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Malík M, Tlustoš P. Nootropics as Cognitive Enhancers: Types, Dosage and Side Effects of Smart Drugs. Nutrients 2022; 14:3367. [PMID: 36014874 PMCID: PMC9415189 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nootropics, also known as "smart drugs" are a diverse group of medicinal substances whose action improves human thinking, learning, and memory, especially in cases where these functions are impaired. This review provides an up-to-date overview of the potential effectiveness and importance of nootropics. Based on their nature and their effects, this heterogeneous group of drugs has been divided into four subgroups: classical nootropic compounds, substances increasing brain metabolism, cholinergic, and plants and their extracts with nootropic effects. Each subgroup of nootropics contains several main representatives, and for each one, its uses, indications, experimental treatments, dosage, and possible side effects and contraindications are discussed. For the nootropic plant extracts, there is also a brief description of each plant representative, its occurrence, history, and chemical composition of the medicinal part. Lastly, specific recommendations regarding the use of nootropics by both ill and healthy individuals are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pavel Tlustoš
- Department of Agroenvironmental Chemistry and Plant Nutrition, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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A Simple and Reliable Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Smartphone-Based Digital Images for Determination of Carbaryl Residues in Andrographis paniculata Herbal Medicines Using Simple Peroxidase Extract from Senna siamea Lam. Bark. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103261. [PMID: 35630744 PMCID: PMC9147045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple and reliable dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) coupled with smartphone-based digital images using crude peroxidase extracts from cassia bark (Senna siamea Lam.) was proposed to determine carbaryl residues in Andrographis paniculata herbal medicines. The method was based on the reaction of 1-naphthol (hydrolysis of carbaryl) with 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AP) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, using peroxidase enzyme simple extracts from cassia bark as biocatalysts under pH 6.0. The red product, after preconcentration by DLLME using dichloromethane as extraction solvent, was measured for blue intensity by daily life smartphone-based digital image analysis. Under optimized conditions, good linearity of the calibration graph was found at 0.10–0.50 mg·L−1 (r2 = 0.9932). Limits of detection (LOD) (3SD/slope) and quantification (LOQ) (10SD/slope) were 0.03 and 0.09 mg·L−1, respectively, with a precision of less than 5%. Accuracy of the proposed method as percentage recovery gave satisfactory results. The proposed method was successfully applied to analyze carbaryl in Andrographis paniculata herbal medicines. Results agreed well with values obtained from the HPLC-UV method at 95% confidence level. This was simple, convenient, reliable, cost-effective and traceable as an alternative method for the determination of carbaryl.
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Luo L, Dong L, Huang Q, Ma S, Fantke P, Li J, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Yang J, Jia Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Dai Y, Zhu G, Xing Z, Liang Y, Li M, Wei G, Song J, Wei J, Peng C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Wang S, Mizuno K, Marco AAG, Wu L, Xu J, Xiong C, Chen S. Detection and risk assessments of multi-pesticides in 1771 cultivated herbal medicines by LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 262:127477. [PMID: 32799136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Focus on the safety of herbal medicines has mainly been directed towards the presence of intrinsic toxicity, as found in the cases of renal and hepatic dysfunction caused by aristolochic acids. However, contamination from extrinsic hazards may impart an even greater reduction in their safety and efficacy. This study reveals that pesticides were present in the majority (88%) of a comprehensive cross-section (n = 1771) of herbal medicine samples. Alarmingly, more than half (59%) contained pesticides over the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) limit, and 43% of them contained 35 varieties of banned, extremely toxic pesticides, eight of which were detected at levels over 500 times higher than the default Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). DDTs, carbofuran, and mevinphos were confirmed as being among the most risk-inducing pesticides by three different risk assessment methods, reported to produce carcinogenic, genotoxic, reproductive, and developmental effects, in addition to carrying nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In light of these findings, and withstanding that extrinsic hazards can be controlled unlike intrinsic toxicity, the authors here strongly recommend the application of herbal medicine quality-control measures and solutions to safeguard against a neglected but certainly potentially serious health risk posed to the majority of the global population that consumes herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Qin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jianhui Li
