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Ružena Č, Jindra V, Renáta H. Chirality of β2-agonists. An overview of pharmacological activity, stereoselective analysis, and synthesis. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstractβ2-Agonists (β2-adrenergic agonists, bronchodilatants, and sympathomimetic drugs) are a group of drugs that are mainly used in asthma and obstructive pulmonary diseases. In practice, the substances used to contain one or more stereogenic centers in their structure and their enantiomers exhibit different pharmacological properties. In terms of bronchodilatory activity, (R)-enantiomers showed higher activity. The investigation of stereoselectivity in action and disposition of chiral drugs together with the preparation of pure enantiomer drugs calls for efficient stereoselective analytical methods. The overview focuses on the stereoselectivity in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of β2-agonists and summarizes the stereoselective analytical methods for the enantioseparation of racemic beta-agonists (HPLC, LC-MS, GC, TLC, CE). Some methods of the stereoselective synthesis for β2-agonists preparation are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Čižmáriková Ružena
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Valentová Jindra
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Horáková Renáta
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) currently allows therapeutic use of the beta2-agonists salbutamol, formoterol and salmeterol when delivered via inhalation despite some evidence suggesting these anti-asthma drugs may be performance enhancing. Beta2-agonists are usually administered as 50:50 racemic mixtures of two enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images), one of which demonstrates significant beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated bronchodilation while the other appears to have little or no pharmacological activity. For salbutamol and formoterol, urine thresholds have been adopted to limit supratherapeutic dosing and to discriminate between inhaled (permitted) and oral (prohibited) use. However, chiral switches have led to the availability of enantiopure (active enantiomer only) preparations of salbutamol and formoterol, which effectively doubles their urine thresholds and provides a means for athletes to take supratherapeutic doses for doping purposes. Given the availability of these enantiopure beta2-agonists, the analysis of these drugs using enantioselective assays should now become routine. For salmeterol, there is currently only a therapeutic dose threshold and adoption of a urinary threshold should be a high priority for doping control.
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3
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Chan SH, Lee W, Asmawi MZ, Tan SC. Chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method development for the detection of salbutamol in urine samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1025:83-91. [PMID: 27232053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A sequential solid-phase extraction (SPE) method was developed and validated using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the detection and quantification of salbutamol enantiomers in porcine urine. Porcine urine samples were hydrolysed with β-glucuronidase/arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia and then subjected to a double solid-phase extraction (SPE) first using the Abs-Elut Nexus SPE and then followed by the Bond Elut Phenylboronic Acid (PBA) SPE. The salbutamol enantiomers were separated using the Astec CHIROBIOTIC™ T HPLC column (3.0mm×100mm; 5μm) maintained at 15°C with a 15min isocratic run at a flow rate of 0.4mL/min. The mobile phase constituted of 5mM ammonium formate in methanol. Salbutamol and salbutamol-tert-butyl-d9 (internal standard, IS) was monitored and quantified with the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The method showed good linearity for the range of 0.1-10ng/mL with limit of quantification at 0.3ng/mL. Analysis of the QC samples showed intra- and inter-assay precisions to be less than 5.04%, and recovery ranging from 83.82 to 102.33%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Hay Chan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Warren Lee
- Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Zaini Asmawi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Soo Choon Tan
- Usains Biomics Laboratory Testing Services Sdn. Bhd., Universiti Sains Malaysia, Suite 016 Ground Floor, Eureka Complex, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia; Institute for Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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4
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Chiral resolution of salbutamol in plasma sample by a new chiral ligand-exchange chromatography method after its extraction with nano-sized imprinted polymer. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1009-1010:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Qin F, Wang Y, Wang L, Zhao L, Pan L, Cheng M, Li F. Determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry using vancomycin chiral stationary phase and solid phase extraction and stereoselective pharmacokinetic application. Chirality 2015; 27:327-31. [PMID: 25782043 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and enantioselective vancomycin chiral stationary phase high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the determination of trantinterol enantiomers in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved using the vancomycin chiral stationary phase known as Chirobiotic V with polar ionic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-methanol (60:40, v/v) containing 0.01% ammonia and 0.02% acetic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Waters Oasis HLB C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of trantinterol samples from plasma. The detection was performed on a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring mode via electrospray ionization. The calibration curve was linear in a concentration range from 0.0606 to 30.3 ng/mL in plasma, with the lower limit of quantification of 0.0606 ng/mL. The intra- and interday precision (relative standard deviation) values were within 9.7% and the accuracy (relative error) was from -6.6 to 7.2% at all quality control levels. The method was successfully applied to a study of stereoselective pharmacokinetics in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Ramisetti NR, Bompelli S. LC-MS/MS determination of cinacalcet enantiomers in rat plasma on Chirobiotic V column in polar ionic mode: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1846-53. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nageswara Rao Ramisetti
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
| | - Sravan Bompelli
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Discovery Laboratory; Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Tarnaka Hyderabad 500 607 India
