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He Y, Vinuesa CG. Germinal center versus extrafollicular responses in systemic autoimmunity: Who turns the blade on self? Adv Immunol 2024; 162:109-133. [PMID: 38866437 PMCID: PMC7616122 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Spontaneously formed germinal centers (GCs) have been reported in most mouse models of human autoimmune disease and autoimmune patients, and have long been considered a source of somatically-mutated and thus high affinity autoantibodies, but their role in autoimmunity is becoming increasingly controversial, particularly in the context of systemic autoimmune diseases like lupus. On the one hand, there is good evidence that some pathogenic lupus antibodies have acquired somatic mutations that increase affinity for self-antigens. On the other hand, recent studies that have genetically prevented GC formation, suggest that GCs are dispensable for systemic autoimmunity, pointing instead to pathogenic extrafollicular (EF) B-cell responses. Furthermore, several lines of evidence suggest germinal centers may in fact be somewhat protective in the context of autoimmunity. Here we review how some of the conflicting evidence arose, and current views on the role of GCs in autoimmunity, outlining mechanisms by which GC may eliminate self-reactivity. We also discuss recent advances in understanding extrafollicular B cell subsets that participate in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuke He
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- China-Australia Centre for Personalised Immunology, Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China; Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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2
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Zhu DYD, Maurer DP, Castrillon C, Deng Y, Mohamed FAN, Ma M, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Carroll MC. Lupus-associated innate receptors drive extrafollicular evolution of autoreactive B cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574739. [PMID: 38260501 PMCID: PMC10802414 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
In systemic lupus erythematosus, recent findings highlight the extrafollicular (EF) pathway as prominent origin of autoantibody-secreting cells (ASCs). CD21loCD11c+ B cells, associated with aging, infection, and autoimmunity, are contributors to autoreactive EF ASCs but have an obscure developmental trajectory. To study EF kinetics of autoreactive B cell in tissue, we adoptively transferred WT and gene knockout B cell populations into the 564Igi mice - an autoreactive host enriched with autoantigens and T cell help. Time-stamped analyses revealed TLR7 dependence in early escape of peripheral B cell tolerance and establishment of a pre-ASC division program. We propose CD21lo cells as precursors to EF ASCs due to their elevated TLR7 sensitivity and proliferative nature. Blocking receptor function reversed CD21 loss and reduced effector cell generation, portraying CD21 as a differentiation initiator and a possible target for autoreactive B cell suppression. Repertoire analysis further delineated proto-autoreactive B cell selection and receptor evolution toward self-reactivity. This work elucidates receptor and clonal dynamics in EF development of autoreactive B cells, and establishes modular, native systems to probe mechanisms of autoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Yi-Dan Zhu
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel P Maurer
- Harvard Graduate Program in Virology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carlos Castrillon
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30307, USA
| | - Yixiang Deng
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Minghe Ma
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael C Carroll
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Barlev AN, Malkiel S, Kurata-Sato I, Dorjée AL, Suurmond J, Diamond B. FcɣRIIB regulates autoantibody responses by limiting marginal zone B cell activation. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157250. [PMID: 35819855 PMCID: PMC9435648 DOI: 10.1172/jci157250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
FcɣRIIB is an inhibitory receptor expressed throughout B cell development. Diminished expression or function is associated with lupus in mice and humans, in particular through an effect on autoantibody production and plasma cell differentiation. Here, we analysed the effect of B cell-intrinsic FcɣRIIB expression on B cell activation and plasma cell differentiation. Loss of FcɣRIIB on B cells (Fcgr2b cKO mice) led to a spontaneous increase in autoantibody titers. This increase was most striking for IgG3, suggestive of increased extrafollicular responses. Marginal zone (MZ) B cells had the highest expression of FcɣRIIB in both mouse and human. This high expression of FcɣRIIB was linked to increased MZ B cell activation, Erk phosphorylation, and calcium fluxin the absence of FcɣRIIB triggering. Marked increases in IgG3+ plasma cells and B cells were observed during extrafollicular plasma cell responses in Fcgr2b cKO mice. The increased IgG3 response following immunization of Fcgr2b cKO mice was lost in MZ-deficient Notch2/Fcgr2b cKO mice. Importantly, SLE patients exhibited decreased expression of FcɣRIIB, most strongly in MZ B cells. Thus, we present a model where high FcɣRIIB expression in MZ B cells prevents their hyperactivation and ensuing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Barlev
- Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Susan Malkiel
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Izumi Kurata-Sato
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
| | - Annemarie L Dorjée
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jolien Suurmond
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Betty Diamond
- Center of Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Diseases, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, United States of America
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4
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Urbanczyk S, Baris OR, Hofmann J, Taudte RV, Guegen N, Golombek F, Castiglione K, Meng X, Bozec A, Thomas J, Weckwerth L, Mougiakakos D, Schulz SR, Schuh W, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Steinmetz TD, Brodesser S, Wiesner RJ, Mielenz D. Mitochondrial respiration in B lymphocytes is essential for humoral immunity by controlling the flux of the TCA cycle. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110912. [PMID: 35675769 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the function of oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) during B cell differentiation, we employ CD23Cre-driven expression of the dominant-negative K320E mutant of the mitochondrial helicase Twinkle (DNT). DNT-expression depletes mitochondrial DNA during B cell maturation, reduces the abundance of respiratory chain protein subunits encoded by mitochondrial DNA, and, consequently, respiratory chain super-complexes in activated B cells. Whereas B cell development in DNT mice is normal, B cell proliferation, germinal centers, class switch to IgG, plasma cell maturation, and T cell-dependent as well as T cell-independent humoral immunity are diminished. DNT expression dampens OxPhos but increases glycolysis in lipopolysaccharide and B cell receptor-activated cells. Lipopolysaccharide-activated DNT-B cells exhibit altered metabolites of glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a lower amount of phosphatidic acid. Consequently, mTORC1 activity and BLIMP1 induction are curtailed, whereas HIF1α is stabilized. Hence, mitochondrial DNA controls the metabolism of activated B cells via OxPhos to foster humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Urbanczyk
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivier R Baris
- MitoVasc, University of Angers, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM U1083, Angers, France
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department Biology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Verena Taudte
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Naïg Guegen
- MitoVasc, University of Angers, UMR CNRS 6015/INSERM U1083, Angers, France; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Florian Golombek
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical Faculty, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical Faculty, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xianyi Meng
- Deparment of Internal Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aline Bozec
- Deparment of Internal Medicine III, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Thomas
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leonie Weckwerth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Deparment of Internal Medicine V, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Translational Research Center, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian R Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Tobit D Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany; Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Zentrum, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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5
