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Liu ZW, Zhang YM, Zhang LY, Zhou T, Li YY, Zhou GC, Miao ZM, Shang M, He JP, Ding N, Liu YQ. Duality of Interactions Between TGF-β and TNF-α During Tumor Formation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:810286. [PMID: 35069596 PMCID: PMC8766837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.810286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is essential for the formation and development of tumors. Cytokines in the microenvironment may affect the growth, metastasis and prognosis of tumors, and play different roles in different stages of tumors, of which transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) are critical. The two have synergistic and antagonistic effect on tumor regulation. The inhibition of TGF-β can promote the formation rate of tumor, while TGF-β can promote the malignancy of tumor. TNF-α was initially determined to be a natural immune serum mediator that can induce tumor hemorrhagic necrosis, it has a wide range of biological activities and can be used clinically as a target to immune diseases as well as tumors. However, there are few reports on the interaction between the two in the tumor microenvironment. This paper combs the biological effect of the two in different aspects of different tumors. We summarized the changes and clinical medication rules of the two in different tissue cells, hoping to provide a new idea for the clinical application of the two cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First People's Hospital of Lanzhou City, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang-Yang Li
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gu-Cheng Zhou
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Miao
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ming Shang
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin-Peng He
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Nan- Ding
- Key Laboratory of Space Radiobiology of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Qi Liu
- Provincial-Level Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine of Major Diseases and The Prevention and Treatment with Traditional Chinese Medicine Research in Gansu Colleges and Universities, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Dunhuang Medicine and Transformation at Provincial and Ministerial Level, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
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Sadri M, Hirosawa N, Le J, Romero H, Martellucci S, Kwon HJ, Pizzo D, Ohtori S, Gonias SL, Campana WM. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 is selectively sequestered into Schwann cell extracellular vesicles where it functions as a TNFα decoy. Glia 2022; 70:256-272. [PMID: 34559433 PMCID: PMC10656730 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are known to produce extracellular vesicles (EV) that participate in cell-cell communication by transferring cargo to target cells, including mRNAs, microRNAs, and biologically active proteins. Herein, we report a novel mechanism whereby SC EVs may regulate PNS physiology, especially in injury, by controlling the activity of TNFα. SCs actively sequester tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) into EVs at high density, accounting for about 2% of the total protein in SC EVs (~1000 copies TNFR1/EV). Although TNFR2 was robustly expressed by SCs in culture, TNFR2 was excluded from SC EVs. SC EV TNFR1 bound TNFα, decreasing the concentration of free TNFα available to bind to cells and thus served as a TNFα decoy. SC EV TNFR1 significantly inhibited TNFα-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in cultured SCs. When TNFR1 was proteolytically removed from SC EVs using tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme (TACE) or neutralized with antibody, the ability of TNFα to activate p38 MAPK in the presence of these EVs was restored. As further evidence of its decoy activity, SC EV TNFR1 modified TNFα activities in vitro including: (1) regulation of expression of other cytokines; (2) effects on SC morphology; and (3) effects on SC viability. SC EVs also modified the effects of TNFα on sciatic nerve morphology and neuropathic pain-related behavior in vivo. By sequestering TNFR1 in EVs, SCs may buffer against the potentially toxic effects of TNFα. SC EVs provide a novel mechanism for the spatial and temporal regulation of neuro-inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahrou Sadri
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Naoya Hirosawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate School in Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jasmine Le
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Haylie Romero
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefano Martellucci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hyo Jun Kwon
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Donald Pizzo
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate School in Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Steven L. Gonias
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wendy M. Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Veterans Administration San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Luo Y, Kiriya M, Tanigawa K, Kawashima A, Nakamura Y, Ishii N, Suzuki K. Host-Related Laboratory Parameters for Leprosy Reactions. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:694376. [PMID: 34746168 PMCID: PMC8568883 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.694376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy reactions are acute inflammatory episodes that complicate the course of a Mycobacterium leprae infection and are the major cause of leprosy-associated pathology. Two types of leprosy reactions with relatively distinct pathogenesis and clinical features can occur: type 1 reaction, also known as reversal reaction, and type 2 reaction, also known as erythema nodosum leprosum. These acute nerve-destructive immune exacerbations often cause irreversible disabilities and deformities, especially when diagnosis is delayed. However, there is no diagnostic test to detect or predict leprosy reactions before the onset of clinical symptoms. Identification of biomarkers for leprosy reactions, which impede the development of symptoms or correlate with early-onset, will allow precise diagnosis and timely interventions to greatly improve the patients' quality of life. Here, we review the progress of research aimed at identifying biomarkers for leprosy reactions, including its correlation with not only immunity but also genetics, transcripts, and metabolites, providing an understanding of the immune dysfunction and inflammation that underly the pathogenesis of leprosy reactions. Nevertheless, no biomarkers that can reliably predict the subsequent occurrence of leprosy reactions from non-reactional patients and distinguish type I reaction from type II have yet been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Kiriya
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Tanigawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Kawashima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihisa Ishii
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,National Sanatorium Tamazenshoen, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Medical Technology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Asadi G, Rezaei Varmaziar F, Karimi M, Rajabinejad M, Ranjbar S, Gorgin Karaji A, Salari F, Afshar Hezarkhani L, Rezaiemanesh A. Determination of the transcriptional level of long non-coding RNA NEAT-1, downstream target microRNAs, and genes targeted by microRNAs in diabetic neuropathy patients. Immunol Lett 2021; 232:20-26. [PMID: 33508370 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is one of the microvascular complications of diabetes that leads to peripheral sensorimotor and autonomic nervous system damages. In this study, we first examined the expression of lncRNA NEAT-1 and its downstream microRNAs, miR-183-5p, miR-433-3p, and then examined mRNA expression of ITGA4, ITGB1, SESN1, and SESN3 as the downstream targets of miR-183-5p, miR-433-3p. METHODS The blood sample was obtained from a total of 40 patients with type 2 diabetes (20 DN patients and 20 non-DN diabetic cases) and ten healthy individuals. After RNA extraction from peripheral blood samples and cDNA synthesis, expression measurements were performed by the RT-qPCR technique. RESULTS Our results showed that the expression level of lncRNA NEAT-1 was significantly higher, and the expression level of miR-183-5p was significantly lower in DN patients compared to the healthy control group. Besides, the expression level of miR-433-3p was significantly lower, and the mRNA expression of ITGA4, SESN1, and SESN3 was significantly higher in DN patients compared to the diabetes group. The ROC curve analysis showed that the miR-183-5p with high levels of accuracy could discriminate DN patients from healthy control (AUC = 0.836) and NEAT-1, SESN1, SESN3, ITGA4 have a high ability to distinguish DN from non-DN patients (AUC = 0.701, 0.772, 0.815 and 0.780, respectively). CONCLUSION It seems that the NEAT-1 probably targets miR-183-5p and miR-433-3p, as a result of which the expression of ITGA4, SESN1, and SESN3 is affected. Dysregulated expression of NEAT-1 and related miRNAs and genes might be involved in the pathogenesis of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelayol Asadi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rezaei Varmaziar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojgan Karimi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Misagh Rajabinejad
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Ranjbar
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Gorgin Karaji
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Leila Afshar Hezarkhani
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaiemanesh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA, Schalk D, Bealmear B, Touil H, Li R, Muirhead G, Bar-Or A. B cells from patients with multiple sclerosis induce cell death via apoptosis in neurons in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 309:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chronic TNFα Exposure Induces Robust Proliferation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells, but not Schwann Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2595-2609. [PMID: 28497341 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
TNFα is persistently elevated in many injury and disease conditions. Previous reports of cytotoxicity of TNFα for oligodendrocytes and their progenitors suggest that the poor endogenous remyelination in patients with traumatic injury or multiple sclerosis may be due in part to persistent inflammation. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines on potential cell therapy candidates is therefore important for evaluating the feasibility of their use. In this study, we assessed the effects of long term exposure to TNFα on viability, proliferation, migration and TNFα receptor expression of cultured rat olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs). Although OECs and SCs transplanted into the CNS produce similar myelinating phenotypes, and might be expected to have similar therapeutic uses, we report that they have very different sensitivities to TNFα. OECs exhibited positive proliferative responses to TNFα over a much broader range of concentrations than SCs. Low TNFα concentrations increased proliferation and migration of both OECs and SCs, but SC number declined in the presence of 100 ng/ml or higher concentrations of TNFα. In contrast, OECs exhibited enhanced proliferation even at high TNFα concentrations (up to 1 µg/ml) and showed no evidence of TNF cytotoxicity even at 4 weeks post-treatment. Furthermore, while both OECs and SCs expressed TNFαR1 and TNFαR2, TNFα receptor levels were downregulated in OECs after exposure to100 ng/ml TNFα for 5-7 days, but were either elevated or unchanged in SCs. These results imply that OECs may be a more suitable cell therapy candidate if transplanted into areas with persistent inflammation.