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Rosales-Conrado N, Dell'Aica M, de León-González ME, Pérez-Arribas LV, Polo-Díez LM. Determination of salbutamol by direct chiral reversed-phase HPLC using teicoplanin as stationary phase and its application to natural water analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1413-22. [PMID: 23703259 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A direct chiral LC-UV method was optimized for the determination of salbutamol (SAL) β2 -agonist in environmental water. Two commercially available columns were evaluated: teicoplanin Chirobiotic-T™ (150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 5 µm) and vancomycin Chirobiotic-V™ (150 × 2.1 mm i.d., 5 µm). Finally, teicoplanin chiral stationary phase was selected for SAL enantiomer resolution. In order to preserve its integrity and maintain the column performance for longer time, the use of additives such as triethylamine (TEA) in the mobile phase was avoided. Experimental design was applied to simultaneously evaluate the influence of several parameters involved in enantiomer separation and to establish the conditions for acceptable resolution and performance in short analysis time. Optimum mobile phase was methanol-20 mM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 4.5 (98:2, v/v). A solid-phase extraction procedure for sample pre-concentration and clean-up allowed the determination of chiral SAL residues in natural water samples spiked at low concentrations in the range 1.0-20 ng mL(-1) . Reproducible recoveries, between 77 and 98%, were obtained and matrix effect was negligible. Injection of sample solutions at low elution strength permitted the SAL enantioresolution in the natural water complex matrix with satisfactory sensitivity and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Rosales-Conrado
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Complutense University of Madrid, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Sidler-Moix AL, Mercier T, Decosterd LA, Di Paolo ER, Berger-Gryllaki M, Cotting J, Pannatier A. A highly sensitive LC-tandem MS assay for the measurement in plasma and in urine of salbutamol administered by nebulization during mechanical ventilation in healthy volunteers. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 26:672-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Mercier
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - Laurent A. Decosterd
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jacques Cotting
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
| | - André Pannatier
- Department of Pharmacy; University Hospital; Lausanne; Switzerland
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9
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Effect of chromatographic conditions on liquid chromatographic chiral separation of terbutaline and salbutamol on Chirobiotic V column. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6727-31. [PMID: 21855076 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a method for enantioseparation of terbutaline and salbutamol was established using Chirobiotic V column as a stationary phase. Polar ionic mode applying mobile phase containing ammonium nitrate in 100% ethanol, pH 5.1 was found to give the best separation. The salt concentration in the mobile phase and pH value were found to be the most important chromatographic factors affecting separation. Separation of enantiomers of these two basic analytes was complete in less than 10 min without applying ammonium trifluoroacetate (ATFA) or triethylamine (TEA) salts.
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10
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Rao RN, Kumar KN, Ramakrishna S. Enantiomeric separation of mirtazapine and its metabolite in rat plasma by reverse polar ionic liquid chromatography using fluorescence and polarimetric detectors connected in series. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Sultan MA, Hefnawy MM, Al-Shehri MM. Chiral stability-indicating HPLC method for analysis of arotinolol in pharmaceutical formulation and human plasma. ARAB J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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12
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Wang C, Jiang C, Armstrong DW. Considerations on HILIC and polar organic solvent-based separations: use of cyclodextrin and macrocyclic glycopetide stationary phases. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1980-90. [PMID: 18615818 PMCID: PMC4301416 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
There is a natural tendency in science to prefer straightforward, logical classification systems. The use of mobile phase-stationary phase combinations that do not fit neatly into the standard "normal phase" or "reversed-phase" categories has been going on for over 50 years. The term "hydrophilic interaction chromatography" (HILIC) is sometimes being used as a general category for these "other" separations. In some cases, it may be appropriate and in others, not. Indeed the mechanistic constrains used to define the method seem to be varying with time. Given the name HILIC, it is assumed that water is not only present in the mobile phase, but also plays an essential role in the retention mechanism. However, there is residual water present in all organic solvents. Regardless, the number of reported separations in this alternative mode has increased tremendously in the last two decades. This is due to the advent of new stationary phases and an emphasis on polar, biologically important molecules. We discuss the relationships between HILIC and other chromatographic modes. We then examine two classes of stationary phases that have played a major role in these separations. These particular stationary phases can be used to provide appreciable mechanistic information as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Chunxia Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019
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13
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Felix G, Berthod A. Part II: From Dermatologicals to Sensory Organ and Various Drugs. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION REVIEWS 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15422110701873007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Hefnawy MM, Sultan MA, Al-Shehri MM. HPLC separation technique for analysis of bufuralol enantiomers in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations using a vancomycin chiral stationary phase and UV detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 856:328-36. [PMID: 17681871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of bufuralol enantiomers in plasma and pharmaceutical formulations. Enantiomeric resolution was achieved on a vancomycin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chirobiotic V with UV detection set at 254 nm. The polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine (100:0.015:0.010, v/v/v) has been used at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The method is highly specific where other coformulated compounds did not interfere. The stability of bufuralol enantiomers under different degrees of temperature was also studied. The results showed that the drug is stable for at least 7 days at 70 degrees C. The method was validated for its linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. An experimental design was used during validation to evaluate method robustness. The calibration curves in plasma were linear over the range of 5-500 ng/ml for each enantiomer with detection limit of 2 ng/ml. The mean relative standard deviation (RSD) of the results of within-day precision and accuracy of the drug were <or=10%. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between inter- and intra-day studies for each enantiomer which confirmed the reproducibility of the assay method. The mean extraction efficiency for S-(-)- and R-(+)-bufuralol from plasma was in the range 97-102% at 15-400 ng/ml level for each enantiomer. The overall recoveries of bufuralol enantiomers from pharmaceutical formulations was in the range 99.6-102.2% with %RSD ranging from 1.06 to 1.16%. The assay method proved to be suitable as chiral quality control for bufuralol formulations by HPLC and for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Hefnawy MM, Sultan MA, Al‐Shehri MM. Development of an HPLC Method for the Quantitation of Bisoprolol Enantiomers in Pharmaceutical Products using a Teicoplanin Chiral Stationary Phase and Fluorescence Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070600978302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Sultan
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona M. Al‐Shehri
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Xiao TL, Zhang B, Lee JT, Hui F, Armstrong DW. REVERSAL OF ENANTIOMERIC ELUTION ORDER ON MACROCYCLIC GLYCOPEPTIDE CHIRAL STATIONARY PHASES. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Xiao
- a Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - B. Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
| | - J. T. Lee
- b Advanced Separation Technologies, Inc. , Whippany, NJ, 07981, U.S.A
| | - F. Hui
- c Laboratoire Environment et Chimie Analytique , CNRS ERS657, ESPCI, Paris, 75005, France
| | - D. W. Armstrong
- d Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames, IA, 50011, U.S.A
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Hefnawy MM, Sultan MA, Al-Shehri MM. Direct Enantiomeric Resolution of Betaxolol with Application to Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/117739010600100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for the separation and determination of S- and R-enantiomers of betaxolol in tablets and ophthalmic preparations. Baseline resolution was achieved by using teicoplanin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chirobiotic T with fluorescence detection at excitation/emission wavelengths 275/305 nm. The polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consists of methanol-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine, (100:0.020:0.025, v/v/v) has been used at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min. All analytes with S-(-)-atenolol as internal standard were conducted at ambient temperature. The method is highly specific where another coformulated compounds did not interfere. The stability of betaxolol enantiomers under different degree of temperature also studied. The results showed that it is stable for at least 7 days at 70°C. The method validated for its linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. Experimental design was used during validation to evaluate method robustness. Using the chromatographic conditions described, S- and R-betaxolol were well resolved with mean retention times of 11.3 and 12.6 min, respectively. Linear response (r > 0.997) was observed over the range of 10-500 ng/ml of betaxolol enantiomers, with detection limit of 5 ng/ml. The recoveries of S- and R-betaxolol from tablets and ophthalmic preparation ranged from 97.4 to 101.4% and 98.0 to 102.0%, respectively. The mean relative standard deviation (R.S.D.%) for both enantiomers were 1.1-1.4% and 1.3-1.7% in tablets and ophthalmic solution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Sultan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona M. Al-Shehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Thompson R. A Practical Guide to HPLC Enantioseparations for Pharmaceutical Compounds. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2007. [DOI: 10.1081/jlc-200053033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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19
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Hefnawy MM, Sultan MAA, Al-Shehri MM. Enantioanalysis of Bisoprolol in Human Plasma with a Macrocyclic Antibiotic HPLC Chiral Column Using Fluorescence Detection and Solid Phase Extraction. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:227-30. [PMID: 17268093 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive, enantioselective, high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine S-(-)- and R-(+)-bisoprolol in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved using the teicoplanin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chirobiotic T with a polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol-glacial acetic acid-triethylamine (100 : 0.02 : 0.025, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min and fluorescence detection set at 275 nm for excitation and 305 nm for emission. All analyses with S-(-)-atenolol as the internal standard were conducted at ambient temperature. The assay involved the use of a solid-phase extraction procedure for human plasma samples prior to HPLC analysis. The C18 cartridge gave good recovery rates for both enantiomers without any interference. The method was validated over the range of 20-200 ng/ml for each enantiomer concentration. Recovery rates for S-(-)- and R-(+)-bisoprolol enantiomers were in the range of 95-102%. The method proved to be precise (within-run precision expressed as % RSD ranged from 1.0-6.2% and between-run precision ranged from 0.9-6.7%) and accurate (within-run accuracies expressed as percentage error ranged from 0.2-4.8% and between-run accuracies ranged from 0.3-1.7%). The limit of quantitation and limit of detection for each enantiomer in human plasma were 20 and 5 ng/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohmoud Hefnawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. (R)-albuterol for asthma: pro [a.k.a. (S)-albuterol for asthma: con]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 174:965-9; discussion 972-4. [PMID: 17060667 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.2606001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Is there scientific evidence to support the replacement of the beta-agonist racemic albuterol with levalbuterol--that is, (R)-albuterol? The argument presented further refines the question as "Do we wish to continue to treat asthma with a mixture of albuterol, of which half is an agent with no known benefit--that is, (S)-albuterol--and which may exacerbate the disease?"
