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Kuhara T, Tetsuo M, Ohse M, Shirakawa T, Nakashima Y, Yoshiura K, Tanaka N, Taya T. Three cases of xanthinuria identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based urine metabolomics. IJU Case Rep 2023; 6:436-439. [PMID: 37928284 PMCID: PMC10622199 DOI: 10.1002/iju5.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early diagnosis of patients with urolithiasis or hypouricemia owing to inborn errors of hypoxanthine metabolism is important in preventing renal failure or drug-induced toxicity. Case presentation We identified three patients with xanthinuria using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based urine metabolomics: a 72-year-old male with bladder stone, a severe hypouricemic 59-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and an 8-year and 9-month-old female who was first discovered to harbor a mutation in the xanthine dehydrogenase gene using whole-exome sequencing, but had a normal molybdenum cofactor sulfurase gene. Hydantoin-5-propionate was detected in the first and third patients but not in the second, suggesting that the first and second patients had type I and II xanthinuria, respectively. Conclusion Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based metabolomics can be used for undiagnosed patients with xanthinuria, identification of the type of xanthinuria without allopurinol loading, and the quick functional evaluation of mutations in the xanthinuria-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Kuhara
- Japan Clinical Metabolomics InstituteKahokuIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Morimasa Ohse
- Japan Clinical Metabolomics InstituteKahokuIshikawaJapan
| | | | - Yumiko Nakashima
- Department of PediatricsNagasaki University HospitalNagasakiJapan
| | - Koh‐ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human GeneticsAtomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki UniversityNagasakiJapan
| | - Nagaaki Tanaka
- Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and MetabolismKansai Electric Power HospitalOsakaJapan
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Zhao B, Chen P, She X, Chen X, Ni Z, Zhou D, Yu Z, Liu C, Huang X. China nationwide landscape of 16 types inherited metabolic disorders: a retrospective analysis on 372,255 clinical cases. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:228. [PMID: 37537594 PMCID: PMC10398906 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02834-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs) usually occurs at young age and hence it severely threatening the health and life of young people. While so far there lacks a comprehensive study which can reveals China's nationwide landscape of IMDs. This study aimed to evaluate IMDs incidence and regional distributions in China at a national and province level to guide clinicians and policy makers. METHODS The retrospective study conducted from January 2012 to March 2021, we analyzed and characterized 372255 cases' clinical test information and diagnostic data from KingMed Diagnostics Laboratory. The samples were from 32 provincial regions of China, the urine organic acids were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots were detected by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We did a statistical analysis of the distribution of the 16 most common IMDs in amino acid disorders and organic acidemias, and then paid special attention to analyze the age and regional distributions of different IMDs. The statistical analyses and visualization analysis were performed with the programming language R (version 4.2.1). RESULTS There were 4911 positive cases diagnosed, which was 1.32% of the total sample during the ten-year study period. Most diseases tended to occur at ages younger than 18 year-old. The Ornithine Transcarbamylase Deficiency tended to progress on male infants who were less than 28 days old. While the peak of the positive case number of Citrin Deficiency disease (CD) was at 1-6 months. Different IMDs' had different distribution patterns in China's provinces. Methylmalonic Acidemias and Hyperphenylalaninemia had an imbalanced distribution pattern in China and its positive rate was significantly higher in North China than South China. Conversely, the positive rate of CD was significantly higher in South China than North China. CONCLUSIONS Results of this work, such as the differences in distribution pattern of different diseases in terms of age, region, etc. provide important insights and references for clinicians, researchers and healthcare policy makers. The policy makers could optimize the better health screening programs for covering children and infants in specific ages and regions based on our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhao
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Bisheng Road, Hangzhou City, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Center, Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou International Bioisland, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Disease Diagnositc, Guangzhou International Bioisand, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peichun Chen
- Shenzhen Guangming Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.39 of Huaxia Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, Guangdong, China
| | - Xuhui She
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Center, Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou International Bioisland, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiuru Chen
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Center, Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou International Bioisland, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhou Ni
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Center, Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou International Bioisland, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Duo Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Bisheng Road, Hangzhou City, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zinan Yu
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Bisheng Road, Hangzhou City, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry Center, Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou International Bioisland, No.10 Luoxuan Third Road, Guangzhou City, 510005, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinwen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Bisheng Road, Hangzhou City, 310052, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Screening of Organic Acidurias by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:321-333. [PMID: 36127601 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic acidurias or acidemias are a group of diverse disorders caused by decreased or diminished activity of specific enzyme or transporter involved in the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and nucleic acids. Organic acidurias are generally inherited but may be acquired due to deficiency of certain cofactors or vitamins. As clinical symptoms are of nonspecific nature, definitive diagnosis of organic aciduria requires measurement of organic acids in urine or blood and sometimes enzyme activity in the cells. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is a commonly used method for screening of organic acidurias.GC-MS procedure described here involves the use of urine volume that contains 1 μmole (113 μg) of creatinine. Internal standards (tropic and 2-ketocaproic acids) are added to the samples, followed by treatment with hydroxylamine to form oxime derivatives of the ketoacids. The mixture is then acidified, and organic acids are extracted in ethyl acetate. The organic extract is concentrated to dryness, and the residue is treated with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA)/trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS)/pyridine to form the trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the organic acids. The derivatized extract is then directly injected onto GC-MS for analysis.
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Quantitative Organic Acids in Urine by Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2546:351-363. [PMID: 36127603 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2565-1_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Seventy-six organic acids in urine specimens are determined with quantitative two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). The specimen is treated with urease to remove urea and then derivatized to form pentafluorobenzyl oximes (PFBO) of oxo-acids. The sample is then treated with ethyl alcohol to precipitate proteins and centrifuged. After drying the supernatant, the organic acids are derivatized to form volatile trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives for separation by capillary two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with temperature programming and modulation. Detection is by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) with identification of the organic acids by their mass spectra. Organic acids are quantitated by peak areas of reconstructed ion chromatograms with internal standards and calibration curves. Organic acids are quantified to determine abnormal patterns for the diagnosis of more than 100 inherited disorders of organic acid metabolism. Characteristic abnormal metabolites are quantified to monitor dietary and other modes of treatment for patients who are diagnosed with specific organic acid disorders.