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Martin Fitzgerald
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, W1W 6UW, London, UK
| | - Jane Yang
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Jia
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Jiqing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Yuntao Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Zhihan Xing
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125-3393, USA
| | - Yichuan Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Kaito Mizuno
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka, Suzuka, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Alarcon Arauco Gian Marco
- Intelligence of Science and Technology, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Lan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
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Xiao F, Li H, Yan X, Yan L, Zhang X, Wang M, Qian C, Wang Y. Graphitic carbon nitride/graphene oxide(g-C 3N 4/GO) nanocomposites covalently linked with ferrocene containing dendrimer for ultrasensitive detection of pesticide. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1103:84-96. [PMID: 32081192 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the design of a novel electrochemical sensing strategy for sensitive detection of pesticide based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)/graphene oxide(GO) nanocomposite covalently bound to a ferrocene containing dendrimer(Fc-TED). The g-C3N4 with sufficient N atoms for providing lone pairs of electrons to an electron acceptor so as to enhance the adsorption towards organic molecules. The Fc-TED dendrimers with the native redox signaling center (Fe3+/Fe2+) can increase the electron transition of g-C3N4 from valence to conduction band. While GO can accelerate the electron transfer from g-C3N4 surface and Fc-TED to glassy carbon electrode(GCE), which would amplify the electrochemical signal of g-C3N4/GO/Fc-TED/GCE sensor and then improve the sensing performance. It is found that the fabricated electrode demonstrated an admirable electrochemical sensing performance towards metolcarb in terms of low detection limit (8.3 nM), wide concentration range (0.045-213 μM) and rapid response time (2s). The proposed sensor can selectively detect the metolcarb and easily discriminated metolcarb from the possible interfering species. The practical applicability of the sensor was successfully evaluated in real vegetable sample and achieved satisfactory recoveries with good precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Xiao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xinrui Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lu Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xuefei Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Cheng Qian
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering Materials, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, No. 17 North 2nd-Ring East Road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Nikolic N, Höferl M, Buchbauer G. Pesticides in essential oils and selected fragrance extracts. Some examples. A review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Nikolic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Martina Höferl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Gerhard Buchbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; Division of Clinical Pharmacy and Diagnostics; University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
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Wei JC, Wei B, Yang W, He CW, Su HX, Wan JB, Li P, Wang YT. Trace determination of carbamate pesticides in medicinal plants by a fluorescent technique. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 119:430-437. [PMID: 29269059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The safety issue of using carbamate pesticides in medicinal plants (MPs) has been a global concern and hence attracted attention of many researchers to develop analytical tools for trace pesticides detection. Derived from the fluorescence-based techniques, a rapid, convenient and efficient method for the detection of three carbamate pesticides, including carbofuran, aldicarb and methomyl has been developed by using core-shell QDs. By optimizing experimental parameters, the system demonstrated high detection sensitivities for the investigated carbamates, with the lowest detectable concentrations less than 0.05 μM. The molecular docking study indicated that the selected carbamate pesticides bound to the catalytic active site of acetylcholinesterase via π-π or H-π interactions, which also revealed the potential mechanism of the differences in inhibition strength among the three pesticides on AChE. Moreover, in order to investigate the applicability and reliability of the proposed method for the pesticide analysis in real sample with complex matrix, the matrix effects of eight common MPs have been systematically explored. These findings suggested that this technique was a simple, sensitive and reliable method for rapid determination of carbamate pesticides in real samples, especially those with complex matrices like MPs, vegetables, fruits, and other agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Bin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Wu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Huan-Xing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China.
