Department of Immunoendocrinology, Chair of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, Dr. Sterling 3 Street, 91-425 Lodz, Poland
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Rosso M, Muñoz M, Berger M. The role of neurokinin-1 receptor in the microenvironment of inflammation and cancer. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:381434. [PMID: 22545017 PMCID: PMC3322385 DOI: 10.1100/2012/381434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent years have witnessed an exponential increase in cancer research, leading to a considerable investment in the field. However, with few exceptions, this effort has not yet translated into a better overall prognosis for patients with cancer, and the search for new drug targets continues. After binding to the specific neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptor, the peptide substance P (SP), which is widely distributed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, triggers a wide variety of functions. Antagonists against the NK-1 receptor are safe clinical drugs that are known to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antiemetic effects. Recently, it has become apparent that SP can induce tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and migration via the NK-1 receptor, and that the SP/NK-1 receptor complex is an integral part of the microenvironment of inflammation and cancer. Therefore, the use of NK-1 receptor antagonists as a novel and promising approach for treating patients with cancer is currently under intense investigation. In this paper, we evaluate the recent scientific developments regarding this receptor system, its role in the microenvironment of inflammation and cancer, and its potentials and pitfalls for the usage as part of modern anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Rosso
- Research Laboratory on Neuropeptides, Hospital Infantil Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Avenida Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain.
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Lu Q, Rau TF, Harris V, Johnson M, Poulsen DJ, Black SM. Increased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling is involved in the oxidative stress associated with oxygen and glucose deprivation in neonatal hippocampal slice cultures. Eur J Neurosci 2011; 34:1093-101. [PMID: 21939459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pathological basis of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain damage is characterized by neuronal cell loss. Oxidative stress is thought to be one of the main causes of HI-induced neuronal cell death. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is activated under conditions of cell stress. However, its pathogenic role in regulating the oxidative stress associated with HI injury in the brain is not well understood. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the role of p38 MAPK signaling in neonatal HI brain injury using neonatal rat hippocampal slice cultures exposed to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). Our results indicate that OGD led to a transient increase in p38 MAPK activation that preceded increases in superoxide generation and neuronal death. This increase in neuronal cell death correlated with an increase in the activation of caspase-3 and the appearance of apoptotic neuronal cells. Pre-treatment of slice cultures with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, or the expression of an antisense p38 MAPK construct only in neuronal cells, through a Synapsin I-1-driven adeno-associated virus vector, inhibited p38 MAPK activity and exerted a neuroprotective effect as demonstrated by decreases in OGD-mediated oxidative stress, caspase activation and neuronal cell death. Thus, we conclude that the activation of p38 MAPK in neuronal cells plays a key role in the oxidative stress and neuronal cell death associated with OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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16
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Poddar R, Deb I, Mukherjee S, Paul S. NR2B-NMDA receptor mediated modulation of the tyrosine phosphatase STEP regulates glutamate induced neuronal cell death. J Neurochem 2010; 115:1350-62. [PMID: 21029094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the role of a neuron-specific tyrosine phosphatase (STEP, striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase) in excitotoxic cell death. Our findings demonstrate that p38 MAPK, a stress-activated kinase that is known to play a role in the etiology of excitotoxic cell death is a substrate of STEP. Glutamate-mediated NMDA receptor stimulation leads to rapid but transient activation of p38 MAPK, which is primarily dependent on NR2A-NMDA receptor activation. Conversely, activation of NR2B-NMDA receptors leads to dephosphorylation and subsequent activation of STEP, which in turn leads to inactivation of p38 MAPK. Thus, during transient NMDA receptor stimulation, increases in STEP activity appears to limit the duration of activation of p38 MAPK and improves neuronal survival. However, if NR2B-NMDA receptor stimulation is sustained, protective effects of STEP activation are lost, as these stimuli cause significant degradation of active STEP, leading to secondary activation of p38 MAPK. Consistent with this observation, a cell transducible TAT-STEP peptide that constitutively binds to p38 MAPK attenuated neuronal cell death caused by sustained NMDA receptor stimulation. The findings imply that the activation and levels of STEP are dependent on the duration and magnitude of NR2B-NMDA receptor stimulation and STEP serves as a modulator of NMDA receptor dependent neuronal injury, through its regulation of p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Poddar
- University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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17
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Lin C, Meng S, Zhu T, Wang X. PDCD10/CCM3 acts downstream of {gamma}-protocadherins to regulate neuronal survival. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41675-85. [PMID: 21041308 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.179895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Protocadherins (PCDH-γ) regulate neuronal survival in the vertebrate central nervous system. The molecular mechanisms of how PCDH-γ mediates this function are still not understood. In this study, we show that through their common cytoplasmic domain, different PCDH-γ isoforms interact with an intracellular adaptor protein named PDCD10 (programmed cell death 10). PDCD10 is also known as CCM3, a causative genetic defect for cerebral cavernous malformations in humans. Using RNAi-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate that PDCD10 is required for the occurrence of apoptosis upon PCDH-γ depletion in developing chicken spinal neurons. Moreover, overexpression of PDCD10 is sufficient to induce neuronal apoptosis. Taken together, our data reveal a novel function for PDCD10/CCM3, acting as a critical regulator of neuronal survival during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyi Lin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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18
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Neurogenic inflammation: a study of rat trigeminal ganglion. J Headache Pain 2010; 11:485-95. [PMID: 20931347 PMCID: PMC3476228 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-010-0260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is linked to neurogenic inflammation and to migraine. Activation of the trigeminovascular system plays a prominent role during migraine attacks with the release of CGRP. The trigeminal ganglion (TG) contains three main cell types: neurons, satellite glial cells (SGC) and Schwann cells; the first two have before been studied in vitro separately. Culture of rat TG provides a method to induce inflammation and the possibility to evaluate the different cell types in the TG simultaneously. We investigated expression levels of various inflammatory cytokines on mRNA level using RT-PCR arrays and qRT-PCR; furthermore expression at protein level was studied using immunohistochemistry. We report that (1) organ culture of the TG is possible with preserved morphology, (2) organ culture is associated with enhanced expression of cytokines and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) primarily in neurons, (3) CGRP can induce expression of some cytokines and (4) cytokine expression is still upregulated following MAPK pathway inhibition by MEK inhibitor U0126 and pp38 inhibitor SB202192, but the cytokine expression is abolished when co-incubating with the JNK inhibitor SP600125. This method may be of value to examine local TG inflammation, putatively involved in the pathophysiology of some forms of primary headaches.