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Bartolincić A, Drusković V, Sporec A, Vinković V. Development and validation of HPLC methods for the enantioselective analysis of bambuterol and albuterol. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2005; 36:1003-10. [PMID: 15620526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Suitable HPLC methods for the direct separation of bambuterol and albuterol enantiomers were developed. The enantioseparation was tested on numerous commercial chiral HPLC columns. For bambuterol the most convenient separation was determined on amylose Chiralpak AD column, and for albuterol on vancomycine Chirobiotic V column. The mobile phase compositions were systematically studied to obtain the optimal chromatographic methods. Validation of methods in selected conditions shows that the chosen methods are selective and precise with linear response of detector for both pairs of enantiomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bartolincić
- R&D, Belupo Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Ltd., Radnicka c. 224, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Hefnawy MM, Aboul-Enein HY. A validated LC method for the determination of vesamicol enantiomers in human plasma using vancomycin chiral stationary phase and solid phase extraction. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 35:535-43. [PMID: 15137978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Revised: 01/08/2004] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
An enantioseparation high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine D-(+)- and L-(-)-vesamicol in human plasma. The assay involved the use of a solid phase extraction for plasma sample clean up prior to HPLC analysis utilizing a C18 Bond-Elute column. Chromatographic resolution of the vesamicol enantiomers was performed on a vancomycin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chirobiotic V with a polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol:glacial acetic acid:triethylamine (100:0.1:0.05 (v/v/v)) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and UV detection set at 262 nm. All analyses were conducted at ambient temperature. The method was validated over the range of 1-20 microg/ml for each enantiomer concentration (R2>0.999). Recoveries for D-(+)- and L-(-)-vesamicol enantiomers were in the ranges of 96-105% at 3-16 microg/ml level. The method proved to be precise (within-run precision ranged from 1.3 to 2.7% and between-run precision ranged from 1.5 to 3.4%) and accurate (within-run accuracies ranged from 0.8 to 3.4% and between-run accuracies ranged from 1.7 to 5.0%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for each enantiomer in human plasma were 1.0 and 0.5 microg/ml (S/N=3), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hefnawy
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 1211 Saudi Arabia
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Nowak RM, Emerman CL, Schaefer K, Disantostefano RL, Vaickus L, Roach JM. Levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol in the treatment of acute asthma: results of a pilot study. Am J Emerg Med 2004; 22:29-36. [PMID: 14724875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2003.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This was a prospective, open-label, nonrandomized pilot study to evaluate efficacy and tolerability of levalbuterol (LEV) in acute asthma. Asthmatics (forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV1], 20-55% predicted) were sequentially enrolled into cohorts of 12 to 14 and received 0.63, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, or 5.0 mg LEV or 2.5 or 5.0 mg racemic albuterol (RAC) every 20 minutes x 3. After the first dose, FEV1 changes were 56% (0.6 L) for 1.25 mg LEV and 6% (0.07 L) and 14% (0.21 L) for 2.5 and 5 mg RAC respectively. After three doses, FEV1 changes were 74% (0.9 L), 39% (0.5 L), and 37% (0.6 L) for 1.25 mg, LEV 2.5 mg, RAC and 0.63 mg LEV respectively. LEV doses greater than 1.25 mg did not further improve bronchodilation. Baseline plasma (S)-albuterol levels were negatively correlated with baseline FEV1 (R = - 0.3, P = .004) and percent change in FEV1 (R = -0.3, P = .006). LEV at a dose of 1.25 mg produced effective bronchodilation that was greater than both RAC doses. The negative correlation between (S)-albuterol levels and FEV1 could suggest a deleterious effect of (S)-albuterol. Larger comparative studies are warranted.
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Halabi A, Ferrayoli C, Palacio M, Dabbene V, Palacios S. Validation of a chiral HPLC assay for (R)-salbutamol sulfate. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:45-51. [PMID: 14738918 DOI: 10.1016/j.japna.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A fast, reliable and specific method for the screening, confirmation, determination and quantitation of salbutamol enantiomers was developed and validated. The described procedure includes a single robust chiral HPLC determination employing a Teicoplanin stationary phase. The method was evaluated for specificity, robustness, linearity, precision and accuracy. Under the chromatographic conditions of the method, known impurities were separated from the active principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Halabi
- Agencia Córdoba Ciencia, Unidad CEPROCOR, Alvarez de Arenales 230, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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25
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Aboul-Enein HY, Hefnawy MM. Chiral analysis of butaclamol enantiomers in human plasma by HPLC using a macrocyclic antibiotic (vancomycin) chiral stationary phase and solid phase extraction. Chirality 2004; 16:147-52. [PMID: 14770410 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An enantioseparation of the antipsychotic drug butaclamol in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with solid phase extraction is presented. The separation was achieved on the vancomycin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) Chirobiotic V with a polar ionic mobile phase (PIM) consisting of methanol : glacial acetic acid : triethylamine (100:0.2:0.05, v/v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detection wavelength was 262 nm. Bond Elut C18 solid phase extraction cartridges were used in the sample preparation of butaclamol samples from plasma. The method was validated over the range of 100-3,000 ng/ml for each enantiomer concentration (R(2) > 0.999). Recoveries for (+)- and (-)-butaclamol were in the range of 94-104% at the 300-2,500 ng/ml level. The method proved to be precise (within-run precision ranged from 1.1-2.6% and between-run precision ranged from 1.9-3.2%) and accurate (within-run accuracies ranged from 1.5-5.8% and between-run accuracies ranged from 