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7
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Lisak RP, Bealmear B, Benjamins JA. Schwann cell differentiation inhibits interferon-gamma induction of expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:93-9. [PMID: 27235355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) upregulates major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC class II) antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on Schwann cells (SC) in vitro, but in nerves of animals and patients MHC class II is primarily expressed on inflammatory cells. We investigated whether SC maturation influences their expression. IFN-γ induced MHC class II and upregulated ICAM-1; the axolemma-like signal 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate (8 Br cAMP) with IFN-γ inhibited expression. Delaying addition of 8 Br cAMP to SC already exposed to IFN-γ inhibited ongoing expression; addition of IFN-γ to SC already exposed to 8 Br cAMP resulted in minimal expression. Variability of cytokine-induced MHC class II and ICAM-1 expression by SC in vivo may represent the variability of signals from axolemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Beverly Bealmear
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 St. Antoine Blvd., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Hussain G, Rizvi SAA, Singhal S, Zubair M, Ahmad J. Serum levels of TGF-β1 in patients of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and its correlation with nerve conduction velocity in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:S135-S139. [PMID: 26559756 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To correlate serum levels of TGF-β1 with motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted in diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients which were divided in patients with clinically detectable peripheral neuropathy of shorter duration (n=37) and longer duration (n=27). They were compared with patients without clinical neuropathy (n=22). Clinical diagnosis was based on neuropathy symptom score (NSS) and Neuropathy disability score (NDS) for signs. Blood samples were collected for baseline investigations and estimation of serum TGF-β1. Nerve conduction velocity was measured in both upper and lower limbs. Median, Ulnar, Common Peroneal and Posterior Tibial nerves were selected for motor nerve conduction study and Median and Sural nerves were selected for sensory nerve conduction study RESULTS In patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with clinically detectable and serum TGF-β1 showed positive correlation with nerve conduction velocities CONCLUSION High level of TGF-β1 in serum of T2DM patients with neuropathy show possible contribution in development of neuropathy. Due to its independent association this cytokine might be used as biomarker for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauhar Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Teerthankar Mahaveer Medical College & Research Centre, Teerthankar Mahaveer University, Moradabad, U.P., India
| | - S Aijaz Abbas Rizvi
- Department of Physiology, J.N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Sangeeta Singhal
- Department of Physiology, J.N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P., India
| | - Mohammad Zubair
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N. Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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Kunak CS, Ugan RA, Cadirci E, Karakus E, Polat B, Un H, Halici Z, Saritemur M, Atmaca HT, Karaman A. Nephroprotective potential of carnitine against glycerol and contrast-induced kidney injury in rats through modulation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis. Br J Radiol 2015; 89:20140724. [PMID: 26562095 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20140724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contrast media (CM) are a major cause of nephropathy in high-risk patients. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of carnitine (CAR) in advanced nephrotoxicity due to CM administration in rats with glycerol-induced renal functional disorder. METHODS 40 rats were divided randomly into five groups (n = 8): (1) healthy group; (2) glycerol only (GLY); (3) glycerol and CM (GLY + CM); (4) glycerol, CM and 200 mg kg(-1) carnitine (CAR200, Carnitene(®); Sigma-tau/Santa Farma, Istanbul, Turkey); and (5) glycerol, CM and 400 mg kg(-1) carnitine (CAR400). Kidney injury was induced with a single-dose, intramuscular injection of 10 ml kg(-1) body weight (b.w.) of GLY. CAR was administered intraperitoneally. CM (8 ml kg(-1) b.w. iohexol, Omnipaque™; Opakim Medical Products, Istanbul, Turkey) was infused via the tail vein to the rats in Groups 3-5. RESULTS l-carnitine administration significantly decreased serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione activity increased significantly in the treatment groups compared with the nephrotoxic groups. CAR400 significantly reduced malondialdehyde levels to healthy levels. In the treatment groups, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, transforming growth factor 1β, interleukin 1β and caspase-3 gene expression decreased compared with the nephrotoxic groups. TNF-α and nuclear factor kappa-beta (NF-κB) protein expression increased after CM and CAR administration reduced both TNF-α and NF-κB expressions. Histopathologically, hyaline and haemorrhagic casts and necrosis in proximal tubules increased in the nephrotoxicity groups and decreased in the CAR groups. CONCLUSION The results reveal that l-carnitine protects the oxidant/antioxidant balance and decreases proinflammatory cytokines and apoptosis in CM-induced nephrotoxicity in rats with underlying pathology. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE Depending on the underlying kidney pathologies, the incidence of CM-induced nephropathy (CIN) increases. Therefore, this is the best model to represent clinically observed CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celalettin S Kunak
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Ordu University Faculty of Medicine, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Rustem A Ugan
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Cadirci
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emre Karakus
- 3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ataturk University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Beyzagul Polat
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Harun Un
- 5 Department of Biochemistry, Agri Ibrahim Cecen University Faculty of Pharmacy, Agri, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- 2 Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Saritemur
- 6 Department of Emergency Medicine, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan T Atmaca
- 7 Department of Pathology, Kırıkkale University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Adem Karaman
- 8 Department of Radiology, Ataturk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
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Lisak RP, Nedelkoska L, Bealmear B, Benjamins JA. Melanocortin receptor agonist ACTH 1-39 protects rat forebrain neurons from apoptotic, excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage. Exp Neurol 2015; 273:161-7. [PMID: 26300474 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are commonly treated with high doses of intravenous corticosteroids (CS). ACTH 1-39, a member of the melanocortin family, stimulates production of CS by the adrenals, but melanocortin receptors are also found in the central nervous system (CNS) and on immune cells. ACTH is produced within the CNS and may have direct protective effects on glia and neurons independent of CS. We previously reported that ACTH 1-39 protected oligodendroglia (OL) and their progenitors (OPC) from a panel of excitotoxic and inflammation-related agents. Neurons are the most vulnerable cells in the CNS. They are terminally differentiated, and sensitive to inflammatory and excitotoxic insults. For potential therapeutic protection of gray matter, it is important to investigate the direct effects of ACTH on neurons. Cultures highly enriched in neurons were isolated from 2-3 day old rat brain. After 4-7 days in culture, the neurons were treated for 24h with selected toxic agents with or without ACTH 1-39. ACTH 1-39 protected neurons from death induced by staurosporine, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, quinolinic acid, reactive oxygen species and, to a modest extent, from rapidly released NO, but did not protect against kynurenic acid or slowly released nitric oxide. Our results show that ACTH 1-39 protects neurons in vitro from several apoptotic, excitotoxic and inflammation-related insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Liljana Nedelkoska
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Beverly Bealmear
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joyce A Benjamins
- Department of Neurology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 8D University Health Center, 4201 St. Antoine St., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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11
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Ha Thi HT, Lim HS, Kim J, Kim YM, Kim HY, Hong S. Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Bim is essential for TGF-β and TNF-α-induced apoptosis of gastric cancer cell. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:3584-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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Lipid Droplets and Mycobacterium leprae Infection. J Pathog 2012; 2012:361374. [PMID: 23209912 PMCID: PMC3503283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/361374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease and is a major source of morbidity in developing countries. Leprosy is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Mycobacterium leprae, which infects as primary target Schwann cells. Lepromatous leprosy exhibits multiple lesions of the skin, eyes, nerves, and lymph nodes. The sites of infection are characterized by the presence of foamy macrophages, fully packed with lipid droplets (LDs), which are induced by M. leprae. In the last years, it has become evident that M. tuberculosis imports lipids from foamy macrophages and is dependent on fatty acids for growth in infected macrophages. M. leprae seems to have similar mechanisms for scavenging lipids from the host. But due to the inability to culture M. leprae on laboratory media, research progresses only slowly. However, in the last years, substantial progress has been made in the field of lipid metabolism in M. leprae. Herein, we will present and summarize the lipid droplets formation and the metabolism of lipids during M. leprae infection.