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Orlowska K, Fling RR, Nault R, Sink WJ, Schilmiller AL, Zacharewski T. Dioxin-elicited decrease in cobalamin redirects propionyl-CoA metabolism to the β-oxidation-like pathway resulting in acrylyl-CoA conjugate buildup. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102301. [PMID: 35931118 PMCID: PMC9418907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a persistent environmental contaminant that induces diverse biological and toxic effects, including reprogramming intermediate metabolism, mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. However, the specific reprogramming effects of TCDD are unclear. Here, we performed targeted LC-MS analysis of hepatic extracts from mice gavaged with TCDD. We detected an increase in S-(2-carboxyethyl)-L-cysteine, a conjugate from the spontaneous reaction between the cysteine sulfhydryl group and highly reactive acrylyl-CoA, an intermediate in the cobalamin (Cbl)-independent β-oxidation-like metabolism of propionyl-CoA. TCDD repressed genes in both the canonical Cbl-dependent carboxylase and the alternate Cbl-independent β-oxidation-like pathways as well as inhibited methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) at lower doses. Moreover, TCDD decreased serum Cbl levels and hepatic cobalt levels while eliciting negligible effects on gene expression associated with Cbl absorption, transport, trafficking, or derivatization to 5'-deoxy-adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), the required MUT cofactor. Additionally, TCDD induced the gene encoding aconitate decarboxylase 1 (Acod1), the enzyme responsible for decarboxylation of cis-aconitate to itaconate, and dose-dependently increased itaconate levels in hepatic extracts. Our results indicate MUT inhibition is consistent with itaconate activation to itaconyl-CoA, a MUT suicide inactivator that forms an adduct with adenosylcobalamin. This adduct in turn inhibits MUT activity and reduces Cbl levels. Collectively, these results suggest the decrease in MUT activity is due to Cbl depletion following TCDD treatment, which redirects propionyl-CoA metabolism to the alternate Cbl-independent β-oxidation-like pathway. The resulting hepatic accumulation of acrylyl-CoA likely contributes to TCDD-elicited hepatotoxicity and the multihit progression of steatosis to steatohepatitis with fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Orlowska
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Russ R. Fling
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan Sptate University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Rance Nault
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Warren J. Sink
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA,Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Anthony L. Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Tim Zacharewski
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
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Amani AM, Alami A, Shafiee M, Sanaye R, Dehghani FS, Atefi M, Zare MA, Gheisari F. A highly sensitive electrochemical biosensor for dopamine and uric acid in the presence of a high concentration of ascorbic acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01929-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fully Automated Quantitative Measurement of Serum Organic Acids via LC-MS/MS for the Diagnosis of Organic Acidemias: Establishment of an Automation System and a Proof-of-Concept Validation. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122195. [PMID: 34943431 PMCID: PMC8700112 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry has been widely used to analyze hundreds of organic acids in urine to provide a diagnostic basis for organic acidemia. However, it is difficult to operate in clinical laboratories on a daily basis due to sample pretreatment processing. Therefore, we aimed to develop a fully automated system for quantifying serum organic acids using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The pretreatment CLAM-2030 device was connected to an LC-MS/MS system for processing serum under optimized conditions, which included derivatizing serum organic acids using 3-Nitrophenylhydrazine. The derivatized organic acids were separated on a reverse-phase Sceptor HD-C column and detected using negative-ion electrospray ionization multiple reaction monitoring MS. The automated pretreatment-LC-MS/MS system processed serum in less than 1 h and analyzed 19 serum organic acids, which are used to detect organic acidemias. The system exhibited high quantitative sensitivity ranging from approximately 2 to 100 µM with a measurement reproducibility of 10.4% CV. Moreover, a proof-of-concept validation of the system was performed using sera from patients with propionic acidemia (n = 5), methylmalonic acidemia (n = 2), and 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria (n = 1). The levels of marker organic acids specific to each disease were significantly elevated in the sera of the patients compared to those in control samples. The automated pretreatment-LC-MS/MS system can be used as a rapid in-hospital system to measure organic acid levels in serum for the diagnosis of organic acidemias.
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Lopez-Maldonado A, Pastoriza S, Rufián-Henares JÁ. Assessing the antioxidant and metabolic effect of an alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine nutraceutical. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:336-344. [PMID: 34124692 PMCID: PMC8173094 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Personalized nutrition (PN) is seen as a potentially effective and affordable strategy for the prevention of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). In this study we aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and metabolic effect of a dietary supplement based on alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) and acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) in order to include this product in a novel PN service. The antioxidant properties of the commercial nutraceutical were investigated at physiological conditions (through in vitro digestion) and at mitochondrial conditions. The metabolic activity was assessed in a human pilot study using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) methodology in dried urine samples. The nutraceutical exerted an elevated antiradical activity and reducing capacity, especially at mitochondrial conditions, after in vitro digestion. This increase in mitochondrial activity was also evidenced in vivo by a significant increase in the urinary phosphate concentration (p = 0.004). As pro-oxidant effect was reached with the concentration of 4 capsules, 2 capsules at the same time could be a reasonable dose. No adverse effects were recorded in vivo with this dose. Thus, although its metabolic effect was not so conclusive, ALA + ALC combination might be beneficial as a dietary supplement for the prevention of the oxidative stress and an interesting dietary supplement to consider in large scale studies. The nutritional supplement showed a high in vitro antioxidant-reducing capacity. The antioxidant capacity increase after digestion in contrast to other antioxidants. A pro-oxidant effect was reached with the concentration of 4 capsules. 2 capsules at the same time are safe in humans and may exert some metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Lopez-Maldonado
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Silvia Pastoriza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - José Ángel Rufián-Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, 18012, Granada, Spain
- Corresponding author. Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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Newman M, Curran DA. Reliability of a dried urine test for comprehensive assessment of urine hormones and metabolites. BMC Chem 2021; 15:18. [PMID: 33722278 PMCID: PMC7962249 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mass spectrometry allows for analysis of multiple hormone and organic acid metabolites from small urine volumes; however, to assess the full extent of daily hormone production, 24-h urine collections are usually required. The aims of this study were, first, to confirm that mass spectrometric analysis of an array of hormones and organic acids would yield similar results in both liquid and dried urine, and, second, to determine if collection of four dried spot urine samples could be substituted for a 24-h collection when measuring reproductive hormones. Methods Two study populations were included in this prospective observational study. Twenty individuals collected both a spot liquid urine and dried urine on filter paper to analyze eight organic acids. A second group of 26 individuals collected both a 24-h urine and four dried spot urines during waking hours throughout the same day for evaluation of 17 reproductive hormones and metabolites; data from 18 of these individuals were available to compare liquid versus dried urine results. Dried urine was extracted, hydrolyzed, and derivatized before analysis by mass spectrometry; all analytes from dried urine were normalized to urine creatinine. Results Reproductive hormone results from dried and liquid urine were in excellent agreement with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) greater than 0.90; comparison of dried to liquid urine for organic acids showed good to excellent agreement (ICC range: 0.75 to 0.99). Comparison between the 4-spot urine collection and 24-h urine collection methods showed excellent agreement (ICC > 0.9) for 14 of the 17 urine metabolites and good agreement for the others (ICC 0.78 to 0.85) with no systematic differences between the two methods of collection. Conclusions The burden of urine collection can be reduced using collection of four spot dried urines on filter paper without compromising comparability with hormone results from a 24-h urine collection. A large number of urine analytes can be assessed from the dried urine with similar results to those from liquid urine. Given the ease of sample handling, this 4-spot dried urine assay would be useful for both clinical assessment of patients and for large epidemiologic studies. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-021-00744-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Newman
- Precision Analytical Inc., 3138 NE Rivergate Street #301C, Mcminnville, OR, 97128, USA.
