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Talbot EJ, Joshi L, Thornton P, Dezfouli M, Tsafou K, Perkinton M, Khoronenkova S. cGAS-STING signalling regulates microglial chemotaxis in genome instability. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:1188-1206. [PMID: 38084916 PMCID: PMC10853792 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Defective DNA damage signalling and repair is a hallmark of age-related and genetic neurodegenerative disease. One mechanism implicated in disease progression is DNA damage-driven neuroinflammation, which is largely mediated by tissue-resident immune cells, microglia. Here, we utilise human microglia-like cell models of persistent DNA damage and ATM kinase deficiency to investigate how genome instability shapes microglial function. We demonstrate that upon DNA damage the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING axis drives chronic inflammation and a robust chemokine response, exemplified by production of CCL5 and CXCL10. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that cell migratory pathways were highly enriched upon IFN-β treatment of human iPSC-derived microglia, indicating that the chemokine response to DNA damage mirrors type I interferon signalling. Furthermore, we find that STING deletion leads to a defect in microglial chemotaxis under basal conditions and upon ATM kinase loss. Overall, this work provides mechanistic insights into cGAS-STING-dependent neuroinflammatory mechanisms and consequences of genome instability in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Talbot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisha Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Thornton
- Neuroscience, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mahya Dezfouli
- Translational Genomics, Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kalliopi Tsafou
- Department of Data Sciences & Quantitative Biology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Priya B, Ravi S, Kirubakaran S. Targeting ATM and ATR for cancer therapeutics: inhibitors in clinic. Drug Discov Today 2023:103662. [PMID: 37302542 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The DNA Damage and Response (DDR) pathway ensures accurate information transfer from one generation to the next. Alterations in DDR functions have been connected to cancer predisposition, progression, and response to therapy. DNA double-strand break (DSB) is one of the most detrimental DNA defects, causing major chromosomal abnormalities such as translocations and deletions. ATR and ATM kinases recognize this damage and activate proteins involved in cell cycle checkpoint, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Cancer cells have a high DSB burden, and therefore rely on DSB repair for survival. Therefore, targeting DSB repair can sensitize cancer cells to DNA-damaging agents. This review focuses on ATM and ATR, their roles in DNA damage and repair pathways, challenges in targeting them, and inhibitors that are in current clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Priya
- Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Srimadhavi Ravi
- Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sivapriya Kirubakaran
- Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj Campus, Gujarat 382355, India.
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3
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Thomas A, Fontaine SD, Diolaiti ME, Desai P, Kumar R, Takahashi N, Sciuto L, Nichols S, Ashworth A, Feng FY, Ashley GW, Nguyen M, Pommier Y, Santi DV. PLX038: A Long-Acting Topoisomerase I Inhibitor With Robust Antitumor Activity in ATM-Deficient Tumors and Potent Synergy With PARP Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:1722-1728. [PMID: 35999657 PMCID: PMC10673686 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in the ATM gene are among the most common somatic and hereditary cancer mutations, and ATM-deficient tumors are hypersensitive to DNA-damaging agents. A synthetic lethal combination of DNA-damaging agents and DNA repair inhibitors could have widespread utility in ATM-deficient cancers. However, overlapping normal tissue toxicities from these drug classes have precluded their clinical translation. We investigated PLX038, a releasable polyethylene glycol-conjugate of the topoisomerase I inhibitor SN-38, in ATM wild-type and null isogenic xenografts and in a BRCA1-deficient xenograft. PLX038 monotherapy and combination with PARP inhibition potently inhibited the growth of both BRCA1- and ATM-deficient tumors. A patient with an ATM-mutated breast cancer treated with PLX038 and the PARP inhibitor rucaparib achieved rapid, symptomatic, and radiographic complete response lasting 12 months. Single-agent PLX038 or PLX038 in combination with DNA damage response inhibitors are novel therapeutic paradigms for patients with ATM-loss cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Morgan E. Diolaiti
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alan Ashworth
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Felix Y. Feng
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
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4
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Rawat A, Tyagi R, Chaudhary H, Pandiarajan V, Jindal AK, Suri D, Gupta A, Sharma M, Arora K, Bal A, Madaan P, Saini L, Sahu JK, Ogura Y, Kato T, Imai K, Nonoyama S, Singh S. Unusual clinical manifestations and predominant stopgain ATM gene variants in a single centre cohort of ataxia telangiectasia from North India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4036. [PMID: 35260754 PMCID: PMC8904522 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline ATM gene variations result in phenotypic heterogeneity characterized by a variable degree of disease severity. We retrospectively collected clinical, genetic, and immunological data of 26 cases with A-T. Clinical manifestations included oculocutaneous telangiectasia (100%), ataxia (100%), fever, loose stools or infection (67%), cerebellar atrophy (50%), nystagmus (8%), dysarthria (15.38%), and visual impairment (8%). Genetic analysis confirmed ATM gene variations in 16 unrelated cases. The most common type of variation was stopgain variants (56%). Immunoglobulin profile indicated reduced IgA, IgG, and IgM in 94%, 50%, and 20% cases, respectively. T cell lymphopenia was observed in 80% of cases among those investigated. Unusual presentations included an EBV-associated smooth muscle tumour located in the liver in one case and Hyper IgM syndrome-like presentation in two cases. Increased immunosenescence was observed in T-cell subsets (CD4+CD57+ and CD8+CD57+). T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) were reduced in 3/8 (37.50%) cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rawat
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Rahul Tyagi
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Himanshi Chaudhary
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Vignesh Pandiarajan
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ankur Kumar Jindal
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kanika Arora
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Amanjit Bal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Priyanka Madaan
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lokesh Saini
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Sahu
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yumi Ogura
- National Defense Medical College (Japan), Saitama, Japan
| | - Tamaki Kato
- National Defense Medical College (Japan), Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- National Defense Medical College (Japan), Saitama, Japan.,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatric Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, 160012, India
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5
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Chen K, Wang P, Chen J, Ying Y, Chen Y, Gilson E, Lu Y, Ye J. Loss of atm in Zebrafish as a Model of Ataxia–Telangiectasia Syndrome. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020392. [PMID: 35203601 PMCID: PMC8962326 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia–telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key DNA damage signaling kinase that is mutated in humans with ataxia–telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by neurodegeneration, immune abnormality, cancer predisposition, and premature aging. To better understand the function of ATM in vivo, we engineered a viable zebrafish model with a mutated atm gene. Zebrafish atm loss-of-function mutants show characteristic features of A-T-like motor disturbance, including coordination disorders, immunodeficiency, and tumorigenesis. The immunological disorder of atm homozygote fish is linked to the developmental blockade of hematopoiesis, which occurs at the adulthood stage and results in a decrease in infection defense but, with little effect on wound healing. Malignant neoplasms found in atm mutant fish were mainly nerve sheath tumors and myeloid leukemia, which rarely occur in A-T patients or Atm−/− mice. These results underscore the importance of atm during immune cell development. This zebrafish A-T model opens up a pathway to an improved understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis in A-T and the cellular role of atm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehua Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Jingrun Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yiling Ying
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Yi Chen
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Eric Gilson
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University Côte d’Azur, CNRS, INSERM, IRCAN, 06107 Nice, France
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Yiming Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China; (K.C.); (P.W.); (J.C.); (Y.Y.)
- Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
- International Laboratory in Hematology and Cancer, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China; (Y.C.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (J.Y.)