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Lisak RP, Benjamins JA, Nedelkoska L, Barger JL, Ragheb S, Fan B, Ouamara N, Johnson TA, Rajasekharan S, Bar-Or A. Secretory products of multiple sclerosis B cells are cytotoxic to oligodendroglia in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 246:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Nakayama-Ichiyama S, Yokote T, Hirata Y, Iwaki K, Akioka T, Miyoshi T, Nishiwaki U, Masuda Y, Hiraoka N, Takayama A, Tsuji M, Hanafusa T. Multiple Cytokine-Producing Plasmablastic Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone With Polyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinology, Monoclonal Protein, and Skin Changes Syndrome. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:e91-4. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.9288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Taiji Yokote
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuji Hirata
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuki Iwaki
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Yuki Masuda
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Motomu Tsuji
- Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki City, Osaka, Japan
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Yuan Q, Yang H, Cheng C, Li C, Wu X, Huan W, Sun H, Zhou Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Lu X, Shen A. β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase I involved in Schwann cells proliferation and apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha via the activation of MAP kinases signal pathways. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 365:149-58. [PMID: 22359038 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-I (β-1,4-GalT-I) plays a critical role in the initiation and maintenance of peripheral nervous system inflammatory reaction. However, the exact function of β-1,4-GalT-I in the regulation of SCs proliferation and apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, we found that low concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) induced SCs proliferation, while high concentration of TNF-α induced SCs apoptosis. Meanwhile, the expressions of β-1,4-GalT-I, TNFR1, and TNFR2 were changed following. When β-1,4-GalT I overexpression, low concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs proliferation was partially repressed. Concurrently, the activity of ERK1/2 was decreased. While knocking down β-1,4-GalT I expression, high concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs apoptosis was partially rescued. Consistent with this, the activity of P38 and JNK were decreased. We also found anti-TNFR2 antibody suppressed low concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs proliferation, while anti-TNFR1 antibody inhibited high concentration of TNF-α-induced SCs apoptosis. Thus, present data show that β-1,4-GalT I may play an important role in SCs proliferation and apoptosis induced by TNF-α via different signal pathways and TNFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, People's Republic of China
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Chuenkova MV, Pereiraperrin M. Neurodegeneration and neuroregeneration in Chagas disease. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2011; 76:195-233. [PMID: 21884893 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385895-5.00009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autonomic dysfunction plays a significant role in the development of chronic Chagas disease (CD). Destruction of cardiac parasympathetic ganglia can underlie arrhythmia and heart failure, while lesions of enteric neurons in the intestinal plexuses are a direct cause of aperistalsis and megasyndromes. Neuropathology is generated by acute infection when the parasite, though not directly damaging to neuronal cells, elicits immune reactions that can become cytotoxic, inducing oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Anti-neuronal autoimmunity may further contribute to neuropathology. Much less clear is the mechanism of subsequent neuronal regeneration in patients that survive acute infection. Morphological and functional recovery of the peripheral neurons in these patients correlates with the absence of CD clinical symptoms, while persistent neuronal deficiency is observed for the symptomatic group. The discovery that Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase can moonlight as a parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF) suggests that the parasite might influence the balance between neuronal degeneration and regeneration. PDNF functionally mimics mammalian neurotrophic factors in that it binds and activates neurotrophin Trk tyrosine kinase receptors, a mechanism which prevents neurodegeneration. PDNF binding to Trk receptors triggers PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β and MAPK/Erk/CREB signalling cascades which in neurons translates into resistance to oxidative and nutritional stress, and inhibition of apoptosis, whereas in the cytoplasm of infected cells, PDNF represents a substrate-activator of the host Akt kinase, enhancing host-cell survival until completion of the intracellular cycle of the parasite. Such dual activity of PDNF provides sustained activation of survival mechanisms which, while prolonging parasite persistence in host tissues, can underlie distinct outcomes of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Chuenkova
- Department of Pathology and Sackler School of Graduate Students, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Mattos KA, Oliveira VGC, D'Avila H, Rodrigues LS, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Pessolani MCV, Bozza PT. TLR6-driven lipid droplets in Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells: immunoinflammatory platforms associated with bacterial persistence. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:2548-58. [PMID: 21813774 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for nerve injury in leprosy need further elucidation. We recently demonstrated that the foamy phenotype of Mycobacterium leprae-infected Schwann cells (SCs) observed in nerves of multibacillary patients results from the capacity of M. leprae to induce and recruit lipid droplets (LDs; also known as lipid bodies) to bacterial-containing phagosomes. In this study, we analyzed the parameters that govern LD biogenesis by M. leprae in SCs and how this contributes to the innate immune response elicited by M. leprae. Our observations indicated that LD formation requires the uptake of live bacteria and depends on host cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and vesicular trafficking. TLR6 deletion, but not TLR2, completely abolished the induction of LDs by M. leprae, as well as inhibited the bacterial uptake in SCs. M. leprae-induced LD biogenesis correlated with increased PGE(2) and IL-10 secretion, as well as reduced IL-12 and NO production in M. leprae-infected SCs. Analysis of nerves from lepromatous leprosy patients showed colocalization of M. leprae, LDs, and cyclooxygenase-2 in SCs, indicating that LDs are sites for PGE(2) synthesis in vivo. LD biogenesis Inhibition by the fatty acid synthase inhibitor C-75 abolished the effect of M. leprae on SC production of immunoinflammatory mediators and enhanced the mycobacterial-killing ability of SCs. Altogether, our data indicated a critical role for TLR6-dependent signaling in M. leprae-SC interactions, favoring phagocytosis and subsequent signaling for induction of LD biogenesis in infected cells. Moreover, our observations reinforced the role of LDs favoring mycobacterial survival and persistence in the nerve. These findings give further support to a critical role for LDs in M. leprae pathogenesis in the nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Mattos
- Laboratory of Cellular Microbiology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil
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19
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Chuenkova MV, PereiraPerrin M. Trypanosoma cruzi targets Akt in host cells as an intracellular antiapoptotic strategy. Sci Signal 2009; 2:ra74. [PMID: 19920252 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which causes Chagas' disease, differentiates in the cytosol of its host cell and then replicates and spreads infection, processes that require the long-term survival of the infected cells. Here, we show that in the cytosol, parasite-derived neurotrophic factor (PDNF), a trans-sialidase that is located on the surface of T. cruzi, is both a substrate and an activator of the serine-threonine kinase Akt, an antiapoptotic molecule. PDNF increases the expression of the gene that encodes Akt while suppressing the transcription of genes that encode proapoptotic factors. Consequently, PDNF elicits a sustained functional response that protects host cells from apoptosis induced by oxidative stress and the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. Given that PDNF also activates Akt by binding to the neurotrophic surface receptor TrkA, we propose that this protein activates survival signaling both at the cell surface, by acting as a receptor-binding ligand, and inside cells, by acting as a scaffolding adaptor protein downstream of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Chuenkova
- Parasitology Research Center, Department of Pathology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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20
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Hao HN, Peduzzi-Nelson JD, VandeVord PJ, Barami K, DeSilva SP, Pelinkovic D, Morawa LG. Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production by Schwann's cells dependent upon TLR4 expression. J Neuroimmunol 2009; 212:26-34. [PMID: 19525014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) through its cognate ligand endotoxin appears critical in tissue inflammation associated with bacterial infection. We found that anti-GM1 antibody (Ab) enhances TLR4 expression in Schwann's cells (SCs) in vivo and in vitro. The anti-GM1 Ab-treated SC also showed increased release of pro-inflammation cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha after incubation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, down-regulation of TLR4 expression using antisense oligonucleotides targeted to TLR4 mRNA suppressed cytokine production in LPS stimulated cultures. These findings suggest that elevation of TLR4 expression increases sensitivity of SC to LPS and production of inflammatory mediators that may be responsible for peripheral nerve dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Nan Hao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48823, United States.