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Hosseini M, Ostad N, Parivar K, Ghahremani MH. Neurodegenerative, with expression ATF-2 by p38 in cortical neurons. Neurol Res 2009; 32:215-20. [PMID: 19909561 DOI: 10.1179/174313209x382304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage, as an important initiator of neuronal cell death, has been implicated in numerous neurodegenerative conditions. We previously delineated several pathways that control embryonic cortical neuronal cell death evoked by the DNA-damaging agent, camptothecin. The topisomerase-1 inhibitor, camptothecin, has been shown to induce cortical neuronal cell death in a reproducible and synchronistic manner. Primary embryonic neuronal cell culture cortical neurons were prepared. In the study, the survival % of neurons in camptothecin P38 group, after 6 hours (85%), 24 hours (64%) and 48 hours (50%), compared to camptothecin ATF-2 and P38 group after 4 hours (97 and 95%), have been significantly lower, and the expression % of neurons in camptothecin P38 group , after 6 hours (20%), 24 hours (40%) and 48 hours (55%), compared to camptothecin ATF-2 and P38 group after 4 hours (5 and 3%) have been significant lower (p<0.05). The expression % of neurons in camptothecin P38 group, after 24 hours (40%), compared to camptothecin ATF-2 group after 24hours (30%), have been significant lower (p<0.05). This study revealed that camptothecin induces P38 expression and P38 in embryonic cortical neurons to determine the importance of the P38 pathway in neuronal death following DNA damage, and P38 is induce phosphorylation of ATF-2 in embryonic cortical neurons following DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hosseini
- Department of Science, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Tolosa L, Mir M, Olmos G, Lladó J. Vascular endothelial growth factor protects motoneurons from serum deprivation–induced cell death through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibition. Neuroscience 2009; 158:1348-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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JNK and p38 were involved in hypoxia and reoxygenation-induced apoptosis of cultured rat cerebellar granule neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 61:137-43. [PMID: 18703324 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 05/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a model of the reperfusion injury found in stroke, we treated cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) with hypoxia followed by reoxygenation. Hypoxia for 3h followed by 24h reoxygenation (H/R) induced a typical apoptosis of CGNs. CGNs exposed to H/R responded by activating JNK, increasing the expression of p38 and ultimately caused CGNs dying. Furthermore, apoptosis of CGNs induced by H/R was inhibited by pre-treatment with SB203580 or SP600125, and the inhibitory effect of SB203580 was greater than that of SP600125. Additionally, we also found that H/R temporally activated Akt and inactivated glycogen synthesis kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), two proteins the functions of which were important in cell survival and energy metabolism. These findings demonstrated that H/R-induced apoptosis in CGNs by enhancing JNK and p38 activity, which contributed at least in part to H/R-induced apoptosis of CGNs.
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22
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Adenosine modulates ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and p38MAPK activation in the brain of the anoxia-tolerant turtle Trachemys scripta. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008; 28:1469-77. [PMID: 18506199 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The fate of cells under anoxic or ischemic stress is determined by intracellular signaling pathways including the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K/Akt), which affect downstream members of the apoptotic cascade. The freshwater turtle Trachemys scripta is extremely tolerant of anoxia, surviving up to 48 h at room temperature and for weeks at 3 degrees C in the complete absence of oxygen. We investigated the relationship between the neuroprotective purine adenosine, which increases greatly in the anoxic turtle brain, and MAPK and Akt activation during both short (1 h) and long-term (4 h) anoxia. ERK1/2 and Akt were significantly upregulated during the first hour of transition to full anoxia, but returned to baseline by 4 h anoxia. Conversely, p38MAPK levels were suppressed by a mean 71% at 1 h anoxia but also returned to baseline by 4 h anoxia. Systemic administration of the general adenosine receptor antagonist aminophylline abrogated the increases in both phosphorylated ERK1/2 and Akt, as well as the initial suppression of p38MAPK. The differential modulation of the MAPK/Akt pathways may be critical for neuronal protection during the initial transition to the hypometabolic state during anoxia, when physiologic stress is likely to be greatest.
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23
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Yan J, Hales BF. p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways play distinct roles in the response of organogenesis-stage embryos to a teratogen. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:764-72. [PMID: 18577701 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.139907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling plays an important role during embryo development. We hypothesize that MAPK activation is a determinant of the fate of organogenesis-stage embryos exposed to insult. To test this hypothesis, CD1 mice were exposed to a model teratogen, hydroxyurea, on gestational day 9. Hydroxyurea exposure triggered a dramatic, transient increase in the activation of p38 MAPKs and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) in embryos, without activating extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Selectively blocking p38 MAPKs with 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-methylsulfinylphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole (SB203580) enhanced hydroxyurea-induced fetal mortality without affecting growth retardation or the incidence of deformities among surviving fetuses. In contrast, selectively blocking JNKs with JNK peptide inhibitor 1, L-stereoisomer did not affect hydroxyurea-induced fetal death but increased the incidence of the hindlimb defects observed. Thus, p38 MAPKs and JNKs play distinct roles in protecting the conceptus against insult. Pharmacological inhibition of teratogen exposure induced MAPK activation has adverse consequences on the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir-William-Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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24
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González Moles MA, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Esteban F, Gil-Montoya JA, Díaz-Franco MA, Delgado M, Muñoz M. Cell proliferation associated with actions of the substance P/NK-1 receptor complex in keratocystic odontogenic tumours. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:1127-33. [PMID: 18486533 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The expression of substance P (SP) and its NK-1 receptor (NK-1R) in keratocystic odontogenic tumours (KOTs) was studied to determine whether the intrinsic growth potential of these lesions is related to a cell proliferation stimulus mediated by the SP/NK-1R complex. A total of 65 tissue samples of solitary non-recurrent KOTs, solitary recurrent KOTs, KOTs associated with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCCS) and KOTs with chondroid wall were studied by immunohistochemistry, using anti-SP, anti-NK-1R and anti-Ki-67 monoclonal antibodies. Expression of these markers was analysed in infiltrating lymphocytes, in fibrous capsule, and in membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus of epithelial cells. SP expression in infiltrating lymphocytes was significantly associated with SP in fibrous capsule and epithelial cells. KOTs associated with NBCCS showed a significantly higher SP expression in all tissues and cell compartments compared with other KOT types. Finally, SP expression in epithelial cells was associated with positive Ki-67 expression in dysplastic epithelium. This first published report on SP and NK-1R expressions in KOTs demonstrates that actions of the SP/NK-1R complex may constitute a mechanism to stimulate epithelial cell proliferation in KOT. This pathway may be of special relevance in the multiple KOTs associated with NBCCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A González Moles