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6
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Perez H, Abdallah MF, Chavira JI, Norris AS, Egeland MT, Vo KL, Buechsenschuetz CL, Sanghez V, Kim JL, Pind M, Nakamura K, Hicks GG, Gatti RA, Madrenas J, Iacovino M, McKinnon PJ, Mathews PJ. A novel, ataxic mouse model of ataxia telangiectasia caused by a clinically relevant nonsense mutation. eLife 2021; 10:64695. [PMID: 34723800 PMCID: PMC8601662 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia Telangiectasia (A-T) and Ataxia with Ocular Apraxia Type 1 (AOA1) are devastating neurological disorders caused by null mutations in the genome stability genes, A-T mutated (ATM) and Aprataxin (APTX), respectively. Our mechanistic understanding and therapeutic repertoire for treating these disorders are severely lacking, in large part due to the failure of prior animal models with similar null mutations to recapitulate the characteristic loss of motor coordination (i.e., ataxia) and associated cerebellar defects. By increasing genotoxic stress through the insertion of null mutations in both the Atm (nonsense) and Aptx (knockout) genes in the same animal, we have generated a novel mouse model that for the first time develops a progressively severe ataxic phenotype associated with atrophy of the cerebellar molecular layer. We find biophysical properties of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs) are significantly perturbed (e.g., reduced membrane capacitance, lower action potential [AP] thresholds, etc.), while properties of synaptic inputs remain largely unchanged. These perturbations significantly alter PN neural activity, including a progressive reduction in spontaneous AP firing frequency that correlates with both cerebellar atrophy and ataxia over the animal’s first year of life. Double mutant mice also exhibit a high predisposition to developing cancer (thymomas) and immune abnormalities (impaired early thymocyte development and T-cell maturation), symptoms characteristic of A-T. Finally, by inserting a clinically relevant nonsense-type null mutation in Atm, we demonstrate that Small Molecule Read-Through (SMRT) compounds can restore ATM production, indicating their potential as a future A-T therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Perez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - May F Abdallah
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Jose I Chavira
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Angelina S Norris
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Martin T Egeland
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Karen L Vo
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Callan L Buechsenschuetz
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Valentina Sanghez
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Jeannie L Kim
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Molly Pind
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kotoka Nakamura
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Geoffrey G Hicks
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics,Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard A Gatti
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Joaquin Madrenas
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Michelina Iacovino
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Pediatric Translational Neuroscience Initiative, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, United States
| | - Paul J Mathews
- The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States.,Department of Neurology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, United States
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7
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Dragašević-Mišković N, Stanković I, Milovanović A, Kostić VS. Autosomal recessive adult onset ataxia. J Neurol 2021; 269:504-533. [PMID: 34499204 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10763-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal recessive ataxias (ARCA) represent a complex group of diseases ranging from primary ataxias to rare and complex metabolic disorders in which ataxia is a part of the clinical picture. Small number of ARCA manifest exclusively in adulthood, while majority of typical childhood onset ARCA may also start later with atypical clinical presentation. We have systematically searched the literature for ARCA with adult onset, both in the group of primary ataxias including those that are less frequently described in isolated or in a small number of families, and also in the group of complex and metabolic diseases in which ataxia is only part of the clinical picture. We propose an algorithm that could be used when encountering a patient with adult onset sporadic or recessive ataxia in whom the acquired causes are excluded. ARCA are frequently neglected in the differential diagnosis of adult-onset ataxias. Rising awareness of their clinical significance is important, not only because some of these disorders may be potentially treatable, but also for prognostic implications and inclusion of patients to future clinical trials with disease modifying agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Dragašević-Mišković
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 6, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Iva Stanković
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 6, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andona Milovanović
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 6, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir S Kostić
- Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 6, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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8
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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9
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Lee HY, Jang DH, Kim JW, Lee DW, Jang JH, Joo J. Compound heterozygous variants including a novel copy number variation in a child with atypical ataxia-telangiectasia: a case report. BMC Med Genomics 2021; 14:204. [PMID: 34404412 PMCID: PMC8371864 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-021-01053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare autosomal recessive, neurodegenerative disorder caused by alterations in the ATM gene. The majority of ATM pathogenic variants are frameshift or nonsense variants which are predicted to truncate the whole ATM protein. Herein, we report on an ataxia telangiectasia child with atypical phenotype who was identified as compound heterozygous for two ATM variants involving a previously described pathogenic single nucleotide variation (SNV) and a novel copy number variation (CNV). Case presentation A 6-year-old boy presented with delayed development and oculomotor apraxia. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed interval development of mild atrophy in the cerebellum. Serum alpha fetoprotein level was in normal range. Next-generation sequencing and single-nucleotide polymorphism array tests were performed. Next-generation sequencing revealed a heterozygous nonsense pathogenic variant in ATM, c.742C > T (p.Arg248Ter) inherited from the father. Single-nucleotide polymorphism array revealed a compound heterozygous CNV, arr[GRCh37] 11q22.3(10851766–108183226) × 1, 31460 bp (exons 24–40 deletion of ATM) inherited from the mother, which was validated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis (RT-PCR). We demonstrated that this variant (NM_000051.4:c.3403_6006del) generated a product of in-frame deletion of exon 24–40 of ATM (p.Ser1135_Gln2002del). Conclusions The compound heterozygosity for ATM variants involving a previously described pathogenic SNV and a novel CNV may be associated with the atypical clinical manifestations. This clinical report extends the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of ATM pathogenic variants in atypical ataxia-telangiectasia, thus making implementation of advanced analysis beyond the routine next-generation sequencing an important consideration in diagnosis and rehabilitation services for children with ataxia-telangiectasia. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-021-01053-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoo Young Lee
- TBI Rehabilitation Center, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Research Institute, National Traffic Injury Rehabilitation Hospital, Yangpyeong, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Jang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56, Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21431, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56, Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 56, Dongsu-ro, Bupyeong-gu, Incheon, 21431, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joungsu Joo
- EONE-DIAGNOMICS Genome Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Pashangzadeh S, Lavin M, Yazdani R, Moeini Shad T, Mehrmohamadi M, Salami F, Delavari S, Moamer S, Aghamohammadi A, Akrami SM, Abolhassani H. The spectrum of ATM gene mutations in Iranian patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:1316-1326. [PMID: 33547824 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by a distinct range of clinical manifestations, including progressive ataxia, immunodeficiency, and radiosensitivity. METHODS Clinical data, laboratory results, and genetic data were collected from forty-three A-T patients. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were done for the patients clinically diagnosed as suffering from A-T. Based on the phenotype severity of the disease, patients were divided into severe and mild subgroups. RESULTS The median (IQR) age of diagnosis in this cohort was 5 (3-7) years, and various types of clinical manifestations, including fever (P =.005), lower respiratory tract infection (P = .033), diarrhea (P = .014), and hepatosplenomegaly (P = .032), were significantly higher among patients diagnosed with the severe phenotype. Our results showed a correlation between phenotype severity and mutation type. The chance of having severe phenotype in patients who have severe mutations, including frameshift and nonsense, was 7.3 times higher than in patients who were categorized in the mild genotype group (odds ratio = 7.3, P = .006). Thirty-four types of mutations including 9 novel mutations were observed in our study. CONCLUSION Molecular analysis provides the opportunity for accurate diagnosis and timely management in A-T patients with chronic progressive disease, especially infections and the risk of malignancies. This study characterizes for the first time the broad spectrum of mutations and phenotypes in Iranian A-T patients, which is required for carrier detection and reducing the burden of disease in the future using the patients' families and for the public healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Amirifar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ranjouri
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Martin Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reza Yazdani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Moeini Shad
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahya Mehrmohamadi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshte Salami
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Delavari
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Moamer
- School of Public Health, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Cancer genome datamining and functional genetic analysis implicate mechanisms of ATM/ATR dysfunction underpinning carcinogenesis. Commun Biol 2021; 4:363. [PMID: 33742106 PMCID: PMC7979806 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ATM and ATR are conserved regulators of the DNA damage response linked to cancer. Comprehensive DNA sequencing efforts identified ~4,000 cancer-associated mutations in ATM/ATR; however, their cancer implications remain largely unknown. To gain insights, we identify functionally important conserved residues in ATM, ATR and budding yeast Mec1ATR via cancer genome datamining and a functional genetic analysis, respectively. Surprisingly, only a small fraction of the critical residues is in the active site of the respective enzyme complexes, implying that loss of the intrinsic kinase activity is infrequent in carcinogenesis. A number of residues are solvent accessible, suggestive of their involvement in interacting with a protein-partner(s). The majority, buried inside the respective enzyme complexes, might play a structural or regulatory role. Together, these findings identify evolutionarily conserved ATM, ATR, and Mec1ATR residues involved in diverse aspects of the enzyme function and provide fresh insights into the elusive genotype-phenotype relationships in ATM/ATR and their cancer-associated variants. Waskiewicz et al. identify functionally important and evolutionarily conserved residues of ATM/ATR via data mining and a functional genetic analysis, finding that loss of the intrinsic kinase activity occurs infrequently in carcinogenesis. This study provides insights into the genotype-phenotype relationships in ATM/ATR and their cancer-associated variants.