| | - Desmond A Curran
- Precision Analytical Inc., 3138 NE Rivergate Street #301C, Mcminnville, OR, 97128, USA
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Identification of new biomarkers of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy by GC/MS-based urine metabolomics. Anal Biochem 2020; 604:113739. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shi X, Xi B, Jasbi P, Turner C, Jin Y, Gu H. Comprehensive Isotopic Targeted Mass Spectrometry: Reliable Metabolic Flux Analysis with Broad Coverage. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11728-11738. [PMID: 32697570 PMCID: PMC7546585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is highly relevant to understanding metabolic mechanisms of various biological processes. While the pace of methodology development in MFA has been rapid, a major challenge the field continues to witness is limited metabolite coverage, often restricted to a small to moderate number of well-known compounds. In addition, isotopic peaks from an enriched metabolite tend to have low abundances, which makes liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) highly useful in MFA due to its high sensitivity and specificity. Previously we have built large-scale LC-MS/MS approaches that can be routinely used for measurement of up to ∼1,900 metabolite/feature levels [Gu et al. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 12355-12362. Shi et al. Anal. Chem. 2019, 91, 13737-13745.]. In this study, we aim to expand our previous studies focused on metabolite level measurements to flux analysis and establish a novel comprehensive isotopic targeted mass spectrometry (CIT-MS) method for reliable MFA analysis with broad coverage. As a proof-of-principle, we have applied CIT-MS to compare the steady-state enrichment of metabolites between Myc(oncogene)-On and Myc-Off Tet21N human neuroblastoma cells cultured with U-13C6-glucose medium. CIT-MS is operationalized using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and is able to perform MFA of 310 identified metabolites (142 reliably detected, 46 kinetically profiled) selected from >35 metabolic pathways of strong biological significance. Further, we developed a novel concept of relative flux, which eliminates the requirement of absolute quantitation in traditional MFA and thus enables comparative MFA under the pseudosteady state. As a result, CIT-MS was shown to possess the advantages of broad coverage, easy implementation, fast throughput, and more importantly, high fidelity and accuracy in MFA. In principle, CIT-MS can be easily adapted to track the flux of other labeled tracers (such as 15N-tracers) in any metabolite detectable by LC-MS/MS and in various biological models (such as mice). Therefore, CIT-MS has great potential to bring new insights to both basic and clinical metabolism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Shi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 13208 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Bowei Xi
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Paniz Jasbi
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 13208 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassidy Turner
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 13208 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Yan Jin
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 13208 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Haiwei Gu
- Arizona Metabolomics Laboratory, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 13208 East Shea Boulevard, Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
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Na H, Zdraljevic S, Tanny RE, Walhout AJM, Andersen EC. Natural variation in a glucuronosyltransferase modulates propionate sensitivity in a C. elegans propionic acidemia model. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008984. [PMID: 32857789 PMCID: PMC7482840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human metabolic genes can lead to rare diseases known as inborn errors of human metabolism. For instance, patients with loss-of-function mutations in either subunit of propionyl-CoA carboxylase suffer from propionic acidemia because they cannot catabolize propionate, leading to its harmful accumulation. Both the penetrance and expressivity of metabolic disorders can be modulated by genetic background. However, modifiers of these diseases are difficult to identify because of the lack of statistical power for rare diseases in human genetics. Here, we use a model of propionic acidemia in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to identify genetic modifiers of propionate sensitivity. Using genome-wide association (GWA) mapping across wild strains, we identify several genomic regions correlated with reduced propionate sensitivity. We find that natural variation in the putative glucuronosyltransferase GLCT-3, a homolog of human B3GAT, partly explains differences in propionate sensitivity in one of these genomic intervals. We demonstrate that loss-of-function alleles in glct-3 render the animals less sensitive to propionate. Additionally, we find that C. elegans has an expansion of the glct gene family, suggesting that the number of members of this family could influence sensitivity to excess propionate. Our findings demonstrate that natural variation in genes that are not directly associated with propionate breakdown can modulate propionate sensitivity. Our study provides a framework for using C. elegans to characterize the contributions of genetic background in models of human inborn errors in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Na
- Program in Systems Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Stefan Zdraljevic
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Robyn E. Tanny
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Albertha J. M. Walhout
- Program in Systems Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJMW); (ECA)
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AJMW); (ECA)
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Zheng J, Zhang L, Johnson M, Mandal R, Wishart DS. Comprehensive Targeted Metabolomic Assay for Urine Analysis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10627-10634. [PMID: 32634308 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Among all the human biological fluids used for disease biomarker discovery or clinical chemistry, urine stands out. It can be collected easily and noninvasively, it is readily available in large volumes, it is typically free from protein contamination, and it is chemically complex-reflecting a wide range of physiological states and functions. However, the comprehensive metabolomic analysis of urine has been somewhat less studied compared to blood. Indeed, most published metabolomic assays are specifically optimized for serum or plasma. In an effort to improve this situation, we have developed a comprehensive, quantitative MS-based assay for urine analysis. The assay robustly detects and quantifies 142 urinary metabolites including 28 amino acids and derivatives, 17 organic acids, 22 biogenic amines and derivatives, 40 acylcarnitines, 34 lipids, and glucose/hexose, among which 67 metabolites are absolutely quantified and 75 metabolites are semiquantified. All the analysis methods in this assay are based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using both positive and negative-mode multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The recovery rates of spiked urine samples at three different concentration levels, that is, low, medium and high, are in the range of 80% to 120% with satisfactory precision values of less than 20%. This targeted metabolomic assay has been successfully applied to the analysis of large numbers of human urine samples, with results closely matching those reported in the literature as well as those obtained from orthogonal analysis via NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the assay was specifically developed in a 96-well plate format, which enables automated, high-throughput sample analysis. The assay has already been used to analyze more than 1800 urine samples in our laboratory since early 2019.
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14
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Yang Q, Xu H, Luo J, Li M, Yi S, Zhang Q, Geng G, Feng S, Fan X. Case reports: three novel variants in PCCA and PCCB genes in Chinese patients with propionic acidemia. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:72. [PMID: 32252659 PMCID: PMC7137301 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Propionic acidemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by the deficiency of the mitochondrial protein propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) and is associated with pathogenic variants in either of the two genes PCCA or PCCB. The present study aimed to identify the genetic cause of three Chinese patients with PA. Case presentation Three Chinese PA patients were diagnosed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and molecular diagnostic methods. All patients had onset in the neonatal period. One patient died of infection and metabolic decompensation, and the other two had mild to moderate developmental delay/mental retardation. Mutation analysis of the PCCA gene identified that patient 1 carried the compound heterozygous c.1288C > T(p.R430X) and c.2002G > A(p.G668R), and patient 2 was homozygous for the c.1426C > T(p.R476X) mutation. Mutation analysis of the PCCB gene identified that patient 3 harbored the compound heterozygous mutations c.359_360del AT(p.Y120Cfs*40) and c.1398 + 1G > A. Among these mutations, three (c.1288C > T, c.359_360del AT and c.1398 + 1G > A) are novel. Conclusions We reported three Chinese PA patients who had PCCA or PCCB mutants. Among them, in the PCCA gene, c.1288C > T(p.R430X) was a nonsense mutation, resulting in a truncated protein. c.359_360del AT was a frameshift mutation, leading to a p.Y120Cfs*40 change in the amino acid sequence in the PCCB protein. c.1398 + 1G > A was a splicing mutation, causing skipping of the exons 13–14. In conclusion, the novel mutations uncovered in this study will expands the mutation spectrum of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Hong Xu
- NanNing Region Center for Disease Prevention and Control, No.55, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Jingsi Luo
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Mengting Li
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Qinle Zhang
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Guoxing Geng
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Shihan Feng
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Department of Genetic and Metabolic Central Laboratory, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, No.59, Xiangzhu Road, Nanning, China.