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21
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Woodhoo A, Sommer L. Development of the Schwann cell lineage: from the neural crest to the myelinated nerve. Glia 2009; 56:1481-1490. [PMID: 18803317 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells in peripheral nerves are derived from the neural crest, which is a transient and multipotent embryonic structure that also generates the other main glial subtypes of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cell development occurs through a series of transitional embryonic and postnatal phases, which are tightly regulated by a number of signals. During the early embryonic phases, neural crest cells are specified to give rise to Schwann cell precursors, which represent the first transitional stage in the Schwann cell lineage, and these then generate the immature Schwann cells. At birth, the immature Schwann cells differentiate into either the myelinating or nonmyelinating Schwann cells that populate the mature nerve trunks. In this review, we will discuss the biology of the transitional stages in embryonic and early postnatal Schwann cell development, including the phenotypic differences between them and the recently identified signaling pathways, which control their differentiation and maintenance. In addition, the role and importance of the microenvironment in which glial differentiation takes place will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Woodhoo
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Abdo M, Hisheh S, Arfuso F, Dharmarajan A. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, its receptors and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein during corpus luteum regression. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2008; 6:50. [PMID: 18990246 PMCID: PMC2584631 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-6-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corpus luteum (CL) regression is known to occur as two parts; functional regression when steroidogenesis declines and structural regression when apoptosis is induced. Previous studies suggest this process occurs by the production of luteolytic factors, such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS We examined TNF-alpha, TNF-alpha receptors (TNFR1 and 2) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression during CL regression in albino Wistar rats. CL from Days 16 and 22 of pregnancy and Day 3 post-partum were examined, in addition CL from Day 16 of pregnancy were cultured in vitro to induce apoptosis. mRNA was quantitated by kinetic RT-PCR and protein expression examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS TNF-alpha mRNA increased on Day 3 post-partum. TNFR were immunolocalized to luteal cells, and an increase in TNFR2 mRNA observed on Day 3 post-partum whilst no change was detected in TNFR1 mRNA relative to Day 16. StAR protein decreased on Day 3 post-partum and following trophic withdrawal but no change was observed following exogenous TNF-alpha treatment. StAR mRNA decreased on Day 3 post-partum; however, it increased following trophic withdrawal and TNF-alpha treatment in vitro. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the existence of TNFR1 and TNFR2 in rat CL and suggest the involvement of TNF-alpha in rat CL regression following parturition. Furthermore, decreased StAR expression over the same time points was consistent with the functional regression of the CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Abdo
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Susan Hisheh
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Wojtkowiak JW, Fouad F, LaLonde DT, Kleinman MD, Gibbs RA, Reiners JJ, Borch RF, Mattingly RR. Induction of apoptosis in neurofibromatosis type 1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell lines by a combination of novel farnesyl transferase inhibitors and lovastatin. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:1-11. [PMID: 18367665 PMCID: PMC3768167 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder that is driven by the loss of neurofibromin (Nf) protein function. Nf contains a Ras-GTPase-activating protein domain, which directly regulates Ras signaling. Numerous clinical manifestations are associated with the loss of Nf and increased Ras activity. Ras proteins must be prenylated to traffic and functionally localize with target membranes. Hence, Ras is a potential therapeutic target for treating NF1. We have tested the efficacy of two novel farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs), 1 and 2, alone or in combination with lovastatin, on two NF1 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cell lines, NF90-8 and ST88-14. Single treatments of 1, 2, or lovastatin had no effect on Ras prenylation or MPNST cell proliferation. However, low micromolar combinations of 1 or 2 with lovastatin (FTI/lovastatin) reduced Ras prenylation in both MPNST cell lines. Furthermore, this FTI/lovastatin combination treatment reduced cell proliferation and induced an apoptotic response as shown by morphological analysis, procaspase-3/-7 activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and accumulation of cells with sub-G(1) DNA content. Little to no detectable toxicity was observed in normal rat Schwann cells following FTI/lovastatin combination treatment. These data support the hypothesis that combination FTI plus lovastatin therapy may be a potential treatment for NF1 MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Wojtkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Abstract
The expression of cytokines and cytokine receptors was investigated in enriched populations of human fetal Schwann cells by reverse transcribed-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human fetal Schwann cells constitutively expressed mRNA of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-12, IL-15 and TGF-beta, and also cytokine receptors for IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, tissue necrosis factor and gp130. The expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-15 was upregulated following treatment with IL-1beta or TGF-beta. The protein levels of IL-6 were increased with IL-1beta treatment, but were decreased with IFN-gamma treatment. Human Schwann cells may respond to cytokine signals in the nerve injury sites and modify the pathological conditions by secreting cytokines. The secreted cytokines may play a role in leukocyte recruitment and exacerbation of axonal injury process.
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Subramaniam S, Strelau J, Unsicker K. GDNF prevents TGF-β-induced damage of the plasma membrane in cerebellar granule neurons by suppressing activation of p38-MAPK via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:373-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yamate J, Sakamori M, Kuwamura M, Kotani T. Neoplastic and non-neoplastic cell lines from a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour of the cervix of a rat. J Comp Pathol 2007; 137:9-21. [PMID: 17537454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A homotransplantable tumour (LY) and cell lines (LY-PPB6 and LY-H12) were established from a spontaneous malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour (PNST) of the uterine cervix of an F344 rat. Primary and LY tumours consisted of oval or spindle-shaped cells arranged in a flatfield or streaming fashion, and indistinct nuclear palisades were seen. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells reacted to vimentin, S-100 protein, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in varying degrees, indicating neurogenic derivation. LY-PPB6-induced tumours in syngeneic rats developed cellular whorling patterns reacting particularly strongly to S-100 protein, NSE, MBP and GFAP. Nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA expression was shown in LY-PPB6 cells by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). By contrast, LY-H12 had a normal chromosomal number of 42, and did not produce tumours when injected into syngeneic rats. LY-H12 cells reacted to vimentin and alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and the alpha-SMA-positive cell number was increased dose-dependently by the addition of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, indicating a myofibroblastic nature. LY-PPB6 cells were neoplastic with properties of PNS cells, whereas LY-H12 cells were non-neoplastic stromal cells showing myofibroblastic differentiation. As TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was shown in both LY-PPB6 and LY-H12 cells by the RT-PCR, the myofibroblastic phenotype of LY-H12 cells may be mediated by paracrine or autocrine signalling in tumour tissues. LY-PPB6 and LY-H12 may prove useful for studies on the pathobiological nature of neoplastic cells and interactions between neoplastic and stromal cells in PNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuencho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - M Sakamori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuencho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - M Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuencho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - T Kotani
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuencho 1-1, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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Löttrich M, Mawrin C, Chamaon K, Kirches E, Dietzmann K, Freigang B. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta receptor type 1 and type 2 in human sporadic vestibular Schwannoma. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203:245-9. [PMID: 17317032 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) protein family in the peripheral nervous system is well established, but the role of their cognate receptors TGF-beta receptor type 1 (R1) and type 2 (R2) has been less well studied. TGF-beta plays an essential role in Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation, and is involved in neurotrophic effects of several neurotrophic substances. TGF-beta is also expressed in benign peripheral nervous system tumors such as vestibular schwannomas. In the present study, we aimed to detect TGF-beta R1 and R2 in a total of 40 sporadic vestibular schwannomas using immunohistochemistry, and correlated the findings to essential clinicopathologic data. TGF-beta, TGF-beta R1, and TGF-beta R2 mRNA was further analyzed by RT-PCR in six vestibular schwannomas. TGF-beta R1 immunoexpression was found in about 95% of the tumors. TGF-beta R1 was equally present in Antoni A and Antoni B areas of the tumors. TGF-beta R2 was found immunohistochemically in 77%. In addition, all tumors showed strong expression of TGF-beta. No correlation between TGF-beta R1 or R2 expression and clinicopathologic parameters such as age, sex, clinical symptoms, growth pattern, and proliferation acitivity as measured by Ki-67 (MIB-1) staining was found. Moreover, all schwannomas studied contained TGF-beta, TGF-beta R1, and TGF-beta R2 mRNA. Therefore, the TGF-beta/TGF-beta R1 and -R2 system is present in human schwannomas, but its biologic role for tumor development and growth remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Löttrich
