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Jeong S, Park J, Kim N, Kim H. Hypovascular Cellular Tumor in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma is Associated with Treatment Resistance: Tumor Habitat Analysis Using Physiologic MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:40-47. [PMID: 34824097 PMCID: PMC8757556 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The microenvironment of lymphomas is known to be highly variable and closely associated with treatment resistance and survival. We tried to develop a physiologic MR imaging-based spatial habitat analysis to identify regions associated with treatment resistance to facilitate the prediction of tumor response after initial chemotherapy in patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-one patients with pathologically confirmed primary central nervous system lymphoma were enrolled. Pretreatment physiologic MR imaging was performed, and K-means clustering was used to separate voxels into 3 spatial habitats according to ADC and CBV values. Associations of spatial habitats and clinical and conventional imaging predictors with time to progression were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards modeling. The performance of statistically significant predictors for time to progression was assessed using the concordance probability index. RESULTS The 3 spatial habitats of hypervascular cellular tumor, hypovascular cellular tumor, and hypovascular hypocellular tumor were identified. A large hypovascular cellular habitat was most significantly associated with short time to progression (hazard ratio, 2.83; P = . 017). The presence of an atypical finding (hazard ratio, 4.41; P = . 016), high performance score (hazard ratio, 5.82; P = . 04), and high serum lactate dehydrogenase level (hazard ratio, 1.01; P = .013) was significantly associated with time to progression. A predictive model constructed using the habitat score and other imaging parameters showed a concordance probability index for prediction of time to progression of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.54-0.87). CONCLUSIONS A hypovascular cellular tumor habitat is associated with treatment resistance in primary central nervous system lymphoma, and its assessment may refine prechemotherapy imaging-based response prediction for patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.Y. Jeong
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (S.Y.J., J.E.P., H.S.K.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J.E. Park
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (S.Y.J., J.E.P., H.S.K.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - N. Kim
- JAPEX LLC (N.K.), Seoul, Korea
| | - H.S. Kim
- From the Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology (S.Y.J., J.E.P., H.S.K.), University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Callewaert B, Jones EAV, Himmelreich U, Gsell W. Non-Invasive Evaluation of Cerebral Microvasculature Using Pre-Clinical MRI: Principles, Advantages and Limitations. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060926. [PMID: 34064194 PMCID: PMC8224283 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the cerebral microcirculation have been recognized to play a crucial role in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. However, the exact role of the microvascular alterations in the pathophysiological mechanisms often remains poorly understood. The early detection of changes in microcirculation and cerebral blood flow (CBF) can be used to get a better understanding of underlying disease mechanisms. This could be an important step towards the development of new treatment approaches. Animal models allow for the study of the disease mechanism at several stages of development, before the onset of clinical symptoms, and the verification with invasive imaging techniques. Specifically, pre-clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the development and validation of MRI sequences under clinically relevant conditions. This article reviews MRI strategies providing indirect non-invasive measurements of microvascular changes in the rodent brain that can be used for early detection and characterization of neurodegenerative disorders. The perfusion MRI techniques: Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE), Dynamic Susceptibility Contrast Enhanced (DSC) and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL), will be discussed, followed by less established imaging strategies used to analyze the cerebral microcirculation: Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Vascular Space Occupancy (VASO), Steady-State Susceptibility Contrast (SSC), Vessel size imaging, SAGE-based DSC, Phase Contrast Flow (PC) Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) and quantitative Blood-Oxygenation-Level-Dependent (qBOLD). We will emphasize the advantages and limitations of each strategy, in particular on applications for high-field MRI in the rodent's brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Callewaert
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
- CMVB, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- CMVB, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- CARIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Willy Gsell
- Biomedical MRI Group, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 505, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.C.); (W.G.)
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Ross AM, Mc Nulty D, O'Dwyer C, Grabrucker AM, Cronin P, Mulvihill JJ. Standardization of research methods employed in assessing the interaction between metallic-based nanoparticles and the blood-brain barrier: Present and future perspectives. J Control Release 2019; 296:202-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Troprès I, Pannetier N, Grand S, Lemasson B, Moisan A, Péoc'h M, Rémy C, Barbier EL. Imaging the microvessel caliber and density: Principles and applications of microvascular MRI. Magn Reson Med 2014; 73:325-41. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irène Troprès
- IRMaGe; Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- UMS 3552; CNRS; Grenoble France
- US 017; INSERM; Grenoble France
- IRMaGe, Hôpital Michallon; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble; Grenoble France
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France. INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
| | - Nicolas Pannetier
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
| | - Sylvie Grand
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
- CLUNI, Hôpital Michallon; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Grenoble; Grenoble France
| | - Benjamin Lemasson