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15
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Iijima H, Ishige N, Kubota M. Clinical Application of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Using Dried Blood Spot as a More Rapid Method for Determination of Methylmalonic Acid, Propionylcarnitine, and Total Homocysteine. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2019-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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16
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Jáčová J, Jořenek M, Pospíšková K, Najdekr L, Zajoncová L, Friedecký D, Adam T. Urease-immobilized magnetic microparticles in urine sample preparation for metabolomic analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Ismail IT, Showalter MR, Fiehn O. Inborn Errors of Metabolism in the Era of Untargeted Metabolomics and Lipidomics. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9100242. [PMID: 31640247 PMCID: PMC6835511 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9100242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are a group of inherited diseases with variable incidences. IEMs are caused by disrupting enzyme activities in specific metabolic pathways by genetic mutations, either directly or indirectly by cofactor deficiencies, causing altered levels of compounds associated with these pathways. While IEMs may present with multiple overlapping symptoms and metabolites, early and accurate diagnosis of IEMs is critical for the long-term health of affected subjects. The prevalence of IEMs differs between countries, likely because different IEM classifications and IEM screening methods are used. Currently, newborn screening programs exclusively use targeted metabolic assays that focus on limited panels of compounds for selected IEM diseases. Such targeted approaches face the problem of false negative and false positive diagnoses that could be overcome if metabolic screening adopted analyses of a broader range of analytes. Hence, we here review the prospects of using untargeted metabolomics for IEM screening. Untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics do not rely on predefined target lists and can detect as many metabolites as possible in a sample, allowing to screen for many metabolic pathways simultaneously. Examples are given for nontargeted analyses of IEMs, and prospects and limitations of different metabolomics methods are discussed. We conclude that dedicated studies are needed to compare accuracy and robustness of targeted and untargeted methods with respect to widening the scope of IEM diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa T Ismail
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebeen El Kom 55955, Egypt.
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Megan R Showalter
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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18
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Application of cyclic voltammetry to analyse uric acid and reducing agents in commercial milks. Food Chem 2019; 293:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Nakajima Y, Meijer J, Dobritzsch D, Ito T, Zhang C, Wang X, Watanabe Y, Tashiro K, Meinsma R, Roelofsen J, Zoetekouw L, van Kuilenburg ABP. Dihydropyrimidinase deficiency in four East Asian patients due to novel and rare DPYS mutations affecting protein structural integrity and catalytic activity. Mol Genet Metab 2017; 122:216-222. [PMID: 29054612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydropyrimidinase (DHP) is the second enzyme of the pyrimidine degradation pathway and catalyzes the ring opening of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine. To date, only 31 genetically confirmed patients with a DHP deficiency have been reported and the clinical, biochemical and genetic spectrum of DHP deficient patients is, therefore, still largely unknown. Here, we show that 4 newly identified DHP deficient patients presented with strongly elevated levels of 5,6-dihydrouracil and 5,6-dihydrothymine in urine and a highly variable clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to infantile spasm and reduced white matter and brain atrophy. Analysis of the DHP gene (DPYS) showed the presence of 8 variants including 4 novel/rare missense variants and one novel deletion. Functional analysis of recombinantly expressed DHP mutants carrying the p.M250I, p.H295R, p.Q334R, p.T418I and the p.R490H variant showed residual DHP activities of 2.0%, 9.8%, 9.7%, 64% and 0.3%, respectively. The crystal structure of human DHP indicated that all point mutations were likely to cause rearrangements of loops shaping the active site, primarily affecting substrate binding and stability of the enzyme. The observation that the identified mutations were more prevalent in East Asians and the Japanese population indicates that DHP deficiency may be more common than anticipated in these ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Nakajima
- Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan; Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Meijer
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Doreen Dobritzsch
- Uppsala University, Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Center, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tetsuya Ito
- Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- MILS International, Department of Research and Development, Kanazawa 921-8105, Japan
| | - Xu Wang
- Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Department of Neurology, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yoriko Watanabe
- Kurume University, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Kyoko Tashiro
- Kurume University, School of Medicine, Research Institute of Medical Mass Spectrometry, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Rutger Meinsma
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Roelofsen
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lida Zoetekouw
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Academic Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, 1105, AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Kubinec R, Kotora P, Ferenczy V, Blaško J, Podolec P, Hengerics Szabó A, Behúlová D, Bierhanzl V, Čabala R, Stuchlík S, Filipiak W, Thắng NM. Simultaneous analysis of carbohydrates, polyols and amines in urine samples using chemical ionization gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:449-458. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kubinec
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Kotora
- Institute of Process Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering; Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Viktória Ferenczy
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University Children´s Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Blaško
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Alexandra Hengerics Szabó
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Darina Behúlová
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; University Children´s Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Václav Bierhanzl
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radomír Čabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
- Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology; General University Hospital in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Stuchlík
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences; Comenius University in Bratislava; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Wojciech Filipiak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz at the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Ngô Mạnh Thắng
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, HCMC; University of Technology; HCM City Vietnam
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent clinical studies and management guidelines for the treatment of the organic acidopathies methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) and propionic acidemia address the scope of interventions to maximize health and quality of life. Unfortunately, these disorders continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality due to acute and chronic systemic and end-organ injury. RECENT FINDINGS Dietary management with medical foods has been a mainstay of therapy for decades, yet well controlled patients can manifest growth, development, cardiac, ophthalmological, renal, and neurological complications. Patients with organic acidopathies suffer metabolic brain injury that targets specific regions of the basal ganglia in a distinctive pattern, and these injuries may occur even with optimal management during metabolic stress. Liver transplantation has improved quality of life and metabolic stability, yet transplantation in this population does not entirely prevent brain injury or the development of optic neuropathy and cardiac disease. SUMMARY Management guidelines should identify necessary screening for patients with methylmalonic acidemia and propionic acidemia, and improve anticipatory management of progressive end-organ disease. Liver transplantation improves overall metabolic control, but injury to nonregenerative tissues may not be mitigated. Continued use of medical foods in these patients requires prospective studies to demonstrate evidence of benefit in a controlled manner.
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22
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Hampe MH, Panaskar SN, Yadav AA, Ingale PW. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-based urine metabolome study in children for inborn errors of metabolism: An Indian experience. Clin Biochem 2016; 50:121-126. [PMID: 27784639 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study highlights the feasibility of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)-based analysis for simultaneous detection of >200 marker metabolites in urine found in characteristic pattern in inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) in India. DESIGN AND METHODS During this retrospective study conducted from July 2013 to January 2016, we collected urine specimens on filter papers from Indian children across the country along with relevant demographic and clinical data. The laboratory technique involved urease pretreatment followed by deproteinization, derivatization, and subsequent computer-aided analysis of organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars by GC/MS, which enable chemical diagnosis of IEM. RESULTS Totally 23,140 patients were investigated for IEM with an estimated frequency of about 1.40%, that is, 323 positive cases. Most frequent disorders observed were of primary lactic acidemia (27.2%) and organic acidemia (methylmalonic aciduria, glutaric acidemia type I, propionic aciduria, etc.) followed by aminoacidopathies (maple syrup urine disease, phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, etc.). Furthermore, alkaptonuria, canavan disease, and 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria were also diagnosed. Prompt treatment following diagnosis led to a better outcome in a considerable number of patients. CONCLUSIONS GC/MS with one-step metabolomics enables quick detection, accurate identification, and precise quantification of a wide range of urinary markers that may not be discovered using existing newborn screening programs. The technique is effective as a second-tier test to other established screening technologies, as well as one-step primary screening tool for a wide spectrum of IEM.