- Department of Neuropathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Iwahana H, Yakymovych I, Dubrovska A, Hellman U, Souchelnytskyi S. Glycoproteome profiling of transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling: Nonglycosylated cell death-inducing DFF-like effector A inhibits TGFβ1-dependent apoptosis. Proteomics 2006; 6:6168-80. [PMID: 17080483 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) is a potent regulator of cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. TGFbeta binds to specific serine/threonine kinase receptors, which leads to activation of Smad-dependent and Smad-independent signaling pathways. O-Glycosylation is a dynamic PTM which has been observed in many regulatory proteins, but has not been studied in the context of TGFbeta signaling. To explore the effect of TGFbeta1 on protein O-glycosylation in human breast epithelial cells, we performed analyses of proteins which were affinity purified with Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA). HPA lectin allowed enrichment of proteins containing GalNAc and GlcNAc linked to serine and threonine residues. Using 2-DE and MALDI-TOF-MS, we identified 21 HPA-precipitated proteins, which were affected by treatment of cells with TGFbeta1. Among these proteins, regulators of cell survival, apoptosis, trafficking, and RNA processing were identified. We found that TGFbeta1 inhibited the appearance of cell death-inducing DFF-like effector A (CIDE-A) in 2-D gels with HPA-precipitated proteins. CIDE-A is a cell death activator which promotes DNA fragmentation. We observed that TGFbeta1 did not affect expression of CIDE-A, but inhibited its glycosylation. We found that deglycosylation of CIDE-A correlated with enhanced nuclear export of the protein, and that high level of nonglycosylated CIDE-A inhibited TGFbeta1-dependent cell death. Thus, inhibition of the glycosylation of CIDE-A may be a mechanism to protect cells from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Iwahana
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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D'Antonio M, Droggiti A, Feltri ML, Roes J, Wrabetz L, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. TGFbeta type II receptor signaling controls Schwann cell death and proliferation in developing nerves. J Neurosci 2006; 26:8417-27. [PMID: 16914667 PMCID: PMC6674345 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1578-06.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, Schwann cell numbers are precisely adjusted to match the number of axons. It is essentially unknown which growth factors or receptors carry out this important control in vivo. Here, we tested whether the type II transforming growth factor (TGF) beta receptor has a role in this process. We generated a conditional knock-out mouse in which the type II TGFbeta receptor is specifically ablated only in Schwann cells. Inactivation of the receptor, evident at least from embryonic day 18, resulted in suppressed Schwann cell death in normally developing and injured nerves. Notably, the mutants also showed a strong reduction in Schwann cell proliferation. Consequently, Schwann cell numbers in wild-type and mutant nerves remained similar. Lack of TGFbeta signaling did not appear to affect other processes in which TGFbeta had been implicated previously, including myelination and response of adult nerves to injury. This is the first in vivo evidence for a growth factor receptor involved in promoting Schwann cell division during development and the first genetic evidence for a receptor that controls normal developmental Schwann cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Antonio
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
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Lisak RP, Bealmear B, Nedelkoska L, Benjamins JA. Secretory products of central nervous system glial cells induce Schwann cell proliferation and protect from cytokine-mediated death. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:1425-31. [PMID: 16583376 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There continues to be interest in Schwann cells (SC) as a possible source of myelinating cells for transplantation into the central nervous system (CNS) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and spinal cord injury. It has been suggested that CNS glial cells interfere with SC migration, survival, maturation, and clinically significant remyelination in the CNS. To investigate the effects of CNS glial cells on SC, we examined the effects of serum-free supernatants obtained from rat mixed CNS glial cultures on rat neonatal SC cultures. Supernatants from 1-, 3-, and 5-day CNS glial cultures induced proliferation of SC assayed at 5 days in vitro but did not induce SC differentiation as measured by induction of surface expression of galactolipids (GalL). High concentrations of cAMP simulate many of the effects of axolemma on SC; CNS glial cell supernatants did not inhibit cAMP induction of SC differentiation. CNS glial cell supernatants had no apparent effect on SC viability at 48 hr as measured by trypan blue exclusion. We have previously demonstrated that incubation of SC with transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) + tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induces SC death via apoptosis. We now show that CNS glial supernatants inhibits TGF-beta1/TNF-alpha-induced SC death. Our data show that soluble products of CNS glial cells do not induce or inhibit SC differentiation or increase cell death but have the potential to increase proliferation of SC and their resistance to cytokine-mediated death, and thus may affect the outcome of SC transplantation into the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P Lisak
- Departments of Neurology and Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University Schoolof Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Campana WM, Li X, Shubayev VI, Angert M, Cai K, Myers RR. Erythropoietin reduces Schwann cell TNF-alpha, Wallerian degeneration and pain-related behaviors after peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2006; 23:617-26. [PMID: 16487143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic sciatic nerve constriction injury (CCI) induces Wallerian degeneration and exaggerated pain-like behaviors. These effects are mediated in large part by pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In this study, we demonstrate that systemically administered recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) facilitates recovery from chronic neuropathic pain associated with CCI in rats. Because TNF-alpha has been implicated in the development of pain-related behaviors, we measured TNF-alpha mRNA at the nerve injury site. Systemically or locally administered rhEpo decreased TNF-alpha mRNA, compared with that observed in untreated animals. RhEpo also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased axonal degeneration. Immunohistochemistry of CCI nerve showed abundant TNF-alpha in Schwann cells, axoplasm and macrophages. In rhEpo-treated animals, TNF-alpha immunopositivity was decreased selectively in Schwann cells. These results suggest a model in which rhEpo counteracts the effects of TNF-alpha in CCI by blocking expression of TNF-alpha in Schwann cells. To further test this model, we studied primary Schwann cell cultures. RhEpo inhibited TNF-alpha expression in response to lipopolysaccharide, supporting the conclusions of our in vivo CCI experiments. In addition, rhEpo directly counteracted Schwann cell death induced by exogenously added TNF-alphain vitro. These results indicated that rhEpo regulates TNF-alpha by multiple mechanisms; rhEpo regulates TNF-alpha mRNA expression by Schwann cells but also may directly counteract TNF-alpha signaling pathways that lead to injury, chronic pain and/or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Marie Campana
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Duenker N. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and programmed cell death in the vertebrate retina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 245:17-43. [PMID: 16125544 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a precisely regulated phenomenon essential for the homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Developmental systems, particularly the nervous system, have provided key observations supporting the physiological role of PCD. We have recently shown that transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role in mediating ontogenetic PCD in the nervous system. As part of the central nervous system the developing retina serves as an ideal model system for investigating apoptotic processes during neurogenesis in vivo as it is easily accessible experimentally and less complex due to its limited number of different neurons. This review summarizes data indicating a pivotal role of TGF-beta in mediating PCD in the vertebrate retina. The following topics are discussed: expression of TGF-beta isoforms and receptors in the vertebrate retina, the TGF-beta signaling pathway, functions and molecular mechanisms of PCD in the nervous system, TGF-beta-mediated retinal apoptosis in vitro and in vivo, and interactions of TGF-beta with other pro- and anti-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Duenker