- Department of Oral Medicine, Facultad de Odontología, Paseo de Cartuja s/n, Dental School, Granada University, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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25
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Trouillas M, Saucourt C, Duval D, Gauthereau X, Thibault C, Dembele D, Feraud O, Menager J, Rallu M, Pradier L, Boeuf H. Bcl2, a transcriptional target of p38alpha, is critical for neuronal commitment of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2008; 15:1450-9. [PMID: 18437159 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells remain pluripotent in vitro when grown in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) cytokine. LIF starvation leads to cell commitment, and part of the ES-derived differentiated cells die by apoptosis together with caspase3-cleavage and p38alpha activation. Inhibition of p38 activity by chemical compounds (PD169316 and SB203580), along with LIF withdrawal, leads to different outcomes on cell apoptosis, giving the opportunity to study the influence of apoptosis on cell differentiation. By gene profiling studies on ES-derived differentiated cells treated or not with these inhibitors, we have characterized the common and specific set of genes modulated by each inhibitor. We have also identified key genes that might account for their different survival effects. In addition, we have demonstrated that some genes, similarly regulated by both inhibitors (upregulated as Bcl2, Id2, Cd24a or downregulated as Nodal), are bona fide p38alpha targets involved in neurogenesis and found a correlation with their expression profiles and the onset of neuronal differentiation triggered upon retinoic acid treatment. We also showed, in an embryoid body differentiation protocol, that overexpression of EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein)-BCL2 fusion protein and repression of p38alpha are essential to increase formation of TUJ1-positive neuronal cell networks along with an increase in Map2-expressing cells.
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26
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Pachuau J, Martin-Caraballo M. Extrinsic regulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel expression in chick nodose ganglion neurons. Dev Neurobiol 2008; 67:1915-31. [PMID: 17874459 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Functional expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels is developmentally regulated in chick nodose neurons. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that extrinsic factors regulate the expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels in vitro. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) currents were measured using whole-cell patch clamp recordings in E7 nodose neurons cultured under various conditions. Culture of E7 nodose neurons for 48 h with a heart extract induced the expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels without any significant effect on HVA currents. T-type Ca(2+) channel expression was not stimulated by survival promoting factors such as BDNF. The stimulatory effect of heart extract was mediated by a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive factor. Various hematopoietic cytokines including CNTF and LIF mimic the stimulatory effect of heart extract on T-type Ca(2+) channel expression. The stimulatory effect of heart extract and CNTF requires at least 12 h continuous exposure to reach maximal expression and is not altered by culture of nodose neurons with the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, suggesting that T-type Ca(2+) channel expression is regulated by a posttranslational mechanism. Disruption of the Golgi apparatus with brefeldin-A inhibits the stimulatory effect of heart extract and CNTF suggesting that protein trafficking regulates the functional expression of T-type Ca(2+) channels. Heart extract- or CNTF-evoked stimulation of T-type Ca(2+) channel expression is blocked by the Jak/STAT and MAP kinase blockers, AG490 and U0126, respectively. This study provides new insights into the electrical differentiation of placode-derived sensory neurons and the role of extrinsic factors in regulating the functional expression of Ca(2+) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Pachuau
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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27
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Hernandez PJ, Abel T. The role of protein synthesis in memory consolidation: progress amid decades of debate. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2007; 89:293-311. [PMID: 18053752 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A major component of consolidation theory holds that protein synthesis is required to produce the synaptic modification needed for long-term memory storage. Protein synthesis inhibitors have played a pivotal role in the development of this theory. However, these commonly used drugs have unintended effects that have prompted some to reevaluate the role of protein synthesis in memory consolidation. Here we review the role of protein synthesis in memory formation as proposed by consolidation theory calling special attention to the controversy involving the non-specific effects of a group of protein synthesis inhibitors commonly used to study memory formation in vivo. We argue that molecular and genetic approaches that were subsequently applied to the problem of memory formation confirm the results of less selective pharmacological studies. Thus, to a certain extent, the debate over the role of protein synthesis in memory based on interpretational difficulties inherent to the use of protein synthesis inhibitors may be somewhat moot. We conclude by presenting avenues of research we believe will best provide answers to both long-standing and more recent questions facing field of learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pepe J Hernandez
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 S. University Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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28
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Zhang JZ, Jing L, Guo FY, Ma Y, Wang YL. Inhibitory effect of ketamine on phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 following brain ischemia and reperfusion in rats with hyperglycemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 59:227-35. [PMID: 17870450 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To determine if the inhibitory effects of ketamine on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 are involved in reduction of the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral ischemic lesion, rats with normoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or hyperglycemia supplemented with ketamine were subjected to 15 min of forebrain ischemia, and then, reperfusion for 0.5, 1, and 3h. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in the brain tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. In rats with normoglycemia, we demonstrated a moderate increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA3 following an ischemic intervention. It quickly dropped to control levels after reperfusion for 0.5h. In rats with hyperglycemia, however, the increase of the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in these areas was significantly higher in all animals reperfused. The neuronal death, detected by the TdT-mediated-dUTP nick end labeling assays, was found in the cingulum cortex (5.23+/-2.34, per high power feild) and hippocampus CA3 areas (6.29+/-3.68, per 1mm(2)) in hyperglycemic group after reperfusion for 3h. With ketamine treatment, the ERK1/2 phosphorylation in cingulum cortex and hippocampus CA1 and CA3 areas was found to be the same as that in normoglycemia rats. Our results suggest that hyperglycemia may increase the ischemic insult through modulation of the signal transduction pathways involving ERK1/2. The inhibitory effects of ketamine on the hyperglycemia-activated ERK1/2 phosphorylation are probably through inhibition of the N-methyl d-aspartate-mediated calcium influx, which subsequently reduce the hyperglycemia-exaggerated cerebral damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Zhang
- Institute of Immunopathology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science & Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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29
