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Kumar R, Mohammed H, Firth FA, Bennani H, Halberstadt JB, Farella M. Smile dynamics: A comparative study of Fijians and NZ Europeans. J Oral Rehabil 2024; 51:1373-1378. [PMID: 38661360 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fijian 'Bula Smile' is often described as the world's friendliest; however, its description remains anecdotal. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe and compare the dynamics of Fijians' smiles with those of New Zealand Europeans. METHODS An observational study was conducted on two ethnic groups, Fijians (FJ; N = 23) and New Zealand Europeans (NZ; N = 23), age- and gender-matched. All participants were asked to watch amusing videos, and their reactions were video recorded. The videos were analysed by software to assess the frequency, duration, intensity and genuineness of smiling episodes. Based on the Facial Action Coding System, Action Unit 6 (AU6-cheek raiser), Action Unit 12 (AU12-lip corner puller) and Action Unit 25 (AU25-lips apart) were assessed. Data were analysed by generalised linear models after adjusting for personality traits. RESULTS Fijians smiled longer than New Zealand Europeans (+19.9%; p = .027). Mean intensity of AU6 (+1.0; 95%CIs = 0.6-1.5; p < .001), AU12 (+0.5; 95%CIs = 0.1-0.9; p = .008) and AU25 (+22.3%; 95%CIs = 7.3%-37.3%; p = .005) were significantly higher in FJ group than the NZ group. CONCLUSION Smiling features of Fijians and New Zealanders showed objective differences, the most distinctive being a higher activation of the Duchenne's marker (AU6) in the Fijian group, which is regarded as a sign of smile genuineness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginald Kumar
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fiona A Firth
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Hamza Bennani
- Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Mauro Farella
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Krajewska-Węglewicz L, Felczak P, Adamek D, Dorobek M. Damage to the orbicularis oculi muscle may impair the development of dermatochalasis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2417. [PMID: 38287145 PMCID: PMC10825163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52955-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the changes that occur in the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) in patients with dermatochalasis. The OOM specimens from 26 patients were collected during upper eyelid blepharoplasty. Each specimen was divided into three parts, which were then examined using different techniques: formalin embedding for light microscopy, free freezing for histochemical examination, and fixation in 3% glutaraldehyde for electron microscopy. The severity of dermatochalasis was classified according to the anatomical landmarks. 78 specimens from patients with dermatochalasis were evaluated. Under light microscopy, specimens showed an increase in muscle fiber size variation, rounding of muscle fibers, and lobulation of myocytes in a fibrotic background. Under electron microscopy, loss of myofilaments, vacuolar vesicles, and swollen mitochondria were observed, along with osmophilic aggregates resembling nemadine bodies and collagen fibrils. A statistically significant association between the progression of dermatochalasis and the presence of aggregates resembling nemaline bodies was found (p- value < 0.005). Significant changes occur in the OOM in patients with dermatochalasis and the presence of aggregates resembling nemaline bodies is correlated with the degree of eyelid drooping. Thus, OOM may contribute in dermatochalasis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Krajewska-Węglewicz
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Institute of Medicine of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Wołoska 137, 02-507, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paulina Felczak
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Adamek
- Department of Pathomorphology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Dorobek
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Medicine of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
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Yang Y, Li D, Sun Y, Wu M, Su J, Li Y, Yu X, Li L, Yu J. Muscle-inspired soft robots based on bilateral dielectric elastomer actuators. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:124. [PMID: 37814608 PMCID: PMC10560252 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00592-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle groups perform their functions in the human body via bilateral muscle actuation, which brings bionic inspiration to artificial robot design. Building soft robotic systems with artificial muscles and multiple control dimensions could be an effective means to develop highly controllable soft robots. Here, we report a bilateral actuator with a bilateral deformation function similar to that of a muscle group that can be used for soft robots. To construct this bilateral actuator, a low-cost VHB 4910 dielectric elastomer was selected as the artificial muscle, and polymer films manufactured with specific shapes served as the actuator frame. By end-to-end connecting these bilateral actuators, a gear-shaped 3D soft robot with diverse motion capabilities could be developed, benefiting from adjustable actuation combinations. Lying on the ground with all feet on the ground, a crawling soft robot with dexterous movement along multiple directions was realized. Moreover, the directional steering was instantaneous and efficient. With two feet standing on the ground, it also acted as a rolling soft robot that can achieve bidirectional rolling motion and climbing motion on a 2° slope. Finally, inspired by the orbicularis oris muscle in the mouth, a mouthlike soft robot that could bite and grab objects 5.3 times of its body weight was demonstrated. The bidirectional function of a single actuator and the various combination modes among multiple actuators together allow the soft robots to exhibit diverse functionalities and flexibility, which provides a very valuable reference for the design of highly controllable soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, Chongqing Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Dengfeng Li
- Hong Kong Centre for Cerebro-Cardiovascular Health Engineering (COCHE), Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Yanhua Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, Chongqing Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Mengge Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, PR China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Jingyou Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ying Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, Chongqing Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Lu Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science, Chongqing Co-Innovation Center for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Materials and Devices International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Junsheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), Chengdu, PR China
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Tawfik HA, Dutton JJ. Debunking the Puzzle of Eyelid Apraxia: The Muscle of Riolan Hypothesis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2023; 39:211-220. [PMID: 36136731 DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000002291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apraxia of eyelid opening (AEO) has been defined by the presence of an intermittent nonparalytic bilateral loss of the volitional ability to open the eyes or to maintain the eyelids in a sustained elevated position. It is not known whether the condition represents an apraxia, a dystonia, or a freezing phenomenon, and several different nomenclatorial terms have been suggested for this condition including the so-called AEO (scAEO), blepahrocolysis, focal eyelid dystonia, and so on. The primary goal of this review is to attempt to clarify the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying scAEO as a clinical phenomenon. This review also addresses the issue of whether scAEO is part of the spectrum of blepharospasm (BSP) which includes BSP, dystonic blinks and other dystonic eyelid conditions, or whether it is a separate phenomenologically heterogeneous disease with clinical features that merely overlap with BSP. METHODS A literature review was conducted in PubMed, MEDLINE, PubMed Central (PMC), NCBI Bookshelf, and Embase for several related keywords including the terms "apraxia of eyelid opening," "pretarsal blepharospasm," "blepharocolysis," "eyelid freezing," "eyelid akinesia," "levator inhibition," "blepharospasm-plus," as well as "blepharospasm." The clinical findings in patients with scAEO who fulfilled the classic diagnostic criteria of the disease that were originally set by Lepore and Duvoisin were included, while patients with isolated blepharospasm or dystonic blinks (DB) were excluded. In addition, electromyographic (EMG) studies in patients with scAEO were reviewed in detail with special emphasis on studies that performed synchronous EMG recordings both from the levator muscle (LPS) and the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle (OO). RESULTS The apraxia designation is clearly a misnomer. Although scAEO behaves clinically as a hypotonic freezing phenomenon, it also shares several cardinal features with focal dystonias. The authors broadly categorized the EMG data into 3 different patterns. The first pattern (n = 26/94 [27.6%]) was predominantly associated with involuntary discharges in the OO muscle and has been termed pretarsal blepharospasm (ptBSP). The commonest pattern was pattern no. 2 (n = 53/94 [56.38%]), which was characterized by involuntary discharges in the OO muscle, together with a disturbed reciprocal innervation of the antagonist levator muscle and is dubbed disturbed reciprocal innervation (DRI). This EMG pattern is difficult to discern from the first pattern. Pattern no. 3 (n = 15/94 [15.9%]) is characterized by an isolated levator palpebrae inhibition (ILPI). This levator silence was observed alone without EMG evidence of contractions in the pretarsal orbicularis or a disturbed reciprocal relation of both muscles. CONCLUSION EMG evidence shows that the great majority (84%) of patients show a dystonic pattern, whereas ILPI (16%) does not fit the dystonic spectrum. The authors propose that a spasmodic contraction of the muscle of Riolan may be the etiological basis for levator inhibition in patients with ILPI. If this is true, all the 3 EMG patterns observed in scAEO patients (ptBSP, DRI, and ILPI) would represent an atypical form of BSP. The authors suggest coining the terms Riolan muscle BSP ( rmBSP ) for ILPI, and the term atypical focal eyelid dystonia ( AFED ) instead of the term scAEO, as both terms holistically encompass both the clinical and EMG data and concur with the authors' theorem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem A Tawfik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Jonathan J Dutton
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, U.S.A
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Daniel BW, Giesen T, Lu JCY, Chang TNJ, Zavala A, Chuang DCC. Supercharge End-to-Side Sensory Transfer to A Long Nerve Graft to Enhance Motor Regeneration in A Brachial Plexus Model—An Experimental Rat Study. J Reconstr Microsurg 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background Long nerve grafts will affect muscle recovery. Aim of this study is to investigate if supercharged end-to-side (SETS) sensory nerve transfer to long nerve graft can enhance functional outcomes in brachial plexus animal model.