- Institute for Anatomy, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Boyle K, Azari MF, Cheema SS, Petratos S. TNFalpha mediates Schwann cell death by upregulating p75NTR expression without sustained activation of NFkappaB. Neurobiol Dis 2006; 20:412-27. [PMID: 15905096 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) to axotomised mouse neonatal sciatic nerves increased Schwann cell apoptosis in the distal nerve segments, 5-fold greater than axotomy alone. TNFalpha upregulated the low affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, indicative of phenotype reversion in Schwann cells. Furthermore, re-expression of p75NTR and downregulation of the pro-myelinating transcription factor, Oct 6, in Schwann cells occurred by treatment with TNFalpha, even after the maturation of these cells with brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). TNFalpha treatment of Schwann cells produced only a transient activation of NFkappaB. More importantly, in NFkappaB (p65) mutant mice, axotomy increased Schwann cell apoptosis further than that seen in mice expressing NFkappaB (p65), implicating a survival role for NFkappaB. Collectively, these data suggest that TNFalpha can potentiate Schwann cell death through the modulation of their phenotype. Immature Schwann cells express a high level of p75NTR and as a consequence are susceptible to extracellular death stimuli because of the lack of sustained NFkappaB translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Boyle
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Post Office, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
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Ruohonen S, Khademi M, Jagodic M, Taskinen HS, Olsson T, Röyttä M. Cytokine responses during chronic denervation. J Neuroinflammation 2005; 2:26. [PMID: 16287511 PMCID: PMC1310517 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to examine inflammatory responses during Wallerian degeneration in rat peripheral nerve when the regrowth of axons was prevented by suturing. Methods Transected rat sciatic nerve was sutured and ligated to prevent reinnervation. The samples were collected from the left sciatic nerve distally and proximally from the point of transection. The endoneurium was separated from the surrounding epi- and perineurium to examine the expression of cytokines in both of these compartments. Macrophage invasion into endoneurium was investigated and Schwann cell proliferation was followed as well as the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α mRNA. The samples were collected from 1 day up to 5 weeks after the primary operation. Results At days 1 to 3 after injury in the epi-/perineurium of the proximal and distal stump, a marked expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β and of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was observed. Concurrently, numerous macrophages started to gather into the epineurium of both proximal and distal stumps. At day 7 the number of macrophages decreased in the perineurium and increased markedly in the endoneurium of both stumps. At this time point marked expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA was observed in the endo- and epi-/perineurium of the proximal stump. At day 14 a marked increase in the expression of IL-1β could be noted in the proximal stump epi-/perineurium and in the distal stump endoneurium. At that time point many macrophages were observed in the longitudinally sectioned epineurium of the proximal 2 area as well as in the cross-section slides from the distal stump. At day 35 TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 mRNA appeared abundantly in the proximal epi-/perineurium together with macrophages. Conclusion The present studies show that even during chronic denervation there is a cyclic expression pattern for the studied cytokines. Contrary to the previous findings on reinnervating nerves the studied cytokines show increased expression up to 35 days. The high expressions of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the proximal epi-/perineurial area at day 35 may be involved in the formation of fibrosis due to irreversible nerve injury and thus may have relevance to the formation of traumatic neuroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saku Ruohonen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Mohsen Khademi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna-Stiina Taskinen
- Department of Handsurgery, Turku University hospital, Kiinanmyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matias Röyttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinanmyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Oliveira RB, Sampaio EP, Aarestrup F, Teles RMB, Silva TP, Oliveira AL, Antas PRZ, Sarno EN. Cytokines and Mycobacterium leprae induce apoptosis in human Schwann cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2005; 64:882-90. [PMID: 16215460 DOI: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000182982.09978.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of deformities during the course of leprosy disease is a major public health concern worldwide. It is possible that cytokine production and apoptosis of Schwann cells (SCs) directly affect nerve degeneration and regeneration leading to injury of the myelin sheath and axon. In the present study, the expression of TNFalpha, TGFbeta, and their receptors, in addition to cell death triggered by cytokines or whole Mycobacterium leprae were investigated in a human SC line. The results showed the presence of TNF-Rs and TGF-RII on the SC membrane and the shedding of TNF-Rs during the culture period. Evaluation of cell death was performed through TUNEL and flow cytometry techniques. TNFalpha/TGFbeta combination as well as M. leprae infection triggered an increase in the apoptosis rate in the cultured SC. Moreover, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that M. leprae upregulated the expression of such cytokines and their receptors on the SC line. Despite the detection of TNFalpha mRNA, no protein was found in the culture supernatants. The data indicate that induction of SC death after cell interaction with M. leprae may, in fact, be implicated in the pathogenesis of nerve damage, which can most likely be modulated by in vivo cytokine production.
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Mattingly RR, Kraniak JM, Dilworth JT, Mathieu P, Bealmear B, Nowak JE, Benjamins JA, Tainsky MA, Reiners JJ. The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Kinase Inhibitor PD184352 (CI-1040) Selectively Induces Apoptosis in Malignant Schwannoma Cell Lines. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:456-65. [PMID: 16239399 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF1) is a common autosomal dominant disorder that results in neuroectodermal tumors. The NF1 tumor-suppressor gene encodes neurofibromin, which includes a GTPase-activating domain for Ras inactivation. Affinity purification showed N-Ras to be the predominant activated isoform of Ras in two independent neurofibrosarcoma cell lines from NF1 patients (lines ST88-14 and NF90-8). These NF1 cells also demonstrated increased constitutive activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1,2) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases compared with a sporadic malignant schwannoma cell line that maintains neurofibromin expression (STS-26T). Thus, MAP kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors may be a rational approach to NF1 therapy. The MEK inhibitors PD98059 [2'-amino-3'-methoxyflavone], PD184352 (also called CI-1040) [2-(2-chloro-4-iodo-phenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluoro-benzamide], and U0126 [1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis(2-aminophenylthio)butadiene] all produced concentration-dependent suppression of the proliferation of the three cell lines. Individual MEK inhibitors had similar effects in all three cell lines. However, only the antiproliferative effects of PD184352 correlated closely with the elimination of ERK1,2 MAP kinase activities. PD98059 was primarily cytostatic, whereas U0126 and PD184352 were cytotoxic. Only PD184352 induced apoptosis in all three lines, as indicated by morphology, activation of DEVDase, procaspase-3 cleavage, and the appearance of populations having sub-G(0)/G(1) DNA contents. The differential effects of the MEK inhibitors on cell survival were not dependent on p53 status or effects on the ERK5 pathway. PD184352 was also proapoptotic to primary rat Schwann cells. Hence, although PD184352 effectively killed neurofibrosarcoma cells, its effects on normal Schwann cells may limit its usefulness in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Lash GE, Otun HA, Innes BA, Bulmer JN, Searle RF, Robson SC. Inhibition of Trophoblast Cell Invasion by TGFB1, 2, and 3 Is Associated with a Decrease in Active Proteases1. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:374-81. [PMID: 15858216 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.040337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of extravillous trophoblast cells into the uterus in human pregnancy is tightly regulated. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) family has been suggested to play a role in controlling this process. We hypothesized that TGFB1, 2, and 3 would inhibit the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells. We also studied trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation and secreted protease levels as potential mechanisms by which these cytokines may act. Inhibition of endogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 with neutralizing antibodies increased the invasive capacity of extravillous trophoblast cells derived from placental explants. Similarly, addition of exogenous TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibited the invasive capacity of these cells in a dose-dependent manner. Proliferation of trophoblast in the placental explants did not alter in response to any of the cytokines tested. Apoptosis of villous and extravillous trophoblast did not alter in response to TGFB1, 2, and 3. There was a reduction in secreted levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 and urokinase plasminogen activator in response to all three cytokines. MMP2 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 and 3 levels were not altered. These results suggest that TGFB1, 2, and 3 inhibit trophoblast invasion by a mechanism dependent on reduced protease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gendie E Lash
- Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom.