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Cavaletti G, Miloso M, Nicolini G, Scuteri A, Tredici G. Emerging role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in peripheral neuropathies. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2007; 12:175-94. [PMID: 17868245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2007.00138.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among the different families of intracellular molecules that can be modulated during cell damage and repair, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are particularly interesting because they are involved in several intracellular pathways activated by injury and regeneration signals. Despite most of the studies have been performed in non-neurological models, recently a causal role for MAPKs has been postulated in central nervous system disorders. However, also in some peripheral neuropathies, MAPK changes can occur and these modifications might be relevant in the pathogenesis of the damage as well as during regeneration and repair. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of MAPKs in peripheral neuropathies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Cavaletti
- Department of Neurosciences and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
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30
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Wu XJ, Zheng YJ, Cui YY, Zhu L, Lu Y, Chen HZ. Propofol attenuates oxidative stress-induced PC12 cell injury via p38 MAP kinase dependent pathway. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007; 28:1123-8. [PMID: 17640472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the neuroprotective effect of propofol and its intracellular mechanism on neurons in vitro. METHODS Cell viability was determined with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide reduction. Apoptotic cell death was determined by Hoechst 33258 staining and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. The caspase-3 activity was measured by fluorometric assay. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphorylation was detected with Western blotting. RESULTS The pretreatment of rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 with propofol (1-10 micromol/L) resulted in a significant recovery from hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cell death and the inhibition of H2O2 induced caspase-3 activation and PC12 cell apoptosis. Propofol inhibited the H2O2-induced p38 MAP kinase, but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase or extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 activations. CONCLUSION Propofol might attenuate H2O2-induced PC12 cell death through the inhibition of signaling pathways mediated by the p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-jun Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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31
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Roztocil E, Nicholl SM, Davies MG. Mechanisms of kringle fragment of urokinase-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration. J Surg Res 2007; 141:83-90. [PMID: 17574041 PMCID: PMC2048815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is involved in vessel remodeling and mediates smooth muscle cell migration. Migration in response to uPA is dependent on both the growth factor binding domain at the aminoterminal end and the kringle (K) domain of the molecule. uPA is readily degraded in vivo into these constitutive domains. The aim of this study was to examine cell signaling during the migration of smooth muscle cell in response to the kringle domain of urokinase. MATERIALS AND METHODS Murine arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro. Migration assays were performed in the presence of K with and without the plasmin inhibitors (aprotinin and -aminocaproic acid), the Galphai inhibitor Pertussis toxin, the MMP inhibitor (GM6001), the PI3-K inhibitors, Wortmannin and LY294002, and the MAPK inhibitors PD98089 (MEK1 inhibitor) and SB203580 (p38(MAPK) inhibitor). Western blotting was performed for ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) phosphorylation after stimulation with K in the presence and absence of the inhibitors. Statistics were analyzed by one-way ANOVA (n = 6). RESULTS The kringle domain (K) induced a plasmin-independent, MMP-dependent increase in cell migration (2-fold, P < 0.05) compared to control. This migratory response to K was Galphai mediated and dependent on both ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) activation. K induced time-dependent increases in the phosphorylation of ERK 1/2 (3-fold, P < 0.05) and p38(MAPK) (3-fold, P < 0.05). Activation of p38(MAPK) and ERK 1/2 was completely inhibited by the PI3-K inhibitors. We explored a potential role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). K induced EGFR phosphorylation and the presence of AG1478, the EGFR inhibitor, inhibited both cell migration and akt activation in response to K. CONCLUSION Kringle domain of uPA induces smooth muscle cell migration through a G-protein-coupled PI3-K-dependent process involving both ERK 1/2 and p38(MAPK) and is mediated in part through EGFR. Defining the differences in response to key molecular domains of uPA is vital to understand its role in vessel remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Roztocil
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Tsai CL, Wang LH, Shiue YL, Chao TY. Influence of temperature on the ontogenetic expression of neural development-related genes from developing tilapia brain expressed sequence tags. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2007; 9:243-61. [PMID: 17252285 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-006-6089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The developing central neural circuits in teleosts are genetically controlled and temperature-initiated. We compiled a list of transcripts expressed in the developing tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) brain using expressed sequence tags derived from the developing brain, and investigated genes with thermosensitive ontogenetic expression. Of 1084 clones, 893 were unique genes, 445 of which were known. Fourteen of the latter were neural development-related, and the ontogenetic expression of nine was temperature-influenced. Discs large homolog 5, myelin expression factor 2, plasticity-related protein-2, tsc2 gene product-related genes, and an inhibitor of differentiation protein 2 (Id2) were differentially temperature-influenced according to their developmental stages. Endothelial differentiation-related factor 1, midkine-related growth factor b, and mitogen-activated protein kinase 14b were specifically influenced by elevated temperature, and beta-catenin-like isoform 1 by lower temperature. Neural development-related genes, particularly those with thermosensitive ontogenetic expression, might be important for developing central neural circuits in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Tsai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 804, Taiwan.
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Hong SS, Qian H, Zhao P, Bazzy-Asaad A, Xia Y. Anisomycin protects cortical neurons from prolonged hypoxia with differential regulation of p38 and ERK. Brain Res 2007; 1149:76-86. [PMID: 17391655 PMCID: PMC1937507 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
MAP kinase is associated with delta-opioid receptor (DOR) signaling and plays a role in cell survival/death. Since anisomycin may alter MAP kinase activity and affect neuronal survival, we investigated whether anisomycin alters neuronal response to hypoxic stress and DOR inhibition. The experiments were performed in cultured cortical neurons. MAP kinase activities were determined by immunoblotting and neuronal viability was assessed by LDH leakage and live/dead morphological study. DOR inhibition with naltrindole (10 microM) led to significant injury in normoxic neurons after 24 h of treatment and exacerbated hypoxia-induced injury. Along with the injury, either by hypoxia or naltrindole, phosphorylated p38 increased in a major way, while phosphorylated ERK and JNK had no significant change or slightly decreased. Anisomycin (50 ng/ml) prevented the increase in phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity induced by naltrindole and reduced the neuronal injury. The results suggest that (1) MAP kinases are differentially involved in neuronal response to hypoxia and DOR inhibition in cortical neurons with phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity being upregulated and (2) anisomycin attenuates the increase in phosphorylated p38 immunoreactivity and reduces neuronal injury induced by hypoxia and DOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ying Xia
- *Send correspondence to: Ying Xia, M.D., Ph.D., Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 3107, New Haven, CT 06520, USA, TEL. 203-785-6101, FAX. 203-737-1252, E-MAIL.