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Feng C, Li L, Zhou L, Li D, Liu M, Han S, Zheng B. Critical roles of the E3 ubiquitin ligase FBW7 in B-cell response and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune arthritis. Immunology 2021; 164:617-636. [PMID: 34351636 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper regulation of B-cell function is essential for effective humoral immunity and maintenance of immune tolerance. Here, we found that FBW7 (F-box/WD40 repeat-containing protein 7) is highly expressed in germinal centre B and B1 cells, and confirmed that it has an intrinsic role in maintaining homeostasis of mature B cells and B-1 cells. FBW7 deletion led to an impairment of antibody response, and although germinal centre formation was not affected, antibody class-switch recombination and affinity maturation processes were defective. Likewise, memory immune response was severely impaired. Moreover, FBW7 ablation ameliorated the pathogenesis of an autoimmune disease model, collagen-induced arthritis, by reducing the production of anti-collagen II autoantibodies. Taken together, these data suggest that FBW7 may be an attractive target for developing new therapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Biao Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Hutcherson SM, Bedsaul JR, Pomerantz JL. Pathway-Specific Defects in T, B, and NK Cells and Age-Dependent Development of High IgE in Mice Heterozygous for a CADINS-Associated Dominant Negative CARD11 Allele. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1150-1164. [PMID: 34341167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CARD11 is a multidomain scaffold protein required for normal activation of NF-κB, JNK, and mTOR during Ag receptor signaling. Germline CARD11 mutations cause at least three types of primary immunodeficiency including CARD11 deficiency, B cell expansion with NF-κB and T cell anergy (BENTA), and CARD11-associated atopy with dominant interference of NF-κB signaling (CADINS). CADINS is uniquely caused by heterozygous loss-of-function CARD11 alleles that act as dominant negatives. CADINS patients present with frequent respiratory and skin infections, asthma, allergies, and atopic dermatitis. However, precisely how a heterozygous dominant negative CARD11 allele leads to the development of this CADINS-specific cluster of symptoms remains poorly understood. To address this, we generated mice expressing the CARD11 R30W allele originally identified in patients. We find that CARD11R30W/+ mice exhibit impaired signaling downstream of CARD11 that leads to defects in T, B, and NK cell function and immunodeficiency. CARD11R30W/+ mice develop elevated serum IgE levels with 50% penetrance that becomes more pronounced with age, but do not develop spontaneous atopic dermatitis. CARD11R30W/+ mice display reduced regulatory T cell numbers, but not the Th2 expansion observed in other mice with diminished CARD11 activity. Interestingly, the presence of mixed CARD11 oligomers in CARD11R30W/+ mice causes more severe signaling defects in T cells than in B cells, and specifically impacts IFN-γ production by NK cells, but not NK cell cytotoxicity. Our findings help explain the high susceptibility of CADINS patients to infection and suggest that the development of high serum IgE is not sufficient to induce overt atopic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby M Hutcherson
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jacquelyn R Bedsaul
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joel L Pomerantz
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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7
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Gaudette BT, Allman D. Biochemical coordination of plasma cell genesis. Immunol Rev 2021; 303:52-61. [PMID: 34313339 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells are a central component of short- and long-term adaptive immunity. Yet, many fundamental questions about how activated B cells decide to yield functional plasma cells have yet to be answered. Likewise, the biochemical processes underpinning the ability of plasma cells to generate and secrete large numbers of antibodies, the capacity of some plasma cell to sustain antibody secretion, presumably without interruption, for decades, and the capacity of long-lived plasma cells to avoid apoptosis despite the high-energy demands associated with sustained robust antibody synthesis and secretion each remain mysterious processes. Our objective here is to review what is currently known about these processes with an emphasis on the earliest phases of plasma cell genesis. Along the way, we will work toward developing a model that ties the biochemistry of plasma cell function and survival. The chief idea imbedded in this model is that progress toward understanding plasma cell survival mechanisms may require increased focus on the unique cell autonomous processes inherent in plasma cell differentiation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Gaudette
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Allman
- The Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Nicolai O, Pötschke C, Raafat D, van der Linde J, Quosdorf S, Laqua A, Heidecke CD, Berek C, Darisipudi MN, Binder CJ, Bröker BM. Oxidation-Specific Epitopes (OSEs) Dominate the B Cell Response in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1570. [PMID: 32849533 PMCID: PMC7412885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine abdominal sepsis by colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP), a strong increase in serum IgM and IgG antibodies was observed, which reached maximum values 14 days following sepsis induction. The specificity of this antibody response was studied in serum and at the single cell level using a broad panel of bacterial, sepsis-unrelated as well as self-antigens. Whereas an antibacterial IgM/IgG response was rarely observed, studies at the single-cell level revealed that IgM antibodies, in particular, were largely polyreactive. Interestingly, at least 16% of the IgM mAbs and 20% of the IgG mAbs derived from post-septic mice showed specificity for oxidation-specific epitopes (OSEs), which are known targets of the innate/adaptive immune response. This identifies those self-antigens as the main target of B cell responses in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nicolai
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Pötschke
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Quosdorf
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Laqua
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claus-Dieter Heidecke
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Claudia Berek
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Murthy N Darisipudi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christoph J Binder
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Sun D, Stopka-Farooqui U, Barry S, Aksoy E, Parsonage G, Vossenkämper A, Capasso M, Wan X, Norris S, Marshall JL, Clear A, Gribben J, MacDonald TT, Buckley CD, Korbonits M, Haworth O. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Interacting Protein Maintains Germinal Center B Cells through Suppression of BCL6 Degradation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1461-1471.e4. [PMID: 31042473 PMCID: PMC6506688 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma-6 (BCL6) is highly expressed in germinal center B cells, but how its expression is maintained is still not completely clear. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) is a co-chaperone of heat shock protein 90. Deletion of Aip in B cells decreased BCL6 expression, reducing germinal center B cells and diminishing adaptive immune responses. AIP was required for optimal AKT signaling in response to B cell receptor stimulation, and AIP protected BCL6 from ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation by the E3-ubiquitin ligase FBXO11 by binding to the deubiquitinase UCHL1, thus helping to maintain the expression of BCL6. AIP was highly expressed in primary diffuse large B cell lymphomas compared to healthy tissue and other tumors. Our findings describe AIP as a positive regulator of BCL6 expression with implications for the pathobiology of diffuse large B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijue Sun
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Urszula Stopka-Farooqui
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sayka Barry
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ezra Aksoy
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Gregory Parsonage
- Experimental Medicine & Rheumatology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Anna Vossenkämper
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Melania Capasso
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Xinyu Wan
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sherine Norris
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jennifer L Marshall
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Andrew Clear
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - John Gribben
- Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thomas T MacDonald
- Center for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Oliver Haworth
- Center of Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK; Department of Biological Sciences, Westminster University, London W1W 6UW, UK.