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12
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Bucher M, Endesfelder D, Roessler U, Borkhardt A, Dückers G, Kirlum HJ, Lankisch P, Oommen PT, Niehues T, Rübe CE, Baumgartner I, Bunk F, Moertl S, Hornhardt S, Gomolka M. Analysis of chromosomal aberrations and γH2A.X foci to identify radiation-sensitive ataxia-telangiectasia patients. Mutat Res 2020; 861-862:503301. [PMID: 33551102 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2020.503301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is a rare inherited recessive disorder which is caused by a mutated Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. Hallmarks include chromosomal instability, cancer predisposition and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation. The ATM protein plays an important role in signaling of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), thereby phosphorylating the histone H2A.X. Non-functional ATM protein leads to defects in DNA damage response, unresolved DSBs and genomic instability. The aim of this study was to evaluate chromosomal aberrations and γH2A.X foci as potential radiation sensitivity biomarkers in AT patients. For this purpose, lymphocytes of 8 AT patients and 10 healthy controls were irradiated and induced DNA damage and DNA repair capacity were detected by the accumulation of γH2A.X foci. The results were heterogeneous among AT patients. Evaluation revealed 2 AT patients with similar γH2A.X foci numbers as controls after 1 h while 3 patients showed a lower induction. In regard to DNA repair, 3 of 5 AT patients showed poor damage repair. Therefore, DNA damage induction and DNA repair as detected by H2A.X phosphorylation revealed individual differences, seems to depend on the underlying individual mutation and thus appears not well suited as a biomarker for radiation sensitivity. In addition, chromosomal aberrations were analyzed by mFISH. An increased frequency of spontaneous chromosomal breakage was characteristic for AT cells. After irradiation, significantly increased rates for non-exchange aberrations, translocations, complex aberrations and dicentric chromosomes were observed in AT patients compared to controls. The results of this study suggested, that complex aberrations and dicentric chromosomes might be a reliable biomarker for radiation sensitivity in AT patients, while non-exchange aberrations and translocations identified both, spontaneous and radiation-induced chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bucher
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - David Endesfelder
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Ute Roessler
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Arndt Borkhardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Gregor Dückers
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health, HELIOS Hospital Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Kirlum
- Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Orthopedics in der Au, Kühbachstraße 1, 81543, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Lankisch
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Prasad T Oommen
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Center for Child and Adolescent Health, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim Niehues
- Center for Child and Adolescent Health, HELIOS Hospital Krefeld, Lutherplatz 40, 47805, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Claudia E Rübe
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Hospital and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße, Building 6.5, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Ingrid Baumgartner
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Frank Bunk
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Simone Moertl
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Maria Gomolka
- Department of Effects and Risks of Ionising and Non-Ionising Radiation, Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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13
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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14
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Wang R, Han S, Liu H, Khan A, Xiaerbati H, Yu X, Huang J, Zhang X. Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in TTI2 Cause Syndromic Intellectual Disability in a Chinese Family. Front Genet 2019; 10:1060. [PMID: 31737043 PMCID: PMC6830114 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere maintenance 2 (TELO2)-interacting protein 2 (TTI2) interacts with TTI1 and TELO2 to form the Triple T complex, which is required for various cellular processes, including the double-strand DNA break response, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and telomerase assembly. Herein, we identified compound heterozygous mutations in TTI2 using whole-exome sequencing (WES) in a Chinese family with a recessive inheritance pattern of syndromic intellectual disability. The patients displayed intellectual disability, aggressive and self-injurious behaviors, facial dysmorphic features, microcephaly, and skeletal anomalies. In addition, one patient showed cerebral white matter abnormality. Maternal novel indel mutation resulted in a premature termination codon and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Paternal reported c.1100C > T mutation changed the highly conserved proline to leucine that located in the DUF2454 domain. Immunoblotting experiments showed significantly decreased TTI2, TTI1, and TELO2 in the patients' lymphocytes. These results indicated that TTI2 loss-of-function mutations might cause an autosomal-recessive syndromic intellectual disability by affecting the Triple T complex. Our report expands the genetic causes of syndromic intellectual disability in the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Wang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shirui Han
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Medical Genetics Institute, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Amjad Khan
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Habulieti Xiaerbati
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yu
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Jia Huang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,The Research Center for Medical Genomics, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- McKusick-Zhang Center for Genetic Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Chen W, Liu S, Hu H, Chen G, Zhu S, Jia B, Sheng W, Huang G. Novel homozygous ataxia‑telangiectasia (A‑T) mutated gene mutation identified in a Chinese pedigree with A‑T. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1655-1662. [PMID: 31257506 PMCID: PMC6625389 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia‑telangiectasia (A‑T) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder mainly caused by mutations in the A‑T mutated (ATM) gene. However, the genomic abnormalities and their consequences associated with the pathogenesis of A‑T syndrome remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, a whole‑exome sequencing analysis of a family with A‑T syndrome was performed, revealing a novel homozygous deletion mutation [namely, NM_000051.3:c.50_72+7del,p.Asp18_Lys24delins(23)] in ATM in three affected siblings, which was inherited from their carrier parents who exhibited a normal phenotype in this pedigree. The identified mutation spans the exon 2 and intron 2 regions of the ATM gene, causing a splicing aberration that resulted in a 30‑bp deletion in exon 2 and intron 2, as well as a 71‑bp insertion in intron 2 in the splicing process, which was confirmed by reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. The change in the three‑dimensional structure of the protein caused by the mutation in ATM may affect the functions associated with telomere length maintenance and DNA damage repair. Taken together, the present study reported a novel homozygous deletion mutation in the ATM gene resulting in A‑T syndrome in a Chinese pedigree and expanded on the spectrum of known causative mutations of the ATM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Sida Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Huifang Hu
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Gang Chen
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Shaicheng Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224002, P.R. China
| | - Bing Jia
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
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16
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Cao J, Shen R, Zhang W, Mao B, Shi Q, Zhou R, Liu Z, Zeng B, Chen X, Zhang C, Lu M, Han P, Wu J, Zhou A, Tan X. Clinical diagnosis and genetic counseling of atypical ataxia‑telangiectasia in a Chinese family. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:3441-3448. [PMID: 30816533 PMCID: PMC6471340 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive chromosome breakage disorder caused by mutations in the ATM serine/threonine kinase (ATM) gene. Typically, it presents in early childhood with progressive cerebellar dysfunction, accompanied by immunodeficiency and oculocutaneous telangiectasia. In the present study, the clinical and genetic findings of a Chinese family affected with A-T in two live siblings, the proband (II-2) and his elder brother (II-1), as well as a fetus (II-3) were reported. General health, clinical neurological, electrophysiological (motor and sensory nerve conduction) and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations revealed that patients II-1 and II-2 had similar symptoms of ataxia, dysarthria, conjunctival hyperemia and elevated serum α-fetoprotein, whereas patient II-1 had earlier A-T onset at 2 years old and more serious problems with movement and intelligence. Targeted sequencing followed by Sanger sequencing revealed that these two patients carried the compound heterozygotes of a novel nonsense mutation c.5170G>T (p.Glu1724Ter) and a known nonsense mutation c.748C>T (p.Arg250Ter) in the ATM gene. Each mutation was inherited from an asymptomatic parent, which therefore confirmed the diagnosis of A-T. Given this, proband's mother performed prenatal diagnosis in her third pregnancy. Unfortunately, the fetus had the same causal mutations as its siblings and the pregnancy was terminated. The findings of the present study expanded the mutation spectrum of the ATM gene and may help in understanding the genetic basis of A-T, in order to guide genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxia Cao
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqin Shen
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Bing Mao
- Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Qirong Shi
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhou
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Zijing Liu
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zeng
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Cai Zhang
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Min Lu
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Peng Han
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
| | - Aifen Zhou
- Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430016, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Tan
- BGI Genomics, BGI‑Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, P.R. China
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17
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Abstract
The ATM gene is mutated in the syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), which is characterized by predisposition to cancer. Patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors Carrying mutations in ATM, patients with AT have an elevated risk of breast and brain tumors. An increased frequency of ATM mutations has also been reported in patients with breast and brain tumors; however, the magnitude of this risk remains uncertain. With the exception of a few common mutations, the spectrum of ATM alterations is heterogeneous in diverse populations, and appears to be remarkably dependent on the ethnicity of patients. This review aims to provide an easily accessible summary of common variants in different populations which could be useful in ATM screening programs. In addition, we have summarized previous research on ATM, including its molecular functions. We attempt to demonstrate the significance of ATM in exploration of breast and brain tumors and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Asghari Estiar
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
| | - Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6447, Iran
- Parvin Mehdipour
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18
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Sasihuseyinoglu AS, Yılmaz M, Bisgin A, Dogruel D, Altintas DU, Duyuler G, Serbes M. Ataxia-Telangiectasia Clinical and Laboratory Features: Single Center Results. PEDIATRIC ALLERGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PULMONOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/ped.2017.0788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mustafa Yılmaz
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Atıl Bisgin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Dilek Dogruel