Methods A reversed long nerve graft (20–23-mm) was interposed between C6 and musculocutaneous nerve (MCN) in 48 SD rats. The sensory nerves adjacent to the proximal and distal coaptation sites of the nerve graft were used for SETS. There were four groups with 12 rats in each: (A) nerve graft alone, (B) proximal SETS sensory transfer, (C) distal SETS sensory transfer, and (D) combined proximal and distal SETS sensory transfers. Grooming test at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks, and compound muscle action potentials (CMAP), biceps tetanic muscle contraction force, muscle weight and MCN axon histomorphologic analysis at 16 weeks were assessed.
Results Grooming test was significantly better in group C and D at 8 weeks (p = 0.02 and p = 0.04) and still superior at 16 weeks. There was no significant difference in CMAP, tetanic muscle contraction force, or muscle weight. The axon counts showed all experimental arms were significantly higher than the unoperated arms. Although the axon count was lowest in group C and highest in group D (p = 0.02), the nerve morphology tended to be better in group C overall.
Conclusion Distal sensory SETS transfer to a long nerve graft showed benefits of functional muscle recovery and better target nerve morphology. Proximal sensory inputs do not benefit the outcomes at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem W. Daniel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University and Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
- Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teun Giesen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Johnny Chuieng-Yi Lu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tommy Nai-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Abraham Zavala
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Chang Gung University and Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - David Chwei-Chin Chuang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Ciston AB, Forster C, Brick TR, Kühn S, Verrel J, Filevich E. Do I look like I'm sure?: Partial metacognitive access to the low-level aspects of one's own facial expressions. Cognition 2022; 225:105155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kim HN. The frequency of facial muscles engaged in expressing emotions in people with visual disabilities via cloud-based video communication. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2022.2081374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Nam Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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8
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Ronca F, Raggi A. Regulation of skeletal muscle AMP deaminase. Carbethoxylation of His-51 belonging to the zinc coordination sphere of the rabbit enzyme promotes its desensitization towards the inhibition by ATP. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130044. [PMID: 34710488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle AMP deaminase (AMPD1) regulates the concentration of adenine nucleotides during muscle contraction. We previously provided evidence that rabbit AMPD1 is composed by two HPRG 73 kDa subunits and two 85 kDa catalytic subunits with a dinuclear zinc site with an average of two histidine residues at each metal site. AMPD1 is mainly expressed in fast twitching fibers and is inhibited by ATP. The limited trypsinization of the 95-residue N-terminal domain of rabbit AMPD1 desensitizes the enzyme towards ATP inhibition at the optimal pH 6.5, but not at pH 7.1. METHODS The modified residues of rabbit AMPD1 after incubation with radioactive diethyl pyrocarbonate ([14C]DEP) causing the desensitization to inhibition by ATP at pH 7.1 have been identified by sequence analysis and MS analysis of the radioactive peptides liberated from the carbethoxylated enzyme by limited proteolysis with trypsin. RESULTS The study confirms the presence of a dinuclear zinc site in rabbit AMPD1 and shows that carbethoxylation of His-51 at the N-terminus of the catalytic subunit removes the inhibition of the enzyme by ATP at pH 7.1. CONCLUSIONS The desensitization to ATP is due to the modification of His-51 of the Zn2 coordination sphere which is transduced in a conformational change of the enzyme C-terminus, where an ATP-binding site has been localized. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The progress in the study of the complex regulation of rabbit AMPD1 that shares an identical amino acid sequence with the human enzyme is important in relation to the role of the enzyme during mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ronca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Antonio Raggi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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9
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Orbicularis Oculi Muscle Size and Function: Exploring the Influence of Aging and Exercise Training. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The orbicularis oculi muscle is the sphincter muscle of the eyelids that blinks and closes the eyes. In this review, our aim was threefold: (1) to introduce the performance characteristics of blinking activity in young and older adults, (2) to discuss the influence of aging on the orbicularis oculi muscle in healthy adults, and (3) to provide information about the effect of facial exercise training on the orbicularis oculi muscle. To achieve the purpose of this review, a search using two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) and a search engine (Google Scholar) was conducted. The amplitude and peak velocity of spontaneously blinking behavior, which is an index of muscle function of the orbicularis oculi, appear to be affected by aging. The muscle thickness of the orbicularis oculi tends to be low in older adults, but there are issues that need to be examined further, such as differences in sex and measurement positions. There was no study on the effect of exercise training; however, the results of a highly trained man indicate that the orbicularis oculi muscles might elicit muscle hypertrophy through non-traditional resistance exercise.
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Europa TA, Nel M, Heckmann JM. Gene expression profiling of orbital muscles in treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2020; 15:346. [PMID: 33308266 PMCID: PMC7731744 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unbiased in silico approaches applied to genome-wide data prioritized putative functional gene variants associating with treatment-resistant ophthalmoplegic myasthenia gravis (OP-MG). Although altered expression of genes harbouring these variants, or associated pathways, were shown in patient-derived transdifferentiated-myocyte models, gene expression in orbital-derived muscle was required to test the validity of the predictions.
Methods We sampled orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) and one paralysed extraocular muscle (EOM) from six individuals with OP-MG during blepharoptosis and re-alignment surgeries, respectively. For controls, the OOMs were sampled from four individuals without myasthenia undergoing surgery for non-muscle causes of ptosis, and one non-paralysed EOM. Using a qPCR array, expression of 120 genes was compared between OP-MG and control OOMs, profiling putative “OP-MG” genes, genes in related biological pathways and genes reported to be dysregulated in MG cases or experimental MG models, and in EOMs of cases with strabismus. Normalization was performed with two stable reference genes. Differential gene expression was compared between OP-MG and control samples using the ΔΔCT method. Co-expression was analysed by pairwise correlation of gene transcripts to infer expression networks.