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10
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Robinson MJ, Webster RH, Tarlinton DM. How intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of plasma cell survival might intersect for durable humoral immunity. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:87-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J. Robinson
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Rosela H. Webster
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - David M. Tarlinton
- Department of Immunology & Pathology Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
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11
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Giltiay NV, Giordano D, Clark EA. The Plasticity of Newly Formed B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 203:3095-3104. [PMID: 31818922 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly formed B cells (NF-B cells) that emerge from the bone marrow to the periphery have often been referred to as immature or transitional B cells. However, NF-B cells have several striking characteristics, including a distinct BCR repertoire, high expression of AID, high sensitivity to PAMPs, and the ability to produce cytokines. A number of findings do not support their designation as immature because NF-B cells have the potential to become Ab-producing cells and to undergo class-switch recombination. In this review, we provide a fresh perspective on NF-B cell functions and describe some of the signals driving their activation. We summarize growing evidence supporting a role for NF-B cells in protection against infections and as a potential source of autoantibody-producing cells in autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109
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12
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Turner JS, Benet ZL, Grigorova IL. Signals 1, 2 and B cell fate or: Where, when and for how long? Immunol Rev 2020; 296:9-23. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Zachary L. Benet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
| | - Irina L. Grigorova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor MichiganUSA
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13
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Nicolai O, Pötschke C, Schmoeckel K, Darisipudi MN, van der Linde J, Raafat D, Bröker BM. Antibody Production in Murine Polymicrobial Sepsis-Kinetics and Key Players. Front Immunol 2020; 11:828. [PMID: 32425951 PMCID: PMC7205023 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antigen-specific priming of antibody responses is impaired during sepsis, there is nevertheless a strong increase in IgM and IgG serum concentrations. Using colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP), a mouse model of polymicrobial abdominal sepsis, we observed substantial increases in IgM as well as IgG of all subclasses, starting at day 3 and peaking 2 weeks after sepsis induction. The dominant source of antibody-secreting cells was by far the spleen, with a minor contribution of the mesenteric lymph nodes. Remarkably, sepsis induction in splenectomized mice did not change the dynamics of the serum IgM/IgG reaction, indicating that the marginal zone B cells, which almost exclusively reside in the spleen, are dispensable in such a setting. Hence, in systemic bacterial infection, the function of the spleen as dominant niche of antibody-producing cells can be compensated by extra-splenic B cell populations as well as other lymphoid organs. Depletion of CD4+ T cells did not affect the IgM response, while it impaired IgG generation of all subclasses with the exception of IgG3. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the robust class-switched antibody response in sepsis encompasses both T cell-dependent and -independent components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nicolai
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Pötschke
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katrin Schmoeckel
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Murthy N Darisipudi
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julia van der Linde
- Department of General Surgery, Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dina Raafat
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Barbara M Bröker
- Immunology Department, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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14
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Choi JH, Han J, Theodoropoulos PC, Zhong X, Wang J, Medler D, Ludwig S, Zhan X, Li X, Tang M, Gallagher T, Yu G, Beutler B. Essential requirement for nicastrin in marginal zone and B-1 B cell development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4894-4901. [PMID: 32071239 PMCID: PMC7060662 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916645117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
γ-secretase is an intramembrane protease complex that catalyzes the proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein and Notch. Impaired γ-secretase function is associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease and familial acne inversa in humans. In a forward genetic screen of mice with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced mutations for defects in adaptive immunity, we identified animals within a single pedigree exhibiting both hypopigmentation of the fur and diminished T cell-independent (TI) antibody responses. The causative mutation was in Ncstn, an essential gene encoding the protein nicastrin (NCSTN), a member of the γ-secretase complex that functions to recruit substrates for proteolysis. The missense mutation severely limits the glycosylation of NCSTN to its mature form and impairs the integrity of the γ-secretase complex as well as its catalytic activity toward its substrate Notch, a critical regulator of B cell and T cell development. Strikingly, however, this missense mutation affects B cell development but not thymocyte or T cell development. The Ncstn allele uncovered in these studies reveals an essential requirement for NCSTN during the type 2 transitional-marginal zone precursor stage and peritoneal B-1 B cell development, the TI antibody response, fur pigmentation, and intestinal homeostasis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huk Choi
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jonghee Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Panayotis C Theodoropoulos
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Internal Medicine, Physician Scientist Training Program, Washington University in St. Louis, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Xue Zhong
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Jianhui Wang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Dawson Medler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Sara Ludwig
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xiaoming Zhan
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Miao Tang
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Thomas Gallagher
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Gang Yu
- Department of Neuroscience, Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Bruce Beutler
- Center for the Genetics of Host Defense, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
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15
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Immunomodulatory Roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2: Impact on PARP-Centered Cancer Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020392. [PMID: 32046278 PMCID: PMC7072203 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and PARP-2 are enzymes which post-translationally modify proteins through poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation (PARylation)—the transfer of ADP-ribose chains onto amino acid residues—with a resultant modulation of protein function. Many targets of PARP-1/2-dependent PARylation are involved in the DNA damage response and hence, the loss of these proteins disrupts a wide range of biological processes, from DNA repair and epigenetics to telomere and centromere regulation. The central role of these PARPs in DNA metabolism in cancer cells has led to the development of PARP inhibitors as new cancer therapeutics, both as adjuvant treatment potentiating chemo-, radio-, and immuno-therapies and as monotherapy exploiting cancer-specific defects in DNA repair. However, a cancer is not just made up of cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment also includes multiple other cell types, particularly stromal and immune cells. Interactions between these cells—cancerous and non-cancerous—are known to either favor or limit tumorigenesis. In recent years, an important role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 has been demonstrated in different aspects of the immune response, modulating both the innate and adaptive immune system. It is now emerging that PARP-1 and PARP-2 may not only impact cancer cell biology, but also modulate the anti-tumor immune response. Understanding the immunomodulatory roles of PARP-1 and PARP-2 may provide invaluable clues to the rational development of more selective PARP-centered therapies which target both the cancer and its microenvironment.
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16
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Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F. B cell primary immune responses. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:5-9. [PMID: 30874348 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Weisel
- Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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17
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Galindo-Campos MA, Bedora-Faure M, Farrés J, Lescale C, Moreno-Lama L, Martínez C, Martín-Caballero J, Ampurdanés C, Aparicio P, Dantzer F, Cerutti A, Deriano L, Yélamos J. Coordinated signals from the DNA repair enzymes PARP-1 and PARP-2 promotes B-cell development and function. Cell Death Differ 2019; 26:2667-2681. [PMID: 30996287 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-1 and PARP-2 regulate the function of various DNA-interacting proteins by transferring ADP-ribose emerging from catalytic cleavage of cellular β-NAD+. Hence, mice lacking PARP-1 or PARP-2 show DNA perturbations ranging from altered DNA integrity to impaired DNA repair. These effects stem from the central role that PARP-1 and PARP-2 have on the cellular response to DNA damage. Failure to mount a proper response culminates in cell death. Accordingly, PARP inhibitors are emerging as promising drugs in cancer therapy. However, the full impact of these inhibitors on immunity, including B-cell antibody production, remains elusive. Given that mice carrying dual PARP-1 and PARP-2 deficiency develop early embryonic lethality, we crossed PARP-1-deficient mice with mice carrying a B-cell-conditional PARP-2 gene deletion. We found that the resulting dually PARP-1 and PARP-2-deficient mice had perturbed bone-marrow B-cell development as well as profound peripheral depletion of transitional and follicular but not marginal zone B-cells. Of note, bone-marrow B-cell progenitors and peripheral mature B-cells were conserved in mice carrying either PARP-1 or PARP-2 deficiency. In dually PARP-1 and PARP-2-deficient mice, B-cell lymphopenia was associated with increased DNA damage and accentuated death in actively proliferating B-cells. Moreover, dual PARP-1 and PARP-2 deficiency impaired antibody responses to T-independent carbohydrate but not to T-dependent protein antigens. Notwithstanding the pivotal role of PARP-1 and PARP-2 in DNA repair, combined PARP-1 and PARP-2 deficiency did not perturb the DNA-editing processes required for the generation of a protective antibody repertoire, including Ig V(D)J gene recombination and IgM-to-IgG class switching. These findings provide key information as to the potential impact of PARP inhibitors on humoral immunity, which will facilitate the development of safer PARP-targeting regimens against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Galindo-Campos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marie Bedora-Faure
- Genome Integrity, Immunity and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Immunology, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Jordi Farrés
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chloé Lescale
- Genome Integrity, Immunity and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Immunology, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Lucia Moreno-Lama
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez
- Experimental Pathology Unit, IMIB-LAIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Coral Ampurdanés
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Aparicio
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Françoise Dantzer
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling, UMR7242-CNRS, Laboratory of Excellence Medalis, ESBS, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrea Cerutti
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludovic Deriano
- Genome Integrity, Immunity and Cancer Unit, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Department of Immunology, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - José Yélamos