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23
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Watson E, Olin-Sandoval V, Hoy MJ, Li CH, Louisse T, Yao V, Mori A, Holdorf AD, Troyanskaya OG, Ralser M, Walhout AJ. Metabolic network rewiring of propionate flux compensates vitamin B12 deficiency in C. elegans. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27383050 PMCID: PMC4951191 DOI: 10.7554/elife.17670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic network rewiring is the rerouting of metabolism through the use of alternate enzymes to adjust pathway flux and accomplish specific anabolic or catabolic objectives. Here, we report the first characterization of two parallel pathways for the breakdown of the short chain fatty acid propionate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Using genetic interaction mapping, gene co-expression analysis, pathway intermediate quantification and carbon tracing, we uncover a vitamin B12-independent propionate breakdown shunt that is transcriptionally activated on vitamin B12 deficient diets, or under genetic conditions mimicking the human diseases propionic- and methylmalonic acidemia, in which the canonical B12-dependent propionate breakdown pathway is blocked. Our study presents the first example of transcriptional vitamin-directed metabolic network rewiring to promote survival under vitamin deficiency. The ability to reroute propionate breakdown according to B12 availability may provide C. elegans with metabolic plasticity and thus a selective advantage on different diets in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Watson
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | | | - Michael J Hoy
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Chi-Hua Li
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Timo Louisse
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Victoria Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Akihiro Mori
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Amy D Holdorf
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
| | - Olga G Troyanskaya
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Simons Center for Data Analysis, Simons Foundation, New York, United States
| | - Markus Ralser
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Albertha Jm Walhout
- Program in Systems Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, United States
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24
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Simultaneous analysis of fructose and creatinine in urine samples using GC–MS/MS and enzymatic methods. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Sweetman L, Ashcraft P, Bennett-Firmin J. Quantitative Organic Acids in Urine by Two Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1378:183-197. [PMID: 26602130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3182-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-six organic acids in urine specimens are determined with quantitative two dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOFMS). The specimen is treated with urease to remove urea then derivatized to form pentafluorobenzyl oximes (PFBO) of oxoacids. The sample is then treated with ethyl alcohol to precipitate proteins and centrifuged. After drying the supernatant, the organic acids are derivatized to form volatile trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives for separation by capillary two dimensional Gas Chromatography (GCxGC) with temperature programming and modulation. Detection is by Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOFMS) with identification of the organic acids by their mass spectra. Organic acids are quantitated by peak areas of reconstructed ion chromatograms with internal standards and calibration curves. Organic acids are quantified to determine abnormal patterns for the diagnosis of more than 100 inherited disorders of organic acid metabolism. Characteristic abnormal metabolites are quantified to monitor dietary and other modes of treatment for patients who are diagnosed with specific organic acid disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Sweetman
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Paula Ashcraft
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeanna Bennett-Firmin
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, Dallas, TX, USA
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26
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Graphitic carbon nitrides modified hollow fiber solid phase microextraction for extraction and determination of uric acid in urine and serum coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1004:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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Takahashi T, Yamada K, Kobayashi H, Hasegawa Y, Taketani T, Fukuda S, Yamaguchi S. Metabolic disease in 10 patients with sudden unexpected death in infancy or acute life-threatening events. Pediatr Int 2015; 57:348-53. [PMID: 25919294 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to determine the associations between sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) or acute life-threatening events (ALTE) and inborn errors of metabolism, particularly organic acidemia and fatty acid oxidation disorders, we evaluated clinical features in patients with SUDI or ALTE. The subjects were infants between the ages of 7 days and 3 years who developed SUDI or ALTE between January 2004 and December 2013. They were then diagnosed as having inborn errors of metabolism on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and/or tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The age distribution, onset forms, and clinical findings were evaluated during the acute phase. Inborn errors of metabolism were detected in three of 196 patients with SUDI, and in seven of 167 patients with ALTE. Of these 10 patients, nine had a history of poor feeding and somnolence during the neonatal period, and symptoms of infection such as cough, fever or vomiting during infancy. Routine laboratory tests during an acute phase indicated hyperammonemia, liver dysfunction, increased blood creatine kinase, acidosis, positive ketone bodies in urine or blood, or hypoglycemia. When SUDI or ALTE are encountered in the emergency unit, it is essential that a detailed medical history is taken, particularly with regard to the neonatal period, and that specific abnormalities are investigated on routine laboratory tests. Moreover, samples such as urine, serum, and filter paper blood specimens should be collected for GC/MS and/or MS/MS of organic acids and acylcarnitines, to identify inborn metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Hironori Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuki Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Takeshi Taketani
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Seiji Fukuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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28
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Kato S, Nakajima Y, Awaya R, Hata I, Shigematsu Y, Saitoh S, Ito T. Pitfall in the Diagnosis of Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency: Difficulty in Detecting Glycerol-3-Phosphate with Solvent Extraction in Urinary GC/MS Analysis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2015; 237:235-9. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.237.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kato
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Yoko Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
| | - Risa Awaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital
| | - Ikue Hata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences
| | - Yosuke Shigematsu
- Department of Health Science, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Tetsuya Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine
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Webb-Robertson BJ, Kim YM, Zink EM, Hallaian KA, Zhang Q, Madupu R, Waters KM, Metz TO. A Statistical Analysis of the Effects of Urease Pre-treatment on the Measurement of the Urinary Metabolome by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Metabolomics 2014; 10:897-908. [PMID: 25254001 PMCID: PMC4169993 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-014-0642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Urease pre-treatment of urine has been utilized since the early 1960s to remove high levels of urea from samples prior to further processing and analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Aside from the obvious depletion or elimination of urea, the effect, if any, of urease pre-treatment on the urinary metabolome has not been studied in detail. Here, we report the results of three separate but related experiments that were designed to assess possible indirect effects of urease pre-treatment on the urinary metabolome as measured by GC-MS. In total, 235 GC-MS analyses were performed and over 106 identified and 200 unidentified metabolites were quantified across the three experiments. The results showed that data from urease pre-treated samples 1) had the same or lower coefficients of variance among reproducibly detected metabolites, 2) more accurately reflected quantitative differences and the expected ratios among different urine volumes, and 3) increased the number of metabolite identifications. Overall, we observed no negative consequences of urease pre-treatment. In contrast, urease pretreatment enhanced the ability to distinguish between volume-based and biological sample types compared to no treatment. Taken together, these results show that urease pretreatment of urine offers multiple beneficial effects that outweigh any artifacts that may be introduced to the data in urinary metabolomics analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie-Jo Webb-Robertson
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Erika M. Zink
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Katherine A. Hallaian
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | | | - Katrina M. Waters
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-98, Richland, WA, USA, Tel.: (509) 371-6581, Fax: (509) 371-6555,