Results Overall, transcript levels were similar in OOMs and EOMs (p = 0.72). In OOMs, significant downregulated expression of eight genes was observed in OP-MG cases compared with controls (> twofold; p ≤ 0.016), including TFAM, a mitochondrial transcription factor, and genes related to the following pathways: atrophy signalling; muscle regeneration and contraction; glycogen synthesis; and extracellular matrix remodelling. Several microRNAs, known to be highly expressed in EOMs, are predicted to regulate some of these genes. Co-expression analyses of gene-pairs suggested high interconnectedness of gene expression networks in OP-MG muscle, but not controls (r > 0.96, p < 0.01). Significant inverse directions of gene-pair correlations were noted in OP-MG versus controls OOM networks (r ≥ 0.92, p < 0.001) involving most OP-MG genes overlapping prominently with muscle atrophy/contractility and oxidative metabolism genes. Conclusions The gene expression in orbital muscles derived from OP-MG individuals compared with normal controls, support the pathogenic hypothesis previously generated from whole genome sequence analyses. Repression of gene transcripts in OP-MG orbital muscle implicate tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms, which may inform future biomarker discovery approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarin A Europa
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melissa Nel
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa.,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Neurology Research Group, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, E8-74, New Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa. .,UCT Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Manthou ME, Gencheva D, Sinis N, Rink S, Papamitsou T, Abdulla D, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Angelov DN. Facial Nerve Repair by Muscle-Vein Conduit in Rats: Functional Recovery and Muscle Reinnervation. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 27:351-361. [PMID: 32731808 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The facial nerve is the most frequently damaged nerve in head and neck traumata. Repair of interrupted nerves is generally reinforced by fine microsurgical techniques; nevertheless, regaining all functions is the exception rather than the rule. The so-called "postparalytic syndrome," which includes synkinesia and altered blink reflexes, follows nerve injury. The purpose of this study was to examine if nerve-gap repair using an autologous vein filled with skeletal muscle would improve axonal regeneration, reduce neuromuscular junction polyinnervation, and improve the recovery of whisking in rats with transected and sutured right buccal branches of the facial nerve. Vibrissal motor performance was studied with the use of a video motion analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to visualize and analyze target muscle reinnervation. The results taken together indicate a positive effect of muscle-vein-combined conduit (MVCC) on the improvement of the whisking function after reparation of the facial nerve in rats. The findings support the recent suggestion that a venal graft with implantation of a trophic source, such as autologous denervated skeletal muscle, may promote the monoinnervation degree and ameliorate coordinated function of the corresponding muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eleni Manthou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dilyana Gencheva
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nektarios Sinis
- Privatklinik für Plastische- und Ästhetische Chirurgie, Berlin Wilmersdorf, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Theodora Papamitsou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diana Abdulla
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
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12
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Emotional expressions in human and non-human great apes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 115:378-395. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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de Maio M. Myomodulation with Injectable Fillers: An Innovative Approach to Addressing Facial Muscle Movement. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2020; 44:1300-1316. [PMID: 32844271 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-020-01825-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Consideration of facial muscle dynamics is underappreciated among clinicians who provide injectable filler treatment. Injectable fillers are customarily used to fill static wrinkles, folds, and localized areas of volume loss, whereas neuromodulators are used to address excessive muscle movement. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the role of muscle function in facial appearance, taking into account biomechanical concepts such as the balance of activity among synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups, is critical to restoring facial appearance to that of a typical youthful individual with facial esthetic treatments. Failure to fully understand the effects of loss of support (due to aging or congenital structural deficiency) on muscle stability and interaction can result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment, producing an unnatural appearance. This article outlines these concepts to provide an innovative framework for an understanding of the role of muscle movement on facial appearance and presents cases that illustrate how modulation of muscle movement with injectable fillers can address structural deficiencies, rebalance abnormal muscle activity, and restore facial appearance.Level of Evidence V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurício de Maio
- Clinica Dr. Maurício de Maio, Avenida Ibirapuera, 2907 cj 1202, São Paulo, SP, Moema EP: 04029200, Brazil.
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Fernandes AC, Garcia-Marques T. The perception of time is dynamically interlocked with the facial muscle activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18737. [PMID: 31822706 PMCID: PMC6904682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception relies on the motor system. Involves core brain regions of this system, including those associated with feelings generated from sensorimotor states. Perceptual timing is also distorted when movement occurs during timing tasks, possibly by interfering with sensorimotor afferent feedback. However, it is unknown if the perception of time is an active process associated with specific patterns of muscle activity. We explored this idea based on the phenomenon of electromyographic gradients, which consists of the dynamic increase of muscle activity during cognitive tasks that require sustained attention, a critical function in perceptual timing. We aimed to determine whether facial muscle dynamic activity indexes the subjective representation of time. We asked participants to judge stimuli durations (varying in familiarity) while we monitored the time course of the activity of the zygomaticus-major and corrugator-supercilii muscles, both associated with cognitive and affective feelings. The dynamic electromyographic activity in corrugator-supercilii over time reflected objective time and this relationship predicted subjective judgments of duration. Furthermore, the zygomaticus-major muscle signaled the bias that familiarity introduces in duration judgments. This suggests that subjective duration could be an embodiment process based in motor information changing over time and their associated feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Fernandes
- ISPA - Instituto Universitário, William James Center for Research, Lisboa, Portugal.
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DeAngelis KD, Rider A, Potter W, Jensen J, Fowler BT, Fleming JC. Eyelid Spontaneous Blink Analysis and Age-Related Changes Through High-Speed Imaging. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 35:487-490. [DOI: 10.1097/iop.0000000000001349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent literature investigating facial-exercise-induced changes in facial soft tissue. A literature search was performed in PubMed for the terms facial exercise, rejuvenation, muscle, skin, and aging. Four studies were identified from the search and were subject to further assessment. Four studies were included in our analysis. Two of the four studies included compared the experimental (training) group to a control group. The other two studies had no control group. The participants were mainly middle-aged women. Training conditions varied; neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was used in two studies, the other two studies used an oscillatory movement device and voluntary facial isometric exercise. Two studies measured facial muscle size using ultrasonography before and after 12 weeks of NMES or 8 weeks of oscillatory movement of the face. One study assessed the changes in facial skin elasticity in a single group following 8 weeks of facial isometric exercise, while one study measured strength of labial and lingual muscles before and following 4 weeks of NMES. We found two studies that reported facial-exercise-induced increases in facial muscle size in middle-aged women. It was also reported that facial skin function may improve following facial isometric exercise. Future research is needed to clarify how these changes link with facial rejuvenation. Compared to extremity muscles, the facial muscles are small in size, their shapes are complex, and the boundaries with other tissues may be unclear. Future study is also necessary to examine the reliability of measurements of the facial muscles.
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Blink Restoration in Long-standing Facial Paralysis: Use of Free Neurovascular Platysma Transfer. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2018; 6:e1939. [PMID: 30534494 PMCID: PMC6250471 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Since 2004, microneurovascular platysma transfer has been used for dynamic eye closure in long-standing facial palsy. The idea was initially presented by Lee and Terzis in 1984 but abandoned owing to its transfer difficulty. This muscle transfer allows forceful closure and blink restoration. Methods: This study included 24 patients operated between 2004 and 2014 for long-standing facial palsy. In the first step of the procedure, a cross-facial nerve graft was employed to transfer the motor nerve fibers from the normal side to the paralyzed side responsible for eye closure. Simultaneously, a dynamic reanimation of the mouth was conducted. After 9 months, a 4 × 9-cm platysma was transferred on its neurovascular pedicle. Revascularization was performed on the temporal vessels. Nerve coaptation between the cross-facial nerve graft and motor nerve of the platysma was also performed. Results: Twenty-one (88%) newly reconstructed orbicularis oculis displayed a good to excellent function. In 62% of the patients, a natural appearance and closure of the previously paralyzed eye and a return of spontaneous blinking were observed. Conclusions: Compared with classical techniques (eg, gold weight implantation and temporalis transfer), platysma transfer is the only feasible method of restoring eye closure because of its special architecture and fiber-type distribution.