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Woodruff MC, Lee FEH, Sanz I. Extrafollicular responses in humans and SLE. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:136-148. [PMID: 30874345 PMCID: PMC6422038 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic autoimmune diseases, and in particular Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), are endowed with a long-standing autoreactive B-cell compartment that is presumed to reactivate periodically leading to the generation of new bursts of pathogenic antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Moreover, pathogenic autoantibodies are typically characterized by a high load of somatic hypermutation and in some cases are highly stable even in the context of prolonged B-cell depletion. Long-lived, highly mutated antibodies are typically generated through T-cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reactions. Accordingly, an important role for GC reactions in the generation of pathogenic autoreactivity has been postulated in SLE. Nevertheless, pathogenic autoantibodies and autoimmune disease can be generated through B-cell extrafollicular (EF) reactions in multiple mouse models and human SLE flares are characterized by the expansion of naive-derived activated effector B cells of extrafollicular phenotype. In this review, we will discuss the properties of the EF B-cell pathway, its relationship to other effector B-cell populations, its role in autoimmune diseases, and its contribution to human SLE. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship of EF B cells with Age-Associated B cells (ABCs), a TLR-7-driven B-cell population that mediates murine autoimmune and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Jenks
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Kevin S. Cashman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Lowance Center for Human Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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19
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Complementary Role of CD4+ T Cells in Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines in Humans. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7010018. [PMID: 30754689 PMCID: PMC6466080 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens expressing capsular polysaccharides are common causes of mucosal infections (pneumonia, intestinal), as well as often fatal, invasive infections (meningitis, bloodstream infections) in children and adults worldwide. These chemically simple but structurally complex carbohydrate structures on the bacterial surface confer resistance to recognition and clearance by the immune system through a range of mechanisms. Such recognition of capsular polysaccharides may be reduced by their limited ability to directly stimulate B cells and the T cells that may facilitate these humoral responses. The capsules may promote the evasion of complement deposition and activation and may sterically shield the recognition of other subjacent protein antigens by innate factors. Antibodies to capsular polysaccharides, elicited by infection and vaccines, may overcome these obstacles and facilitate bacterial agglutination at mucosal surfaces, as well as the opsonization and clearance of these organisms in tissues and the systemic compartment. However, the immunogenicity of these antigens may be limited by their lack of direct recognition by T cells (“T-independent” antigens) and their restricted ability to generate effective memory responses. In this review, we consider the mechanisms by which polysaccharides may initiate B cell responses and specific antibody responses and the role of T cells, particularly CD4+ follicular helper (TFH) cells to support this process. In addition, we also consider more recent counterintuitive data that capsular polysaccharides themselves may bind major histocompatibility antigen HLA class II to provide a more physiologic mechanism of T cell enhancement of B cell responses to capsular polysaccharides. Defining the contributions of T cells in the generation of effective humoral responses to the capsular polysaccharides will have important implications for understanding and translating this immunobiology for the development of more effective vaccines, to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with these common mucosal and invasive pathogens in populations at risk.
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20
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Pucella JN, Cols M, Yen WF, Xu S, Chaudhuri J. The B Cell Activation-Induced miR-183 Cluster Plays a Minimal Role in Canonical Primary Humoral Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:1383-1396. [PMID: 30683701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although primary humoral responses are vital to durable immunity, fine-tuning is critical to preventing catastrophes such as autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, and lymphomagenesis. MicroRNA (miRNA)-mediated regulation is particularly well suited for fine-tuning roles in physiology. Expression of clustered paralogous miR-182, miR-96, and miR-183 (collectively, 183c) is robustly induced upon B cell activation, entry into the germinal center, and plasmablast differentiation. 183cGT/GT mice lacking 183c miRNA expression exhibit largely normal primary humoral responses, encompassing class switch recombination, affinity maturation, and germinal center reaction, as well as plasmablast differentiation. Our rigorous analysis included ex vivo class switch recombination and plasmablast differentiation models as well as in vivo immunization with thymus-dependent and thymus-independent Ags. Our work sways the debate concerning the role of miR-182 in plasmablast differentiation, strongly suggesting that 183c miRNAs are dispensable. In the process, we present a valuable framework for systematic evaluation of primary humoral responses. Finally, our work bolsters the notion of robustness in miRNA:target interaction networks and advocates a paradigm shift in miRNA studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N Pucella
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Montserrat Cols
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Wei-Feng Yen
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
| | - Shunbin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Jayanta Chaudhuri
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School, New York, NY 10065; and
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21
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Lalani AI, Zhu S, Xie P. Characterization of Thymus-dependent and Thymus-independent Immunoglobulin Isotype Responses in Mice Using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30247482 DOI: 10.3791/57843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies, also termed as immunoglobulins (Ig), secreted by differentiated B lymphocytes, plasmablasts/plasma cells, in humoral immunity provide a formidable defense against invading pathogens via diverse mechanisms. One major goal of vaccination is to induce protective antigen-specific antibodies to prevent life-threatening infections. Both thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) antigens can elicit robust antigen-specific IgM responses and can also induce the production of isotype-switched antibodies (IgG, IgA and IgE) as well as the generation of memory B cells with the help provided by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Here, we describe a protocol to characterize TD and TI Ig isotype responses in mice using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this protocol, TD and TI Ig responses are elicited in mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization with hapten-conjugated model antigens TNP-KLH (in alum) and TNP-polysaccharide (in PBS), respectively. To induce TD memory response, a booster immunization of TNP-KLH in alum is given at 3 weeks after the first immunization with the same antigen/adjuvant. Mouse sera are harvested at different time points before and after immunization. Total serum Ig levels and TNP-specific antibodies are subsequently quantified using Ig isotype-specific Sandwich and indirect ELISA, respectively. In order to correctly quantify the serum concentration of each Ig isotype, the samples need to be appropriately diluted to fit within the linear range of the standard curves. Using this protocol, we have consistently obtained reliable results with high specificity and sensitivity. When used in combination with other complementary methods such as flow cytometry, in vitro culture of splenic B cells and immunohistochemical staining (IHC), this protocol will allow researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of antibody responses in a given experimental setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almin I Lalani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University
| | - Sining Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience and Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Rutgers University
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey;
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22
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Giordano D, Draves KE, Young LB, Roe K, Bryan MA, Dresch C, Richner JM, Diamond MS, Gale M, Clark EA. Protection of mice deficient in mature B cells from West Nile virus infection by passive and active immunization. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006743. [PMID: 29176765 PMCID: PMC5720816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell activating factor receptor (BAFFR)-/- mice have a profound reduction in mature B cells, but unlike μMT mice, they have normal numbers of newly formed, immature B cells. Using a West Nile virus (WNV) challenge model that requires antibodies (Abs) for protection, we found that unlike wild-type (WT) mice, BAFFR-/- mice were highly susceptible to WNV and succumbed to infection within 8 to 12 days after subcutaneous virus challenge. Although mature B cells were required to protect against lethal infection, infected BAFFR-/- mice had reduced WNV E-specific IgG responses and neutralizing Abs. Passive transfer of immune sera from previously infected WT mice rescued BAFFR-/- and fully B cell-deficient μMT mice, but unlike μMT mice that died around 30 days post-infection, BAFFR-/- mice survived, developed WNV-specific IgG Abs and overcame a second WNV challenge. Remarkably, protective immunity could be induced in mature B cell-deficient mice. Administration of a WNV E-anti-CD180 conjugate vaccine 30 days prior to WNV infection induced Ab responses that protected against lethal infection in BAFFR-/- mice but not in μMT mice. Thus, the immature B cells present in BAFFR-/- and not μMT mice contribute to protective antiviral immunity. A CD180-based vaccine may promote immunity in immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kevin E. Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lucy B. Young
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kelsey Roe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Marianne A. Bryan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Christiane Dresch
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Justin M. Richner
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- The Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Edward A. Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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23
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Calzas C, Taillardet M, Fourati IS, Roy D, Gottschalk M, Soudeyns H, Defrance T, Segura M. Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Properties of Streptococcus suis and Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharides on the Humoral Response. Pathogens 2017; 6:pathogens6020016. [PMID: 28425925 PMCID: PMC5488650 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis and group B Streptococcus (GBS) are encapsulated streptococci causing septicemia and meningitis. Antibodies (Abs) against capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) have a crucial protective role, but the structure/composition of the CPS, including the presence of sialic acid, may interfere with the generation of anti-CPS Ab responses. We investigated the features of the CPS-specific Ab response directed against S. suis serotypes 2 and 14 and GBS serotypes III and V after infection or immunization with purified native or desialylated CPSs in mice. Whereas S. suis-infected mice developed a very low/undetectable CPS-specific IgM response, significant anti-CPS IgM titers were measured in GBS-infected animals (especially for type III GBS). No isotype switching was detected in S. suis- or GBS-infected mice. While the expression of sialic acid was essential for the immunogenicity of purified GBS type III CPS, this sugar was not responsible for the inability of purified S. suis types 2, 14 and GBS type V CPSs to induce a specific Ab response. Thus, other biochemical criteria unrelated to the presence of sialic acid may be responsible for the inaptitude of the host immune system to mount an effective response against certain S. suis and GBS CPS types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Calzas
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Morgan Taillardet
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon 1, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Insaf Salem Fourati
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - David Roy
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
| | - Hugo Soudeyns
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Thierry Defrance
- CIRI, INSERM, U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University of Lyon 1, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
| | - Mariela Segura
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte St., Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada.