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Larsson K, Rydevik B, Olmarker K. Disc related cytokines inhibit axonal outgrowth from dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:621-4. [PMID: 15770175 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000155410.48700.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Application of nucleus pulposus and disc related cytokines in vitro on cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. OBJECTIVES To study if tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) may induce similar inhibition of axonal outgrowth from cultured DRG cells as application of nucleus pulposus and to compare a new assessment method to previous data. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Pro-inflammatory cytokines related to the intervertebral disc have been suggested to affect adversely neurons following local application, with implications for the nucleus pulposus-induced nerve injury seen in various studies. Nucleus pulposus is known to inhibit axonal outgrowth from cultured DRG cells, thereby indicating a neurotoxic potential. The mechanisms were not understood, but it was suspected that the effect was mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by the nucleus pulposus. METHODS DRG were harvested from newborn rats and put in culture. The axonal outgrowth was determined 24 hours after starting the culture. Twenty-four hours after exposing the cultured cells to nucleus pulposus, frozen nucleus pulposus, TNF, or IL-1beta, the axonal outgrowth was reassessed, and the outgrowth during the exposure time was calculated. RESULTS Nucleus pulposus clearly reduced the axonal outgrowth. Also, application of TNF and IL-1beta reduced the outgrowth but not as pronounced as the nucleus pulposus. Frozen nucleus pulposus had no effects on the outgrowth. Overall, the data were similar regarding frozen and nonfrozen nucleus pulposus compared to a previous study. CONCLUSIONS It was evident that the 2 studied cytokines inhibited the outgrowth of axons from cultured DRG cells, thus suggesting a neurotoxic potential. However, the inhibition was not as pronounced as for nucleus pulposus. These data may increase our understanding for cytokine induced nerve injury, with implications for future treatment strategies for such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Larsson
- Department of Orthopaedics, Goteborg University, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Boyle K, Azari MF, Profyris C, Petratos S. Molecular mechanisms in Schwann cell survival and death during peripheral nerve development, injury and disease. Neurotox Res 2005; 7:151-67. [PMID: 15639806 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms determining the fate of Schwann cells during disease and injury of the adult mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS) are becoming defined by current advances in molecular neurobiology. It is now apparent that the molecular pathways which regulate the production of the mature myelinating Schwann cell during development may also apply to degenerative and regenerative mechanisms following PNS disease. This review outlines neurobiological responses of Schwann cells during development, injury and disease in order to define the molecular pathways which regulate these crucial events. These mechanisms have implications for our attempts to intervene pharmacologically during pathologies of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
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Rahhal B, Dünker N, Combs S, Krieglstein K. Isoform-specific role of transforming growth factor-β2 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of murine adrenal chromaffin cells in vivo. J Neurosci Res 2004; 78:493-8. [PMID: 15478122 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chromaffin cells, the neuroendocrine cells of the adrenal medulla, play an important role in molecular, cellular, and developmental neurobiology. Unlike the closely related sympathetic neurons, chromaffin cells are able to proliferate throughout their whole life span. Proliferation of chromaffin cells in vivo is thought to be regulated by the interaction of neurogenic and hormonal signals. Previous studies have shown that chromaffin cells synthesize and release transforming growth factor-betas (TGF-betas). In the present study, effects of TGF-betas on proliferation and differentiation of chromaffin cells in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells were investigated in a genetic mouse model. We observed a significant increase in the total number of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH(+)) cells in Tgfbeta2(-/-) knockout mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 18.5 compared with wild-type animals (Tgfbeta2(+/+)), but no changes in the number of TH(+) cells were observed in Tgfbeta3(-/-) mouse mutants. At E15.5, but not at E18.5, there was a marked increase in the number of proliferative cell nuclear antigen-positive chromaffin cells in Tgfbeta2(-/-) knockout embryos compared with the wild-type group. On the other hand, there was a clear decrease in the ratio of total number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase-positive cells to the total TH(+) in Tgfbeta2(-/-) mice embryos at E18.5 compared with wild-type animals. This is the first documentation of the physiological significance of the TGF-beta2, an isoform that has been suggested to play a role in the regulation of chromaffin cells proliferation and differentiation based on in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belal Rahhal
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University Goettingen, D-37075 Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Peripheral nervous system injury may be corrected by surgical repair, but in many cases this is not possible and will result in loss of motor and sensory function. Schwann cells provide many neurotrophic signals essential for axon regeneration and immediately after injury inflammatory cytokines are released necessary for Schwann cell de-differentiation. However, extended periods of inflammation after injury prevent Schwann cell proliferation, and therefore interventional approaches to enhance proliferation may in turn improve axon regeneration. We therefore investigated the ability of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH; a potent anti-inflammatory peptide) to inhibit the activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor (required for inflammatory signalling) in cultured rat primary Schwann cells, stimulated with tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Both cytokines activated NF-kappaB rapidly after 60 min incubation, observed as a translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. alpha-MSH inhibited activation (i.e. inhibited nuclear translocation) in response to TNF-alpha or IFN-gamma by 81% and 100% respectively. The anti-inflammatory properties of this peptide may therefore have potential for treatment of peripheral nerve injury to improve the healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Teare
- University of Nottingham, Department of Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, Boots Building, Science Road, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Küry P, Köller H, Hamacher M, Cornely C, Hasse B, Müller HW. Cyclic AMP and tumor necrosis factor-alpha regulate CXCR4 gene expression in Schwann cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 24:1-9. [PMID: 14550764 DOI: 10.1016/s1044-7431(03)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat peripheral nerve Schwann cells have been shown to express the alpha-chemokine receptor CXCR4 as well as the corresponding ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1). We have investigated gene regulatory mechanisms acting on the expression of CXCR4 in cultured rat Schwann cells and found that receptor expression at transcript- and protein levels is directly dependent on intracellular cyclic AMP. Such increased levels of CXCR4 expression were found to be efficiently reversed by the action of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). We also provide evidence that the POU box transcription factor Oct-6/SCIP is involved in the control of CXCR4 transcription. Finally, we could demonstrate that CXCR4 activation by SDF-1alpha increases the number of dying Schwann cells, indicating that this receptor/ligand interaction is modulating cell survival. Our data, therefore, suggest that in the Schwann cell lineage signal transduction cascades controlled by the activation of TNF- and CXCR4 receptors are functionally coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Küry
- Department of Neurology, Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Schuster N, Bender H, Rössler OG, Philippi A, Dünker N, Thiel G, Krieglstein K. Transforming growth factor-beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha cooperate to induce apoptosis in the oligodendroglial cell line OLI-neu. J Neurosci Res 2003; 73:324-33. [PMID: 12868066 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
As shown previously, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays an important role during the period of developmental cell death in the nervous system. As with neurons, oligodendrocytes are generated in excess and eliminated by apoptosis. The present study was aimed at investigating the possible interaction of TGF-beta with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the regulation of cell death in oligodendroglial precursor cells and analyzing the underlying signaling mechanisms. We show that both factors induce apoptosis independently, but cooperate when applied together. The investigation of the signaling events revealed an important role of the JNK pathway during induction of apoptosis. TGF-beta seemed to be more efficient at inducing a release in cytochrome c from mitochondria than TNF-alpha. This might be the consequence of decreased Bcl-xL levels observed in cells treated with TGF-beta but not with TNF-alpha. Both factors stimulated caspase-3 activity, which could be inhibited by caspase-8 or caspase-9 inhibitors. Therefore, we conclude that TNF-alpha and TGF-beta affect partially common pathways but also regulate different steps in the apoptotic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Schuster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Lange-Sperandio B, Fulda S, Vandewalle A, Chevalier RL. Macrophages induce apoptosis in proximal tubule cells. Pediatr Nephrol 2003; 18:335-41. [PMID: 12700958 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-003-1116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2002] [Revised: 12/12/2002] [Accepted: 12/13/2002] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles during renal inflammation. Infiltrating macrophages produce proinflammatory mediators and induce apoptosis in a variety of target cells. Because proximal tubules are frequently damaged in inflammatory processes, we investigated murine macrophages (J774) in the induction of apoptosis in murine PKSV-PR proximal tubule cells. PKSV-PR cells were co-cultured with activated or non-activated macrophages. Apoptosis was assessed by Annexin-V-FITC/propidium iodide staining and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Macrophages were separated from tubule cells with transwell membranes to distinguish soluble factor-mediated from direct cell-to-cell contact-mediated apoptosis. Cell supernatants from activated and non-activated macrophages were analyzed for induction of apoptosis. Activated (but not non-activated) macrophages induced tubule cell apoptosis in co-culture. Soluble factors were mainly responsible for induction of apoptosis; membrane separation and transfer of cell supernatant from activated macrophages showed similar levels of apoptosis induction. Although tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta(1), measured by ELISA, increased significantly in supernatants from activated macrophages, blocking TNF-alpha and TGF-beta did not decrease apoptosis in PKSV-PR cells co-cultured with macrophages. Moreover, exogenous addition of TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, anti-Fas antibody, or TRAIL failed to induce apoptosis in tubule cells. We conclude that inflammatory macrophages mediate proximal tubule cell death, directing apoptosis mainly via release of unidentified soluble factors.