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Abstract
The kinesthetic senses are the senses of position and movement of the body, senses we are aware of only on introspection. A method used to study kinesthesia is muscle vibration, which engages afferents of muscle spindles to trigger illusions of movement and changed position. When vibrating elbow flexors, it generates sensations of forearm extension, when vibrating extensors, sensations of forearm flexion. Vibrating the elbow joint produces no illusion. Vibrating flexors and extensors together at the same frequency also produces no illusion, because what is perceived is the signal difference between antagonist muscles of each arm and between arms. The size of the illusion depends on how the muscle has been conditioned beforehand, due to a property of muscle called thixotropy. When measuring the illusion, blindfolded subjects may carry out a matching or pointing task. In pointing, signals from muscle spindles are less important than in matching. Afferent signals from kinesthetic receptors project to areas of somatosensory cortex to generate sensations of detection and location. This is referred to the body model, which provides information about size and shape of body parts. Kinesthesia, together with vision and touch, is associated with the sense of body ownership. All three can combine or each, on its own, can generate ownership. Related is the sense of agency, the sense of being responsible for one's own actions. In recent times, much progress has been made using neuroimaging techniques to identify the various areas of the brain likely to be responsible for generating these sensations. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1157-1183, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Proske
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia
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Myomodulation with Injectable Fillers: An Innovative Approach to Addressing Facial Muscle Movement. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2018; 42:798-814. [PMID: 29549406 PMCID: PMC5945756 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-018-1116-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Consideration of facial muscle dynamics is underappreciated among clinicians who provide injectable filler treatment. Injectable fillers are customarily used to fill static wrinkles, folds, and localized areas of volume loss, whereas neuromodulators are used to address excessive muscle movement. However, a more comprehensive understanding of the role of muscle function in facial appearance, taking into account biomechanical concepts such as the balance of activity among synergistic and antagonistic muscle groups, is critical to restoring facial appearance to that of a typical youthful individual with facial esthetic treatments. Failure to fully understand the effects of loss of support (due to aging or congenital structural deficiency) on muscle stability and interaction can result in inadequate or inappropriate treatment, producing an unnatural appearance. This article outlines these concepts to provide an innovative framework for an understanding of the role of muscle movement on facial appearance and presents cases that illustrate how modulation of muscle movement with injectable fillers can address structural deficiencies, rebalance abnormal muscle activity, and restore facial appearance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Ikoma T, Bendixen KH, Arima T, Dawson A, Yamaguchi T, List T, Svensson P. Effects of Low-Intensity Contractions of Different Craniofacial Muscles in Healthy Participants - An Experimental Cross-Over Study. Headache 2018; 58:559-569. [DOI: 10.1111/head.13280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikoma
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Karina Haugaard Bendixen
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Denmark , Sweden (A. Dawson, T. List)
| | - Taro Arima
- Section of International Affairs, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan (Taro Arima)
| | - Andreas Dawson
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Denmark , Sweden (A. Dawson, T. List)
- Centre for Oral Rehabilitation, Östergötland County Council; Linköping Norrköping Sweden
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden
| | - Taihiko Yamaguchi
- Department of Crown and Bridge Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Thomas List
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Denmark , Sweden (A. Dawson, T. List)
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Faculty of Odontology; Malmö University; Malmö Sweden (Thomas List)
| | - Peter Svensson
- Scandinavian Center for Orofacial Neurosciences (SCON); Denmark , Sweden (A. Dawson, T. List)
- Section of Orofacial Pain and Jaw Function, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health; Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
- Department of Dental Medicine; Karolinska Institutet; Huddinge Sweden
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21
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Guarro G, Brunelli F, Rasile B, Alfano C. Oculonasal Synkinesis: Video Report and Surgical Solution of a Rare Phenomenon. Aesthet Surg J 2017; 37:879-883. [PMID: 29036940 DOI: 10.1093/asj/sjx074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synkinesis represents involuntary muscular movements that occur in association with voluntary contraction of other muscle groups. Oculonasal synkinesis is a rare phenomenon. OBJECTIVES In a series of videos, the authors present clinical findings and surgical correction of oculonasal synkinesis. METHODS Two women who underwent surgical procedures to correct oculonasal synkinesis were evaluated in a prospective study. One patient presented with bilateral synkinesis after 2 previous rhinoplasties. She underwent open rhinoplasty in our office. The other patient had unilateral synkinesis of the left side and received endonasal rhinoplasty. RESULTS The patients' mean age was 27.5 years, and follow-up was conducted for 6 months. Both patients experienced complete, stable resolution of synkinesis after surgical correction. No complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS Patients with oculonasal synkinesis may not notice it preoperatively and may regard these muscle movements as an unfavorable result of rhinoplasty. Therefore, careful preoperative evaluation is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guarro
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Brunelli
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Barbara Rasile
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmine Alfano
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Moore CW, Beveridge TS, Rice CL. Fiber type composition of the palmaris brevis muscle: implications for palmar function. J Anat 2017. [PMID: 28620932 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The palmaris brevis (PB) is a small muscle of variant morphology located on the ulnar aspect of the palm, superficial to the hypothenar eminence. Functionally, the PB has been proposed to protect the neurovasculature of the ulnar canal from compressive forces during repetitive or intermittent trauma associated with grasping. Although PB function has been inferred from cadaveric observations, it is unknown whether it has the contractile capacity and fatigue-resistance necessary to withstand these functional demands. Insight into the functional specialization of the PB can be provided through investigating the proportions of type I and type II muscle fibers by staining for myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms using immunohistochemical methods. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to quantify the proportion of type I and type II muscle fibers to provide insight into the role of the PB in palmar function based on its gross histological structure. Sixteen PB specimens were harvested from the hands (eight right, eight left) of eight formalin-embalmed cadavers (mean age: 75 ± 14 years; three males, five females). PB muscle composition was determined by labeling serial cross-sections with MHC type I and type II monoclonal antibodies. The results indicate that the PB is primarily composed of type I muscle fibers (72.2 ± 13.7%), with no significant differences between left and right hands. Given the predominance of type I muscle fibers, our findings indicate the PB may be fatigue-resistant and thus, capable of contracting for prolonged durations. This supports cadaveric observations indicating that the PB functions to protect the ulnar neurovasculature of the palm by providing a muscular barrier in addition to serving as a functional anchor to the hypothenar fat pad when objects are firmly compressed into the palm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin W Moore
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler S Beveridge
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles L Rice
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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23
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Searching for proprioceptors in human facial muscles. Neurosci Lett 2017; 640:1-5. [PMID: 28082150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human craniofacial muscles innervated by the facial nerve typically lack muscle spindles. However these muscles have proprioception that participates in the coordination of facial movements. A functional substitution of facial proprioceptors by cutaneous mechanoreceptors has been proposed but at present this alternative has not been demonstrated. Here we have investigated whether other kinds of sensory structures are present in two human facial muscles (zygomatic major and buccal). Human checks were removed from Spanish cadavers, and processed for immunohistochemical detection of nerve fibers (neurofilament proteins and S100 protein) and two putative mechanoproteins (acid-sensing ion channel 2 and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4) associated with mechanosensing. Nerves of different calibers were found in the connective septa and within the muscle itself. In all the muscles analysed, capsular corpuscle-like structures resembling elongated or round Ruffini-like corpuscles were observed. Moreover the axon profiles within these structures displayed immunoreactivity for both putative mechanoproteins. The present results demonstrate the presence of sensory structures in facial muscles that can substitute for typical muscle spindles as the source of facial proprioception.