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Derya Ufuk Altintas
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Duyuler
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Mahir Serbes
- Department of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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19
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Kuznetsova MV, Trofimov DY, Shubina ES, Kochetkova TO, Karetnikova NA, Barkov IY, Bakharev VA, Gusev OA, Sukhikh GT. Two Novel Mutations Associated With Ataxia-Telangiectasia Identified Using an Ion AmpliSeq Inherited Disease Panel. Front Neurol 2017; 8:570. [PMID: 29163336 PMCID: PMC5670107 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), or Louis-Bar syndrome, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder associated with immunodeficiency. For families with at least one affected child, timely A-T genotyping during any subsequent pregnancy allows the parents to make an informed decision about whether to continue to term when the fetus is affected. Mutations in the ATM gene, which is 150 kb long, give rise to A-T; more than 600 pathogenic variants in ATM have been characterized since 1990 and new mutations continue to be discovered annually. Therefore, limiting genetic screening to previously known SNPs by PCR or hybridization with microarrays may not identify the specific pathogenic genotype in ATM for a given A-T family. However, recent developments in next-generation sequencing technology offer prompt high-throughput full-length sequencing of genomic fragments of interest. This allows the identification of the whole spectrum of mutations in a gene, including any novel ones. We report two A-T families with affected children and current pregnancies. Both families are consanguineous and originate from Caucasian regions of Russia and Azerbaijan. Before our study, no ATM mutations had been identified in the older children of these families. We used ion semiconductor sequencing and an Ion AmpliSeq™ Inherited Disease Panel to perform complete ATM gene sequencing in a single member of each family. Then we compared the experimentally determined genotype with the affected/normal phenotype distribution in the whole family to provide unambiguous evidence of pathogenic mutations responsible for A-T. A single novel SNP was allocated to each family. In the first case, we found a mononucleotide deletion, and in the second, a mononucleotide insertion. Both mutations lead to truncation of the ATM protein product. Identification of the pathogenic mutation in each family was performed in a timely fashion, allowing the fetuses to be tested and diagnosed. The parents chose to continue with both pregnancies as both fetuses had a healthy genotype and thus were not at risk of A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Kuznetsova
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Yu Trofimov
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Ilya Yu Barkov
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Oleg A Gusev
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan.,Preventive Medicine and Diagnosis Innovation Program, Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Zaki-Dizaji M, Akrami SM, Abolhassani H, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A. Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome: moonlighting ATM. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1155-1172. [PMID: 29034753 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1392856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) a multisystem disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity. Identification of the gene defective in this syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM), and further characterization of the disorder together with a greater insight into the function of the ATM protein have expanded our knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Area covered: In this review, we have attempted to summarize the different roles of ATM signaling that have provided new insights into the diverse clinical phenotypes exhibited by A-T patients. Expert commentary: ATM, in addition to DNA repair response, is involved in many cytoplasmic roles that explain diverse phenotypes of A-T patients. It seems accumulation of DNA damage, persistent DNA damage response signaling, and chronic oxidative stress are the main players in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,c Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet ), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
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21
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Tabatabaiefar MA, Alipour P, Pourahmadiyan A, Fattahi N, Shariati L, Golchin N, Mohammadi-Asl J. A novel pathogenic variant in an Iranian Ataxia telangiectasia family revealed by next-generation sequencing followed by in silico analysis. J Neurol Sci 2017; 379:212-216. [PMID: 28716242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a neurodegenerative autosomal recessive disorder with the main characteristics of progressive cerebellar degeneration, sensitivity to ionizing radiation, immunodeficiency, telangiectasia, premature aging, recurrent sinopulmonary infections, and increased risk of malignancy, especially of lymphoid origin. Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated gene, ATM, as a causative gene for the A-T disorder, encodes the ATM protein, which plays an important role in the activation of cell-cycle checkpoints and initiation of DNA repair in response to DNA damage. Targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on an Iranian 5-year-old boy presented with truncal and limb ataxia, telangiectasia of the eye, Hodgkin lymphoma, hyper pigmentation, total alopecia, hepatomegaly, and dysarthria. Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the candidate pathogenic variants. Computational docking was done using the HEX software to examine how this change affects the interactions of ATM with the upstream and downstream proteins. Three different variants were identified comprising two homozygous SNPs and one novel homozygous frameshift variant (c.80468047delTA, p.Thr2682ThrfsX5), which creates a stop codon in exon 57 leaving the protein truncated at its C-terminal portion. Therefore, the activation and phosphorylation of target proteins are lost. Moreover, the HEX software confirmed that the mutated protein lost its interaction with upstream and downstream proteins. The variant was classified as pathogenic based on the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guideline. This study expands the spectrum of ATM pathogenic variants in Iran and demonstrates the utility of targeted NGS in genetic diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Paria Alipour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Azam Pourahmadiyan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Najmeh Fattahi
- Clinical Biochemistry Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Javad Mohammadi-Asl
- Ahvaz Noor Genetics Laboratory, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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22
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Mortaz E, Marashian SM, Ghaffaripour H, Varahram M, Mehrian P, Dorudinia A, Garssen J, Adcock IM, Taylor M, Mahdaviani SA. A new ataxia-telangiectasia mutation in an 11-year-old female. Immunogenetics 2017; 69:415-419. [PMID: 28488180 PMCID: PMC5486830 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-017-0983-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a rare inherited disorder, usually affects the nervous and immune systems, and occasionally other organs. A-T is associated mainly with mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, which encodes a protein kinase that has a major role in the cellular response to DNA damage. We report here a novel ATM mutation (c.3244_3245insG; p.His1082fs) in an 11-year old female. This subject presented with typical features, with the addition of chest manifestations including mediastinal lymphadenopathy and diffuse bilateral micronodular infiltration of the lungs, along with a high EBV titer. The subject died as a result of rapid B-cell lymphoma progression before chemotherapy could be initiated. This case highlights the need for the rapid diagnosis of A-T mutations and the detection of associated life-threatening outcomes such as cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sayed Mehran Marashian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosseinali Ghaffaripour
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Varahram
- Mycobacteriology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Mehrian
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atosa Dorudinia
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Johan Garssen
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Nutricia Research Centre for Specialized Nutrition, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, NRITLD, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Prodosmo A, Buffone A, Mattioni M, Barnabei A, Persichetti A, De Leo A, Appetecchia M, Nicolussi A, Coppa A, Sciacchitano S, Giordano C, Pinnarò P, Sanguineti G, Strigari L, Alessandrini G, Facciolo F, Cosimelli M, Grazi GL, Corrado G, Vizza E, Giannini G, Soddu S. Detection of ATM germline variants by the p53 mitotic centrosomal localization test in BRCA1/2-negative patients with early-onset breast cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:135. [PMID: 27599564 PMCID: PMC5012020 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variant ATM heterozygotes have an increased risk of developing cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes. Costs and time of sequencing and ATM variant complexity make large-scale, general population screenings not cost-effective yet. Recently, we developed a straightforward, rapid, and inexpensive test based on p53 mitotic centrosomal localization (p53-MCL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) that diagnoses mutant ATM zygosity and recognizes tumor-associated ATM polymorphisms. METHODS Fresh PBMCs from 496 cancer patients were analyzed by p53-MCL: 90 cases with familial BRCA1/2-positive and -negative breast and/or ovarian cancer, 337 with sporadic cancers (ovarian, lung, colon, and post-menopausal breast cancers), and 69 with breast/thyroid cancer. Variants were confirmed by ATM sequencing. RESULTS A total of seven individuals with ATM variants were identified, 5/65 (7.7 %) in breast cancer cases of familial breast and/or ovarian cancer and 2/69 (2.9 %) in breast/thyroid cancer. No variant ATM carriers were found among the other cancer cases. Excluding a single case in which both BRCA1 and ATM were mutated, no p53-MCL alterations were observed in BRCA1/2-positive cases. CONCLUSIONS These data validate p53-MCL as reliable and specific test for germline ATM variants, confirm ATM as breast cancer susceptibility gene, and highlight a possible association with breast/thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Prodosmo
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Buffone
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Manlio Mattioni
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Barnabei
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Persichetti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora De Leo
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Appetecchia
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Nicolussi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena, 32400161, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Coppa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena, 32400161, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Giordano
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Pinnarò
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sanguineti
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lidia Strigari
- Medical Physics Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Alessandrini
- Toracic Surgery Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Facciolo
- Toracic Surgery Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cosimelli
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Grazi
- Hepato-pancreato-biliary Surgery Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Corrado
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Vizza
- Gynecological Oncology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| | - Silvia Soddu
- Unit of Cellular Networks and Molecular Therapeutic Targets, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostic, and Technological Innovation, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute - IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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24