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24
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Kretschmer B, Weber J, Hutloff A, Fleischer B, Breloer M, Osterloh A. Anti-CD83 promotes IgG1 isotype switch in marginal zone B cells in response to TI-2 antigen. Immunobiology 2015; 220:964-75. [PMID: 25766204 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CD83 is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is rapidly up-regulated on activated B cells. Although CD83 itself is incapable to transduce intracellular signaling, it acts as a negative regulator of B cell function. We have recently described that a single application of anti-CD83 antibody results in dramatically enhanced production of antigen-specific IgG1 but not other isotypes upon immunization of mice with the TI-2 model antigen (Ag) NIP-Ficoll. This effect was mediated by the binding of anti-CD83 to CD83 on the surface of B cells themselves. In the current study we show that administration of anti-CD83 enhances IgG1-production independent of IL-4. Application of anti-CD83 does not alter the proliferation and general expansion of NIP-specific B cells. In the presence of anti-CD83, immunized mice develop normal frequencies of plasmablasts in response to NIP-Ficoll of which an increased number produces IgG1. These cells localize in extrafollicular foci in the spleen of immunized mice and originate from the marginal zone B cell pool. Taken together, our results indicate that CD83 engagement in vivo does not generally enhance B cell activation but selectively promotes IgG1 class switch in marginal zone B cells in response to TI-2 Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Kretschmer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Weber
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutloff
- Chronic Immune Reactions, German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ), 10117 Berlin, Germany; Molecular Immunology, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleischer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Immunology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Department of Immunology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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25
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Shinde R, Shimoda M, Chaudhary K, Liu H, Mohamed E, Bradley J, Kandala S, Li X, Liu K, McGaha TL. B Cell-Intrinsic IDO1 Regulates Humoral Immunity to T Cell-Independent Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26216892 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Humoral responses to nonproteinaceous Ags (i.e., T cell independent [TI]) are a key component of the early response to bacterial and viral infection and a critical driver of systemic autoimmunity. However, mechanisms that regulate TI humoral immunity are poorly defined. In this study, we report that B cell-intrinsic induction of the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme IDO1 is a key mechanism limiting TI Ab responses. When Ido1(-/-) mice were immunized with TI Ags, there was a significant increase in Ab titers and formation of extrafollicular Ab-secreting cells compared with controls. This effect was specific to TI Ags, as Ido1 disruption did not affect Ig production after immunization with protein Ags. The effect of IDO1 abrogation was confined to the B cell compartment, as adoptive transfer of Ido1(-/-) B cells to B cell-deficient mice was sufficient to replicate increased TI responses observed in Ido1(-/-) mice. Moreover, in vitro activation with TLR ligands or BCR crosslinking rapidly induced Ido1 expression and activity in purified B cells, and Ido1(-/-) B cells displayed enhanced proliferation and cell survival associated with increased Ig and cytokine production compared with wild-type B cells. Thus, our results demonstrate a novel, B cell-intrinsic, role for IDO1 as a regulator of humoral immunity that has implications for both vaccine design and prevention of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Shinde
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Michiko Shimoda
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Kapil Chaudhary
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Haiyun Liu
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Eslam Mohamed
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Jillian Bradley
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Sridhar Kandala
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Xia Li
- Cancer Signaling and Angiogenesis Programs, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Kebin Liu
- Cancer Signaling and Angiogenesis Programs, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; and
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912
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26
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Borhis G, Richard Y. Subversion of the B-cell compartment during parasitic, bacterial, and viral infections. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:15. [PMID: 25884828 PMCID: PMC4374497 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on HIV infection have identified new human B-cell subsets with a potentially important impact on anti-viral immunity. Current work highlights the occurrence of similar B-cell alterations in other viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections, suggesting that common strategies have been developed by pathogens to counteract protective immunity. For this review, we have selected key examples of human infections for which B-cell alterations have been described, to highlight the similarities and differences in the immune responses to a variety of pathogens. We believe that further comparisons between these models will lead to critical progress in the understanding of B-cell mechanisms and will open new target avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- INSERM u1016, Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, Roussy Bldg., Paris, 75014, France. .,CNRS, Paris, UMR8104, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
| | - Yolande Richard
- INSERM u1016, Cochin Institute, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, 27 rue du Faubourg St-Jacques, Roussy Bldg., Paris, 75014, France. .,CNRS, Paris, UMR8104, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.