2.7-7.7%). The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for each enantiomer in human plasma were 100 ng/ml and 50 ng/ml, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Aboul-Enein HY, Hefnawy MM. Enantioselective determination of arotinolol in human plasma by HPLC using teicoplanin chiral stationary phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2003; 17:453-7. [PMID: 14598329 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated to determine S-(+)- and R-(-)-arotinolol in human plasma. Baseline resolution was achieved by using teicoplanin macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phase (CSP) known as Chirobiotic T with a polar organic mobile phase consisting of methanol:glacial acetic acid:triethylamine, 100:0.1:0.1, (v/v/v) at a fl ow rate of 0.8 mL/min and UV detection set at 317 nm. Human plasma was spiked with stock solution of arotinolol enantiomers and labetalol as the internal standard. The assay involved the use of liquid-liquid extraction procedure with ethyl ether under alkaline condition for human plasma sample prior to HPLC analysis. Recoveries for S-(+)- and R-(-)-arotinolol enantiomers were in the range 93-103% at 200-1400 ng/mL level. Intra-day and inter-day precision calculated as %RSD was in the ranges 1.3-3.4 and 1.9-4.5% for both enantiomers, respectively. Intra-day and inter-day accuracies calculated as percentage error were in the ranges 1.2-3.5 and 1.5-6.2% for both enantiomers, respectively. Linear calibration curves in the concentration range 100-1500 ng/mL for each enantiomer showed a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9998. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) and limit of detection (LOD) for each enantiomer in human plasma were 100 and 50 ng/mL (S/N = 3), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Y Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, Biological and Medical Research Department (MBC-03), King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Bojarski J. Stereoselective chromatography of cardiovascular drugs: an update. JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS 2002; 54:197-220. [PMID: 12543499 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(02)00143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review reports the latest achievements in chromatographic enantioseparations of various classes of cardiovascular drugs and selected applications of these methods in pharmaceutical and clinical analysis. The use of these drugs as test compounds for new chiral stationary phases and different parameters of chromatographic processes is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Bojarski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical College, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Cracow, Poland.
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Sartori C, Fang X, McGraw DW, Koch P, Snider ME, Folkesson HG, Matthay MA. Selected contribution: long-term effects of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor stimulation on alveolar fluid clearance in mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2002; 93:1875-80. [PMID: 12381778 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00275.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of active fluid transport with beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) agonists can accelerate the resolution of alveolar edema. However, chronic betaAR-agonist administration may cause betaAR desensitization and downregulation that may impair physiological responsiveness to betaAR-agonist stimulation. Therefore, we measured baseline and terbutaline- (10(-3) M) stimulated alveolar fluid clearance in mice that received subcutaneously (miniosmotic pumps) either saline or albuterol (2 mg. kg(-1). day(-1)) for 1, 3, or 6 days. Continuous albuterol administration increased plasma albuterol levels (10(-5) M), an effect that was associated with 1) a significant decrease in betaAR density and 2) attenuation, but not ablation, of maximal terbutaline-induced cAMP production. Forskolin-mediated cAMP-release was unaffected. Continuous albuterol infusion stimulated alveolar fluid clearance on day 1 but did not increase alveolar fluid clearance on days 3 and 6. However, terbutaline-stimulated alveolar fluid clearance in albuterol-treated mice was not reduced compared with saline-treated mice. Despite significant reductions in betaAR density and agonist-mediated cAMP production by long-term betaAR-agonist exposure, maximal betaAR-agonist-mediated increase in alveolar fluid clearance is not diminished in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sartori
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0130, USA
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29
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Abdel-Ghani NT, Rizk MS, El-Nashar RM. POTENTIOMETRIC FLOW INJECTION DETERMINATION OF SALBUTAMOL. ANAL LETT 2002. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120002360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Szymura-Oleksiak J, Bojarski J, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent applications of stereoselective chromatography. Chirality 2002; 14:417-35. [PMID: 11984758 DOI: 10.1002/chir.10110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some recent applications of stereoselective chromatography in the fields of clinical pharmacy, drug analysis, food, and natural products are reviewed. The review is documented with up-to-date literature, which will assist further expansion of research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szymura-Oleksiak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Physical Pharmacy, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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31
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Haginaka J. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of enantioseparations using liquid chromatographic techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2002; 27:357-72. [PMID: 11755739 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The chiral separation methods using liquid chromatographic techniques can be divided into two categories: one is a direct method, which is based on a diastereomer formation on stationary phase or in mobile phase. The other is an indirect method, which is based on a diasteromer formation by reaction with a homochiral reagent. The enantiomer separation on a chiral stationary phases followed by derivatization with an achiral reagent is also dealt with this review article as the indirect method. The pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of enantioseparations using the direct and indirect methods have been considered in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Haginaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, 11-68, Koshien Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan.