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Yamamoto K, Wang J, Sprinzen L, Xu J, Haddock CJ, Li C, Lee BJ, Loredan DG, Jiang W, Vindigni A, Wang D, Rabadan R, Zha S. Kinase-dead ATM protein is highly oncogenic and can be preferentially targeted by Topo-isomerase I inhibitors. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27304073 PMCID: PMC4957979 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in ATM kinase, a master regulator of DNA damage responses, are found in many cancers, but their impact on ATM function and implications for cancer therapy are largely unknown. Here we report that 72% of cancer-associated ATM mutations are missense mutations that are enriched around the kinase domain. Expression of kinase-dead ATM (Atm(KD/-)) is more oncogenic than loss of ATM (Atm(-/-)) in mouse models, leading to earlier and more frequent lymphomas with Pten deletions. Kinase-dead ATM protein (Atm-KD), but not loss of ATM (Atm-null), prevents replication-dependent removal of Topo-isomerase I-DNA adducts at the step of strand cleavage, leading to severe genomic instability and hypersensitivity to Topo-isomerase I inhibitors. Correspondingly, Topo-isomerase I inhibitors effectively and preferentially eliminate Atm(KD/-), but not Atm-proficientor Atm(-/-) leukemia in animal models. These findings identify ATM kinase-domain missense mutations as a potent oncogenic event and a biomarker for Topo-isomerase I inhibitor based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamoto
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Jiguang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Lisa Sprinzen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Pathobiology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Jun Xu
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Christopher J Haddock
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Chen Li
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Brian J Lee
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Denis G Loredan
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Wenxia Jiang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Alessandro Vindigni
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Shan Zha
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia Unviersity, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Division of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, United States
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25
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Lin L, Swerdel MR, Lazaropoulos MP, Hoffman GS, Toro-Ramos AJ, Wright J, Lederman H, Chen J, Moore JC, Hart RP. Spontaneous ATM Gene Reversion in A-T iPSC to Produce an Isogenic Cell Line. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1097-1108. [PMID: 26677768 PMCID: PMC4682125 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneously reverted iPSC line was identified from an A-T subject with heterozygous ATM truncation mutations. The reverted iPSC line expressed ATM protein and was capable of radiation-induced phosphorylation of CHK2 and H2A.X. Genome-wide SNP analysis confirmed a match to source T cells and also to a distinct, non-reverted iPSC line from the same subject. Rearranged T cell receptor sequences predict that the iPSC culture originated as several independently reprogrammed cells that resolved into a single major clone, suggesting that gene correction likely occurred early in the reprogramming process. Gene expression analysis comparing ATM(-/-) iPSC lines to unrelated ATM(+/-) cells identifies a large number of differences, but comparing only the isogenic pair of A-T iPSC lines reveals that the primary pathway affected by loss of ATM is a diminished expression of p53-related mRNAs. Gene reversion in culture, although likely a rare event, provided a novel, reverted cell line for studying ATM function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Lin
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Mavis R Swerdel
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Michael P Lazaropoulos
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gary S Hoffman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Alana J Toro-Ramos
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jennifer Wright
- A-T Clinic, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Howard Lederman
- A-T Clinic, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Jennifer C Moore
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ronald P Hart
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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26
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Fanconi anemia cells with unrepaired DNA damage activate components of the checkpoint recovery process. Theor Biol Med Model 2015; 12:19. [PMID: 26385365 PMCID: PMC4575447 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-015-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The FA/BRCA pathway repairs DNA interstrand crosslinks. Mutations in this pathway cause Fanconi anemia (FA), a chromosome instability syndrome with bone marrow failure and cancer predisposition. Upon DNA damage, normal and FA cells inhibit the cell cycle progression, until the G2/M checkpoint is turned off by the checkpoint recovery, which becomes activated when the DNA damage has been repaired. Interestingly, highly damaged FA cells seem to override the G2/M checkpoint. In this study we explored with a Boolean network model and key experiments whether checkpoint recovery activation occurs in FA cells with extensive unrepaired DNA damage. Methods We performed synchronous/asynchronous simulations of the FA/BRCA pathway Boolean network model. FA-A and normal lymphoblastoid cell lines were used to study checkpoint and checkpoint recovery activation after DNA damage induction. The experimental approach included flow cytometry cell cycle analysis, cell division tracking, chromosome aberration analysis and gene expression analysis through qRT-PCR and western blot. Results Computational simulations suggested that in FA mutants checkpoint recovery activity inhibits the checkpoint components despite unrepaired DNA damage, a behavior that we did not observed in wild-type simulations. This result implies that FA cells would eventually reenter the cell cycle after a DNA damage induced G2/M checkpoint arrest, but before the damage has been fixed. We observed that FA-A cells activate the G2/M checkpoint and arrest in G2 phase, but eventually reach mitosis and divide with unrepaired DNA damage, thus resolving the initial checkpoint arrest. Based on our model result we look for ectopic activity of checkpoint recovery components. We found that checkpoint recovery components, such as PLK1, are expressed to a similar extent as normal undamaged cells do, even though FA-A cells harbor highly damaged DNA. Conclusions Our results show that FA cells, despite extensive DNA damage, do not loss the capacity to express the transcriptional and protein components of checkpoint recovery that might eventually allow their division with unrepaired DNA damage. This might allow cell survival but increases the genomic instability inherent to FA individuals and promotes cancer.
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27
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Campbell A, Krupp B, Bushman J, Noble M, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. A novel mouse model for ataxia-telangiectasia with a N-terminal mutation displays a behavioral defect and a low incidence of lymphoma but no increased oxidative burden. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6331-49. [PMID: 26310626 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare multi-system disorder caused by mutations in the ATM gene. Significant heterogeneity exists in the underlying genetic mutations and clinical phenotypes. A number of mouse models have been generated that harbor mutations in the distal region of the gene, and a recent study suggests the presence of residual ATM protein in the brain of one such model. These mice recapitulate many of the characteristics of A-T seen in humans, with the notable exception of neurodegeneration. In order to study how an N-terminal mutation affects the disease phenotype, we generated an inducible Atm mutant mouse model (Atm(tm1Mmpl/tm1Mmpl), referred to as A-T [M]) predicted to express only the first 62 amino acids of Atm. Cells derived from A-T [M] mutant mice exhibited reduced cellular proliferation and an altered DNA damage response, but surprisingly, showed no evidence of an oxidative imbalance. Examination of the A-T [M] animals revealed an altered immunophenotype consistent with A-T. In contrast to mice harboring C-terminal Atm mutations that disproportionately develop thymic lymphomas, A-T [M] mice developed lymphoma at a similar rate as human A-T patients. Morphological analyses of A-T [M] cerebella revealed no substantial cellular defects, similar to other models of A-T, although mice display behavioral defects consistent with cerebellar dysfunction. Overall, these results suggest that loss of Atm is not necessarily associated with an oxidized phenotype as has been previously proposed and that loss of ATM protein is not sufficient to induce cerebellar degeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and
| | - Brittany Krupp
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jared Bushman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, 1000 East University Ave., Dept. 3375, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
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28
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Hoche F, Frankenberg E, Rambow J, Theis M, Harding JA, Qirshi M, Seidel K, Barbosa-Sicard E, Porto L, Schmahmann JD, Kieslich M. Cognitive phenotype in ataxia-telangiectasia. Pediatr Neurol 2014; 51:297-310. [PMID: 25037873 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric cerebrocerebellar neurodegenerative disorders such as ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) have not been examined in detail for neuropsychologic changes. Such studies may contribute to the further understanding of ataxia-telangiectasia and to the role of the cerebrocerebellar system in the development of cognitive function in childhood. METHODS Twenty-two patients with the classic phenotype of ataxia-telangiectasia were grouped into early stage cerebellar disease (group AT-I) versus late stage cerebrocerebellar disease (group AT-II) and examined for neurocognitive features. Results were compared with those of healthy control subjects and with standard norms. RESULTS Patients in AT-I group scored low average compared with standard norms on all tests and were impaired compared with healthy control subjects for verbal intelligence quotient (P < 0.001), vocabulary and comprehension (P = 0.007), processing speed (P = 0.005), visuospatial processing (P = 0.020), and working memory (P = 0.046). Patients in AT-II group scored below average compared with standard norms on all tests and were impaired compared with control subjects for attention (P < 0.001), working memory (P < 0.001), and abstract reasoning (P < 0.001). Comprehension scores were lower for patients in AT-II than in AT-I group (P = 0.002), whereas vocabulary scores showed no difference between groups (P = 0.480). CONCLUSION Cognitive impairments in ataxia-telangiectasia present early, coinciding with cerebellar pathology and are characteristic of the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Widespread and deeper cognitive deficits manifest in later stages of ataxia-telangiectasia when additional noncerebellar pathology develops. These results are the first indications of distinct cerebellar and extracerebellar and/or subcortical contributions to the range of cognitive domains affected in ataxia-telangiectasia and need to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hoche
- Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Emily Frankenberg
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jennifer Rambow
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marius Theis
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jessica Ann Harding
- Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mayyada Qirshi
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kay Seidel
- Dr. Senckenberg Chronomedical Institute, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eduardo Barbosa-Sicard
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Luciana Porto
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Kieslich
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Multifunctional role of ATM/Tel1 kinase in genome stability: from the DNA damage response to telomere maintenance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:787404. [PMID: 25247188 PMCID: PMC4163350 DOI: 10.1155/2014/787404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a key regulator of the DNA double-strand-break response and belongs to the evolutionary conserved phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase-related protein kinases. ATM deficiency causes ataxia telangiectasia (AT), a genetic disorder that is characterized by premature aging, cerebellar neuropathy, immunodeficiency, and predisposition to cancer. AT cells show defects in the DNA damage-response pathway, cell-cycle control, and telomere maintenance and length regulation. Likewise, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, haploid strains defective in the TEL1 gene, the ATM ortholog, show chromosomal aberrations and short telomeres. In this review, we outline the complex role of ATM/Tel1 in maintaining genomic stability through its control of numerous aspects of cellular survival. In particular, we describe how ATM/Tel1 participates in the signal transduction pathways elicited by DNA damage and in telomere homeostasis and its importance as a barrier to cancer development.