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Genther DJ, Kim LR, Loyo MD, Boahene KD. Transposed Corrugator Supercilii Muscle-Tendon Unit Flap for Contralateral Paralytic Medial Ectropion Repair. JAMA FACIAL PLAST SU 2016; 18:231-2. [PMID: 26987020 DOI: 10.1001/jamafacial.2016.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dane J Genther
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Leslie R Kim
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myriam D Loyo
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland
| | - Kofi D Boahene
- Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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Anatomocosmetic implication rules of the corrugator supercilii muscle for youthful eye appearance. Surg Radiol Anat 2016; 38:1045-1051. [DOI: 10.1007/s00276-016-1666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Cipresso P. Modeling behavior dynamics using computational psychometrics within virtual worlds. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1725. [PMID: 26594193 PMCID: PMC4635205 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In case of fire in a building, how will people behave in the crowd? The behavior of each individual affects the behavior of others and, conversely, each one behaves considering the crowd as a whole and the individual others. In this article, I propose a three-step method to explore a brand new way to study behavior dynamics. The first step relies on the creation of specific situations with standard techniques (such as mental imagery, text, video, and audio) and an advanced technique [Virtual Reality (VR)] to manipulate experimental settings. The second step concerns the measurement of behavior in one, two, or many individuals focusing on parameters extractions to provide information about the behavior dynamics. Finally, the third step, which uses the parameters collected and measured in the previous two steps in order to simulate possible scenarios to forecast through computational models, understand, and explain behavior dynamics at the social level. An experimental study was also included to demonstrate the three-step method and a possible scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Cipresso
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico ItalianoMilano, Italy
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27
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Yamamoto S, Yamamoto Y, Kitajima O, Maeda T, Suzuki T. Reversal of neuromuscular block with sugammadex: a comparison of the corrugator supercilii and adductor pollicis muscles in a randomized dose-response study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2015; 59:892-901. [PMID: 25962400 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular monitoring using the corrugator supercilii muscle is associated with a number of challenges. The aim of this study was to assess reversal of a rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade with sugammadex according to monitoring either using the corrugator supercilii muscle or the adductor pollicis muscle. We hypothesized that a larger dose of sugammadex would be required to obtain a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 1.0 with the corrugator supercilii muscle than with the adductor pollicis muscle. METHODS Forty patients aged 20-60 years and 40 patients aged ≥ 70 years were enrolled. After induction of anesthesia, we recorded the corrugator supercilii muscle response to facial nerve stimulation and the adductor pollicis muscle response to ulnar nerve stimulation using acceleromyography. All patients received 1 mg/kg rocuronium. When the first twitch (T1) of TOF recovered to 10% of control values at the corrugator supercilii, rocuronium infusion was commenced to maintain a T1 of 10% of the control at the corrugator supercilii. Immediately after discontinuation of rocuronium infusion, 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg of sugammadex was administered. The time for recovery to a TOF ratio of 1.0 and the number of patients not reaching a TOF ratio of 1.0 by 5 min at each dose and muscle was recorded. RESULTS When neuromuscular block at the corrugator supercilii was maintained at a T1 of 10% of control, that at the adductor pollicis was deep (post-tetanic count ≤ 5). Sugammadex 4 mg/kg completely antagonized neuromuscular block at both muscles within 5 min. The time to a TOF ratio of 1.0 at the adductor pollicis was significantly longer in the group ≥ 70 years than the group 20-60 years (mean (SD): 178 (42.8) s vs. 120 (9.4) s, P < 0.0001). In contrast, 2 mg/kg sugammadex reversed neuromuscular blockade at the corrugator supercilii but not at the adductor pollicis, with 10 patients in the group 20-60 years and 8 patients in the group ≥ 70 years requiring an additional sugammadex (P < 0.05 vs. 4 mg/kg sugammadex). CONCLUSION Sugammadex 4 mg/kg was required to reverse a moderate rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block when the corrugator supercilii muscle is used for monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yamamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - Y. Yamamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - O. Kitajima
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Maeda
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
| | - T. Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology; Nihon University School of Medicine; Tokyo Japan
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Pietro C, Silvia S, Giuseppe R. The pursuit of happiness measurement: a psychometric model based on psychophysiological correlates. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:139128. [PMID: 24955383 PMCID: PMC4032680 DOI: 10.1155/2014/139128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Everyone is interested in the pursuit of happiness, but the real problem for the researchers is how to measure it. Our aim was to deeply investigate happiness measurement through biomedical signals, using psychophysiological methods to objectify the happiness experiences measurements. The classic valence-arousal model of affective states to study happiness has been extensively used in psychophysiology. However, really few studies considered a real combination of these two dimensions and no study further investigated multidimensional models. More, most studies focused mainly on self-report to measure happiness and a deeper psychophysiological investigation on the dimensions of such an experience is still missing. A multidimensional model of happiness is presented and both the dimensions and the measures extracted within each dimension are comprehensively explained. This multidimensional model aims at being a milestone for future systematic study on psychophysiology of happiness and affective states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cipresso Pietro
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory (IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Via Pellizza da Volpedo 41, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Serino Silvia
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory (IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Via Pellizza da Volpedo 41, 20149 Milan, Italy
| | - Riva Giuseppe
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Laboratory (IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano), Via Pellizza da Volpedo 41, 20149 Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Milan, Largo Gemelli 1, 20123 Milan, Italy
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29
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Cattaneo L, Pavesi G. The facial motor system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 38:135-59. [PMID: 24239732 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Facial movements support a variety of functions in human behavior. They participate in automatic somatic and visceral motor programs, they are essential in producing communicative displays of affective states and they are also subject to voluntary control. The multiplicity of functions of facial muscles, compared to limb muscles, is reflected in the heterogeneity of their anatomical and histological characteristics that goes well beyond the conventional classification in single facial muscles. Such parcellation in different functional muscular units is maintained throughout the central representation of facial movements from the brainstem up to the neocortex. Facial movements peculiarly lack a conventional proprioceptive feedback system, which is only in part vicariated by cutaneous or auditory afferents. Facial motor activity is the main marker of endogenous affective states and of the affective valence of external stimuli. At the cortical level, a complex network of specialized motor areas supports voluntary facial movements and, differently from upper limb movements, in such network there does not seem to be a prime actor in the primary motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Cattaneo