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Role of inflammation and cellular stress in brain injury and central nervous system diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnr.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hou RCW, Wu CC, Huang JR, Chen YS, Jeng KCG. Oxidative toxicity in BV-2 microglia cells: sesamolin neuroprotection of H2O2 injury involving activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1042:279-85. [PMID: 15965073 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1338.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been proposed to play a pathogenic role in neuronal injury. Sesame antioxidants that inhibit lipid peroxidation and regulate cytokine production may suppress ROS generation. In this study, we focused on the effect of sesamolin on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity and ROS production in the murine microglial cell line BV-2. Results indicate that the H2O2 elicited BV-2 cell death in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. ROS generation in BV-2 cells was time-dependently increased by the H2O2 treatment. Sesamolin reduced ROS generation in BV-2 cells. p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and caspase-3 were also activated in BV-2 cells under H2O2 stress. Sesamolin was able to inhibit H2O2-induced p38 MAPK and caspase-3 activation and cell death. In addition, sesamolin preserved superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in BV-2 cells under H2O2 stress. In conclusion, sesamolin protects microglia against H2O2-induced cell injury and this protective effect was accompanied by its inhibition of p38 MAPK and caspase-3 activation and ROS production.
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Esteban F, Muñoz M, González-Moles MA, Rosso M. A role for substance P in cancer promotion and progression: a mechanism to counteract intracellular death signals following oncogene activation or DNA damage. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006; 25:137-45. [PMID: 16680578 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-8161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the present review we discuss a central role for substance P (SP) in carcinogenesis. We suggest that one mechanism to induce mitogenesis of tumor cells is the activation of neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) through SP, linking cancer promotion and progression to a neurokinin-mediated environment. After reviewing the role of both SP and its receptor NK1R in normal and neoplastic cells we propose the use of neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists as a novel and promising approach for treating patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Esteban
- Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain.
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Wang RM, Zhang QG, Li CH, Zhang GY. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 may play a neuroprotective role in hippocampal CA3/DG region after cerebral ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:391-9. [PMID: 15789369 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5), the newest member of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase family of proteins, is widely expressed in many tissues, including the brain. Here we investigated the activation and subcellular localization of ERK5 by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry as well as its potential role following cerebral ischemia in rat hippocampus. Transient cerebral ischemia was induced by the four-vessel occlusion method in Sprague-Dawley rats. Our results first indicated that the strongly activated ERK5 immunoreactivity was seen in the CA3/DG region but not in the CA1 pyramidal cell of rat hippocampus following reperfusion. In cytosol extracts, ERK5 activation was rapidly increased, with a peak at 30 min, and then gradually decreased to basal level at 3 days of reperfusion. In nucleus extracts, both phospho-ERK5 and its protein expression were persistently enhanced during the later reperfusion period (from 6 hr to 3 days). To elucidate further the possible role of ERK5 activation and subcellular localization in ischemic insult, rats were intraperitoneally administrated with nifedipine (ND) and dextromethorphan (DM), inhibitors of two types of calcium channels, 20 min prior to ischemia. Our findings showed that ND or DM significantly reduced activated ERK5 immunoreactivity in the nucleus and that most of the CA3/DG neurons were lost 3 days later. Most importantly, intracerebroventricular infusion of ERK5 antisense oligonucleotides (AS; every 24 hr for 3 days before ischemia), but not sense oligonucleotides or vehicle, not only markedly decreased the level of ERK5 and p-ERK5 but also largely caused neuronal loss in the CA3/DG region at 3 days of reperfusion. Taken together, the results strongly suggest that ERK5 was selectively activated in the hippocampal CA3/DG region and subsequently translocated from the cytosol to the nucleus through activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and L-type voltage-gated calcium channel, which might act as an important survival signal in ischemia-induced neuronal cell damage of the CA3/DG region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Min Wang
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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Qi AQ, Qiu J, Xiao L, Chen YZ. Rapid activation of JNK and p38 by glucocorticoids in primary cultured hippocampal cells. J Neurosci Res 2005; 80:510-7. [PMID: 15846779 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Rapid activation of JNK and p38 and their translocation to the cell nucleus by glucocorticoids, corticosterone (Cort), and bovine serum-conjugated corticosterone (Cort-BSA) were studied in primary cultured hippocampal cells by using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The rapid activation occurred 5 min after stimulation and was maintained at plateau for as long as 2-4 hr; i.e., the response persisted for 2 hr after washing out the 15-min application of Cort-BSA. The activation occurred at a minimal concentration of 10(-9) M for Cort and 10(-8) M for Cort-BSA. GDPbetaS blocked the activation, but RU38486, a nuclear glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, could not block the activation, indicating the involvement of the membrane-delineated receptor in this reaction. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor Go6976 blocked the response, whereas the protein kinase A inhibitor H89 could not, implying the involvement of PKC in the intracellular signal transduction pathway. The nongenomic nature of the responses and the transduction pathway and the significance of persistent action and biological significance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Holasek SS, Wengenack TM, Kandimalla KK, Montano C, Gregor DM, Curran GL, Poduslo JF. Activation of the stress-activated MAP kinase, p38, but not JNK in cortical motor neurons during early presymptomatic stages of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in transgenic mice. Brain Res 2005; 1045:185-98. [PMID: 15910777 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). Central nervous system features include a loss of Betz cells and other pyramidal cells from sensorimotor cortex. The intrinsic mechanism underlying this selective motor neuron loss has not been identified. A recent in vitro study has provided evidence of a novel programmed cell death (PCD) pathway that is unique to spinal cord MNs and is exacerbated by superoxide dismutase (SOD) mutations. This PCD pathway is triggered through the Fas receptor and involves the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), the p38 MAP kinase, and the neuronal form of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Previously, we found significant increases in the numbers of ventral horn MNs immunopositive for these enzymes in the spinal cords of mutant SOD transgenic (G93A) mice as early as 60 days of age, suggesting that this pathway may be active in vivo. Since the upper MNs of ALS patients and G93A mice are also known to degenerate, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible activation of this PCD pathway in the MNs of the sensorimotor cortex of G93A transgenic mice. Compared to non-transgenic littermates, the G93A mice showed significant increases in the numbers of MNs immunopositive for the active (phosphorylated) forms of ASK1, p38, MKK3/6 (the known activator of p38), and also active caspase-3, as early as 60 days of age. Another stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), commonly activated in other neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, showed no increases in G93A mice at any age. These results suggest that, not only has a PCD pathway been activated in the cortical MNs, but one that may be unique to ALS. Moreover, these findings suggest that earlier diagnosis and therapeutic intervention may be possible for successful treatment of ALS. Consequently, these enzymes may provide the biochemical markers to enable earlier diagnosis of ALS and molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina S Holasek