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
| | - Anaïck Moisan
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
| | - Michel Péoc'h
- Service d'anatomo-pathologie; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Saint Etienne; Saint-Etienne France
- EA 2521; Université Jean Monnet; Saint-Etienne France
| | - Chantal Rémy
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
| | - Emmanuel L. Barbier
- Université Joseph Fourier; Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences; Grenoble France
- INSERM; U836 Grenoble France
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Kim SG, Harel N, Jin T, Kim T, Lee P, Zhao F. Cerebral blood volume MRI with intravascular superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2013; 26. [PMID: 23208650 PMCID: PMC3700592 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral blood volume (CBV) is a crucial physiological indicator of tissue viability and vascular reactivity. Thus, noninvasive CBV mapping has been of great interest. For this, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles, including monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles, can be used as long-half-life, intravascular susceptibility agents of CBV MRI measurements. Moreover, CBV-weighted functional MRI (fMRI) with USPIO nanoparticles provides enhanced sensitivity, reduced large vessel contribution and improved spatial specificity relative to conventional blood oxygenation level-dependent fMRI, and measures a single physiological parameter that is easily interpretable. We review the physiochemical and magnetic properties, and pharmacokinetics, of USPIO nanoparticles in brief. We then extensively discuss quantifications of baseline CBV, vessel size index and functional CBV change. We also provide reviews of dose-dependent sensitivity, vascular filter function, specificity, characteristics and impulse response function of CBV fMRI. Examples of CBV fMRI specificity at the laminar and columnar resolution are provided. Finally, we briefly review the application of CBV measurements to functional and pharmacological studies in animals. Overall, the use of USPIO nanoparticles can determine baseline CBV and its changes induced by functional activity and pharmacological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Gi Kim
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Zerbi V, Jansen D, Dederen PJ, Veltien A, Hamans B, Liu Y, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ. Microvascular cerebral blood volume changes in aging APPswe/PS1dE9 AD mouse model: a voxel-wise approach. Brain Struct Funct 2012; 218:1085-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gambarota G, Leenders W. Characterization of tumor vasculature in mouse brain by USPIO contrast-enhanced MRI. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 771:477-87. [PMID: 21874494 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-219-9_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Detailed characterization of the tumor vasculature provides a better understanding of the complex mechanisms associated with tumor development and is especially important to evaluate responses to current therapies which target the tumor vasculature. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of tumors have been mostly performed using gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA) contrast-enhanced imaging, which relies on Gd-DTPA leakage from hyperpermeable tumor vessels and subsequent accumulation in the tumor interstitium. In certain tumor types, especially diffuse glioma in the brain, incorporated tumor vessels are not necessarily leaky, complicating effective diagnosis via Gd-DTPA contrast-enhanced MRI. Another class of contrast agents, based on superparamagnetic ultrasmall iron oxide particles (USPIO), allows for non-invasive assessment of vascular volume within the tumor. Vascular volume can be obtained by calculating the change in water proton transverse relaxation rate (R (2) or R (2)) following USPIO administration. This allows for an objective comparison between vascular volumes of different tumors and also allows to perform longitudinal studies in order to assess, for example, treatment efficacy. Moreover, since the USPIO T (2) relaxivity is up to 20 times that of Gd-DTPA, USPIO provides a highly sensitive marker for alterations in vascular volume among tissues; this characteristic might be exploited for tumor detection. Thus, USPIO imaging may be a very attractive alternative to the most commonly used Gd-DTPA imaging and will at least have added value, especially for detection and delineation of diffuse infiltrative brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gambarota
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Direct visualization of non-human primate subcortical nuclei with contrast-enhanced high field MRI. Neuroimage 2011; 58:60-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gambarota G, van Laarhoven HWM, Philippens M, Peeters WJM, Rijken P, van der Kogel A, Punt CJA, Heerschap A. Assessment of Blood Hemodynamics by USPIO-Induced R(1) Changes in MRI of Murine Colon Carcinoma. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 38:349-360. [PMID: 20502507 PMCID: PMC2866959 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-010-0124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to assess whether ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO)-induced changes of the water proton longitudinal relaxation rate (R(1)) provide a means to assess blood hemodynamics of tumors. Two types of murine colon tumors (C26a and C38) were investigated prior to and following administration of USPIO blood-pool contrast agent with fast R(1) measurements. In a subpopulation of mice, R(1) was measured following administration of hydralazine, a well-known blood hemodynamic modifier. USPIO-induced R(1) increase in C38 tumors (DeltaR(1) = 0.072 +/- 0.0081 s(-1)) was significantly larger than in C26a tumors (DeltaR(1) = 0.032 +/- 0.0018 s(-1), N = 9, t test, P < 0.001). This was in agreement with the immunohistochemical data that showed higher values of relative vascular area (RVA) in C38 tumors than in C26a tumors (RVA = 0.059 +/- 0.015 vs. 0.020 +/- 0.011; P < 0.05). Following administration of hydralazine, a decrease in R(1) value was observed. This was consistent with the vasoconstriction induced by the steal effect mechanism. In conclusion, R(1) changes induced by USPIO are sensitive to tumor vascular morphology and to blood hemodynamics. Thus, R(1) measurements following USPIO administration can give novel insight into the effects of blood hemodynamic modifiers, non-invasively and with a high temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gambarota