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Wei JC, Hu J, Cao JL, Wan JB, He CW, Hu YJ, Hu H, Li P. Sensitive Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Medicinal Plants Using Ultrasound-Assisted Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Combined with Sweeping Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:932-940. [PMID: 26758524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method using ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-DLLME) combined with sweeping micellar electrokinetic chromatography (sweeping-MEKC) has been developed for the determination of nine organophosphorus pesticides (chlorfenvinphos, parathion, quinalphos, fenitrothion, azinphos-ethyl, parathion-methyl, fensulfothion, methidathion, and paraoxon). The important parameters that affect the UA-DLLME and sweeping efficiency were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the proposed method provided 779.0-6203.5-fold enrichment of the nine pesticides compared to the normal MEKC method. The limits of detection ranged from 0.002 to 0.008 mg kg(-1). The relative standard deviations of the peak area ranged from 1.2 to 6.5%, indicating the good repeatability of the method. Finally, the developed UA-DLLME-sweeping-MEKC method has been successfully applied to the analysis of the investigated pesticides in several medicinal plants, including Lycium chinense, Dioscorea opposite, Codonopsis pilosula, and Panax ginseng, indicating that this method is suitable for the determination of trace pesticide residues in real samples with complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Liang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Jia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
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Studies on metals and pesticide content in some Ayurvedic formulations containing Bacopa monnieri L. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2016; 14:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(16)60241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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The relevance of pharmacognosy in pharmacological research on herbal medicinal products. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 52:344-62. [PMID: 26169932 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As all medicines, herbal medicinal products are expected to be safe, effective, and of appropriate quality. However, regulations on herbal medicinal products vary from country to country, and herbal preparations do occur not only in the form of medicinal products but also as less strictly regulated product groups like dietary supplements. Therefore, it is not always easy for the consumers to discriminate high-quality products from low-quality products. On the other hand, herbal medicines have many special features that distinguish them from conventional medicinal products. Plants are complex multicomponent mixtures; in addition, their phytochemical composition is not constant because of inherent variability and a plethora of external influences. Therefore, the production process of an herbal medicinal product needs to be strictly monitored. First of all, the starting materials need to be correctly authenticated and free of adulterants and contaminants. During plant growth, many factors like harvest season and time, developmental stage, temperature, and humidity have a strong impact on plant metabolite production. Also, postharvest processing steps like drying and storage can significantly alter the phytochemical composition of herbal material. As the production of many phytopharmaceuticals includes an extraction step, the extraction solvent and conditions need to be optimized in order to enrich the bioactive constituents in the extract. The quality of finished preparations needs to be determined either on the basis of marker constituents or on the basis of analytical fingerprints. Thus, all production stages should be accompanied by appropriate quality assessment measures. Depending on the particular task, different methods need to be applied, ranging from macroscopic, microscopic, and DNA-based authentication methods to spectroscopic methods like vibrational spectroscopy and chromatographic and hyphenated methods like HPLC, GC-MS and LC-MS. Also, when performing pharmacological and toxicological studies, many features inherent in herbal medicinal products need to be considered in order to guarantee valid results: concerning in vitro studies, difficulties are often related to lacking knowledge of ADME characteristics of the bioactive constituents, nuisance compounds producing false positive and false negative results, and solubility problems. In in vivo animal studies, the route of administration is a very important issue. Clinical trials on herbal medicinal products in humans very often suffer from a poor reporting quality. This often hampers or precludes the pooling of clinical data for systematic reviews. In order to overcome this problem, appropriate documentation standards for clinical trials on herbal medicinal products have been defined in an extension of the CONSORT checklist. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Botanicals for Epilepsy".