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Vatanavicharn N, Liammongkolkul S, Sakamoto O, Kamolsilp M, Sathienkijkanchai A, Wasant P. Clinical characteristics and mutation analysis of propionic acidemia in Thailand. World J Pediatr 2014; 10:64-8. [PMID: 24464666 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-014-0454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propionic acidemia (PA) is caused by a deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase. A characteristic urine organic acid profile includes 3-hydroxypropionate, methylcitrate, tiglylglycine, and propionylglycine. The diagnosis of PA is confirmed by detection of mutations in the PCCA or PCCB genes. We herein report the clinical and molecular findings of four Thai patients with PA. METHODS Clinical findings of four Thai patients with PA were retrospectively reviewed. Urine organic acids were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PCR-sequencing analyses of encoding exons and intron/exon boundaries of the PCCA and PCCB genes were performed. RESULTS All patients had neonatal onset of PA. One patient died of cardiomyopathy, and another one of pneumonia and metabolic decompensation. The remainder experienced significant neurocognitive impairment. Mutation analysis of the PCCA gene identified homozygous c.1284+1G>A in patient 1, c.230G>A (p.R77Q) and c.1855C>T (p.R619X) in patient 2, homozygous c.2125T>C (p.S709P) in patient 3, and only one mutant allele, c.231+1G>T in patient 4. No PCCB mutation was identified. Four mutations including c.230G>A, c.231+1G>T, c.1855C>T, and c.2125T>C have not been reported previously. CONCLUSIONS The clinical and molecular study of these Thai patients provided additional knowledge of the genotype and phenotype characteristics of PA. The results of the study suggested that PCCA mutations in Asian populations were distinct from those of other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithiwat Vatanavicharn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand,
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Kuhara T. [Present status of expanded newborn screening project for inborn errors of metabolism by tandem mass spectrometry]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2014; 69:60-74. [PMID: 24476596 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.69.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In Japan, screening for six diseases including four inborn errors of metabolism has been performed since 1977 for all neonates to prevent severe mental handicaps or death. A rapid screening procedure for analysis of several amino acids and acylcarnitines in blood spots by tandem mass spectrometry was developed by Millington DS et al. in the early 1990s. Although it is called expanded (or extended) newborn screening, the procedure is insufficiently sensitive to or specific for several diseases. Screening for all diseases that can be screened using this procedure is suggested to be cost-ineffective. Many European countries target only two diseases: medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and phenylketonuria; their prevalence in Caucasian populations is very high, but some countries target more than twenty diseases and others an intermediate number. A pilot study targeting 22 diseases suggests that the combined incidence is one per 9,000 (0.01%) in Japan. This primary screening requires secondary screening to confirm the disease using urine, and either organic acids with solvent extraction or metabolome without fractionation are analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. There is no need for primary or secondary screening tests to be performed at the same laboratory because the skills required are quite different. Understanding of the methodological problems of tandem mass screening and amelioration of variation and false positivity rate of this screening method among laboratories are critical to the success of the screening system in Japan. GC/MS-based urine metabolomics is expected to become one of the primary screening methodologies for neonates/infants who are already ill.
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Bouatra S, Aziat F, Mandal R, Guo AC, Wilson MR, Knox C, Bjorndahl TC, Krishnamurthy R, Saleem F, Liu P, Dame ZT, Poelzer J, Huynh J, Yallou FS, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bogumil R, Roehring C, Wishart DS. The human urine metabolome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73076. [PMID: 24023812 PMCID: PMC3762851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 953] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urine has long been a "favored" biofluid among metabolomics researchers. It is sterile, easy-to-obtain in large volumes, largely free from interfering proteins or lipids and chemically complex. However, this chemical complexity has also made urine a particularly difficult substrate to fully understand. As a biological waste material, urine typically contains metabolic breakdown products from a wide range of foods, drinks, drugs, environmental contaminants, endogenous waste metabolites and bacterial by-products. Many of these compounds are poorly characterized and poorly understood. In an effort to improve our understanding of this biofluid we have undertaken a comprehensive, quantitative, metabolome-wide characterization of human urine. This involved both computer-aided literature mining and comprehensive, quantitative experimental assessment/validation. The experimental portion employed NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), direct flow injection mass spectrometry (DFI/LC-MS/MS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments performed on multiple human urine samples. This multi-platform metabolomic analysis allowed us to identify 445 and quantify 378 unique urine metabolites or metabolite species. The different analytical platforms were able to identify (quantify) a total of: 209 (209) by NMR, 179 (85) by GC-MS, 127 (127) by DFI/LC-MS/MS, 40 (40) by ICP-MS and 10 (10) by HPLC. Our use of multiple metabolomics platforms and technologies allowed us to identify several previously unknown urine metabolites and to substantially enhance the level of metabolome coverage. It also allowed us to critically assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of different platforms or technologies. The literature review led to the identification and annotation of another 2206 urinary compounds and was used to help guide the subsequent experimental studies. An online database containing the complete set of 2651 confirmed human urine metabolite species, their structures (3079 in total), concentrations, related literature references and links to their known disease associations are freely available at http://www.urinemetabolome.ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhaila Bouatra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Farid Aziat
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - An Chi Guo
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Craig Knox
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Trent C. Bjorndahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Fozia Saleem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Philip Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zerihun T. Dame
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jenna Poelzer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jessica Huynh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Faizath S. Yallou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nick Psychogios
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edison Dong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - David S. Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Computing Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Arbulu M, Sampedro MC, Sanchez-Ortega A, Gómez-Caballero A, Unceta N, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Characterisation of the flavour profile from Graciano Vitis vinifera wine variety by a novel dual stir bar sorptive extraction methodology coupled to thermal desorption and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 777:41-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Vatanavicharn N, Champattanachai V, Liammongkolkul S, Sawangareetrakul P, Keeratichamroen S, Ketudat Cairns JR, Srisomsap C, Sathienkijkanchai A, Shotelersuk V, Kamolsilp M, Wattanasirichaigoon D, Svasti J, Wasant P. Clinical and molecular findings in Thai patients with isolated methylmalonic acidemia. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:424-9. [PMID: 22695176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Isolated methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is a genetically heterogeneous organic acid disorder caused by either deficiency of the enzyme methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM), or a defect in the biosynthesis of its cofactor, adenosyl-cobalamin (AdoCbl). Herein, we report and review the genotypes and phenotypes of 14 Thai patients with isolated MMA. Between 1997 and 2011, we identified 6 mut patients, 2 cblA patients, and 6 cblB patients. The mut and cblB patients had relatively severe phenotypes compared to relatively mild phenotypes of the cblA patients. The MUT and MMAB genotypes were also correlated to the severity of the phenotypes. Three mutations in the MUT gene: c.788G>T (p.G263V), c.809_812dupGGGC (p.D272Gfs*2), and c.1426C>T (p.Q476*); one mutation in the MMAA gene: c.292A>G (p.R98G); and three mutations in the MMAB gene: c.682delG (p.A228Pfs*2), c.435delC (p.F145Lfs*69), and c.585-1G>A, have not been previously reported. RT-PCR analysis of a common intron 6 polymorphism (c.520-159C>T) of the MMAB gene revealed that it correlates to deep intronic exonization leading to premature termination of the open reading frame. This could decrease the ATP:cobalamin adenosyltransferase (ATR) activity resulting in abnormal phenotypes if found in a compound heterozygous state with a null mutation. We confirm the genotype-phenotype correlation of isolated MMA in the study population, and identified a new molecular basis of the cblB disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithiwat Vatanavicharn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Vatanavicharn N, Liammongkolkul S, Sakamoto O, Sathienkijkanchai A, Wasant P. Phenotypic and mutation spectrums of Thai patients with isovaleric acidemia. Pediatr Int 2011; 53:990-4. [PMID: 22004070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2011.03488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isovaleric acidemia (IVA) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase (IVD). Clinical features include vomiting, lethargy, metabolic acidosis, and "sweaty feet" odor. The pathognomonic metabolite, isovalerylglycine, is detected on urine organic acid analysis. Clinical diagnosis of IVA can be confirmed on mutation analysis of the IVD gene. METHODS The cases of five unrelated Thai patients with IVA, identified on urine organic acid analysis, are described. Mutation analysis of the IVD gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction sequencing of the entire coding regions. RESULTS Four out of the five IVA patients had an acute neonatal form. The hematologic abnormalities were common and thus could be presenting symptoms in the absence of metabolic acidosis. As for the neurological outcome, only one patient had normal intelligence. Mutation analysis of the IVD gene identified the mutations c.457-3_2CA>GG, c.1199A>G (p.Y371C), c.281C>G (p.A65G), c.358G>A (p.G91R), and c.827T>C (p.L247P). The poor outcome in most patients might be explained by the delayed diagnosis and initial unavailability of the metabolic formulas and medications in Thailand. The c.457-3_2CA>GG mutation was identified in all of the present patients. This suggests that it is the most common mutation in the Thai population. Therefore, it could be a founder mutation in Thai subjects. One of the present Thai IVA patients also had the p.Y371C mutation, which is common in Han Chinese subjects. In addition, two novel mutations, p.A65G and p.L247P, were identified. CONCLUSION The present study provides additional knowledge on the genotype-phenotype of IVA, suggesting that IVD mutations in Asian populations are distinct from these in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithiwat Vatanavicharn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Kim MJ, Kim BK, Kim SM, Park JS, Hong JK. Profiling analysis of catecholamines and polyamines in biological samples. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.5806/ast.2011.24.5.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Koek MM, Jellema RH, van der Greef J, Tas AC, Hankemeier T. Quantitative metabolomics based on gas chromatography mass spectrometry: status and perspectives. Metabolomics 2011; 7:307-328. [PMID: 21949491 PMCID: PMC3155681 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-010-0254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics involves the unbiased quantitative and qualitative analysis of the complete set of metabolites present in cells, body fluids and tissues (the metabolome). By analyzing differences between metabolomes using biostatistics (multivariate data analysis; pattern recognition), metabolites relevant to a specific phenotypic characteristic can be identified. However, the reliability of the analytical data is a prerequisite for correct biological interpretation in metabolomics analysis. In this review the challenges in quantitative metabolomics analysis with regards to analytical as well as data preprocessing steps are discussed. Recommendations are given on how to optimize and validate comprehensive silylation-based methods from sample extraction and derivatization up to data preprocessing and how to perform quality control during metabolomics studies. The current state of method validation and data preprocessing methods used in published literature are discussed and a perspective on the future research necessary to obtain accurate quantitative data from comprehensive GC-MS data is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud M. Koek
- Analytical Research Department, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Renger H. Jellema
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Alexander Fleminglaan 1, P.O. Box 1, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jan van der Greef
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- SU BioMedicine and TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Albert C. Tas
- Analytical Research Department, TNO Quality of Life, Utrechtseweg 48, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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KAWAMURA M, KIKURA-HANAJIRI R, GODA Y. Simple and Rapid Screening for Methamphetamine and 3,4-Methylene- dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and Their Metabolites in Urine Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART)-TOFMS. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2011; 131:827-33. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.131.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cavaliere B, Macchione B, Monteleone M, Naccarato A, Sindona G, Tagarelli A. Sarcosine as a marker in prostate cancer progression: a rapid and simple method for its quantification in human urine by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2903-12. [PMID: 21491110 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative of N-methylglycine and is involved in the amino acid metabolism and methylation processes that are enriched during prostate cancer progression. It could also serve as a new target to be measured during therapeutic interventions and help in the identification of aggressive tumors for radical treatment. In this study, we present a new urine test that can help early diagnosis of prostate cancer. The method for the quantification of sarcosine in urine consists of a solid-phase microextraction (SPME) step followed by gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis. We used a preliminary derivatization step with ethyl chloroformate/ethanol and the corresponding ester was then extracted by SPME in immersion mode. Several fibers were evaluated and the optimization of the parameters affecting the SPME process was carried out using an experimental design. The optimal values were 20 min extraction time, 10% NaCl, and 270°C using a divinylbenzene/Carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane fiber. The triple quadrupole analyzer acquired data in selected reaction monitoring mode, allowing us to obtain reconstructed chromatograms with well-defined chromatographic peaks. The accuracy and precision of this method were evaluated at concentrations of 70, 250, and 800 ng/ml and were found to be acceptable. Very satisfactory values (0.10 and 0.16 ng/ml, respectively) were also achieved for the limit of detection and the limit of quantification. The proposed protocol represents a rapid, simple, selective, and sensitive tool to quantify sarcosine in urine samples for prostate cancer diagnosis and for a screening test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brunella Cavaliere
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università della Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy
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Abstract
Most metabolomic data are characterized by complex spectra or chromatograms containing hundreds of peaks or features. While there are many methods for aligning or comparing these spectral features, there are few approaches for actually identifying which peaks match to which compounds. Indeed, one of the biggest unmet needs in the field of metabolomics lies in the problem of compound identification. This review describes some of the newly emerging computational strategies in metabolomics that are being used to aid in the identification of metabolites from biofluid mixtures analyzed by NMR and MS. The most successful compound-identification strategies typically involve matching spectral features of the unknown compound(s) to curated spectral databases of reference compounds. This approach is known as the identification of 'known unknowns'. However, the identification of truly novel compounds (the 'unknown unknowns') is particularly challenging and requires the use of computer-aided structure elucidation methods being applied to the purified compound. The strengths and limitations of these approaches as applied to different analytical technologies (GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR) will be discussed, as will prospects for potential improvements to existing strategies.
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A GC/MS-based metabolomic approach for diagnosing citrin deficiency. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1881-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4766-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Inoue Y, Ohse M. Prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria by measuring methylmalonic acid in dried amniotic fluid on filter paper using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1953-8. [PMID: 21360031 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4805-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria is a common inherited metabolic disorder. Methylmalonic acid (MMA), a key indicator of methylmalonic aciduria, increases in the amniotic fluid of affected fetuses. For prenatal diagnosis, the MMA in amniotic fluid can be measured by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Here, we quantified the MMA in cell-free amniotic fluid samples that had been dried on filter paper and transported at ambient temperatures, and compared the results with data obtained from the original amniotic fluid. Our results indicated that the filter paper method was reproducible and accurate enough to be applied to clinical analysis. We also used the filter paper method to screen at-risk fetuses and obtained a clear diagnosis in each case. We conclude that our method enables the prenatal diagnosis of methylmalonic aciduria using practical procedures and a simplified method for transporting the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Inoue
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 9200293, Japan.