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Issa YM, Shoukry AF, El-Nashar RM. Conductimetric determination of reproterol HCl and pipazethate HCl and salbutamol sulphate in their pharmaceutical formulations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2001; 26:379-86. [PMID: 11489383 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(01)00415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive conductimetric method for the determination of salbutamol sulphate and reproterol and pipazethate hydrochlorides is presented based on their ion associates with phosphotungstic and phosphomolybdic acids. The effect of solvent, molar ratio, reagent concentration and temperature were studied, and the solubility products of the formed ion associates were calculated. The method was applied to the determination of the drugs in their pure state or pharmaceutical preparations with mean recovery values of 99.82-100.54, 99.75-100.12 and 99.95-100.40%, and coefficient of variation 0.28-0.52, 0.16-0.36 and 0.19-0.33 for salbutamol sulphate, reproterol HCl and pipazathate HCl, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Issa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract
The macrocyclic antibiotics have recently gained popularity as chiral selectors in CE, HPLC and TLC. The macrocyclic antibiotics used for chiral separations include the ansamycins, the glycopeptides, and the polypeptide antibiotic thiostrepton. Although not strictly considered macrocyclic antibiotics, the aminoglycosides are antibiotics that have been used for chiral separations in CE. More chiral analytes have been resolved using the glycopeptides than with the other macrocyclic antibiotics combined. The glycopeptides vancomycin, ristocetin A and teicoplanin have been used extensively as chiral selectors in CE, with ristocetin A appearing to be the most useful chiral selector followed by vancomycin and teicoplanin, respectively. The macrocyclic antibiotics have also been used as chiral bonded phases in HPLC, and HPLC stationary phases based on vancomycin, ristocetin A and teicoplanin have been commercialized. Ristocetin A seems to be the most useful glycopeptide HPLC bonded phase, but its greater expense can be a drawback. The macrocyclic antibiotics have been used with micelles to improve efficiency, provide unique selectivity, and extend the range of separations to neutral solutes. Changing the macrocyclic antibiotic used in CE or HPLC can significantly alter the enantioselectivity of the separations. In fact, the glycopeptide antibiotics are complementary to one another, where if a partial enantioresolution is obtained with one glycopeptide, there is a high probability that a baseline or better separation can be obtained with another.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Millsaps College, Jackson, MS 39210, USA.
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Auclair B, Wainer IW, Fried K, Koch P, Jerussi TP, Ducharme MP. A population analysis of nebulized (R)-albuterol in dogs using a novel mixed gut-lung absorption PK-PD model. Pharm Res 2000; 17:1228-35. [PMID: 11145228 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026466730347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objectives of this study were to 1) construct a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model, and 2) determine the PKs and PDs of (R)-albuterol when given by nebulization to 8 dogs for 7 consecutive days. METHODS Four doses were evaluated (0.002, 0.02, 0.1, and 0.4 mg/kg/ day). Blood samples were obtained after drug administration on days 1 and 7. Heart rates (HR) were obtained during treatment days 1, 4 and 7. All (R)-albuterol plasma concentrations were fitted using a mixed gut-lung absorption 2-compartment PK model. Day-1, 4, and 7 HR data were co-modeled using a direct response model with Hilltype equations, including a necessary tolerance phenomenon. The population PK-PD analysis was performed with an iterative 2-stage methodology (IT2S). RESULTS No chiral inversion was seen, and double absorption peaks on the plasma concentration versus time curves were observed in the majority of dogs. These were hypothesized to be the result of combined gut and lung absorption of (R)-Albuterol. Results indicated that 67% (range: 57-89%) of (R)-albuterol systemic exposure after nebulized administration is due to gut absorption. Mean population PK parameters were KaGI (10+/-5.7 h(-1)), KaLUNG (21+/-9.5 h(-1)), CLc/F (0.6+/-0.2 L/h/kg), CLd/F (1.4+/-0.5 L/h/kg), Vc/F (1.4+/-0.9 L/kg), and Vp/F (4.8+/-2.4 L/kg). (R)-albuterol administration was associated with an increase in the dogs heart rates. A tolerance effect related to the cumulative dose was observed and modeled. CONCLUSIONS The presented PK-PD model appears to differentiate gut from lung absorption when (R)-albuterol is given by 15-minute nebulization to dogs. These results agree with the accepted hypothesis that most of the systemic exposure of (R)-albuterol after nebulized administration is due to gut absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Auclair
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Canada
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Ward
- Department of Chemistry, Millsaps College, Jackson, Mississippi 39210, USA
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36
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von Deutsch DA, Abukhalaf IK, Wineski LE, Aboul-Enein HY, Pitts SA, Parks BA, Oster RA, Paulsen DF, Potter DE. Beta-agonist-induced alterations in organ weights and protein content: comparison of racemic clenbuterol and its enantiomers. Chirality 2000; 12:637-48. [PMID: 10897101 DOI: 10.1002/1520-636x(2000)12:8<637::aid-chir6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a relatively selective beta2-adrenergic partial agonist that has bronchodilator activity. This drug has been investigated as a potential countermeasure to microgravity- or disuse-induced skeletal muscle atrophy because of presumed anabolic effects. The purpose of this study was to: 1) analyze the anabolic effect of clenbuterol's (-)-R and (+)-S enantiomers (0.2 mg/kg) on muscles (cardiac and skeletal) and other organs; and 2) compare responses of enantiomers to the racemate (0.4 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg). Male Sprague Dawley rats were treated with: a) racemic clenbuterol (rac-clenbuterol, 0.4 or 1.0 mg/kg); b) enantiomers [clenbuterol (-)-R or (+)-S]; or c) vehicle (1.0 mL/kg buffered saline). Anabolic activity was determined by measuring tissue mass and protein content. HPLC teicoplanin chiral stationary phase was used to directly resolve racemic clenbuterol to its individual enantiomers. In skeletal muscle, both enantiomers had equal anabolic activity, and the effects were muscle- and anatomic region-specific in magnitude. Although the enantiomers did not affect the ventricular mass to body weight ratio, clenbuterol (+)-S induced a small but significant increase in ventricular mass. Both clenbuterol enantiomers produced significant increases in skeletal muscle mass, while being less active in producing cardiac ventricular muscle hypertrophy than the racemic mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A von Deutsch
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Space Medicine and Life Sciences Research Center, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30310-1495, USA.