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Nicholl SM, Roztocil E, Davies MG. Urokinase-induced smooth muscle cell responses require distinct signaling pathways: A role for the epidermal growth factor receptor. J Vasc Surg 2005; 41:672-81. [PMID: 15874933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) a key serine protease during remodeling, is capable of inducing both smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. However, the signals that produce these responses are poorly understood. METHODS Early passage rat aortic arterial smooth muscle cells were cultured in vitro and standard assays of DNA synthesis ([ 3 H]thymidine incorporation), cell proliferation (manual cell counting), and migration (linear wound assay and Boyden chamber) were used to study the cells responses to uPA. Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK , Akt, MAP kinase/ERK kinase (MEK1/2), MAP kinase kinase (MKK)3/6, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in response to uPA was assayed by Western blot analysis for the phosphorylated form of each kinase. These assays were repeated in the presence of the Galphai inhibitor pertussis toxin (PTx, 100 ng/mL), the Ras inhibitor manumycin A (MA, 10 microM), the phosphatidyl-inositol 3' kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin (WN, 1 microM), the EGFR inhibitor AG1478 (AG, 10 nM), the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 (PD, 10 microM), the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 (SB, 10 microM), and the plasmin inhibitors aprotinin and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. RESULTS uPA induced a twofold increase in smooth muscle cell migration and increased smooth muscle cell DNA synthesis and proliferation. The ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK inhibitors PD98059 (PD) and SB203580 (SB) blocked cell proliferation, but only PD blocked cell migration. Although uPA-induced phosphorylation of both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was blocked by Galphai inhibition, inhibition of PI3K and Ras decreased the uPA-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK . Activation of MEK1/2 was abrogated by inhibitors of Galphai and Ras, but not by PI3K inhibition. In contrast, activation of MKK3/6 was abrogated by inhibition of Galphai, but not by Ras or PI3K inhibition. uPA induced time-dependent phosphorylation of EGFR, which was dependent on plasmin activity. Inhibition of EGFR reduced both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. uPA activation of PI3K and MKK3/6 was EGFR-dependent and that of MEK1 was EGFR-independent. CONCLUSION uPA induces smooth muscle cell proliferation through ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK -mediated pathways. Migration appears to be dependent on ERK1/2 activity alone. Activation of EGFR appears to be required. The differential activation of pathways for ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK by uPA allows for two distinct biologic responses that both require tyrosine kinase receptor transactivation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Elevated urokinase-like plasminogen activator (uPA) and decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels are predictors for restenosis. Matrix remodeling and smooth muscle cell responses are integrally linked. Changes in smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation are dependent on the extracellular matrix environment in which they are encased. Proteases such as uPA can effect smooth muscle cells and alter the matrix; their activity is controlled by a series of inhibitors (eg, PAI-1). The balance of activation and inhibition forms the basis of the proteolytic thermostat in the vessel wall. Understanding the biology of the proteolytic thermostat will allow for structured therapeutic interventions to control restenosis and thus improve patient care and avoid secondary interventions. Our study demonstrates that uPA is capable of inducing separate responses through more than one signaling pathway, in part, by transactivation of a nearby receptor for the unrelated ligand epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Blockade of EGFR can inhibit both cell migration and proliferation induced by uPA. This is the first description of cross talk between uPA and EGFR in vascular smooth muscle cells. Targeting a pivotal receptor such as EGFR, which can be transactivated by both G-protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases, is an attractive molecular target to control restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Nicholl
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Grumbles RM, Casella GTB, Rudinsky MJ, Godfrey S, Wood PM, Thomas CK. The immunophilin ligand FK506, but not the P38 kinase inhibitor SB203580, improves function of adult rat muscle reinnervated from transplants of embryonic neurons. Neuroscience 2005; 130:619-30. [PMID: 15590146 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the adult CNS often involves death of motoneurons, resulting in the paralysis and progressive atrophy of muscle. There is no effective therapy to replace motoneurons in the CNS. Our strategy to replace neurons and to rescue denervated muscles is to transplant dissociated embryonic day 14-15 (E14-15) ventral spinal cord cells into the distal stump of a peripheral nerve near the denervated muscles. Here, we test whether long-term delivery of two pharmacological inhibitors to denervated muscle, FK506 or SB203580, enhances reinnervation of muscle from embryonic cells transplanted in the tibial nerve of adult Fischer rats. FK506, SB203580 (2.5 mg/kg) or saline was delivered under the fascia of the medial gastrocnemius muscle for 4 weeks, beginning when muscles were denervated by section of the sciatic nerve. After 1 week of nerve degeneration, one million E14-15 ventral spinal cord cells were transplanted into the distal tibial nerve stump of each rat in the three treatment groups. Ten weeks later, all cell transplants had neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) positive neurons. Neuron survival and axon regeneration were similar across treatments. An average (+/-S.E.) of 210+/-66, 100+/-36 and 176+/-58 myelinated axons grew distally from the cell transplants of rats with muscles treated with FK506, SB203580 or saline, respectively. Regenerating axons in muscles of all three treatments groups were detected with antibodies against phosphorylated neurofilaments and synaptophysin, and motor end plates were labeled with alpha-bungarotoxin. Muscles of rats that received transplants of media only had no axon growth, indicating that the muscles were denervated. The mean muscle fiber areas of rats that received cell transplants and had long-term delivery of FK506, SB203580 or saline to muscles were significantly larger than those of denervated muscle fibers. Thus, cell transplantation reduced muscle atrophy. Transplantation of embryonic cells also resulted in functional muscle reinnervation. Electromyographic activity and force were evoked from >90% of the muscles of rats with cell transplants, but not from denervated muscles. FK506-treated muscles were significantly more fatigue resistant than naive control muscles. FK506-treated muscles also had significantly stronger motor units than those in SB203580 or saline-treated muscles. These data suggest that a pathway regulated by FK506 improves the function of muscles reinnervated by embryonic neurons placed in peripheral nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Grumbles