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Kuhara T, Inoue Y, Ohse M, Krasnikov BF, Cooper AJL. Urinary 2-hydroxy-5-oxoproline, the lactam form of α-ketoglutaramate, is markedly increased in urea cycle disorders. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:1843-51. [PMID: 21298421 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4688-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
α-Ketoglutaramate (KGM) is the α-keto acid analogue of glutamine, which exists mostly in equilibrium with a lactam form (2-hydroxy-5-oxoproline) under physiological conditions. KGM was identified in human urine and its concentration quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The keto acid was shown to be markedly elevated in urine obtained from patients with primary hyperammonemia due to an inherited metabolic defect in any one of the five enzymes of the urea cycle. Increased urinary KGM was also noted in other patients with primary hyperammonemia, including three patients with a defect resulting in lysinuric protein intolerance and one of two patients with a defect in the ornithine transporter I. These findings indicate disturbances in nitrogen metabolism, most probably at the level of glutamine metabolism in primary hyperammonemia diseases. Urinary KGM levels, however, were not well correlated with secondary hyperammonemia in patients with propionic acidemia or methylmalonic acidemia, possibly as a result, in part, of decreased glutamine levels. In conclusion, the GC/MS procedure has the required lower limit of quantification for analysis of urinary KGM, which is markedly increased in urea cycle disorders and other primary hyperammonemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Kuhara
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, 920 0293, Japan
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Determination of the spectrum of low molecular mass organic acids in urine by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity and ultraviolet photometric detection—An efficient tool for monitoring of inborn metabolic disorders. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 685:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Simple and rapid analytical method for detection of amino acids in blood using blood spot on filter paper, fast-GC/MS and isotope dilution technique. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dunn WB, Broadhurst DI, Atherton HJ, Goodacre R, Griffin JL. Systems level studies of mammalian metabolomes: the roles of mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 40:387-426. [PMID: 20717559 DOI: 10.1039/b906712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 557] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of biological systems in a holistic manner (systems biology) is increasingly being viewed as a necessity to provide qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the emergent properties of the complete system. Systems biology performs studies focussed on the complex interactions of system components; emphasising the whole system rather than the individual parts. Many perturbations to mammalian systems (diet, disease, drugs) are multi-factorial and the study of small parts of the system is insufficient to understand the complete phenotypic changes induced. Metabolomics is one functional level tool being employed to investigate the complex interactions of metabolites with other metabolites (metabolism) but also the regulatory role metabolites provide through interaction with genes, transcripts and proteins (e.g. allosteric regulation). Technological developments are the driving force behind advances in scientific knowledge. Recent advances in the two analytical platforms of mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy have driven forward the discipline of metabolomics. In this critical review, an introduction to metabolites, metabolomes, metabolomics and the role of MS and NMR spectroscopy will be provided. The applications of metabolomics in mammalian systems biology for the study of the health-disease continuum, drug efficacy and toxicity and dietary effects on mammalian health will be reviewed. The current limitations and future goals of metabolomics in systems biology will also be discussed (374 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warwick B Dunn
- Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, UK.
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Nakagawa K, Kawana S, Hasegawa Y, Yamaguchi S. Simplified method for the chemical diagnosis of organic aciduria using GC/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:942-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Kuhara T, Ohse M, Inoue Y, Shinka T, Okano Y, Shintaku H, Hongou K, Miyawaki T, Morinobu W, Tamai H, Omura K. Urinary metabolic profile of phenylketonuria in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition and medication. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:3167-3172. [PMID: 19718778 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition and drugs are main environmental factors that affect metabolism. We performed metabolomics of urine from an 8-year-old patient (case 1) with epilepsy and an 11-year-old patient (case 2) with malignant lymphoma who was being treated with methotrexate. Both patients were receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN). We used our diagnostic procedure consisting of urease pretreatment, partial adoption of stable isotope dilution, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) measurement and target analysis for 200 analytes including organic acids and amino acids. Surprisingly, their metabolic profiles were identical to that of phenylketonuria. The neopterin level was markedly above normal in case 1, and both neopterin and biopterin were significantly above normal in case 2. Mutation analysis of genomic DNA from case 1 showed neither homozygosity nor heterozygosity for phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. The metabolic profiles of both cases were normal when they were not receiving TPN. TPN is presently prohibited for individuals who have inherited disorders that affect amino acid metabolism. Although the Phe content of the TPN was not the sole cause of the PKU profile, its effect, combined with other factors, e.g. specific medication or possibly underlying diseases, led to this metabolic abnormality. The present study suggests that GC/MS-based metabolomics by target analysis could be important for assuring the safety of the treatments for patients receiving both TPN and methotrexate. Metabolomic profiling, both before and during TPN, is useful for determining the optimal nutritional formula not only for neonates, but also for young children who are known heterozygotes for metabolic disorders or whose status is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomiko Kuhara
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Kuhara T, Ohse M, Inoue Y, Shinka T. Five cases of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency detected by GC/MS analysis of urine metabolome. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2009; 44:214-221. [PMID: 18853477 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of inborn errors of pyrimidine degradation varies considerably from asymptomatic to severe neurological illness. We have reported a method to screen for and make a chemical diagnosis of beta-ureidopropionase deficiency, leading to the discovery of the first asymptomatic case of this disease. In this method, the recovery of beta-ureidopropionate and beta-ureidoisobutyrate, the key biomarkers, was very high,and the adoption of GC/MS and targeted analysis enabled us to simultaneously obtain information related and unrelated to pyrimidine metabolism. The present study reports the results of a large-scale screening of 24,000 newborns using dried urine on filter paper. Identification of a total of four asymptomatic patients among newborns suggests the high incidence (1/6000) of this disease in Japan. While these newborns were asymptomatic, two additional cases detected at the age of 5 years as well as 3 months with this method for high-risk screening had autism and West syndrome, respectively.The key biomarkers and alpha-ureidobutyrate used as an internal standard were found to give not only their di-trimethylsilyl derivatives but also tri-trimethylsilyl derivatives, upon derivatization. The mass spectra and retention times of their tri-trimethylsilyl derivatives and data handling for quantification of the markers are presented.Identification of individuals with defects in pyrimidine metabolism would realize personalized medication in cancer chemotherapy with pyrimidine analogs such as 5-fluorouracil.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuhara
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan.
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Purevsuren J, Hasegawa Y, Kobayashi H, Endo M, Yamaguchi S. Urinary organic metabolite screening of children with influenza-associated encephalopathy for inborn errors of metabolism using GC/MS. Brain Dev 2008; 30:520-6. [PMID: 18262742 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 01/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza-associated encephalopathy (IAE) occurs in childhood often with a serious clinical course and fatal outcomes. We screened children with IAE using GC/MS to determine whether they have metabolic disorders such as organic acidemias. METHODS Urine samples from 70 Japanese children with IAE were analyzed between 2001 and 2005 using GC/MS with solvent extraction and direct drying methods. RESULTS Apparent metabolic disorders in 6 of 70 tested children included vitamin B12-responsive methylmalonic acidemia (MMA; n=1), fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (FDPase) deficiency (n=1) and non-ketotic dicarboxylic aciduria (n=4) suggesting disorders of fatty acid oxidation. One child had an FDPase deficiency, for which glycerol infusion was contraindicated. Valproic acid metabolites were detected in 10 children and urinary glycerol excretion was increased in 22 of them after glycerol treatment. DISCUSSION Our results showed that inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), such as organic acidemias, are detectable among children with IAE. Patients with metabolic disorders such as an FDPase deficiency and MMA often have hypoglycemia, hyperammonemia and acute lactic acidemia. Importantly, a detection of FDPase deficiency in which glycerol infusion is contraindicated suggests careful selection of a treatment strategy for "acute encephalopathy". We detected valproic acid and its metabolites at a rate of 14%, which was considerably higher than that in a control population. Thus, convulsive disorders might be a risk factor associated with IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamiyan Purevsuren
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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