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, Mattarello, Trento 38123, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pavesi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, Parma 43100, Italy
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30
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Comparison of four facial muscles, orbicularis oculi, corrugator supercilii, masseter or mylohyoid, as best predictor of good conditions for intubation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30:556-62. [DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e3283625039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Hwang K. Surgical anatomy of the upper eyelid relating to upper blepharoplasty or blepharoptosis surgery. Anat Cell Biol 2013; 46:93-100. [PMID: 23869256 PMCID: PMC3713284 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2013.46.2.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eyelid anatomy, including thickness measurements, was examined in numerous age groups. The thickest part of the upper eyelid is just below the eyebrow (1.127±238 µm), and the thinnest near the ciliary margin (320±49 µm). The thickness of skin at 7 mm above the eyelashes was 860±305 µm. The results revealed no significant differences among the age groups. Fast fibers (87.8±3.7%) occupied a significantly larger portion of the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM) than nonfast fibers (12.2±3.7%). The frontalis muscle passed through and was inserted into the bundles of the OOM on the superior border of the eyebrow at the middle and medial portions of the upper eyelid. Laterally, the frontalis muscle inserted about 0.5 cm below the superior border of the eyebrow. Fast fibers occupied a significantly larger portion of the OOM than did non-fast fibers. The oculomotor nerve ends that extend forward to the distal third of the levator muscle are exposed and vulnerable to local anesthetics and may be numbed during blepharoplasty. The orbital septum consists of 2 layers. The outer layer of loose connective tissue descends to interdigitate with the levator aponeurosis and disperses inferiorly. The inner layer follows the outer layer, then reflects and continues posteriorly with the levator sheath. Widths of the tarsal plate at its lower border, mid-height, and upper border were 21.8±1.8, 16.2±1.6, and 8.3±1.0 mm, respectively. The widths of the levator aponeurosis were 32.0±2.2, 29.2±3.5, and 27.2±3.9 mm, respectively. Below the levator, the "conjoint fascial sheath" (CFS) is attached to the conjunctival fornix. The CFS was 12.2±2.0 mm anteroposterior length and 1.1±0.1 mm thick. The shape was equilateral trapezoid with a longer base anteriorly. The superior palpebral muscle was trapezoidal. The lengths of its sides were 15.58±1.82 and 22.30±5.25 mm, and its height was 13.70±2.74 mm. The width of the levator aponeurosis was approximately 4 mm wider than the superior palpebral muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Hwang
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 Project, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Hwang K, Huan F, Kim DJ. Muscle fibre types of the lumbrical, interossei, flexor, and extensor muscles moving the index finger. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2013; 47:268-72. [DOI: 10.3109/2000656x.2012.755988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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McKelvie P, Satchi K, McNab AA, Kennedy P. Orbicularis oculi: morphological changes mimicking mitochondrial cytopathy in a series of control normal muscles. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2011; 40:497-502. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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36
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Pickett A, Rosales RL. New Trends in the Science of Botulinum Toxin-A as Applied in Dystonia. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121 Suppl 1:22-34. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2010.539306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Angelov DN. Factors Limiting Motor Recovery After Facial Nerve Injury. PHYSICAL REHABILITATION OF PARALYSED FACIAL MUSCLES: FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CORRELATES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-18120-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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de Miranda Marzullo AC, Neto OP, Ballard KJ, Robin DA, Chaitow L, Christou EA. Neural control of the lips differs for young and older adults following a perturbation. Exp Brain Res 2010; 206:319-27. [PMID: 20852991 PMCID: PMC3167083 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aging impairs the control of many skilled movements including speech. The purpose of this paper was to investigate whether young and older adults adapt to lower lip perturbations during speech differently. Twenty men (10 young, 26 ± 3 years of age; 10 older, 60 ± 9 years of age) were requested to repeat the word ("papa") 300 times. In 15% of the trials, the subjects experienced a mechanical perturbation on the lower lip. Displacement and neural activation (EMG) of the upper and lower lips were evaluated. Perturbations to the lower lip caused a greater increase in the maximum displacement of the lower lip for older adults compared with young adults (34.7 ± 19% vs. 13.4 ± 17%; P=0.017). Furthermore, young adults exhibited significantly greater 30-100 Hz normalized EMG power for the lower lip compared to the upper lip (P<0.005). In young adults, changes from normal to perturbed trials in the 30-50 Hz frequency band of the EMG were negatively correlated to the changes from normal to perturbed trials in the lower lip maximum displacement (R (2) =0.48; P=0.025). It is concluded that young adults adapt better to lower lip perturbations compared with older adults and that the associated neural activation strategy of the involved muscle is different for the two age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Miranda Marzullo
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA; Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Osmar Pinto Neto
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA; Universidade Camilo Castelo Branco, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Donald A. Robin
- Research Imaging Center, Departments of Neurology, and Radiology, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lauren Chaitow
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Evangelos A. Christou
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-8205, USA
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Saitoh Y, Oshima T, Nakata Y. Monitoring of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block at the sternocleidomastoid muscle in anesthetized patients. J Anesth 2010; 24:838-44. [PMID: 20725751 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-010-1012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the degree of neuromuscular block acceleromyographically at the sternocleidomastoid muscle. METHODS Eighteen adult patients scheduled for air-oxygen-sevoflurane-fentanyl and epidural anesthesia were studied. In the patients, the right accessory nerve and the sternocleidomastoid muscle were stimulated and the contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle was evaluated acceleromyographically. Simultaneously, the response of the adductor pollicis muscle was measured electromyographically. Supramaximal stimulating current, degree of maximum neuromuscular block after vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg, and onset of or recovery from vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block were compared between the two muscles. RESULTS The supramaximal stimulating current at the sternocleidomastoid muscle was significantly higher than that at the adductor pollicis muscle (54.8 ± 7.1 vs. 33.7 ± 10.3 mA, mean ± SD, P < 0.001). The onset of neuromuscular block at the sternocleidomastoid muscle did not significantly differ from that at the adductor pollicis muscle (214 ± 117 vs. 161 ± 87 s, P = 0.131). The degree of maximum neuromuscular block at the sternocleidomastoid muscle was significantly less than that at the adductor pollicis muscle (93.6 ± 3.1 vs. 99.2 ± 2.5%, P < 0.001). During recovery from neuromuscular block, T1/control and train-of-four ratio measured at the sternocleidomastoid muscle were significantly higher than those at the adductor pollicis muscle 10-30 and 40-120 min after vecuronium, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The sternocleidomastoid muscle is more resistant to vecuronium than the adductor pollicis muscle. Recovery from neuromuscular block is faster at the sternocleidomastoid muscle than at the adductor pollicis muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhji Saitoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tsujinaka Hospital Kashiwanoha, 148-6 Kashiwanoha Campus, 178-2 Wakashiba, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0871, Japan.