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Gotti R, Furlanetto S, Andrisano V, Cavrini V, Pinzauti S. Design of experiments for capillary electrophoretic enantioresolution of salbutamol using dermatan sulfate. J Chromatogr A 2000; 875:411-22. [PMID: 10839161 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)01303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Statistical experimental design was used for the optimization and for robustness evaluation of a capillary electrophoretic method developed for the enantioresolution of salbutamol. Dermatan sulfate was used as chiral selector. The goal of the study was to obtain an efficient and fast separation. An eight-run Plackett-Burman matrix was used during the optimization process for the screening of the factors and to adjust the experimental domain under study. Response surface methodology was adopted after the screening phase to obtain information about how the factors percentage of chiral selector, pH and voltage affected the considered responses resolution and analysis time. The Derringer desirability function, which makes it possible to combine results obtained for properties measured on different scales, was used to simultaneously optimize the two responses. Robustness testing was carried out using a Plackett-Burman matrix. The method was found robust as regards the response resolution while voltage and chiral selector were found to be critical factors for the robustness of analysis time response. The proposed CE method permitted the complete enantioseparation of racemic salbutamol and was applied to its chiral resolution in spiked urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy
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Ward JK, Dow J, Dallow N, Eynott P, Milleri S, Ventresca GP. Enantiomeric disposition of inhaled, intravenous and oral racemic-salbutamol in man--no evidence of enantioselective lung metabolism. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 49:15-22. [PMID: 10606833 PMCID: PMC2014885 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.2000.00102.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims To establish whether enantioselective metabolism of racemic (rac )-salbutamol occurs in the lungs by determining its enantiomeric disposition following inhalation, in the absence and presence of oral charcoal, compared with that following the oral and intravenous routes. Methods Fifteen healthy subjects (eight male) were randomized into an open design, crossover study. Plasma and urine salbutamol enantiomer concentrations were measured for 24 h following oral (2 mg) with or without oral charcoal (to block oral absorption), inhaled (MDI; 1200 microg) with or without oral charcoal and intravenous (500 microg) rac-salbutamol. Systemic exposure (plasma AUC(0,infinity) and urinary excretion (Au24h ) of both enantiomers were calculated, and relative exposure to (R)-salbutamol both in plasma (AUC(R)-/AUC(S)- ) and urine (Au(R)-/Au(S)- ) was derived for each route. Relative exposure after the inhaled with charcoal and oral routes were compared with the intravenous route. Results AUC(R)-/AUC(S)- [geometric mean (95% CI)] was similar following the intravenous [0.32 (0.28, 0.36)] and inhaled with charcoal rates [0.29 (0.24, 0.36); P=0.046], but was far lower following oral dosing [0.05 (0.03, 0.07); P<0.001]. Similar results were found when relative exposure was analysed using Au24h. Conclusions These results show no evidence of significant enantioselective presystemic metabolism in the lungs, whilst confirming it in the gut and systemic circulation, indicating that the (R)- and (S)-enantiomers are present in similar quantities in the airways following inhaled rac-salbutamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Ward
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Limited, Greenford, UK.