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: GSK Clinical Imaging Centre, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - H. W. M. van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. Philippens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - W. J. M. Peeters
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Rijken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. van der Kogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. A. Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Heerschap
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Hyodo F, Chandramouli GVR, Matsumoto S, Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC, Munasinghe JP. Estimation of tumor microvessel density by MRI using a blood pool contrast agent. Int J Oncol 2009; 35:797-804. [PMID: 19724915 DOI: 10.3892/ijo_00000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of importance of angiogenesis to tumor growth, metastasis, and treatment outcome has led to efforts to develop non-invasive methods for longitudinal monitoring of tumor microvasculature. We describe a steady-state MRI technique to determine absolute blood volume (BV) as a marker of microvascular density with improved spatial and temporal resolution using an ultra small super paramagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). A noise reduction scheme for BV imaging was also proposed based on weighting factors derived by pre-contrast signal level as an adjustable additive constant. Gradient echo sequence was used for BV imaging with MRI at 7T. Optimal imaging conditions (USPIO dose and echo time) were determined by USPIO dose-dependent studies ex vivo and in vivo. Improved analysis strategies were at first applied for cerebral BV estimation in mice, which were found in good agreement with the literature values. These methods were then used to determine tumor BV in mice. The optimal concentration of USPIO for BV estimates was found to range from 3.6 to 4.48 mM (estimated as Fe concentration) in ex vivo experiments corresponding to an in vivo dosage of 215-287 micromol/kg body weight, whereas a USPIO dose of 287 micromol/kg leads to higher cerebral BV estimate in vivo than the reported values. Application of the BV imaging method to evaluation of anti-angiogenic effect of Sunitinib in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumor bearing mice revealed approximately 46% reduction in tumor BV 4 days after start of Sunitinib treatment. The results show that the MRI approach using USPIO yields high-resolution absolute BV images and the method can be conveniently applied to monitor longitudinal tumor microvessel density changes as a function of growth or in response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuminori Hyodo
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Balvay D, Troprès I, Billet R, Joubert A, Péoc'h M, Cuenod CA, Le Duc G. Mapping the Zonal Organization of Tumor Perfusion and Permeability in a Rat Glioma Model by Using Dynamic Contrast-enhanced Synchrotron Radiation CT. Radiology 2009; 250:692-702. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2501071929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Pathak AP. Magnetic resonance susceptibility based perfusion imaging of tumors using iron oxide nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 1:84-97. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind P. Pathak
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular Molecular Imaging Center (JHU ICMIC), Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gambarota G, Leenders W, Maass C, Wesseling P, van der Kogel B, van Tellingen O, Heerschap A. Characterisation of tumour vasculature in mouse brain by USPIO contrast-enhanced MRI. Br J Cancer 2008; 98:1784-9. [PMID: 18506183 PMCID: PMC2410120 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the success rate of antiangiogenic therapies in the clinic, it is crucial to identify parameters for tumour angiogenesis that can predict response to these therapies. In brain tumours, one such parameter is vascular leakage, which is a response to tumour-derived vascular endothelial growth factor-A and can be measured by Gadolinium-DTPA (Gd-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, as vascular permeability and angiogenesis are not strictly coupled, tumour blood volume may be another potentially important parameter. In this study, contrast-enhanced MR imaging was performed in three orthotopic mouse models for human brain tumours (angiogenic melanoma metastases and E34 and U87 human glioma xenografts) using both Gd-DTPA to detect vascular leakage and ultrasmall iron oxide particles (USPIO) to measure blood volume. Pixel-by-pixel maps of the enhancement in the transverse relaxation rates (Delta R(2) and Delta R(2)(*)) after injection of USPIO provided an index proportional to the blood volume of the microvasculature and macrovasculature, respectively, for each tumour. The melanoma metastases were characterised by a blood volume and vessel leakage higher than both glioma xenografts. The U87 glioblastoma xenografts displayed higher permeability and blood volume in the rim than in the core. The E34 glioma xenografts were characterised by a relatively high blood volume, accompanied by only a moderate blood-brain barrier disruption. Delineation of the tumour was best assessed on post-USPIO gradient-echo images. These findings suggest that contrast-enhanced MR imaging using USPIOs and, in particular, Delta R(2) and Delta R(2)(*) quantitation, provides important additional information about tumour vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gambarota
- Department of Radiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Regnard P, Duc GL, Bräuer-Krisch E, Troprès I, Siegbahn EA, Kusak A, Clair C, Bernard H, Dallery D, Laissue JA, Bravin A. Irradiation of intracerebral 9L gliosarcoma by a single array of microplanar x-ray beams from a synchrotron: balance between curing and sparing. Phys Med Biol 2008; 53:861-78. [DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/4/003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wade TP, Kozlowski P. Longitudinal studies of angiogenesis in hormone-dependent Shionogi tumors. Neoplasia 2007; 9:563-8. [PMID: 17710159 PMCID: PMC1939931 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vessel size imaging was used to assess changes in the average vessel size of Shionogi tumors throughout the tumor growth cycle. Changes in R(2) and R(2)* relaxivities caused by the injection of a superparamagnetic contrast agent (ferumoxtran-10) were measured using a 2.35-T animal magnetic resonance imaging system, and average vessel size index (VSI) was calculated for each stage of tumor progression: growth, regression, and relapse. Statistical analysis using Spearman rank correlation test showed no dependence between vessel size and tumor volume at any stage of the tumor growth cycle. Paired Student's t test was used to assess the statistical significance of the differences in average vessel size for the three stages of the tumor growth cycle. The average VSI for regressing tumors (15.1 +/- 6.6 microm) was significantly lower than that for growing tumors (35.2 +/- 25.5 microm; P < .01). Relapsing tumors also had an average VSI (45.4 +/- 41.8 microm) higher than that of regressing tumors, although the difference was not statistically significant (P = .067). This study shows that VSI imaging is a viable method for the noninvasive monitoring of angiogenesis during the progression of a Shionogi tumor from androgen dependence to androgen independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor P Wade