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami School of Medicine, Lois Pope Life Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R48), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Xu L, Chock VY, Yang EY, Giffard RG. Susceptibility to apoptosis varies with time in culture for murine neurons and astrocytes: changes in gene expression and activity. Neurol Res 2005; 26:632-43. [PMID: 15327753 DOI: 10.1179/016164104225017587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic pathways in the brain may differ depending on cell type and developmental stage. To understand these differences, we studied several apoptotic proteins in the murine cortex and primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes of various ages in culture. We then induced apoptosis in our cultures using serum deprivation (SD) and observed changes in these apoptotic proteins. When analyzed by nuclear morphology and TUNEL staining, early cultures showed greater apoptotic injury compared with late cultures, and neuronal cultures showed greater apoptosis than astrocyte cultures. The decrease in apoptosis with development correlated best with a down-regulation of procaspase-3 and bax and decreasing caspase activation. Early culture astrocytes had higher caspase-11 levels compared with neurons. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases were also differentially expressed with activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 higher in early culture astrocytes and stress-activated protein kinase/C-jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) greater in early culture neurons. However, caspase inhibitors, but not MAP kinase inhibitors reduced cell death. Our findings demonstrate that apoptosis regulatory proteins display cell type and developmentally specific expression and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford CA 94305-5123, USA
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Williamson AJK, Dibling BC, Boyne JR, Selby P, Burchill SA. Basic fibroblast growth factor-induced cell death is effected through sustained activation of p38MAPK and up-regulation of the death receptor p75NTR. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47912-28. [PMID: 15310753 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409035200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) induces cell death in cells of the Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors in vivo and in vitro. In this study we demonstrate that this is dependent on the rapid and sustained activation of p38(MAPK), in contrast to the transient activation of p38(MAPK) associated with bFGF-induced cell proliferation. Stem cell factor-induced survival of TC-32 cells was also associated with transient activation of p38(MAPK). Inhibition of p38(MAPK) by SB202190 and p38(MAPK) small interfering RNA reduces bFGF-induced death in TC-32 cells, consistent with the hypothesis that activation of p38(MAPK) is essential for induction of death by bFGF. This appears to be dependent on sustained activation of p38(MAPK), demonstrated by inhibition of bFGF-induced cell death following addition of SB202190 to TC-32 cells 5 min after exposure to bFGF (20 ng/ml) and activation of p38(MAPK). Prolonged activation of p38(MAPK) is accompanied by a rapid and sustained phosphorylation of Ras and ERK; inhibition of ERK phosphorylation using the MEK-1 inhibitor PD98059 rescued approximately 30% of cells from bFGF-induced death suggesting ERK plays a secondary role in the induction of death. This hypothesis is supported by observations in the A673 cell line; bFGF induced sustained activation of ERK and transient activation of p38(MAPK), which was not associated with cell death. These data demonstrate that sustained activation of p38(MAPK) is essential for activation of the death cascade following exposure of Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors cells to bFGF and provide evidence that activation of p38(MAPK) results in an up-regulation of the death receptor p75(NTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Williamson
- Candlelighter's Children's Cancer Research Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre, St. James's University Hospital, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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Rivera-Cervantes MC, Torres JS, Feria-Velasco A, Armendariz-Borunda J, Beas-Zárate C. NMDA and AMPA receptor expression and cortical neuronal death are associated with p38 in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:678-87. [PMID: 15139026 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Early overstimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors, produces excitotoxicity in several brain regions. The molecular composition of those receptors and their regulation by intracellular signaling systems could be determinants in the development of progressive neurodegenerative mechanisms in the central nervous system (CNS). Studies of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, morphologic changes including cell number, and the expression of the NR1 and GluR2 subunits, by reverse transcriptase-PCR were evaluated at early postnatal ages (postnatal day [PD]8-14) in cerebral cortex of rats treated with monosodium glutamate (MSG; 4 mg/g body weight) administered subcutaneously on PD1, 3, 5, and 7. An important increase in p38 activity at PD8 and loss of cortical cell number were observed from PD8-14 in animals treated with MSG, together with significant morphologic changes characterized by cell shrinkage, nuclear hyperchromatism, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. These morphologic changes were prevented by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38 signaling, at PD8-14. No change in cerebral cortex thickness was observed among experimental or control rats. A significant increase in NR1 subunit expression was observed in response to MSG from PD8-14. GluR2 expression increased from PD8-12, but at PD14, its expression was reduced to 54% with respect to controls. SB203580 prevented alone the decreased in GluR2 expression induced by MSG. These results suggest that initial neuronal death (at PD8 and 10) in cerebral cortex may be due to an excessive Ca2+ influx through NMDA receptors, whereas the further damage process could be mediated by AMPA receptors through p38 signaling. This could represent a determinant mechanism to decide whether nerve cells survive or die.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rivera-Cervantes
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Kanda N, Watanabe S. 17beta-estradiol inhibits oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes by promoting Bcl-2 expression. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 121:1500-9. [PMID: 14675202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1747.2003.12617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined in vitro effects of 17beta-estradiol on H2O2-induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes. 17beta-estradiol prevented the H2O2-induced apoptosis. H2O2 decreased, whereas 17beta-estradiol increased Bcl-2 protein and mRNA levels in keratinocytes, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal levels. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protected keratinocytes against H2O2-induced apoptosis, indicating the anti-apoptotic effect of Bcl-2. H2O2 suppressed, whereas 17beta-estradiol enhanced bcl-2 promoter activity, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal activity. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element on bcl-2 promoter was responsible for the effects of 17beta-estradiol and H2O2. Bcl-2 expression was enhanced by membrane-impermeable bovine serum albumin-conjugated 17beta-estradiol, indicating the effects via membrane 17beta-estradiol-binding sites. H2O2 decreased, whereas 17beta-estradiol increased the amount of phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, and H2O2 plus 17beta-estradiol led to basal levels. H-89, an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, suppressed basal and 17beta-estradiol-induced cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. The cAMP analog, dibutyryl cAMP, enhanced cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, cAMP response element-dependent transcriptional activity, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. 17Beta-estradiol increased intracellular cAMP level and protein kinase A activity, whereas these were not altered by H2O2. Keratinocytes expressed mRNA for estrogen receptor beta and guanine nucleotide-binding protein-coupled receptor, GPR30. GPR30 anti-sense oligonucleotide did, but anti-sense estrogen receptor beta did not suppress 17beta-estradiol-induced cAMP signal, cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation, Bcl-2 expression, and apoptosis resistance. These results suggest that 17beta-estradiol may enhance Bcl-2 expression and prevent H2O2-induced apoptosis by phosphorylating cAMP response element-binding protein via cAMP/protein kinase A pathway in keratinocytes. These effects of 17beta-estradiol may be mediated via membrane GPR30.