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Razanau A, Xie J. Emerging mechanisms and consequences of calcium regulation of alternative splicing in neurons and endocrine cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4527-36. [PMID: 23800988 PMCID: PMC11113957 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes greatly to proteomic complexity. How it is regulated by external stimuli to sculpt cellular properties, particularly the highly diverse and malleable neuronal properties, is an underdeveloped area of emerging interest. A number of recent studies in neurons and endocrine cells have begun to shed light on its regulation by calcium signals. Some mechanisms include changes in the trans-acting splicing factors by phosphorylation, protein level, alternative pre-mRNA splicing, and nucleocytoplasmic redistribution of proteins to alter protein-RNA or protein-protein interactions, as well as modulation of chromatin states. Importantly, functional analyses of the control of specific exons/splicing factors in the brain point to a crucial role of this regulation in synaptic maturation, maintenance, and transmission. Furthermore, its deregulation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, particularly epilepsy/seizure. Together, these studies have not only provided mechanistic insights into the regulation of alternative splicing by calcium signaling but also demonstrated its impact on neuron differentiation, function, and disease. This may also help our understanding of similar regulations in other types of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleh Razanau
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 439 BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9 Canada
| | - Jiuyong Xie
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, 439 BMSB, 745 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, R3E 0J9 Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9 Canada
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Zhang L, Simpson DA, Innes CL, Chou J, Bushel PR, Paules RS, Kaufmann WK, Zhou T. Gene expression signatures but not cell cycle checkpoint functions distinguish AT carriers from normal individuals. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:907-16. [PMID: 23943852 PMCID: PMC3798780 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00064.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM). AT carriers with one mutant ATM allele are usually not severely affected although they carry an increased risk of developing cancer. There has not been an easy and reliable diagnostic method to identify AT carriers. Cell cycle checkpoint functions upon ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage and gene expression signatures were analyzed in the current study to test for differential responses in human lymphoblastoid cell lines with different ATM genotypes. While both dose- and time-dependent G1 and G2 checkpoint functions were highly attenuated in ATM-/- cell lines, these functions were preserved in ATM+/- cell lines equivalent to ATM+/+ cell lines. However, gene expression signatures at both baseline (consisting of 203 probes) and post-IR treatment (consisting of 126 probes) were able to distinguish ATM+/- cell lines from ATM+/+ and ATM-/- cell lines. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis of the genes in the baseline signature indicate that ATM function-related categories, DNA metabolism, cell cycle, cell death control, and the p53 signaling pathway, were overrepresented. The same analyses of the genes in the IR-responsive signature revealed that biological categories including response to DNA damage stimulus, p53 signaling, and cell cycle pathways were overrepresented, which again confirmed involvement of ATM functions. The results indicate that AT carriers who have unaffected G1 and G2 checkpoint functions can be distinguished from normal individuals and AT patients by expression signatures of genes related to ATM functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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RNA splicing: a new player in the DNA damage response. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:153634. [PMID: 24159334 PMCID: PMC3789447 DOI: 10.1155/2013/153634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that tumorigenesis is a multistep process characterized by the sequential accumulation of genetic alterations. However, the molecular basis of genomic instability in cancer is still partially understood. The observation that hereditary cancers are often characterized by mutations in DNA repair and checkpoint genes suggests that accumulation of DNA damage is a major contributor to the oncogenic transformation. It is therefore of great interest to identify all the cellular pathways that contribute to the response to DNA damage. Recently, RNA processing has emerged as a novel pathway that may contribute to the maintenance of genome stability. In this review, we illustrate several different mechanisms through which pre-mRNA splicing and genomic stability can influence each other. We specifically focus on the role of splicing factors in the DNA damage response and describe how, in turn, activation of the DDR can influence the activity of splicing factors.