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- The Prostate Center at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC MRI Research Center, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Goense JBM, Zappe AC, Logothetis NK. High-resolution fMRI of macaque V1. Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:740-7. [PMID: 17499466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2007.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, the acquisition of data must be optimized to achieve the maximum possible spatial resolution and specificity. The term "specificity" implies the selective enhancement of signals originating in the parenchyma, and thus best reflecting actual neural activity. Such spatial specificity is a prerequisite for imaging aimed at the elucidation of interactions between cortical micromodules, such as columns and laminae. In addition to the optimal selection of functional magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequences, accurate superposition of activation patterns onto corresponding anatomical scans, preferably acquired during the same experimental session, is necessary. At high resolution, exact functional-to-structural registration is of critical importance, because even small differences in geometry, that arise when different sequences are used for functional and anatomical scans, can lead to misallocation of activation and erroneous interpretation of data. In the present study, we used spin-echo (SE) echo planar imaging (EPI) for functional scans, since the SE-BOLD signal is sensitive to the capillary response, together with SE-EPI anatomical reference scans. The combination of these acquisition methods revealed a clear spatial colocalization of the largest fractional changes with the Gennari line, suggesting peak activity in Layer IV. Notably, this very same layer coincided with the largest relaxivity changes as observed in steady-state cerebral blood volume measurements, using the intravascular agent monocrystalline iron oxide nanoparticles (MION).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozien B M Goense
- Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Max-Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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van Laarhoven HWM, Gambarota G, Heerschap A, Lok J, Verhagen I, Corti A, Toma S, Gallo Stampino C, van der Kogel A, Punt CJA. Effects of the tumor vasculature targeting agent NGR-TNF on the tumor microenvironment in murine lymphomas. Invest New Drugs 2006; 24:27-36. [PMID: 16379040 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-4540-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
TNF-alpha may improve drug delivery to tumors by alteration of vascular permeability. However, toxicity precludes its systemic administration in patients. NGR-TNF comprises TNF coupled to the peptide CNGRC, which is a ligand for CD13. CD13 is expressed on tumor vasculature. Therefore, to assess the efficacy of NGR-TNF its biological effect on tumor vasculature should be measured rather than its effect on tumor growth. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a low dose of NGR-TNF (5 ng/kg) on vascular permeability, tumor hypoxia, perfusion and proliferation in lymphoma bearing mice. MRI measurements with blood pool contrast agent showed an increased leakage of the contrast agent from the vasculature in NGR-TNF treated tumors compared with controls (p < 0.05), suggesting NGR-TNF-induced vascular permeability. Immunohistochemical analysis two hours after NGR-TNF treatment showed a decrease in tumor hypoxia (p < 0.1) and an increase in labeling index of the S-phase marker bromodeoxyuridine (p < 0.1), possibly due to an increase in tumor blood flow after NGR-TNF treatment. Although a decrease in tumor hypoxia and an increase in labeling index could have lead to increased tumor growth, in this experiment after one day a decrease in tumor volume was measured. Possibly, the effects on tumor hypoxia and proliferation two hours after treatment are transient and overruled by other, more longlasting effects. For example, the observed increase in vascular permeability may lead to haemoconcentration and increased interstitial pressure, ultimately resulting in an reduction of tumor blood flow and thus a decrease in tumor growth. A beneficial effect of NGR-TNF in combination with other therapeutical agents may therefore critically depend on the sequence and timing of the regimens. Currently, NGR-TNF is being tested in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Gambarota G, van Laarhoven HWM, Philippens M, Lok J, van der Kogel A, Punt CJA, Heerschap A. Assessment of absolute blood volume in carcinoma by USPIO contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 2006; 24:279-86. [PMID: 16563957 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2005.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2005] [Accepted: 12/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The characterization of tumor vasculature is essential in studying tumor physiology. The aim of this study was to develop a new method - based on water proton MR density measurements, in combination with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) administration - to measure absolute blood volume (BV) in murine colon carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS MRI experiments were performed at 7 T. CPMG imaging was performed on subcutaneous murine colon carcinoma in six mice before and after administration of an USPIO blood-pool contrast agent. Density maps were obtained from the signal amplitude at TE=0 of the CPMG decay fit. Post-USPIO density maps were subtracted from pre-USPIO density maps to quantitatively yield absolute tumor BV maps. In a separate group of mice (n=6), the relative vascular area (RVA) of tumors was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide administration resulted in a small decrease in the water proton MR density. The BV averaged over the six tumors was 4.6+/-1.6%. The value of the RVA measured by immunohistochemical staining was equal to 3.9+/-2.2%. CONCLUSIONS After administration of an USPIO blood-pool agent (T(2) relaxivity > 100 mM(-1) s(-1)), the blood water protons become MRI invisible, and pixel-by-pixel BV map can be obtained by subtracting the calculated post-USPIO density map from the pre-USPIO density map. The value of absolute BV obtained with this novel MR approach is in good agreement with the value of the relative vascular measured by immunohistochemical staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Gambarota