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Abstract
The ancient disease of leprosy can cause severe disability and disfigurement and is still a major health concern in many parts of the world. Only a subset of those individuals exposed to the pathogen will go on to develop clinical disease and there is a broad clinical spectrum amongst leprosy sufferers. The outcome of infection is in part due to host genes that influence control of the initial infection and the host's immune response to that infection. Identification of the host genes that influence host susceptibility/resistance will enable a greater understanding of disease pathogenesis. In turn, this should facilitate development of more effective therapeutics and vaccines. So far at least a dozen genes have been implicated in leprosy susceptibility and a genome-wide linkage study has lead to the identification of at least one positional candidate. These findings are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fitness
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
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Fan D, Liaw A, Denkins YM, Collins JH, Van Arsdall M, Chang JL, Chakrabarty S, Nguyen D, Kruzel E, Fidler IJ. Type-1 transforming growth factor-beta differentially modulates tumoricidal activity of murine peritoneal macrophages against metastatic variants of the B16 murine melanoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS AND ONCOLOGY 2002; 2:286-97. [PMID: 12416032 DOI: 10.1046/j.1359-4117.2002.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) renders mouse peritoneal macrophages tumoricidal against metastatic variants of the B16 mouse melanoma in vitro. Both direct cytotoxicity and indirect cytotoxicity were observed. A subthreshold concentration (10 U/ml) of recombinant murine interferon-gamma (rMuIFN-gamma) enhanced the direct tumoricidal activity of TGF-beta 1-activated macrophages from 29% to 88% but did not change their indirect tumoricidal profile. Data obtained from macrophages preincubated with either TGF-beta 1 or rMuIFN-gamma showed that TGF-b1 can initiate tumoricidal activity better than rMuIFN-gamma. These effects were plasma-membrane mediated because targeting macrophages with liposomal TGF-beta 1 was ineffective. The order of tumoricidal susceptibility of the B16 melanoma lines to activated macrophages was B16F1 > B16F10 > B16BL6, in inverse order of metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology-173, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcomble Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Emmanuel C, Foo E, Medbury HJ, Matthews J, Comis A, Zoellner H. Synergistic induction of apoptosis in human endothelial cells by tumour necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta. Cytokine 2002; 18:237-41. [PMID: 12161098 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Serum deprivation stimulates endothelial apoptosis while albumin inhibits this and has been proposed as important in confining apoptotic remodelling to poorly perfused vessels. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta are also reported to induce endothelial apoptosis. To investigate the comparative roles of these stimuli, the effect of TNF-alpha and TGF-beta, alone or in combination, in the presence or absence of serum or albumin was studied. There was strong synergy between the cytokines in inducing human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis, but only in the absence of serum. Synergy was destroyed by boiling cytokines and was not affected by polymyxin B. Dose response experiments revealed greater activity of TGF-beta(1) than TGF-beta(2). The synergy was protein synthesis dependent and apoptosis was confirmed by DNA gel electrophoresis, transmission electron microscopy and FACS analysis. Data suggests a role for synergistic activation of endothelial cell apoptosis by TNF-alpha and TGF-beta(1) but perhaps only in poorly perfused vessels deprived of serum factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Emmanuel
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, University of Sydney, Australia.
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Conti G, De Pol A, Scarpini E, Vaccina F, De Riz M, Baron P, Tiriticco M, Scarlato G. Interleukin-1 beta and interferon-gamma induce proliferation and apoptosis in cultured Schwann cells. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 124:29-35. [PMID: 11958819 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study reports that in Schwann cell tissue culture the administration of the two pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), at different dosages, singly or in combination, can induce apoptosis and/or mitosis. Schwann cell apoptosis was maximal within 24 h of stimulation with 50 U/ml of IFN-gamma, while proliferation was at its peak within 24 h with 10 U/ml IL-1 beta, and both processes decreased progressively by 48 and 72 h. Moreover, the combination of the two cytokines did not show any synergistic effect. These data can be interpreted as a possible involvement of pro-inflammatory cytokines not only in myelin disruption but also in promoting remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Conti
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Dino Ferrari Center, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Mirsky R, Jessen KR, Brennan A, Parkinson D, Dong Z, Meier C, Parmantier E, Lawson D. Schwann cells as regulators of nerve development. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PARIS 2002; 96:17-24. [PMID: 11755779 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4257(01)00076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells of peripheral nerves are derived from the neural crest via an intermediate cell type, the Schwann cell precursor [K.R. Jessen, A. Brennan, L. Morgan, R. Mirsky, A. Kent, Y. Hashimoto, J. Gavrilovic. The Schwann cell precursor and its fate: a study of cell death and differentiation during gliogenesis in rat embryonic nerves, Neuron 12 (1994) 509-527]. The survival and maturation of Schwann cell precursors is controlled by a neuronally derived signal, beta neuregulin. Other factors, in particular endothelins, regulate the timing of precursor maturation and Schwann cell generation. In turn, signals derived from Schwann cell precursors or Schwann cells regulate neuronal numbers during development, and axonal calibre, distribution of ion channels and neurofilament phosphorylation in myelinated axons. Unlike Schwann cell precursors, Schwann cells in older nerves survive in the absence of axons, indicating that a significant change in survival regulation occurs. This is due primarily to the presence of autocrine growth factor loops in Schwann cells, present from embryo day 18 onwards, that are not functional in Schwann cell precursors. The most important components of the autocrine loop are insulin-like growth factors, platelet derived growth factor-BB and neurotrophin 3, which together with laminin support long-term Schwann cell survival. The paracrine dependence of precursors on axons for survival provides a mechanism for matching precursor cell number to axons in embryonic nerves, while the ability of Schwann cells to survive in the absence of axons is an absolute prerequisite for nerve repair following injury. In addition to providing survival factors to neurones and themselves, and signals that determine axonal architecture, Schwann cells also control the formation of peripheral nerve sheaths. This involves Schwann cell-derived Desert Hedgehog, which directs the transition of mesenchymal cells to form the epithelium-like structure of the perineurium. Schwann cells thus signal not only to themselves but also to the other cellular components within the nerve to act as major regulators of nerve development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhona Mirsky
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) mediates Schwann cell death in vitro and in vivo: examination of c-Jun activation, interactions with survival signals, and the relationship of TGFbeta-mediated death to Schwann cell differentiation. J Neurosci 2001. [PMID: 11606645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.21-21-08572.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In some situations, cell death in the nervous system is controlled by an interplay between survival factors and negative survival signals that actively induce apoptosis. The present work indicates that the survival of Schwann cells is regulated by such a dual mechanism involving the negative survival signal transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), a family of growth factors that is present in the Schwann cells themselves. We analyze the interactions between this putative autocrine death signal and previously defined paracrine and autocrine survival signals and show that expression of a dominant negative c-Jun inhibits TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. This and other findings pinpoint activation of c-Jun as a key downstream event in TGFbeta-induced Schwann cell death. The ability of TGFbeta to kill Schwann cells, like normal Schwann cell death in vivo, is under a strong developmental regulation, and we show that the decreasing ability of TGFbeta to kill older cells is attributable to a decreasing ability of TGFbeta to phosphorylate c-Jun in more differentiated cells.
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