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Bakhtiar R, Tse FL. High-throughput chiral liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:1128-1135. [PMID: 10867688 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20000715)14:13<1128::aid-rcm1>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Chiral liquid chromatography is a well-established area of bioanalytical chemistry and is often used during the processes of drug discovery and development. The development and use of a chiral drug require the understanding of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of each of the enantiomers, including potential differences in their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Chromatographic techniques coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization-tandem mass spectrometry have shown potential as sensitive and robust tools in the quantitative and qualitative determination of enantiomers in biologic fluids and tissue extracts. However, development of a chiral liquid chromatography method requires time-consuming procedures that are devised empirically. Clearly, there is an incentive to design chromatographic approaches that are easy to use, compatible with mass spectrometry ionization interface conditions, exhibit relatively short run times without compromising sensitivity, and offer a broad analyte specificity. For these reasons, the present paper explores the feasibility of the bonded macrocyclic glycopeptide phases (teicoplanin and vancomycin) for analysis by chiral liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Ritalinic acid, pindolol, fluoxetine, oxazepam, propranolol, terbutaline, metoprolol, and nicardipine were tested in this study. Furthermore, an example of a simultaneous chiral LC/MS/MS detection (chromatographic run time approximately 10 min) of four pharmaceutical products resulting in baseline resolutions of all four pairs of enantiomers is presented. Methanol, an MS-compatible mobile phase, was utilized in all the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bakhtiar
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
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Gumbhir-Shah K, Kellerman DJ, DeGraw S, Koch P, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cumulative single doses of inhaled salbutamol enantiomers in asthmatic subjects. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 1999; 12:353-62. [PMID: 10587476 DOI: 10.1006/pupt.1999.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to compare the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of single cumulative doses of active (R)-salbutamol given either as the single enantiomer or racemic mixture by inhalation to subjects with mild to moderate asthma. This was a double-blind, crossover, cumulative-dose, randomized study where all subjects received either four doses of 1.25 mg of (R)-salbutamol or 2.5 mg of racemic (RS-) salbutamol by nebulization. The pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental analysis and model-fitting. Changes in FEV(1), plasma potassium, plasma glucose, heart rate, and QTc interval were measured. The potassium and glucose data were fitted to indirect response pharmacodynamic models. The heart rate and QTc data were evaluated using data descriptors. No significant differences in pharmacokinetics of (R)-salbutamol given as either (R)- or (RS)-salbutamol were found with AUC values of 11.90 +/- 4.37 and 11. 47 +/- 2.88 ng.h/ml. The t(max)of about 2 h reflected serial dosing rather than delayed absorption. The t(1/2)averaged about 3.5 h. The (S)-salbutamol showed AUC of 48.46 +/- 12.11 ng.h/ml with a t(1/2)of about 5 h. The changes in FEV(1)reached a plateau after an initial increase and did not return to pre-drug values for 10 h. All pharmacodynamic parameters were similar whether (R)- or (RS)-salbutamol was given. The exposure to (R)-salbutamol was identical after inhalation of (R) -and (RS)-salbutamol by subjects with asthma. Several pharmacological responses including FEV(1)were also similar and there were no unique safety concerns with either treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gumbhir-Shah
- School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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41
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Gawchik SM, Saccar CL, Noonan M, Reasner DS, DeGraw SS. The safety and efficacy of nebulized levalbuterol compared with racemic albuterol and placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103:615-21. [PMID: 10200010 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited dose-response information is available for nebulized beta2 -agonists, especially in young children. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of increasing doses of nebulized levalbuterol (Xopenex; the pure R-isomer of racemic albuterol) and racemic albuterol compared with placebo in the treatment of asthma in pediatric patients. METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study, children (aged 3 to 11 years) with asthma (resting FEV1 50% to 80% of predicted normal [Polgar's] values) were treated with either levalbuterol, racemic albuterol, or placebo. Eligible subjects underwent a screening visit followed by 4 treatment visits. At each treatment visit, serial pulmonary function tests were completed before and after the treatment; plasma was collected to determine enantiomer levels, and safety was evaluated. RESULTS Five 3- to 5-year-old patients and twenty-eight 6- to 11-year-old patients completed the study, and a total of 87 doses of levalbuterol were administered. In the 6- to 11-year-old group, all doses of levalbuterol were significantly greater than placebo in peak change and percent peak change in FEV1 and area under the FEV1 versus time curve (P <.05). The FEV1 values over the 8-hour study period were similar for levalbuterol 0.31 and 0.63 mg and racemic albuterol 2.5 mg and were greatest after levalbuterol 1.25 mg. Median plasma levels of R-albuterol depended on dose and were 0.4, 0.7, 1.2, and 1.0 after levalbuterol 0.31 mg, 0.63 mg, and 1.25 mg and racemic albuterol 2.5 mg, respectively. All patients in the 2.5-mg racemic albuterol arm had measurable plasma levels of S-albuterol, although S-albuterol levels were undetectable in most patients in the levalbuterol arms. In a few patients who received levalbuterol, S-albuterol levels were detected, which was likely because of the use of racemic albuterol as a concomitant medication. All active treatments were well tolerated. beta-Mediated changes in heart rate, potassium, and glucose were dose dependent for all active treatment groups. CONCLUSION Levalbuterol caused a significantly greater increase in FEV1 than placebo, and FEV1 values were comparable with or better than those observed with racemic albuterol. beta-Mediated side effects were lower for an equipotent dose of levalbuterol when compared with racemic albuterol. Treatment with levalbuterol resulted in plasma levels that were dose dependent and had an approximate correlation with pharmacodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Gawchik
- Asthma and Allergy Research Associates, Chester, PA 19013, USA
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42
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Gumbhir‐Shah K, Kellerman DJ, DeGraw S, Koch P, Jusko WJ. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Characteristics and Safety of Inhaled Albuterol Enantiomers in Healthy Volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1998. [DOI: 10.1177/009127009803801203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Gumbhir‐Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Donald J. Kellerman
- Sepracor Inc., Marlborough, Massachusetts Submitted for publication May 2, 1998
| | - Sidney DeGraw
- Sepracor Inc., Marlborough, Massachusetts Submitted for publication May 2, 1998
| | - Patrick Koch
- Sepracor Inc., Marlborough, Massachusetts Submitted for publication May 2, 1998
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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