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Suzuki T, Mizutani H, Miyake E, Fukano N, Saeki S, Ogawa S. Infusion requirements and reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii and adductor pollicis muscles. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1336-40. [PMID: 19650798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to compare the infusion rates required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block and the reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) and the adductor pollicis muscle (APM). METHODS We randomly allocated 30 female patients into two groups of 15 patients each to monitor neuromuscular block at either the CSM or the APM. After induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion, contraction of the CSM to the facial nerve stimulation or that of the APM to the ulnar nerve stimulation was quantified using an acceleromyograph during 1.0-1.5% end-tidal sevoflurane anaesthesia. All the patients received a bolus of 1 mg/kg rocuronium. When the first twitch (T1) of train-of-four (TOF) recovered to 10% of the control, rocuronium infusion was commenced and maintained at T1 of 10% of the control at the CSM or APM for 120 min. Immediately after rocuronium infusion was discontinued, the time required for 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine-facilitated recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 was recorded. RESULTS Rocuronium infusion dose after a lapse of 120 min was significantly larger in the CSM than in the APM [7.1 (2.3) vs. 4.7 (2.6) microg/kg/min; P=0.001]. The time for facilitated recovery was shorter in the CSM than in the APM [11.4 (3.8) vs. 16.2 (6.0) min; P=0.016]. CONCLUSION A larger rocuronium infusion dose was required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block at the CSM. Neostigmine-mediated reversal was faster at the CSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Anesthesiology, Surugadai Nihon University Hospital, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Farrugia ME, Jacob S, Sarrigiannis PG, Kennett RP. Correlating extent of neuromuscular instability with acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Muscle Nerve 2009; 39:489-93. [PMID: 19260064 DOI: 10.1002/mus.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a retrospective study of 86 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), we correlated the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titers with single-fiber EMG studies to explore whether a relationship exists between these parameters. We found that the AChR antibody titers correlated significantly with the mean of the mean consecutive difference of orbicularis oculi (OO, P<0.0001) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC, P<0.0001). The correlation was found to be stronger in OO. The antibody titers also correlated with the percentage of potential pairs with increased jitter in both muscles and, again, the correlation was more significant in OO (P<0.0001) than in EDC (P=0.001). We speculate that this relationship is stronger in OO than in the limb muscles, because the architectural and immunological differences in the motor unit render OO more vulnerable and sensitive to disturbances in neuromuscular transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Farrugia
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Rogers CR, Mooney MP, Smith TD, Weinberg SM, Waller BM, Parr LA, Docherty BA, Bonar CJ, Reinholt LE, Deleyiannis FWB, Siegel MI, Marazita ML, Burrows AM. Comparative microanatomy of the orbicularis oris muscle between chimpanzees and humans: evolutionary divergence of lip function. J Anat 2009; 214:36-44. [PMID: 19166471 PMCID: PMC2631558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01004.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The orbicularis oris muscle plays a role in the production of primate facial expressions and vocalizations, nutrient intake, and in some non-human primates it is used as a prehensile, manipulative tool. As the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is the closest living relative of humans, a comparison of the orbicularis oris muscle between these species may increase our understanding of the morphological specializations related to the differing functional demands of their lips and the factors responsible for their divergent evolution. To this end, this study compares the microanatomy of the mid-line upper fibers of the orbicularis oris muscle between chimpanzees and humans. A mid-line portion of the orbicularis oris muscle was harvested from the upper lips of three chimpanzee and five human cadavers. The sampled blocks included the area between the lateral borders of the nasal alar cartilages in both species. Each sample was processed for paraffin histology, sectioned and stained with a variety of protocols. Sections were examined for fiber direction and relative thickness of muscle layers. Ratios of cross-sectional connective tissue area vs. cross-sectional muscle tissue area, muscle fiber diameter and relative dermal thickness were calculated for each species. In both species, a clear pars marginalis layer was recognized, contrary to previous reports that only humans possess this layer. In chimpanzees, the relative fiber diameter and relative amount of muscle tissue (i.e. based on ratio of connective tissue area : muscle tissue area) were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in humans. In contrast, measurements of relative dermal thickness showed that humans have a greater average dermal thickness of the upper lip than chimpanzees. Taken together, these results suggest that both human and chimpanzee orbicularis oris muscle upper fibers meet the specific functional demands associated with their divergent vocal and facial display repertoires, the development of human speech, and the use of the upper lip as a prehensile tool in chimpanzees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn R Rogers
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, USA
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Abstract
Corrugator supercilii is a facial, forehead and supra-orbital muscle. The frown glabellar wrinkles are mainly formed by repeated contractions of this muscle. These wrinkles will produce the picture of premature ageing even in a young person. Many treatments reduce or abolish the action of this muscle, enhancing the appearance of the glabellar area. We propose to review the recent material related to the anatomical characteristics of this muscle in order to build the necessary knowledge to optimize the result of these different treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bartolin
- Service de chirurgie plastique et reconstructrice, hôpital Roger-Salengro, CHRU de Lille, boulevard du Professeur-Emile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
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Cheng NC, Liao SL, Wang IJ, Lin IC, Tang YB. Fiber type and myosin heavy chain compositions of adult pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:177-82. [PMID: 17370042 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9085-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle (POOM) is an important structure of eyelid movement in human. The aim of this study was to investigate fiber histomorphology and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform composition of adult POOM, and to clarify their age-related changes. Eyelid specimens from 58 subjects (age range, 21 to 91 years) were collected during upper blepharoplasty procedures. Serial cross sections of POOM were ATPase-stained and examined under miscroscope. Quantitative measures of muscle fiber size and fiber type distribution were obtained in 35 subjects with adequate fiber cross sections. Relative MyHC isoform contents of POOM were retrieved by gel electrophoresis in all 58 subjects. Examination of the histochemical staining revealed an abundance of type II fiber ( >85%) in human POOM, with more type IIX than IIA fibers. Decreased mean area of all fibers and type IIA fibers were noted in the old group when compared to the young. As for MyHC analysis, the relative content of MyHC isoforms exhibited an order of IIX > IIA > I, and the relative MyHC IIA content showed a negative correlation with age. Comparing with previous studies of limb or masticatory muscles, adult POOM exhibits a unique fiber and MyHC composition, as well as a different aging pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Chen Cheng
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Farrugia ME, Kennett RP, Hilton-Jones D, Newsom-Davis J, Vincent A. Quantitative EMG of facial muscles in myasthenia patients with MuSK antibodies. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:269-77. [PMID: 17157556 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2005] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the pathophysiological process leading to facial muscle atrophy in 13 patients with MuSK antibody positive myasthenia gravis (MuSK-MG), and to compare with findings from 12 acetylcholine receptor antibody positive myasthenia patients (AChR-MG), selected because they suffered from the same degree of disease severity and required similar treatment. METHODS Motor unit action potential (MUAP) and interference pattern analysis from orbicularis oculi (O oculi) and orbicularis oris (O oris) muscles were studied using a concentric needle electrode, and compared with findings in 20 normal subjects, 6 patients receiving botulinum toxin injections (representing a neurogenic model) and 6 patients with a muscle dystrophy (representing a myopathic model). The techniques and control data have been reported previously. RESULTS The mean MUAP durations for O oculi and O oris were significantly reduced (p<0.001) in both MG cohorts when compared with healthy subjects, and were similar to those in the myopathic control group. They were significantly different from those obtained from the neurogenic control group (p<0.001 for both O oculi and O oris). The MUAP findings in O oculi occurred independently from neuromuscular blocking on single fibre EMG (SFEMG) in the same muscle. On turns amplitude analysis (TAA), 50% of MuSK-MG patients and 42% of AChR-MG patients had a pattern in O oculi which was similar to that in the myopathic control group, and 62% of MuSK-MG patients and 50% of AChR-MG patients had a pattern in O oris that was also similar to that in the myopathic control group. The TAA findings for O oculi and O oris in both MG cohorts were different from those obtained from the neurogenic control group. CONCLUSIONS Facial muscle atrophy in MuSK-MG patients is not neurogenic and the pathophysiological changes are akin to a myopathic process. The selected AChR-MG patients also show evidence of a similar pathophysiological process in the facial muscles albeit to a lesser degree. SIGNIFICANCE We propose that muscle atrophy in MuSK-MG is a myopathic process consisting of either muscle fibre shrinkage or loss of muscle fibres from motor units. The duration of disease and long-term steroid treatment may be further contributory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Farrugia
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, The Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford OX2 6HE, UK.