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Taschner CA, Wetzel SG, Tolnay M, Froehlich J, Merlo A, Radue EW. Characteristics of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides in patients with brain tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006; 185:1477-86. [PMID: 16304001 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.04.1286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of an ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxides (USPIO) agent in patients with brain tumors and to correlate changes on MRI with histopathologic data collected systematically in all patients. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Nine patients with brain tumors were imaged before and 24 hr after administration of a USPIO at a dose of 2.6 mg Fe/kg. Analysis of MR images included qualitative and quantitative comparison of the USPIO and gadolinium enhancement of brain tumors. Brain surgery was performed 25-112 hr after administration of the USPIO. The histopathologic workup included iron histochemistry with diaminobenzidine (DAB)-enhanced Perls stain. RESULTS In seven of nine patients, USPIO-related changes of signal intensity were observed in gadolinium-enhancing brain tumors on T1- and T2*-weighted sequences. The difference in signal intensity on T1-weighted USPIO series was 40.1% +/- 26.7% (mean +/- SD). On T2*-weighted USPIO series, the difference in signal intensity was -33.1% +/- 18.4% in solid tumor parts. Areas of suspected radiation necrosis did not enhance in three patients with prior radiation therapy. Iron histochemistry revealed the presence of iron deposits in macrophages in two patients. CONCLUSION USPIO agents will not replace gadolinium in the workup of patients with brain tumors. Our findings suggest that USPIO agents seem to offer complementary information and may help to differentiate between brain tumors and areas of radiation necrosis. Signal intensity changes on T2*-weighted images might be related to the blood pool properties of the agent, possibly reflecting steady-state susceptibility effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Taschner
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel 4031, Switzerland
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Griguer CE, Oliva CR, Gillespie GY. Glucose Metabolism Heterogeneity in Human and Mouse Malignant Glioma Cell Lines. J Neurooncol 2005; 74:123-33. [PMID: 16193382 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-004-6404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined specific bioenergetic markers associated with the metabolic phenotype of several human and mouse glioma cell lines. Based on preliminary studies, we hypothesized that glioma cells would express one of at least two different metabolic phenotypes, possibly acquired through progression. The D-54MG and GL261 glioma cell lines displayed an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent phenotype, characterized by extremely long survival under glucose starvation, and low tolerance to poisoning of the electron transport chain (ETC). Alternatively, U-251MG and U-87MG glioma cells exhibited a glycolytic-dependent phenotype with functional OXPHOS. These cells displayed low tolerance to glucose starvation and were resistant to a ETC blocker. Moreover, these cells could be rescued in low glucose conditions by oxidative substrates (e.g., lactate, pyruvate). Finally, these two phenotypes could be distinguished by the differential expression of LDH isoforms. OXPHOS-dependent cells expressed both LDH-A and -B isoforms whereas glycolytic-dependent glioma cells expressed only LDH-B. In the latter case, LDH-B would be expected to be essential for the use of extracellular lactate to fuel cell activities. These observations raise the possibility that the heterogeneity in glucose metabolism and, in particular, the sole expression of LDH-B, might identify an important biological marker of glioma cells that is critical for their progression and that might afford a new target for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne E Griguer
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., THT 1046, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA.
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Following are the abstracts from the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Society for Molecular Imaging. Mol Imaging 2005. [DOI: 10.1162/15353500200500210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Declaration of Financial Interests or Relationships To insure balance, independence, objectivity and scientific rigor in all CME programs it is the policy of the meeting's joint sponsors that any speaker or poster presenter who makes a presentation at a program designated for AMA Physician's Recognition Award (PRA) Category 1 or 2 credit must disclose any real or apparent financial interest or other relationship (i.e., grants, research support, consultant, honoraria) that the presenter may have with the manufacturers, distributors or providers of any commercial products or services that may be discussed in the presentation. ISMRM and SMI do not imply that such financial interests or relationships are inherently improper or that such interests or relationships would prevent the presenter from making an objective presentation. However, it is imperative that such financial interests or relationships be identified by the presenter so that participants at the CME activity may have these facts fully disclosed prior to the presentation, and may form their own judgments about the presentation. Towards this end, the information provided by each presenter can be found at the bottom of each abstract. Every speaker, abstract presenter, organizer or anyone else who has control over any content in this meeting has been required to submit a Declaration of Financial Interests or Relationships, even if there is no conflict or relationship to declare.