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Feng D, Xie J. Aberrant splicing in neurological diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2013; 4:631-49. [PMID: 23821330 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) removes the intervening sequences (introns) and joins the expressed regions (exons) in the nucleus, before an intron-containing eukaryotic mRNA transcript can be exported and translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. While some sequences are always included or excluded (constitutive splicing), others can be selectively used (alternative splicing) in this process. Particularly by alternative splicing, up to tens of thousands of variant transcripts can be produced from a single gene, which contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity for such complex cellular functions as 'wiring' neurons in the nervous system. Disruption of this process leads to aberrant splicing, which accounts for the defects of up to 50% of mutations that cause certain human genetic diseases. In this review, we describe the different mechanisms of aberrant splicing that cause or have been associated with neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dairong Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Huang Y, Yang L, Wang J, Yang F, Xiao Y, Xia R, Yuan X, Yan M. Twelve novel Atm mutations identified in Chinese ataxia telangiectasia patients. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:536-40. [PMID: 23807571 PMCID: PMC3732755 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive disease characterized mainly by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, and immunodeficiency. This disease is caused by mutations of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (Atm) gene. More than 500 Atm mutations that are responsible for A-T have been identified so far. However, there have been very few A-T cases reported in China, and only two Chinese A-T patients have undergone Atm gene analysis. In order to systemically investigate A-T in China and map their Atm mutation spectrum, we recruited eight Chinese A-T patients from six unrelated families nationwide. Using direct sequencing of genomic DNA and the multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, we identified twelve pathogenic Atm mutations, including one missense, four nonsense, five frameshift, one splicing, and one large genomic deletion. All the Atm mutations we identified were novel, and no homozygous mutation and founder-effect mutation were found. These results suggest that Atm mutations in Chinese populations are diverse and distinct largely from those in other ethnic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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35
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Cheema AK, Varghese RS, Timofeeva O, Zhang L, Kirilyuk A, Zandkarimi F, Kaur P, Ressom HW, Jung M, Dritschilo A. Functional proteomics analysis to study ATM dependent signaling in response to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2013; 179:674-683. [PMID: 23642045 DOI: 10.1667/rr3198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a human genetic disease characterized by radiation sensitivity, impaired neuronal development and predisposition to cancer. Using a genetically defined model cell system consisting of cells expressing a kinase dead or a kinase proficient ATM gene product, we previously reported systemic alterations in major metabolic pathways that translate at the gene expression, protein and small molecule metabolite levels. Here, we report ionizing radiation induced stress response signaling arising from perturbations in the ATM gene, by employing a functional proteomics approach. Functional pathway analysis shows robust translational and post-translational responses under ATM proficient conditions, which include enrichment of proteins in the Ephrin receptor and axonal guidance signaling pathways. These molecular networks offer a hypothesis generating function for further investigations of cellular stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Rency S Varghese
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Olga Timofeeva
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander Kirilyuk
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | | | - Prabhjit Kaur
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Habtom W Ressom
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Mira Jung
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Anatoly Dritschilo
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Radiation Medicine, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
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Prodosmo A, De Amicis A, Nisticò C, Gabriele M, Di Rocco G, Monteonofrio L, Piane M, Cundari E, Chessa L, Soddu S. p53 centrosomal localization diagnoses ataxia-telangiectasia homozygotes and heterozygotes. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1335-42. [PMID: 23454770 DOI: 10.1172/jci67289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by radiosensitivity, genomic instability, and predisposition to cancer. A-T is caused by biallelic mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene, but heterozygous carriers, though apparently healthy, are believed to be at increased risk for cancer and more sensitive to ionizing radiation than the general population. Despite progress in functional and sequencing-based assays, no straightforward, rapid, and inexpensive test is available for the identification of A-T homozygotes and heterozygotes, which is essential for diagnosis, genetic counseling, and carrier prediction. The oncosuppressor p53 prevents genomic instability and centrosomal amplification. During mitosis, p53 localizes at the centrosome in an ATM-dependent manner. We capitalized on the latter finding and established a simple, fast, minimally invasive, reliable, and inexpensive test to determine mutant ATM zygosity. The percentage of mitotic lymphoblasts or PBMCs bearing p53 centrosomal localization clearly discriminated among healthy donors (>75%), A-T heterozygotes (40%-56%), and A-T homozygotes (<30%). The test is specific for A-T, independent of the type of ATM mutations, and recognized tumor-associated ATM polymorphisms. In a preliminary study, our test confirmed that ATM is a breast cancer susceptibility gene. These data open the possibility of cost-effective, early diagnosis of A-T homozygotes and large-scale screenings for heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Prodosmo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
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37
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Cavalieri S, Pozzi E, Gatti RA, Brusco A. Deep-intronic ATM mutation detected by genomic resequencing and corrected in vitro by antisense morpholino oligonucleotide (AMO). Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 21:774-8. [PMID: 23211698 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent development of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) techniques is changing the approach to search for mutations in human genetic diseases. We applied NGS to study an A-T patient in which one of the two expected mutations was not found after DHPLC, cDNA sequencing and MLPA screening. The 160-kb ATM genomic region was divided into 31 partially overlapping fragments of 4-6 kb and amplified by long-range PCR in the patient and mother, who carried the same mutation by segregation. We identified six intronic variants that were shared by the two genomes and not reported in the dbSNP(132) database. Among these, c.1236-405C>T located in IVS11 was predicted to be pathogenic because it affected splicing. This mutation creates a cryptic novel donor (5') splice site (score 1.00) 405 bp upstream of the exon 12 acceptor (3') splice site. cDNA analysis showed the inclusion of a 212-bp non-coding 'pseudoexon' with a premature stop codon. We validated the functional effect of the splicing mutation using a minigene assay. Using antisense morpholino oligonucleotides, designed to mask the cryptic donor splice-site created by the c.1236-405C>T mutation, we abrogated the aberrant splicing product to a wild-type ATM transcript, and in vitro reverted the functional ATM kinase impairment of the patients' lymphoblasts. Resequencing is an effective strategy for identifying rare splicing mutations in patients for whom other mutation analyses have failed (DHPLC, MLPA, or cDNA sequencing). This is especially important because many of these patients will carry rare splicing variants that are amenable to antisense-based correction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cavalieri
- Università di Torino, Department of Medical Sciences & Azienda Ospedaliera Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
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38
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Foray N, Colin C, Bourguignon M. 100 Years of Individual Radiosensitivity: How We Have Forgotten the Evidence. Radiology 2012; 264:627-31. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.12112560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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39
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Perlman SL, Boder Deceased E, Sedgewick RP, Gatti RA. Ataxia-telangiectasia. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 103:307-32. [PMID: 21827897 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-51892-7.00019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Perlman
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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40
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Jacquemin V, Rieunier G, Jacob S, Bellanger D, d'Enghien CD, Laugé A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Stern MH. Underexpression and abnormal localization of ATM products in ataxia telangiectasia patients bearing ATM missense mutations. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 20:305-12. [PMID: 22071889 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immune defects and predisposition to malignancies. A-T is caused by biallelic inactivation of the ATM gene, in most cases by frameshift or nonsense mutations. More rarely, ATM missense mutations with unknown consequences on ATM function are found, making definitive diagnosis more challenging. In this study, a series of 15 missense mutations, including 11 not previously reported, were identified in 16 patients with clinical diagnosis of A-T belonging to 14 families and 1 patient with atypical clinical features. ATM function was evaluated in patient lymphoblastoid cell lines by measuring H2AX and KAP1 phosphorylation in response to ionizing radiation, confirming the A-T diagnosis for 16 cases. In accordance with previous studies, we showed that missense mutations associated with A-T often lead to ATM protein underexpression (15 out of 16 cases). In addition, we demonstrated that most missense mutations lead to an abnormal cytoplasmic localization of ATM, correlated with its decreased expression. This new finding highlights ATM mislocalization as a new mechanism of ATM dysfunction, which may lead to therapeutic strategies for missense mutation associated A-T.
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41
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Mehdipour P, Mahdavi M, Mohammadi-Asl J, Atri M. Importance of ATM gene as a susceptible trait: predisposition role of D1853N polymorphism in breast cancer. Med Oncol 2011; 28:733-7. [PMID: 20396981 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-010-9525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of ATM gene and specifically, the important role of D1853N polymorphism, as a three-hit hypothesis has been previously reported in an Iranian proband affected with brain tumor and this polymorphism could be screened in her relatives as well. The aim of present study was to investigate the involvement of D1853N polymorphism as a predisposition factor in 129 Iranian patients affected with primary breast cancer and 248 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Mutant allele-specific PCR amplification (MASA) assay was performed to analyze the D1853N polymorphism in the ATM gene. The frequency of D1853N polymorphism in cases, internal and external controls was 31.0% (40/129), 26.9% (28/104) and 12.5% (18/144), respectively. The frequency of D1853N in total control groups, including normal external control and pedigree internal control, was 18.6% (46/248). The odds ratio was calculated with the logistic regression test, with an estimated relative risk of 2.579 (P=0.005). The significant difference was observed between the patient-carriers of this alteration and external controls (P=0.001). The number of controls harboring D1853N polymorphism was higher in internal control compared to external controls, and the difference was statistically significant (P=0.004). The significant difference was observed between the patient-carriers and external controls and could be considered as a predisposing and diagnostic marker in the population and specifically in the cancer-prone pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Mehdipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran.