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Junger H, Edelman DB, Junger WG. Hypertonicity promotes survival of corticospinal motoneurons via mitogen-activated protein kinase p38 signaling. J Mol Neurosci 2004; 21:111-20. [PMID: 14593211 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:21:2:111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2003] [Accepted: 04/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular hypertonicity can induce the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Of these, both extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and the stress-activated kinase p38 have been implicated in neuronal cell survival. Resuscitation with hypertonic saline decreases secondary brain injury after trauma, as well as neuronal damage, after ischemia. Since hypertonicity has been shown to support somatic cell survival, we investigated if hypertonicity can also prevent neuronal cell death via MAPK signaling. Death of postnatal rat corticospinal motoneurons (CSMNs) was induced by serum deprivation, and survival in both isotonic and hypertonic media was assessed after 20 h. Addition of NaCl (4-250 mM) to isotonic medium significantly and dose dependently protected CSMN in enriched cultures, increasing cell survival by up to 70% over that in isotonic medium. This response was not restricted to NaCl; addition of KCl, choline chloride, and sucrose had similar effects on cell survival. In addition, hypertonicity supported the survival of pure CSMN populations, albeit with lower potency. In cortical cell suspensions, hypertonic NaCl (20-100 mM) increased basal phosphorylation of p38 and ERK. The activation of both MAPKs, which was induced by 40 mM NaCl, was transient. Cultivation of CSMNs in media containing the specific p38 inhibitor SB203580 abolished the protective effect of hypertonic NaCl, indicating a central role for p38. We therefore conclude that hypertonicity can prevent neuronal cell death via MAPK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Junger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0818, USA.
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Emiliani C, Urbanelli L, Racanicchi L, Orlacchio A, Pelicci G, Sorbi S, Bernardi G, Orlacchio A. Up-regulation of glycohydrolases in Alzheimer's Disease fibroblasts correlates with Ras activation. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38453-60. [PMID: 12878600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m303030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal system is up-regulated in the brain of patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), as demonstrated by previous experiments carried out in postmortem samples of brain patients. In this paper we provide evidence that an up-regulation of lysosomal glycohydrolases (alpha-D-mannosidase, beta-D-hexosaminidase, and beta-D-galactosidase) takes place in skin fibroblasts from AD patients affected either by sporadic or familial forms and is detectable also in presymptomatic subjects carrying the above mutations but healthy at the time of skin biopsy. This increase of enzyme activity is consequent to a transcriptional up-regulation. The oncogene Ras appears to be involved in the regulation of enzymatic activity. A parallel increase of Ras transcript and Ras protein, without an increase of p44/p42 MAPK activation was revealed in the same AD fibroblasts. An activation of p38 MAPK already described to occur in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, was also found in fibroblasts derived from AD patients. High levels of expression of the constitutively active form of Ras in normal or AD fibroblasts induced glycohydrolases up-regulation. Overall results demonstrated that glycohydrolases up-regulation, as well as Ras up-regulation, are early markers of AD, detectable at peripheral level, and good candidates to be exploited for diagnostic purposes. These data also provide the first proof for a role of Ras in regulating lysosomal glycohydrolases expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Emiliani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche e Biotecnologie Molecolari, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
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Mori I, Goshima F, Koshizuka T, Koide N, Sugiyama T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T, Nishiyama Y, Kimura Y. Differential activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways in the mouse brain upon infection with neurovirulent influenza A virus. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2401-2408. [PMID: 12917461 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal and spatial distribution of active c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the brain was investigated in an experimental virus-mouse system in which neurovirulent influenza A virus caused lethal acute encephalitis. Following stereotaxic microinjection into the olfactory bulb, virus-infected neurons appeared in several midbrain structures, including the ventral tegmental area, amygdala and the pyramidal layer of the hippocampus. Infected neurons exhibited apoptosis on day 5, as demonstrated by in situ detection of DNA fragmentation and active caspase-3. The stress-responsive JNK signal transduction pathway was activated in virus-infected neurons. Activation of p38 MAPK was widespread and occurred in astrocytes on day 7 after infection. Active p38 MAPK in astrocytes showed no association with apoptosis but appeared to be involved in regulation of TNF-alpha production. These results indicate that these two stress-activated protein kinases may play distinct roles during the course of lethal acute influenza virus encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isamu Mori
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, 23-3 Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
- Laboratory of Virology, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Laboratory of Virology, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Koshizuka
- Laboratory of Virology, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Koide
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sugiyama
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Yoshida
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takashi Yokochi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Research Center for Infectious Disease, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Virology, Research Institute for Disease Mechanism and Control, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Kimura
- Department of Microbiology, Fukui Medical University School of Medicine, 23-3 Matsuoka-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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50
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Tortarolo M, Veglianese P, Calvaresi N, Botturi A, Rossi C, Giorgini A, Migheli A, Bendotti C. Persistent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in a mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis correlates with disease progression. Mol Cell Neurosci 2003; 23:180-92. [PMID: 12812752 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) is activated via phosphorylation in neurones and glial cells by a variety of stimuli including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and inflammatory cytokines. Activated p38MAPK can in turn induce phosphorylation of cytoskeletal proteins and activation of cytokines and nitric oxide, thus contributing to neurodegeneration. We investigated the expression and distribution of p38MAPK in the spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing a superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (SOD1G93A), a model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Accumulation of p38MAPK was found by immunoblotting in the spinal cord of G93A mice during the progression of disease, but no changes were detected in its mRNA levels. Immunostaining for phosphorylated p38MAPK in lumbar spinal cord sections of SOD1G93A mice at the presymptomatic and early stages of disease showed an increased labeling in motor neurones that colocalized with phosphorylated neurofilaments in vacuolized perikarya and neurites, as detected by confocal microscopy. As the disease progressed, activated p38MAPK also accumulated in hypertrophic astrocytes and reactive microglia, as demonstrated by colocalization with GFAP and CD11b immunostaining, respectively. These data suggest that activation of p38MAPK in motor neurons and then in reactive glial cells may contribute, respectively, to the development and progression of motor neuron pathology in SOD1G93A mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tortarolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy.
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