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Fan G, Zang P, Jing F, Wu Z, Guo Q. Usefulness of diffusion/perfusion-weighted MRI in rat gliomas: correlation with histopathology. Acad Radiol 2005; 12:640-51. [PMID: 15866139 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2005.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2004] [Revised: 01/26/2005] [Accepted: 01/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Diffusion/perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI/PWI) can provide additional useful information in the diagnosis of patients with brain gliomas in a noninvasive fashion. However, the exact role of these new techniques is still undergoing evaluation. Our hypothesis was that DWI and PWI could be useful for assessment of growth and vascularity of implanted C6 rat gliomas. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six rats were implanted with C6 glioma cells intracerebrally. Between 1 and 4 weeks after implantation, 8-10 rats were imaged on a clinical, 1.5-T whole-body magnetic resonance system with T(1)-weighted imaging (T(1)WI), T(2)-weighted imaging, DWI, PWI, and postcontrast T(1)WI at each weekly time point. All tumors were examined histologically; tumor cellularity and microvascular density were counted. RESULTS On DWIs, statistical differences of apparent diffusion coefficient values for both the tumoral core and peritumoral region were present comparing tumors of 3-4 weeks' growth with tumors of 1-2 weeks' growth. Apparent diffusion coefficient value of tumoral core was negatively correlated with tumor cellularity (r = -0.682, P < .01). Statistical difference of maximal regional cerebral blood volume of tumoral core was present comparing 2-4 weeks with both 1 week after implantation and contralateral white matter (P < .01). Native vessel dilation in regions of normal brain at the periphery of the tumors at 1 week after implantation was observed. Correlation between maximal regional cerebral blood volume of tumor core and microvascular density was present (r = 0.716, P < .01). CONCLUSION DWI and PWI has potential to characterize C6 gliomas in rats, which is a promising model similar to human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Fan
- Department of Radiology, Second Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Philippens MEP, Gambarota G, Pikkemaat JA, Peeters WJM, van der Kogel AJ, Heerschap A. Characterization of late radiation effects in the rat thoracolumbar spinal cord by MR imaging using USPIO. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2004; 17:303-12. [PMID: 15614513 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-004-0085-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to detect late radiation effects in the rat spinal cord using MR imaging with ultra-small particles of iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agent to better understand the development of late radiation damage with emphasis on the period preceding neurological signs. Additionally, the role of an inflammatory reaction was assessed by measuring macrophages that internalized USPIO. T2-weighted spin echo MR measurements were performed at 7T in six rats before paresis was expected (130-150 days post-irradiation, early group), and in six paretic rats (150-190 days post-irradiation, late group). Measurements were performed before, directly after and, only in the early group, 40 h after USPIO administration and compared with histology. In the early group, MR images showed focal regions in grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) with signal intensity reduction after USPIO injection. Larger lesions with contrast enhancement were located in and around edematous GM of three animals of the early group and five of the late group. Forty hours after injection, additional lesions in WM, GM and nerve roots appeared in animals with GM edema. In the late paretic group, MR imaging showed WM necrosis adjacent to areas with large contrast enhancement. In conclusion, detection of early focal lesions was improved by contrast administration. In the animals with extended radiation damage, large hypo-intense regions appeared due to USPIO, which might be attributed to blood spinal cord barrier breakdown, but the involvement of blood-derived iron-loaded macrophages could not be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E P Philippens
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, 341 P.O. box 9101, 6500HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Wu EX, Tang H, Jensen JH. High-resolution MR imaging of mouse brain microvasculature using the relaxation rate shift index Q. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2004; 17:507-512. [PMID: 15523704 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful method for in vivo quantification of tissue properties. It has been previously proposed that the index Q identical with Delta R2/(Delta R2*)2/3, where Delta R2 and Delta R2* are the spin echo and gradient echo relaxation rate shifts caused by the injection of an intravascular contrast agent, may be useful for characterizing microvasculature. In particular, Q is expected to correlate well with the density of microvessels. This study presents high-resolution in vivo Q-maps of normal mouse brain obtained with a superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agent at a field of level of 9.4 T. Normative Q values are derived for several regions of interest and significant interregional variations are observed. Microvessel densities estimated from the Q-maps are found to be in reasonable accord with histologically determined values. A possible application of Q-maps is the assessment of angiogenic activity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed X Wu
- Jockey Club MRI Engineering Centre and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Corot C, Petry KG, Trivedi R, Saleh A, Jonkmanns C, Le Bas JF, Blezer E, Rausch M, Brochet B, Foster-Gareau P, Balériaux D, Gaillard S, Dousset V. Macrophage Imaging in Central Nervous System and in Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Using Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2004; 39:619-25. [PMID: 15377941 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000135980.08491.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The long blood circulating time and the progressive macrophage uptake in inflammatory tissues of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles are 2 properties of major importance for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pathologic tissue characterization. This article reviews the proof of principle of applications such as imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaque, stroke, brain tumor characterization, or multiple sclerosis. In the human carotid artery, USPIO accumulation in activated macrophages induced a focal drop in signal intensity compared with preinfusion MRI. The USPIO signal alterations observed in ischemic areas of stroke patients is probably related to the visualization of inflammatory macrophage recruitment into human brain infarction since animal experiments in such models demonstrated the internalization of USPIO into the macrophages localized in these areas. In brain tumors, USPIO particles which do not pass the ruptured blood-brain barrier at early times postinjection can be used to assess tumoral microvascular heterogeneity. Twenty-four hours after injection, when the cellular phase of USPIO takes place, the USPIO tumoral contrast enhancement was higher in high-grade than in low-grade tumors. Several experimental studies and a pilot multiple sclerosis clinical trial in 10 patients have shown that USPIO contrast agents can reveal the presence of inflammatory multiple sclerosis lesions. The enhancement with USPIO does not completely overlap with the gadolinium chelate enhancement. While the proof of concept that USPIO can visualize macrophage infiltrations has been confirmed in animals and patients in several applications (carotid atherosclerotic lesions, stroke, brain tumors and multiple sclerosis), larger prospective clinical studies are needed to demonstrate the clinical benefit of using USPIO as an MRI in vivo surrogate marker for brain inflammatory diseases.
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Le Duc G, Corde S, Charvet AM, Elleaume H, Farion R, Le Bas JF, Estève F. In Vivo Measurement of Gadolinium Concentration in a Rat Glioma Model by Monochromatic Quantitative Computed Tomography. Invest Radiol 2004; 39:385-93. [PMID: 15194909 DOI: 10.1097/01.rli.0000124250.61768.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES Monochromatic quantitative computed tomography allows a nondestructive and quantitative measurement of gadolinium (Gd) concentration. This technique was used in the C6 rat glioma model to compare gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadobutrol. METHODS Rats bearing late-stage gliomas received 2.5 mmol/kg (392.5 mg Gd/kg) of gadopentetate dimeglumine (n = 5) and gadobutrol (n = 6) intravenously before the imaging session performed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. RESULTS Monochromatic quantitative computed tomography enabled in vivo follow-up of Gd concentration as a function of time in specified regions of interest. Surprisingly, after gadobutrol injection, Gd concentrations in the center and periphery of the tumor were higher than those after gadopentetate injection, although identical in normal and contralateral area of the brain. CONCLUSION The in vivo assessment of absolute Gd concentrations revealed differences in gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine behaviors in tumoral tissues despite injections in the same conditions. These differences might be attributed to different characteristics of the contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Le Duc
- Medical Beamline, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Unité INSERM 647, CHU, BP217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex, France.