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42
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Soukupova J, Pohlreich P, Seemanova E. Characterisation of ATM Mutations in Slavic Ataxia Telangiectasia Patients. Neuromolecular Med 2011; 13:204-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-011-8152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Goldgar DE, Healey S, Dowty JG, Da Silva L, Chen X, Spurdle AB, Terry MB, Daly MJ, Buys SM, Southey MC, Andrulis I, John EM, Khanna KK, Hopper JL, Oefner PJ, Lakhani S, Chenevix-Trench G. Rare variants in the ATM gene and risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R73. [PMID: 21787400 PMCID: PMC3236337 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene (MIM ID 208900) encodes a protein kinase that plays a significant role in the activation of cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks through subsequent phosphorylation of central players in the DNA damage-response pathway. Recent studies have confirmed that some specific variants in the ATM gene are associated with increased breast cancer (BC) risk. However, the magnitude of risk and the subset of variants that are pathogenic for breast cancer remain unresolved. Methods To investigate the role of ATM in BC susceptibility, we studied 76 rare sequence variants in the ATM gene in a case-control family study of 2,570 cases of breast cancer and 1,448 controls. The variants were grouped into three categories based on their likely pathogenicity, as determined by in silico analysis and analyzed by conditional logistic regression. Likely pathogenic sequence variants were genotyped in 129 family members of 27 carrier probands (15 of which carried c.7271T > G), and modified segregation analysis was used to estimate the BC penetrance associated with these rare ATM variants. Results In the case-control analysis, we observed an odds ratio of 2.55 and 95% confidence interval (CI, 0.54 to 12.0) for the most likely deleterious variants. In the family-based analyses, the maximum-likelihood estimate of the increased risk associated with these variants was hazard ratio (HR) = 6.88 (95% CI, 2.33 to 20.3; P = 0.00008), corresponding to a 60% cumulative risk of BC by age 80 years. Analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 18 breast tumors from women carrying likely pathogenic rare sequence variants revealed no consistent pattern of loss of the ATM variant. Conclusions The risk estimates from this study suggest that women carrying the pathogenic variant, ATM c.7271T > G, or truncating mutations demonstrate a significantly increased risk of breast cancer with a penetrance that appears similar to that conferred by germline mutations in BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Goldgar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 N. 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2101, USA
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Gapud EJ, Sleckman BP. Unique and redundant functions of ATM and DNA-PKcs during V(D)J recombination. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1928-35. [PMID: 21673501 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.12.16011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte antigen receptor genes are assembled through the process of V(D)J recombination, during which pairwise DNA cleavage of gene segments results in the formation of four DNA ends that are resolved into a coding joint and a signal joint. The joining of these DNA ends occurs in G1-phase lymphocytes and is mediated by the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), two related kinases, both function in the repair of DNA breaks generated during antigen receptor gene assembly. Although these proteins have unique functions during coding joint formation, their activities in signal joint formation, if any, have been less clear. However, two recent studies demonstrated that ATM and DNA-PKcs have overlapping activities important for signal joint formation. Here, we discuss the unique and shared activities of the ATM and DNA-PKcs kinases during V(D)J recombination, a process that is essential for lymphocyte development and the diversification of antigen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Gapud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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45
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Houshmand M, Kasraie S, Etemad Ahari S, Moin M, Bahar M, Zamani A. Investigation of tRNA and ATPase 6/8 gene mutations in Iranian ataxia telangiectasia patients. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:523-7. [PMID: 22295039 PMCID: PMC3258747 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.23424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare human neurodegenerative autosomal recessive multisystem disease. AT is the result of mutations in the AT-mutated (ATM) gene. ATM protein is required for radiation-induced apoptosis and acts before mitochondrial collapse. The tRNA genes are considered one of the hot spots for mutations causing mitochondrial disorders. Due to the important role of ATM in apoptosis and its effect on the cell cycle it might be possible that it has a central role in mtDNA mutations. On the other hand, the tRNA(Lys/Leu) gene and also ATPase6 and ATPase8 genes are important for many mitochondrial diseases and many causative mutations have been reported from these genes. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present research, we performed mutation screening for these genes in 20 patients who were diagnosed with ataxia telangiectasia by a PCR sequencing method. RESULTS The results showed a significant level of mtDNA variations in AT patients. Among 20 patients in this study, 12 patients (60%) were detected with point mutations, among which 8 mutations (40%) belonged to the MT-ATP6 gene. There was probably a second effect of mtDNA mutations in AT disease and mtDNA plays a main role in establishment of AT. CONCLUSIONS MtDNA mutations might be responsible for the decline of mitochondrial function in AT patients. Mitochondrial investigation can help to understand the mechanism of damage in AT disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Houshmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadaf Kasraie
- Islamic Azad University, Science and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mostafa Moin
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadali Bahar
- Immunology Research Center No 5, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Akram Zamani
- Genetic Diagnostic Department, Special Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
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Offer SM, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hammarström L, Harris RS. Unique DNA repair gene variations and potential associations with the primary antibody deficiency syndromes IgAD and CVID. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12260. [PMID: 20805886 PMCID: PMC2923613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable effort, the genetic factors responsible for >90% of the antibody deficiency syndromes IgAD and CVID remain elusive. To produce a functionally diverse antibody repertoire B lymphocytes undergo class switch recombination. This process is initiated by AID-catalyzed deamination of cytidine to uridine in switch region DNA. Subsequently, these residues are recognized by the uracil excision enzyme UNG2 or the mismatch repair proteins MutSalpha (MSH2/MSH6) and MutLalpha (PMS2/MLH1). Further processing by ubiquitous DNA repair factors is thought to introduce DNA breaks, ultimately leading to class switch recombination and expression of a different antibody isotype. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Defects in AID and UNG2 have been shown to result in the primary immunodeficiency hyper-IgM syndrome, leading us to hypothesize that additional, potentially more subtle, DNA repair gene variations may underlie the clinically related antibody deficiencies syndromes IgAD and CVID. In a survey of twenty-seven candidate DNA metabolism genes, markers in MSH2, RAD50, and RAD52 were associated with IgAD/CVID, prompting further investigation into these pathways. Resequencing identified four rare, non-synonymous alleles associated with IgAD/CVID, two in MLH1, one in RAD50, and one in NBS1. One IgAD patient carried heterozygous non-synonymous mutations in MLH1, MSH2, and NBS1. Functional studies revealed that one of the identified mutations, a premature RAD50 stop codon (Q372X), confers increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with a class switch recombination model in which AID-catalyzed uridines are processed by multiple DNA repair pathways. Genetic defects in these DNA repair pathways may contribute to IgAD and CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Offer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reuben S. Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a high molecular weight protein serine/threonine kinase that plays a central role in the maintenance of genomic integrity by activating cell cycle checkpoints and promoting repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Little is known about the regulatory mechanisms for ATM expression itself. MicroRNAs are naturally existing regulators that modulate gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Here, we show that a human microRNA, miR-421, suppresses ATM expression by targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'UTR) of ATM transcripts. Ectopic expression of miR-421 resulted in S-phase cell cycle checkpoint changes and an increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation, creating a cellular phenotype similar to that of cells derived from ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients. Blocking the interaction between miR-421 and ATM 3'UTR with an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide rescued the defective phenotype caused by miR-421 overexpression, indicating that ATM mediates the effect of miR-421 on cell cycle checkpoint and radiosensitivity. Overexpression of the N-Myc transcription factor, an oncogene frequently amplified in neuroblastoma, induced miR-421 expression, which, in turn, down-regulated ATM expression, establishing a linear signaling pathway that may contribute to N-Myc-induced tumorigenesis in neuroblastoma. Taken together, our findings implicate a previously undescribed regulatory mechanism for ATM expression and ATM-dependent DNA damage response and provide several potential targets for treating neuroblastoma and perhaps A-T.
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Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutation in the ATM gene. Hallmarks of the disease comprise progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasiae, cancer susceptibility, and variable humoral and cellular immunodeficiency. We report a patient who, because of the pattern of her immunodeficiency, was primarily diagnosed as an autosomal recessive hyper-IgM syndrome. Only a mild cerebellar ataxia was present at the age of 7 years then she developed a Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Conventional radiotherapy for the malignancy led to fatal consequences. Postmortem studies confirmed diagnosis of ataxia-telangiectasia.
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Chessa L, Piane M, Magliozzi M, Torrente I, Savio C, Lulli P, De Luca A, Dallapiccola B. Founder effects for ATM gene mutations in Italian Ataxia Telangiectasia families. Ann Hum Genet 2009; 73:532-9. [PMID: 19691550 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We screened ATM gene mutations in 104 Italian Ataxia-Telangiectasia patients from 91 unrelated families (detection rate 90%) and found 21 recurrent mutations in 63 families. The majority (67%) of patients were compound heterozygotes, while 33% were homozygotes. To determine the existence of common haplotypes and potential founder effects, we analyzed five microsatellite markers within and flanking the ATM gene. Haplotype analysis was carried out in 48/63 families harbouring 16 of the 21 recurrent mutations. Forty different haplotypes were detected in the 48 A-T families studied. We found that the majority of patients with the same recurrent mutation originated from the same geographical area. All but one recurrent mutation analyzed displayed a common haplotype suggesting a single origin that then spread to different geographical areas. The high number of different haplotypes does not allow the screening of ATM mutations by haplotype analysis alone in the Italian population. The finding of recurrent public mutations without founder effect suggests the existence of 'mild' hot spots of mutation located along the sequence of the ATM gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Chessa
- II School of Medicine, University La Sapienza, I-00189 Roma, Italy.
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Chargari C, Kirova Y, Even C, Monnier L, Dendale R, Campana F, Fourquet A. Toxicité et efficacité de la radiothérapie adjuvante chez les patientes traitées pour un cancer du sein et porteuses d’une mutation hétérozygote du gène de l’ataxie-télangiectasie. Cancer Radiother 2009; 13:164-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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