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Dhami N, Mishra AD. Phytochemical variation: How to resolve the quality controversies of herbal medicinal products? J Herb Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Xue J, Chen X, Jiang W, Liu F, Li H. Rapid and sensitive analysis of nine fungicide residues in chrysanthemum by matrix extraction-vortex-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 975:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Forghani P, Khorramizadeh MR, Waller EK. Silibinin inhibits accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and tumor growth of murine breast cancer. Cancer Med 2014; 3:215-24. [PMID: 24574320 PMCID: PMC3987072 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC)s increase in blood and accumulate in the tumor microenvironment of tumor-bearing animals, contributing to immune suppression in cancer. Silibinin, a natural flavonoid from the seeds of milk thistle, has been developed as an anti-inflammatory agent and supportive care agent to reduce the toxicity of cancer chemotherapy. The goals of this study were to evaluate the effect of silibinin on MDSCs in tumor-bearing mice and antitumor activity of silibinin in a mouse model of breast cancer. 4T1 luciferase-transfected mammary carcinoma cells were injected into in the mammary fat pad female BALB/c mice, and female CB17-Prkdc Scid/J mice. Silibinin treatment started on day 4 or day 14 after tumor inoculation continued every other day. Tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescent imaging (BLI) measuring total photon flux. Flow cytometry measured total leukocytes, CD11b+ Gr-1+ MDSC, and T cells in the blood and tumors of tumor-bearing mice. The effects of silibinin on 4T1 cell viability in vitro were measured by BLI. Treatment with silibinin increased overall survival in mice harboring tumors derived from the 4T1-luciferase breast cancer cell line, and reduced tumor volumes and numbers of CD11b+Gr-1+ MDSCs in the blood and tumor, and increased the content of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Silibinin failed to inhibit tumor growth in immunocompromised severe combined immunodeficiency mice, supporting the hypothesis that anticancer effect of silibinin is immune-mediated. The antitumor activity of silibinin requires an intact host immune system and is associated with decreased accumulation of blood and tumor-associated MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Forghani
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Sung JM, Park KJ, Lim JH, Jeong JW. Removal Effects of Microorganism and Pesticide Residues on Chinese Cabbages by Electrolyzed Water Washing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2012.44.5.628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sarkhail P, Yunesian M, Ahmadkhaniha R, Sarkheil P, Rastkari N. Levels of organophosphorus pesticides in medicinal plants commonly consumed in Iran. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 20:9. [PMID: 23351610 PMCID: PMC3555721 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The frequent occurrence of pesticide residues in herbal materials was indicated by previous studies. In this study, the concentration of some of the organophosphorus pesticides including parathion, malathion, diazinon and pirimiphos methyl in different kinds of medicinal plants were determined. The samples were collected randomly from ten local markets of different areas of Iran. At the detection limit of 0.5 ng g-1, parathion and pirimiphos methyl were not detected in any of the samples. Some amounts of malathion and diazinon were found in Zataria, Matricaria chamomile, Spearmint and Cumin Seed samples while, the concentrations of target organophosphorus pesticides in Borage samples were below the detection limits of the methods which could be a result of intensive transformation of organophosphorus pesticides by Borage. In addition the organophosphorus pesticides were detected in all of the samples below the maximum residue levels (MRLs) proposed by the international organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Sarkhail
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Harris ESJ, Cao S, Littlefield BA, Craycroft JA, Scholten R, Kaptchuk T, Fu Y, Wang W, Liu Y, Chen H, Zhao Z, Clardy J, Woolf AD, Eisenberg DM. Heavy metal and pesticide content in commonly prescribed individual raw Chinese Herbal Medicines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4297-305. [PMID: 21824641 PMCID: PMC3163780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal and pesticide contamination has previously been reported in Chinese Herbal Medicines (CHMs), in some cases at potentially toxic levels. This study was conducted to determine general patterns and toxicological significance of heavy metal and pesticide contamination in a broad sample of raw CHMs. Three-hundred-thirty-four samples representing 126 species of CHMs were collected throughout China and examined for arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury. Of the total, 294 samples representing 112 species were also tested for 162 pesticides. At least 1 metal was detected in all 334 samples (100%) and 115 samples (34%) had detectable levels of all metals. Forty-two different pesticides were detected in 108 samples (36.7%), with 1 to 9 pesticides per sample. Contaminant levels were compared to toxicological reference values in the context of different exposure scenarios. According to a likely scenario of CHM consumption, only 3 samples (1%) with heavy metals and 14 samples (5%) with pesticides were found with concentrations that could contribute to elevated background levels of contaminant exposure. According to the most conservative scenario of CHM consumption, 231 samples (69%) with heavy metals and 81 samples (28%) with pesticides had contaminants that could contribute to elevated levels of exposure. Wild collected plants had higher contaminant levels than cultivated samples. Cadmium, chromium, lead, and chlorpyrifos contamination showed weak correlations with geographic location. Based on our assumptions of the likely mode of consumption of raw CHMs, the vast majority (95%) of the 334 samples in this study contained levels of heavy metals or pesticides that would be of negligible concern. However, given the number of samples with detectable contaminants and the range between the more likely and more conservative scenarios of contaminant exposure, more research and monitoring of heavy metals (especially cadmium and chromium) and pesticide residues (especially chlorpyrifos) in raw CHMs are advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S J Harris