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Peleg G, Katzir G, Peleg O, Kamara M, Brodsky L, Hel-Or H, Keren D, Nevo E. Hereditary family signature of facial expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:15921-6. [PMID: 17043232 PMCID: PMC1635104 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607551103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although facial expressions of emotion are universal, individual differences create a facial expression "signature" for each person; but, is there a unique family facial expression signature? Only a few family studies on the heredity of facial expressions have been performed, none of which compared the gestalt of movements in various emotional states; they compared only a few movements in one or two emotional states. No studies, to our knowledge, have compared movements of congenitally blind subjects with their relatives to our knowledge. Using two types of analyses, we show a correlation between movements of congenitally blind subjects with those of their relatives in think-concentrate, sadness, anger, disgust, joy, and surprise and provide evidence for a unique family facial expression signature. In the analysis "in-out family test," a particular movement was compared each time across subjects. Results show that the frequency of occurrence of a movement of a congenitally blind subject in his family is significantly higher than that outside of his family in think-concentrate, sadness, and anger. In the analysis "the classification test," in which congenitally blind subjects were classified to their families according to the gestalt of movements, results show 80% correct classification over the entire interview and 75% in anger. Analysis of the movements' frequencies in anger revealed a correlation between the movements' frequencies of congenitally blind individuals and those of their relatives. This study anticipates discovering genes that influence facial expressions, understanding their evolutionary significance, and elucidating repair mechanisms for syndromes lacking facial expression, such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gadi Katzir
- Department of Biology, Oranim-University of Haifa, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | | | - Michal Kamara
- Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
| | | | - Hagit Hel-Or
- Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
| | - Daniel Keren
- Department of Computer Science, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel; and
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- *Institute of Evolution, and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Guyuron B. Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation: I. Limitations, flaws, and rewards. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 117:1121-33; discussion 1134-6. [PMID: 16582774 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000202125.19093.b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of endoscopic forehead rejuvenation has been questioned. However, many proponents of the technique are convinced that this procedure is indeed an optimal choice for the majority of patients desiring forehead rejuvenation and have found the means of preventing adversities. METHODS The purpose of this article is to discuss the common features and reasons for suboptimal endoscopic forehead rejuvenation outcomes and avoidance of these flaws based on the author's experience with 372 procedures. RESULTS These imperfections include inadequate muscle resection, under- or overelevation of the eyebrows, asymmetry, glabellar dimpling or depression, displeasing eyebrow arch, and excessive separation of the eyebrows. CONCLUSIONS In this report, the details of these flawed outcomes are discussed, and the ways in which they can be avoided or corrected are reviewed to improve the learning curve for less-experienced surgeons and to aid in producing more predictable and pleasing results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Guyuron
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the long-term objective and subjective outcomes in patients who have undergone endoscopic forehead rejuvenation. METHODS Preoperative and postoperative photographs of 100 patients who underwent endoscopic forehead rejuvenation by one surgeon (B.G.) between 1993 and 2001 were objectively analyzed. Postoperative changes in left and right eyebrow position were assessed in each patient by counting the number of pixels in the digitalized photographs and by clinical measurements, and compared with preoperative values. In addition, subjective ratings of the surgical outcome obtained from both the patient and the evaluating surgeon were compared. All data were analyzed using the paired t test. RESULTS The average postoperative follow-up was 44 months (range, 12 to 95 months). Statistically significant differences in brow position between the preoperative and postoperative periods were observed in the following categories: the average distance from the lower brow margin to the upper eyelid margin (p < 0.005), the average distance from the lateral brow margin to the medial canthus horizontal line (p < 0.001), elevation of the lateral canthus relative to the medial canthus (p < 0.001), and the distance between the medial margins of the eyebrows (p < 0.001). In addition, preoperatively, 74 percent of eyebrows were positioned below the superior orbital rim, whereas 97 percent were positioned at the rim or above postoperatively, with 82 percent positioned above the rim. The most common complications were some degree of persistent paresthesia (50 percent), itching (14 percent), and forehead dynamic imperfections and irregularity (10 percent). CONCLUSION Endoscopic forehead rejuvenation improves brow position relative to the orbital rim, brow arch form, vertical frown lines, and horizontal frown lines of the forehead, with stable results many years after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin A Behmand
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Walden JL, Brown CC, Klapper AJ, Chia CT, Aston SJ. An anatomical comparison of transpalpebral, endoscopic, and coronal approaches to demonstrate exposure and extent of brow depressor muscle resection. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 116:1479-87; discussion 1488-9. [PMID: 16217498 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000182649.14511.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approaches for exposure of the muscles of brow depression include transpalpebral, endoscopically assisted, and open coronal techniques. The purpose of this anatomical study was to compare the capacity for visualization and amount of brow depressor muscle resection with each technique. METHODS The corrugator supercilii, depressor supercilii, medial orbicularis oculi, and procerus muscles were studied by gross anatomical dissection carried out on 24 sides of 12 cadaver heads. First, all visible corrugator and depressor supercilii muscles were resected by means of an upper blepharoplasty incision. Subsequently, a subgaleal endoscopic approach was used to evaluate the extent of resection performed and remove the remaining muscle after transpalpebral corrugator resection. This was followed by coronal exposure to assess the anatomical location and extent of muscle resection accomplished by the two previously mentioned techniques. RESULTS In all dissections, endoscopy demonstrated that up to one-third of the lateral aspect of the transverse heads of the corrugator supercilii remained following transpalpebral resection. Oblique corrugator head resections were complete, without significant residual muscle following transpalpebral corrugator resection. The procerus muscle was able to be blindly transected by means of the transpalpebral incision but exposed and ablated in all 12 specimens using endoscopy. Coronal exposure demonstrated that no significant amount of corrugator, depressor supercilii, or procerus muscle remained in any of the 12 heads following endoscopically assisted exposure and resection. The medial head of the orbital portion of the orbicularis oculi was visualized and accessible regardless of the technique used. CONCLUSIONS In 24 anatomical dissections, transpalpebral corrugator resection failed to remove up to one-third of the transverse head of the corrugator muscle. Removal of the brow depressor muscles was accomplished with the endoscopic approach, as confirmed by coronal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Walden
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Manhattan Eye, Ear and Throat Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
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Michaud G, Trager G, Deschamps S, Hemmerling TM. Monitoring neuromuscular blockade at the vastus medialis muscle using phonomyography. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:795-800. [PMID: 16189329 DOI: 10.1007/bf03021772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The vastus medialis muscle has been recently proposed as a new site for monitoring neuromuscular blockade (NMB). The purpose of this study is to compare NMB at the vastus medialis with the adductor pollicis muscle using phonomyography (PMG). METHODS Fifteen patients were enrolled in the study. Anesthesia was induced with remifentanil 0.25 to 0.5 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1), followed by propofol 2 to 2.5 mg(-1) x kg(-1) iv. Analgesia was provided by remifentanil 0.05 to 0.25 microg x kg (-1) x min(-1) iv throughout surgery. A small piezo-electric microphone was attached to the middle of the thenar mass of the right hand to record acoustic signals produced by the contraction of the adductor pollicis muscle. A second microphone was fixed to the medial part of the thigh, 10 cm over the patella, to record the response from the vastus medialis muscle. The ulnar nerve and the im branches of the femoral nerve were stimulated using train-of-four stimulation every 12 sec. Onset, maximum effect, and offset of neuromuscular block were measured after mivacurium 0.2 mg x kg(-1) iv and compared. RESULTS At the vastus medialis muscle, the onset of NMB was significantly shorter at 1.9 +/- 0.6 min vs 2.8 +/- 0.7 min, the maximum effect less pronounced at 85 +/- 11% vs 96 +/- 2% and recovery of NMB to 25%, 75%, 90% of twitch control height more rapid than at the adductor pollicis muscle at 17 +/- 2.2 min vs 21.6 +/- 4.2 min, 26.7 +/- 6.5 vs 21 +/- 4.1 min and 30.7 +/- 6.6 vs 35.9 +/- 7.1 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PMG can be used to measure NMB at the vastus medialis muscle. We found a shorter onset time, less pronounced maximum effect and more rapid recovery of NMB at the vastus medialis muscle than at the adductor pollicis muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Michaud
- Neuromuscular Research Group (NRG), Department of Anesthesiology, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM) Hôtel-Dieu, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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