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27
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Cunningham AF, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Dominguez Medina CC, Cook CNL, Ross EA, Lopez-Macias C, Henderson IR. B1b cells recognize protective antigens after natural infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2014; 5:535. [PMID: 25400633 PMCID: PMC4215630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple, distinct B-cell populations in human beings and other animals such as mice. In the latter species, there is a well-characterized subset of B-cells known as B1 cells, which are enriched in peripheral sites such as the peritoneal cavity but are rare in the blood. B1 cells can be further subdivided into B1a and B1b subsets. There may be additional B1 subsets, though it is unclear if these are distinct populations or stages in the developmental process to become mature B1a and B1b cells. A limitation in understanding B1 subsets is the relative paucity of specific surface markers. In contrast to mice, the existence of B1 cells in human beings is controversial and more studies are needed to investigate the nature of these enigmatic cells. Examples of B1b antigens include pneumococcal polysaccharide and the Vi antigen from Salmonella Typhi, both used routinely as vaccines in human beings and experimental antigens such as haptenated-Ficoll. In addition to inducing classical T-dependent responses some proteins are B1b antigens and can induce T-independent (TI) immunity, examples include factor H binding protein from Borrelia hermsii and porins from Salmonella. Therefore, B1b antigens can be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous, induce TI responses, memory, and immunity, they exist in a diverse range of pathogenic bacteria, and a single species can contain multiple B1b antigens. An unexpected benefit to studying B1b cells is that they appear to have a propensity to recognize protective antigens in bacteria. This suggests that studying B1b cells may be rewarding for vaccine design as immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic interventions become more important due to the decreasing efficacy of small molecule antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Carmen C Dominguez Medina
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ewan A Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Specialties Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ian R Henderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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28
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Giordano D, Draves KE, Li C, Hohl TM, Clark EA. Nitric oxide regulates BAFF expression and T cell-independent antibody responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:1110-20. [PMID: 24951820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas NO is known to regulate T cell responses, its role in regulating B cell responses remains unclear. Previous studies suggested that inducible NO synthase 2 (NOS2/iNOS) is required for normal IgA Ab responses but inhibits antiviral IgG2a Ab responses. In this study we used NOS2(-/-) mice to determine the role of NO in T cell-dependent and T cell-independent (TI)-2 Ab responses. Whereas T cell-dependent Ab responses were only modestly increased in NOS2(-/-) mice, IgM and IgG3 Ab responses as well as marginal zone B cell plasma cell numbers and peritoneal B1b B cells were significantly elevated after immunization with the TI-2 Ag 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl acetyl (NP)-Ficoll. The elevated TI-2 responses in NOS2(-/-) mice were accompanied by significant increases in serum levels of BAFF/BLyS and by increases in BAFF-producing Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), suggesting that NO normally inhibits BAFF expression. Indeed, we found that NOS2(-/-) DCs produced more BAFF than did wild-type DCs, and addition of a NO donor to NOS2(-/-) DCs reduced BAFF production. Bone marrow chimeric mice that lack NOS2 in either nonhematopoietic or hematopoietic cells had intermediate IgM and IgG3 Ab responses after NP-Ficoll immunization, suggesting that NOS2 from both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic sources regulates TI-2 Ab responses. Similar to NOS2(-/-) mice, depletion of Ly6C(hi) inflammatory monocytes and monocyte-derived DCs enhanced NP-specific IgM and IgG3 responses to NP-Ficoll. Thus, NO produced by inflammatory monocytes and their derivative DC subsets plays an important role in regulating BAFF production and TI-2 Ab responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giordano
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Kevin E Draves
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Chang Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109; and
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29
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Goenka R, Scholz JL, Sindhava VJ, Cancro MP. New roles for the BLyS/BAFF family in antigen-experienced B cell niches. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:107-13. [PMID: 24507939 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BLyS family members govern selection and survival of cells in the pre-immune B cell compartment, and emerging evidence suggests similar roles in antigen-experienced B cell pools. We review the features of this family, with particular emphasis on recent findings of how BLyS influences affinity maturation in germinal centers, which lie at the intersection of the pre-immune and antigen-experienced B cell compartments. We propose a model whereby tolerogenic selection at the transitional stage and affinity maturation in the germinal center employ the same BLyS driven mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Goenka
- AbbVie Bioresearch Center, 100 Research Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, United States.
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
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30
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Goenka R, Scholz JL, Naradikian MS, Cancro MP. Memory B cells form in aged mice despite impaired affinity maturation and germinal center kinetics. Exp Gerontol 2014; 54:109-15. [PMID: 24389058 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether age alters the emergence of high-affinity germinal center B (GCB) cells and switched memory B cells (swBmem) during a primary immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen, using a novel flow cytometric assay to distinguish relative BCR affinity. In young mice, high-affinity B cells predominate in the GCB pool and comprise a smaller proportion of the nascent swBmem pool two weeks after immunization. In aged mice, we observe significant reductions of high-affinity clones among GCB cells, but not nascent swBmem cells. The defect in GC affinity maturation was not overcome by providing excess carrier-specific T cells from young mice, as these cells still displayed compromised effector TFH differentiation in the aged animals. Our results suggest that B cells in aged animals have a reduced ability to prompt effector TFH differentiation, leading to a compromised GC response that results in reduced generation of high-affinity GCB and plasma cells; despite normal production of early swBmem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Goenka
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Martin S Naradikian
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Dept. of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
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31
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Krljanac B, Weih D, Jacobsen ID, Hu D, Koliesnik I, Reppe K, Witzenrath M, Weih F. NF-κB2/p100 deficiency impairs immune responses to T-cell-independent type 2 antigens. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:662-72. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Krljanac
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Debra Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ilse D. Jacobsen
- Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knöll-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Desheng Hu
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Ievgen Koliesnik
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
| | - Katrin Reppe
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin; Germany
| | - Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute; Jena Germany
- Friedrich-Schiller-University; Jena Germany
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32
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Haque S, Yan XJ, Rosen L, McCormick S, Chiorazzi N, Mongini PKA. Effects of prostaglandin E2 on p53 mRNA transcription and p53 mutagenesis during T-cell-independent human B-cell clonal expansion. FASEB J 2013; 28:627-43. [PMID: 24145719 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-237792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Within T-cell-dependent germinal centers, p53 gene transcription is repressed by Bcl-6 and is thus less vulnerable to mutation. Malignant lymphomas within inflamed extranodal sites exhibit a relatively high incidence of p53 mutations. The latter might originate from normal B-cell clones manifesting activation-induced cytosine deaminase (AID) and up-regulated p53 following T-cell-independent (TI) stimulation. We here examine p53 gene transcription in such TI clones, with a focus on modulatory effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and evaluate progeny for p53 mutations. Resting IgM(+)IgD(+)CD27(-) B cells from human tonsils were labeled with CFSE and stimulated in vitro with complement-coated antigen surrogate, IL-4, and BAFF ± exogenous PGE2 (50 nM) or an analog specific for the EP2 PGE2 receptor. We use flow cytometry to measure p53 and AID protein within variably divided blasts, qRT-PCR of p53 mRNA from cultures with or without actinomycin D to monitor mRNA transcription/stability, and single-cell p53 RT-PCR/sequencing to assess progeny for p53 mutations. We report that EP2 signaling triggers increased p53 gene transcriptional activity in AID(+) cycling blasts (P<0.01). Progeny exhibit p53 mutations at a frequency (8.5 × 10(-4)) greater than the baseline error rate (<0.8 × 10(-4)). We conclude that, devoid of the repressive influences of Bcl-6, dividing B lymphoblasts in inflamed tissues should display heightened p53 transcription and increased risk of p53 mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabirul Haque
- 1Laboratory of B-Cell Biology, Karches Center for CLL Research and Center for Autoimmunity and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Dr., Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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33
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Wilmore JR, Maue AC, Lefebvre JS, Haynes L, Rochford R. AcutePlasmodium chabaudiInfection Dampens Humoral Responses to a Secondary T-Dependent Antigen but Enhances Responses to a Secondary T-Independent Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4731-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Bergmann B, Grimsholm O, Thorarinsdottir K, Ren W, Jirholt P, Gjertsson I, Mårtensson IL. Memory B cells in mouse models. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:149-56. [PMID: 23679222 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the principles behind vaccination, as shown by Edward Jenner in 1796, and host protection is immunological memory, and one of the cells central to this is the antigen-experienced memory B cell that responds rapidly upon re-exposure to the initiating antigen. Classically, memory B cells have been defined as progenies of germinal centre (GC) B cells expressing isotype-switched and substantially mutated B cell receptors (BCRs), that is, membrane-bound antibodies. However, it has become apparent over the last decade that this is not the only pathway to B cell memory. Here, we will discuss memory B cells in mice, as defined by (1) cell surface markers; (2) multiple layers; (3) formation in a T cell-dependent and either GC-dependent or GC-independent manner; (4) formation in a T cell-independent fashion. Lastly, we will touch upon memory B cells in; (5) mouse models of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bergmann
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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35
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Abstract
B lymphocytes are often considered a homogenous population. However, B cells in both mouse and humans are comprised of distinct subpopulations that differ in development, phenotype, function, and microenvironmental niches. Much of our understanding about how these different B-cells populations mount antibody responses has been derived from experimental findings in mouse models and based on the use of model antigens. These reductionist studies performed over decades have been invaluable in defining the parameters of the B-cell antibody response to different types of antigens. However, these antigens also are now known to differ in a significant manner from bona fide physiological pathogens, and precisely how these different B-cell subsets divide labor in the primary humoral immune defense of pathogens is less well understood. While there are no absolutes in this area, there are recurring themes that divide the roles of B-cell subsets to different arms of the antibody response. This review provides an overview of rules that govern the B-cell labor roles, exceptions that break these rules, and models that have been used to define them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Swanson
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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36
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Marginal zone B cells: virtues of innate-like antibody-producing lymphocytes. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:118-32. [PMID: 23348416 DOI: 10.1038/nri3383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protective responses to microorganisms involve the nonspecific but rapid defence mechanisms of the innate immune system, followed by the specific but slow defence mechanisms of the adaptive immune system. Located as sentinels at the interface between the circulation and lymphoid tissue, splenic marginal zone B cells rapidly respond to blood-borne antigens by adopting 'crossover' defensive strategies that blur the conventional boundaries of innate and adaptive immunity. This Review discusses how marginal zone B cells function as innate-like lymphocytes that mount rapid antibody responses to both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens. These responses require the integration of activation signals from germline-encoded and somatically recombined receptors for microorganisms with helper signals from effector cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.