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Qian G, Rimao H, Feng T, Xiangwei W, Xuede L, Haiqun C, Yanhong S, Jun T. A multiresidue method for 20 pesticides in Radix paeoniae Alba of Chinese herb by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2010; 84:779-783. [PMID: 20431860 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-010-9981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A rapid multiresidue method was developed for the determination of 20 pesticides in Radix paeoniae Alba of Chinese herb by ultrasonic wave extraction, silica gel column chromatography and gas chromatography (GC) with electron-capture detection (ECD) in this study, Mean recoveries of the method ranged from 74.45 to 115.14%. The validation of the proposed approach was verified on Isatis indigotica Fort, Pltycodon grandiflorum, Cotex mouta and Poria cocos of Chinese herbs; good recoveries were also obtained in the range of 72.51-113.47%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Qian
- Key Laboratory of Agri-Food Safety of Anhui Province, College of Resource and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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19
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Moinfar S, Hosseini MRM. Development of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in tea. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 169:907-911. [PMID: 19467774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, a new method for the determination of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in tea was developed by using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography-flame photometric detection (GC-FPD). A mixture of acetonitrile and n-hexane was used as an extraction solvent for the extraction of OPPs from tea samples. When the extraction process was finished, the mixture of solvents was rapidly dispersed in water; target analyte was extracted to a small volume of n-hexane, using DLLME. Recovery tests were performed for concentration 5.0 microg/kg. The recovery for each target analyte was in the range between 83.3 and 117.4%. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 3 and 7.8% (n=3). The detection limit of the method for tea was found ranging from 0.030 to 1 microg/kg for all the target pesticides. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method, the proposed method has the advantage of being quick and easy to operate, and has high-enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soleyman Moinfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Hayward DG, Wong JW. Organohalogen and Organophosphorous Pesticide Method for Ginseng Root — A Comparison of Gas Chromatography-Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry with High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2009; 81:5716-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900494a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G. Hayward
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-5350
| | - Jon W. Wong
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Office of Regulatory Science, 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, HFS-706, College Park, Maryland 20740-5350
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21
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Viana de Carvalho PH, Santos Barreto A, Rodrigues MO, de Menezes Prata V, Barreto Alves P, de Mesquita ME, Alves Júnior S, Navickiene S. Two-dimensional coordination polymer matrix for solid-phase extraction of pesticide residues from plantCordia salicifolia. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2132-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Abhilash PC, Singh N. Multiple residue extraction for organochlorine pesticides in medicinal plants. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2008; 81:604-607. [PMID: 18773128 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-008-9545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, multiresidue, multimatrix analytical method for the determination of aldrin, endrin, dieldrin and hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-HCH) residues in medicinal plants has been developed. Samples were extracted by matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by gas chromatographic-electron-capture detection (GC-(63)Ni-ECD). The validation of the proposed approach was carried out by comparison with the European Pharmacopoeia reference extraction method obtaining similar or even better efficiencies by the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Abhilash
- Eco-Auditing Group, National Botanical Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Ozbey A, Uygun U. Behaviour of some organophosphorus pesticide residues in thyme and stinging nettle tea during infusion process. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.01237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Ozbey A, Uygun U. Behaviour of some organophosphorus pesticide residues in peppermint tea during the infusion process. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Yazaki K. ABC transporters involved in the transport of plant secondary metabolites. FEBS Lett 2005; 580:1183-91. [PMID: 16364309 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, polyphenols, quinones and many further compounds having combined structures of those groups. Physiological roles of those metabolites for plants are still under investigation, but they play, at least in part, important functions as protectants for plant bodies against herbivores and pathogens, as well as from physical stresses like ultraviolet light and heat. In order to accomplish these functions, biosyntheses and accumulation of secondary metabolites are highly regulated in a temporal and spatial manner in plant organs, where they can appropriately accumulate. In this mini-review, I introduce the mechanism of accumulation and membrane transport of these metabolites, in particular, focusing on ATP-binding cassette transporters involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazufumi Yazaki
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan.