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Troprès I, Lamalle L, Péoc'h M, Farion R, Usson Y, Décorps M, Rémy C. In vivo assessment of tumoral angiogenesis. Magn Reson Med 2004; 51:533-41. [PMID: 15004795 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Vessel size imaging (VSI) for brain tumor characterization was evaluated and the vessel size index measured by MRI (VSIMRI) was correlated with VSI obtained by histology (VSIhisto). Blood volume (BV) and VSI maps were obtained on 12 rats by simultaneous measurements of R2* and R2, before and after the injection of a macromolecular contrast agent, AMI-227. Immunostaining of collagen IV in vessels was performed. An expression was derived for evaluating VSI from stereologic measurements on histology data (VSIhisto). On BV and VSI images obtained from large-size tumors (n = 9), three regions could be distinguished and correlated well with histological sections: a high BV region surrounding the tumor, a necrotic area where BV is very low, and a viable tumor tissue region showing lower BV but higher VSI than the normal rat cortex, with the presence of larger vessels. The quantitative analysis showed a good correlation (Spearman rank's rho = 0.74) between VSIhisto and VSIMRI with a linear regression coefficient of 1.17. The good correlation coefficient supports VSI imaging as a quantitative method for tumor vasculature characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Troprès
- Unité mixte INSERM 594/Université Joseph Fourier, Laboratoire de Recherche Conventionné du CEA No. 30V, Hôpital Albert Michallon, and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France.
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Moffat BA, Reddy GR, McConville P, Hall DE, Chenevert TL, Kopelman RR, Philbert M, Weissleder R, Rehemtulla A, Ross BD. A Novel Polyacrylamide Magnetic Nanoparticle Contrast Agent for Molecular Imaging using MRI. Mol Imaging 2003; 2:324-32. [PMID: 14717331 DOI: 10.1162/15353500200303163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel polyacrylamide superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle platform is described which has been synthetically prepared such that multiple crystals of iron oxide are encapsulated within a single polyacrylamide matrix (PolyAcrylamide Magnetic [PAM] nanoparticles). This formulation provides for an extremely large T2 and T2* relaxivity of between 620 and 1140 sec(-1) mM(-1). Administration of PAM nanoparticles into rats bearing orthotopic 9L gliomas allowed quantitative pharmacokinetic analysis of the uptake of nanoparticles in the vasculature, brain, and glioma. Addition of polyethylene glycol of varying sizes (0.6, 2, and 10 kDa) to the surface of the PAM nanoparticles resulted in an increase in plasma half-life and affected tumor uptake and retention of the nanoparticles as quantified by changes in tissue contrast using MRI. The flexible formulation of these nanoparticles suggests that future modifications could be accomplished allowing for their use as a targeted molecular imaging contrast agent and/or therapeutic platform for multiple indications.
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Cha S, Johnson G, Wadghiri YZ, Jin O, Babb J, Zagzag D, Turnbull DH. Dynamic, contrast-enhanced perfusion MRI in mouse gliomas: correlation with histopathology. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49:848-55. [PMID: 12704767 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop an MRI protocol to evaluate the growth and vascularity of implanted GL261 mouse gliomas on a 7T microimaging system. Both conventional T(1)- and T(2)-weighted imaging and dynamic, contrast-enhanced T(2)*-weighted imaging were performed on 34 mice at different stages of tumor development. MRI measurements of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) were compared to histological assessments of microvascular density (MVD). Enhancement on postcontrast T(1)-weighted images was compared to histological assessments of Evan's blue extravasation. Conventional T(2)-weighted and postcontrast T(1)-weighted images demonstrated tumor growth characteristics consistent with previous descriptions of GL261 glioma. Furthermore, measurements of rCBV from MRI data were in good agreement with histological measurements of MVD from the same tumors. Postcontrast enhancement on T(1)-weighted images was observed at all stages of GL261 glioma progression, even before evidence of angiogenesis, indicating that the mechanism of conventional contrast enhancement in MRI does not require neovascularization. These results provide quantitative support for MRI approaches currently used to assess human brain tumors, and form the basis for future studies of angiogenesis in genetically engineered mouse brain tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonmee Cha
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Nelson AL, Algon SA, Munasinghe J, Graves O, Goumnerova L, Burstein D, Pomeroy SL, Kim JYH. Magnetic resonance imaging of patched heterozygous and xenografted mouse brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2003; 62:259-67. [PMID: 12777077 DOI: 10.1023/a:1023339902812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Experimental mouse models are emerging as useful systems for the study of human brain tumors. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods can noninvasively provide images of complex heterogeneous tissues such as experimental brain tumors. The current report demonstrates the feasibility of longitudinal high-resolution MRI in two mouse brain tumor models: patched heterozygous (ptc +/-) mice with spontaneously arising posterior fossa tumors that resemble human medulloblastoma, and homozygous nude mice implanted with intracerebral xenografts of human medulloblastoma cell lines. Methods were optimized to achieve favorable volumetric comparison with histologic methods and sub-millimeter resolution, improved by contrast enhancement with intravenous administration of a gadolinium-based agent. Results also show that experimental mice, even symptomatic mice, tolerate repeated serial imaging studies over weeks to months to follow tumor progression and to visualize placement of an intracerebral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Nelson