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37
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Innate B cell helpers reveal novel types of antibody responses. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:119-26. [PMID: 23334833 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody responses are classified according to whether B cells receive help from T cells--that is, whether they are thymus-dependent (TD) responses or thymus-independent (TI) responses. The latter can be elicited by microbial ligands (TI type 1) or by extensive crosslinking of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR; TI type 2). The hallmark of a TD response is the induction of germinal centers in which follicular helper T cells (T(FH) cells) select B cells with somatically mutated high-affinity BCRs to become memory cells. Studies have shown that B cells can also receive innate TD help from natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and innate TI help from cells such as neutrophils but that the outcome of such help differs from conventional TD and TI responses. Here we update the classification of antibody responses to take into account these emerging types of B cell helpers.
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38
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Xu W, Joo H, Clayton S, Dullaers M, Herve MC, Blankenship D, De La Morena MT, Balderas R, Picard C, Casanova JL, Pascual V, Oh S, Banchereau J. Macrophages induce differentiation of plasma cells through CXCL10/IP-10. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:1813-23, S1-2. [PMID: 22987802 PMCID: PMC3457728 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In tonsils, CD138(+) plasma cells (PCs) are surrounded by CD163(+) resident macrophages (Ms). We show here that human Ms (isolated from tonsils or generated from monocytes in vitro) drive activated B cells to differentiate into CD138(+)CD38(++) PCs through secreted CXCL10/IP-10 and VCAM-1 contact. IP-10 production by Ms is induced by B cell-derived IL-6 and depends on STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, IP-10 amplifies the production of IL-6 by B cells, which sustains the STAT3 signals that lead to PC differentiation. IP-10-deficient mice challenged with NP-Ficoll show a decreased frequency of NP-specific PCs and lower titers of antibodies. Thus, our results reveal a novel dialog between Ms and B cells, in which IP-10 acts as a PC differentiation factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells. Immunol Rev 2012; 247:52-63. [PMID: 22500831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of adaptive immune responses is the generation of long-lived protection after primary exposure to a pathogen. In humoral responses, this protection stems from a combination of sustained antibody titers and long-lived memory B cells (MBCs), with the former deriving from long-lived plasma cells (PCs). Both types of cell are thought to primarily derive from the germinal center (GC), a unique structure that forms during the immune response to many types of antigenic stimuli. GCs are seeded by antigen-specific B and T cells that were previously activated in the early stages of the response. The GC does not directly or immediately generate effector function; rather, it is a site of intense B-cell proliferation and cell death. GC B cells undergo both somatic hypermutation and isotype switch, and a Darwinian process very efficiently selects B cells with higher fitness for survival and expansion. GC B cells adopt a unique activation and transcriptional state, and the cells become poised to differentiate to either MBCs or PCs. Despite this general understanding of the events in the GC, the mechanisms that control both affinity selection as well as differentiation have not been well worked out. In this review, we address what is known about what determines whether GC B cells become MBCs or PCs. This is discussed in the broader context of the origins of both cell types, whether from the GC or potentially other sources. We present a model encompassing recent data from several laboratories including our own that suggests that the GC undergoes a temporal switch that alters the nature of its output from MBCs to PCs as the response progresses. We will discuss B-cell receptor signaling in the GC as it relates to potential mechanisms for affinity-based selection during the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA.
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Bortnick A, Chernova I, Quinn WJ, Mugnier M, Cancro MP, Allman D. Long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are induced early in response to T cell-independent or T cell-dependent antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5389-96. [PMID: 22529295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The signals required to generate long-lived plasma cells remain unresolved. One widely cited model posits that long-lived plasma cells derive from germinal centers (GCs) in response to T cell-dependent (TD) Ags. Thus, T cell-independent (TI) Ags, which fail to sustain GCs, are considered ineffective at generating long-lived plasma cells. However, we show that long-lived hapten-specific plasma cells are readily induced without formation of GCs. Long-lived plasma cells developed in T cell-deficient mice after a single immunization with haptenated LPS, a widely used TI Ag. Long-lived plasma cells also formed in response to TD Ag when the GC response was experimentally prevented. These observations establish that long-lived plasma cells are induced in both TI and TD responses, and can arise independently of B cell maturation in GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bortnick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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41
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Oropallo MA, Held KS, Goenka R, Ahmad SA, O'Neill PJ, Steward O, Lane TE, Cancro MP. Chronic spinal cord injury impairs primary antibody responses but spares existing humoral immunity in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:5257-66. [PMID: 22523388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in immune depression. To better understand how injury inhibits humoral immunity, the effects of chronic thoracic SCI on B cell development and immune responses to thymus-independent type 2 and thymus-dependent Ags were determined. Mice received complete crush injury or control laminectomy at either thoracic level 3, which disrupts descending autonomic control of the spleen, or at thoracic level 9, which conserves most splenic sympathetic activity. Although mature B cell numbers were only mildly reduced, bone marrow B cell production was transiently but profoundly depressed immediately after injury. Despite the return of normal B cell production 4 wk after SCI, mice receiving thoracic level 3 injury showed a significant reduction in their ability to mount primary thymus-independent type 2 or thymus-dependent immune responses. The latter were marked by decreases in germinal center B cells as well as class-switched high-affinity Ab-secreting cells. Importantly, injury did not affect affinity maturation per se, pre-existing B cell memory, or secondary humoral immune responses. Taken together, these findings show that chronic high thoracic SCI impairs the ability to mount optimal Ab responses to new antigenic challenges, but spares previously established humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Oropallo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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42
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Foote JB, Mahmoud TI, Vale AM, Kearney JF. Long-term maintenance of polysaccharide-specific antibodies by IgM-secreting cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 188:57-67. [PMID: 22116821 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many bacteria-associated polysaccharides induce long-lived Ab responses that protect against pathogenic microorganisms. The maintenance of polysaccharide-specific Ab titers may be due to long-lived plasma cells or ongoing Ag-driven B cell activation due to polysaccharide persistence. BALB/c and V(H)J558.3 transgenic mice respond to α1→3-dextran (DEX) by generating a peak anti-DEX response at 7 d, followed by maintenance of serum Ab levels for up to 150 d. Analysis of the cellular response to DEX identified a population of short-lived, cyclophosphamide-sensitive DEX-specific plasmablasts in the spleen, and a quiescent, cyclophosphamide-resistant DEX-specific Ab-secreting population in the bone marrow. BrdU pulse-chase experiments demonstrated the longevity of the DEX-specific Ab-secreting population in the bone marrow. Splenic DEX-specific plasmablasts were located in the red pulp with persisting DEX-associated CD11c(+) dendritic cells 90 d after immunization, whereas DEX was not detected in the bone marrow after 28 d. Selective depletion of short-lived DEX-specific plasmablasts and memory B1b B cells using cyclophosphamide and anti-CD20 treatment had a minimal impact on the maintenance of serum anti-DEX Abs. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the maintenance of serum polysaccharide-specific Abs is the result of continuous Ag-driven formation of short-lived plasmablasts in the spleen and a quiescent population of Ab-secreting cells maintained in the bone marrow for a long duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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43