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26
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Leung KSY, Chan K, Chan CL, Lu GH. Systematic evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in Chinese materia medica. Phytother Res 2005; 19:514-8. [PMID: 16114092 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A systematic evaluation on the levels of organochlorine pesticide residues (OCP) was conducted on four selected, authentic Chinese materia medica, namely: Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Notoginseng, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae and Radix Ginseng. Altogether ten representative batches of samples were analysed for each herb. Six batches were collected in the major cultivation areas of the Mainland whilst the remaining four batches were procured in the Hong Kong herbal market. All except Radix Angelicae Sinensis have been identified as containing quintozene and hexachlorocyclohexane in various levels. Hexachlorobenzene and lindane were also reported in samples of Radix Ginseng. The banned pesticide, DDT and its derivatives, was also observed in one of the Radix Notoginseng samples. The investigation will be continued for a target list of common used herbs in Hong Kong. All the results will be gathered and analysed for setting up regulatory permissible limits of OCP residues in Chinese materia medica used in Hong Kong.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Research and Development Division, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, P. R. China.
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Steenkamp V, Grove A. CNS effects after muti ingestion: what is the cause? Forensic Sci Int 2004; 139:93-4. [PMID: 14687781 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zuin VG, Yariwake JH, Bicchi C. Fast supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection for multiresidue screening of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides in Brazil's medicinal plants. J Chromatogr A 2003; 985:159-66. [PMID: 12580482 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)01400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A description is given of a rapid and environmentally friendly method to determine organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide multiresidues--malathion, methidathion, fenitrothion, fenthion, parathion-ethyl, parathion-methyl, lindane, hexachlorobenzene, chlorothalonil, tetradifon, alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan and dieldrin-in Passiflora alata Dryander and pasiflora edulis Sims. f. flavicarpa Deg. leaves by supercritical fluid extraction and high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture and flame photometric detection (HRGC-ECD/FPD). The mild extraction conditions [pure CO2; 100 bar (1 bar = 10(5) Pa) and 40 degrees C (p = 0.62 g/ml); 5 min static+10 min dynamic extraction time; ODS trap and elution with 1 ml n-hexane at 2 ml/min] allow for direct analysis by HRGC-ECD/FPD with no prior cleaning procedure. The method provides. in accordance with the validation criteria of the European Pharmacopoeia, analytical results that are similar or even better than the official procedures, and is simpler, faster and cheaper. Mean recoveries of 69.8-107.1% were obtained, with 1.4-14.7% reproducibility (RSD). The method was applied to analyse commercial samples of Passiflora L. from Brazil. Twenty-three percent of the samples showed the presence of the organochlorine or organophosphorus pesticide residue investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Zuin
- Istituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 780, 13560-970 São Carlos (SP), Brazil
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