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Marshall JL, Zhang Y, Pallan L, Hsu MC, Khan M, Cunningham AF, MacLennan ICM, Toellner KM. Early B blasts acquire a capacity for Ig class switch recombination that is lost as they become plasmablasts. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:3506-12. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Patterson HC, Kraus M, Wang D, Shahsafaei A, Henderson JM, Seagal J, Otipoby KL, Thai TH, Rajewsky K. Cytoplasmic Ig alpha serine/threonines fine-tune Ig alpha tyrosine phosphorylation and limit bone marrow plasma cell formation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 187:2853-8. [PMID: 21841126 PMCID: PMC3169759 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Igα serine 191 and 197 and threonine 203, which are located in proximity of the Igα ITAM, dampen Igα ITAM tyrosine phosphorylation. In this study, we show that mice with targeted mutations of Igα S191, 197, and T203 displayed elevated serum IgG2c and IgG2b concentrations and had elevated numbers of IgG2c- and IgG2b-secreting cells in the bone marrow. BCR-induced Igα tyrosine phosphorylation was slightly increased in splenic B cells. Our results suggest that Igα serine/threonines limit formation of IgG2c- and IgG2b-secreting bone marrow plasma cells, possibly by fine-tuning Igα tyrosine-mediated BCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Christine Patterson
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Manfred Kraus
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Donghai Wang
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | | | - Joel M. Henderson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Boston University Medical Center, Boston 02118
| | - Jane Seagal
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Abbott Bioresearch Center, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Kevin L. Otipoby
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Biogen Idec, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - To-Ha Thai
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine at Children's Hospital Boston and Immune Disease Institute, Boston, MA 02115
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45
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Choi HJ, Choi WS, Park JY, Kang KH, Prabagar MG, Shin CY, Kang YS. Enhanced immune response of T-cell independent or dependent antigens in SIGN-R1 knock-out mice. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2011; 30:109-16. [PMID: 21529282 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2010.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Dextran was used to explore a novel method of enhancing an immune response against T-cell independent type 2 (TI-2) polysaccharide antigens, because of its suitability as a model for the immunogenecity of many TI-2 polysaccharide antigens and its high affinity to SIGN-R1. Here we showed that the primary immune response of IgM, IgG3, and IgG2b was enhanced by dextran in SIGN-R1 knock-out (KO) mice, further evoking the induction of a secondary immune response to IgG2b in parallel. On the other hand, an immune response of IgG1 and IgG2b against T-cell dependent (TD) antigen was strongly enhanced by the administration of ovalbumin (OVA) in SIGN-R1 KO mice. These results indicate that SIGN-R1 is critical in the regulation of immune responses. Therefore, our study suggests that inhibition of TI-2 polysaccharide antigen uptake in SIGN-R1(+) macrophages contributes to the development of novel vaccination strategies against TI-2 polysaccharide antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Jwa Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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46
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Defrance T, Taillardet M, Genestier L. T cell-independent B cell memory. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:330-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Vinuesa CG, Linterman MA, Goodnow CC, Randall KL. T cells and follicular dendritic cells in germinal center B-cell formation and selection. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:72-89. [PMID: 20727030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microenvironments formed after infection where activated B cells can mutate their B-cell receptors to undergo affinity maturation. A stringent process of selection allows high affinity, non-self-reactive B cells to become long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells. While the precise mechanism of selection is still poorly understood, the last decade has advanced our understanding of the role of T cells and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in GC B-cell formation and selection. T cells and non-T-cell-derived CD40 ligands on FDCs are essential for T-dependent (TD) and T-independent GC formation, respectively. TD-GC formation requires Bcl-6-expressing T cells capable of signaling through SAP, which promotes formation of stable T:B conjugates. By contrast, differentiation of B blasts along the extrafollicular pathway is less dependent on SAP. T-follicular helper (Tfh) cell-derived CD40L, interleukin-21, and interleukin-4 play important roles in GC B-cell proliferation, survival, and affinity maturation. A role for FDC-derived integrin signals has also emerged: GC B cells capable of forming an immune synapse with FDCs have a survival advantage. This emerges as a powerful mechanism to ensure death of B cells that bind self-reactive antigen, which would not normally be presented on FDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research and Australian Phenomics Facility, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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48
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Swanson CL, Wilson TJ, Strauch P, Colonna M, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Type I IFN enhances follicular B cell contribution to the T cell-independent antibody response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1485-500. [PMID: 20566717 PMCID: PMC2901065 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Humoral immunity to viruses and encapsulated bacteria is comprised of T cell-independent type 2 (TI-2) antibody responses that are characterized by rapid antibody production by marginal zone and B1 B cells. We demonstrate that toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands influence the TI-2 antibody response not only by enhancing the overall magnitude but also by skewing this response to one that is dominated by IgG isotypes. Importantly, TLR ligands facilitate this response by inducing type I interferon (IFN), which in turn elicits rapid and significant amounts of antigen-specific IgG2c predominantly from FO (follicular) B cells. Furthermore, we show that although the IgG2c antibody response requires B cell-autonomous IFN-alpha receptor signaling, it is independent of B cell-intrinsic TLR signaling. Thus, innate signals have the capacity to enhance TI-2 antibody responses by promoting participation of FO B cells, which then elaborate effective IgG anti-pathogen antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L Swanson
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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49
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Richards SM, Clark EA. BCR-induced superoxide negatively regulates B-cell proliferation and T-cell-independent type 2 Ab responses. Eur J Immunol 2010; 39:3395-403. [PMID: 19877015 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200939587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide and its derivatives have been implicated as secondary messenger molecules that influence signaling cascades in non-phagocytes. B lymphocytes produce superoxide after BCR ligation. We found that these ROS regulate B-cell signaling and entry into the cell cycle. B cells from mice deficient in the gp91(phox) subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex are unable to generate ROS after BCR ligation. However, after BCR stimulation, more gp91(phox) KO B cells enter the G1 stage of the cell cycle and proliferate than WT B cells. BCR ligation leads to a more rapid decrease in p27(Kip1) levels in gp91(phox) KO B cells. Gp91(phox) KO mice display enhanced T-cell-independent type 2, but normal T-dependent Ab responses. ROS-dependent regulation of BCR-induced proliferation may help modulate the size of the humoral response to T-cell-independent type 2 Ag immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M Richards
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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50
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Effects of aging on B cell function. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:425-30. [PMID: 19608393 PMCID: PMC2853364 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ability to make an optimal immune response to vaccines and infectious agents declines with age in humans and animal models. Recent advances have shown intrinsic B cell defects in aged mice and humans, including decreases in Ig class switch recombination (CSR), activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), and E47 transcription factor. Effects on somatic hypermutation (SHM) have been varied depending on the system studied. Increase of AID in mice has shown improved CSR but not SHM. The reported microarray analysis of human B cell subsets may now be used to delineate B cell defects with aging and all the advances presented should lead to selecting agents for improved immune response in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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