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Children's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Robinson SP, Rijken PFJW, Howe FA, McSheehy PMJ, van der Sanden BPJ, Heerschap A, Stubbs M, van der Kogel AJ, Griffiths JR. Tumor vascular architecture and function evaluated by non-invasive susceptibility MRI methods and immunohistochemistry. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 17:445-54. [PMID: 12655584 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.10274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the physiological origins responsible for the varying blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) responses to carbogen (95% O(2)/5% CO(2)) breathing observed with different tumor types. MATERIALS AND METHODS Susceptibility contrast-enhanced MRI using the exogenous blood pool contrast agent NC100150 to determine blood volume and vessel size, and immunohistochemical-derived morphometric parameters, were determined in GH3 prolactinomas and RIF-1 fibrosarcomas, both grown in mice, which exhibited very different BOLD responses to carbogen. RESULTS Administration of NC100150 increased the R(2)* and R(2) rates of both tumor types, and indicated a significant four-fold larger blood volume in the GH3 tumor. The ratio deltaR(2)*/deltaR(2) showed that the capillaries in the GH3 were two-fold larger than those in the RIF-1, in agreement with morphometric analysis. Carbogen breathing induced a significant 25% decrease in R(2)* in the GH3 prolactinoma, whereas the response in the RIF-1 fibrosarcoma was negligible. CONCLUSION Low blood volume and small vessel size (and hence reduced hematocrit) are two reasons for the lack of R(2)* change in the RIF-1 with carbogen breathing. BOLD MRI is sensitive to erythrocyte-perfused vessels, whereas exogenous contrast agents interrogate the total perfused vascular volume. BOLD MRI, coupled with a carbogen challenge, provides information on functional, hemodynamic tumor vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Robinson
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
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Abstract
Assessment of the oxygenation status of brain tumors has been studied increasingly with imaging techniques in light of recent advances in oncology. Tumor oxygen tension is a critical factor influencing the effectiveness of radiation and chemotherapy and malignant progression. Hypoxic tumors are resistant to treatment, and prognostic value of tumor oxygen status is shown in head and neck tumors. Strategies increasing the tumor oxygenation are being investigated to overcome the compromising [figure: see text] effect of hypoxia on tumor treatment. Administration of nicotinamide and inhalation of various high oxygen concentrations have been implemented. Existing methods for assessment of tissue oxygen level are either invasive or insufficient. Accurate and noninvasive means to measure tumor oxygenation are needed for treatment planning, identification of patients who might benefit from oxygenation strategies, and assessing the efficacy of interventions aimed to increase the radiosensitivity of tumors. Of the various imaging techniques used to assess tissue oxygenation, MR spectroscopy and MR imaging are widely available, noninvasive, and clinically applicable techniques. Tumor hypoxia is related closely to insufficient blood flow through chaotic and partially nonfunctional tumor vasculature and the distance between the capillaries and the tumor cells. Information on characteristics of tumor vasculature such as blood volume, perfusion, and increased capillary permeability can be provided with MR imaging. MR imaging techniques can provide a measure of capillary permeability based on contrast enhancement and relative cerebral blood volume estimates using dynamic susceptibility MR imaging. Blood oxygen level dependent contrast MR imaging using gradient echo sequence is intrinsically sensitive to changes in blood oxygen level. Animal models using blood oxygen level-dependent contrast imaging reveal the different responses of normal and tumor vasculature under hyperoxia. Normobaric hyperoxia is used in MR studies as a method to produce MR contrast in tissues. Increased T2* signal intensity of brain tissue has been observed using blood oxygen level-dependent contrast MR imaging. Dynamic blood oxygen level-dependent contrast MR imaging during hyperoxia is suggested to image tumor oxygenation. Quantification of cerebral oxygen saturation using blood oxygen level-dependent MR imaging also has been reported. Quantification of cerebral blood oxygen saturation using MR imaging has promising clinical applications; however, technical difficulties have to be resolved. Blood oxygen level dependent MR imaging is an emerging technique to evaluate the cerebral blood oxygen saturation, and it has the potential and versatility to assess oxygenation status of brain tumors. Upon improvement and validation of current MR techniques, better diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment monitoring capabilities can be provided for patients with brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zerrin Yetkin
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-8896, USA.
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Barbier EL, St Lawrence KS, Grillon E, Koretsky AP, Décorps M. A model of blood-brain barrier permeability to water: accounting for blood inflow and longitudinal relaxation effects. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47:1100-9. [PMID: 12111956 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A noninvasive technique for measuring the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to water could help to evaluate changes in the functional integrity of the BBB that occur in different pathologies, such as multiple sclerosis or growth of brain tumor. Recently, Schwarzbauer et al. (Magn Reson Med 1997;37:769-777) proposed an MR method to measure this permeability based on the T(1) reductions induced by injecting various doses of paramagnetic contrast agent. However, this method may be difficult to implement in a clinical environment. Described here is a two-point technique, in which a spatially selective inversion is used to measure T(1) prior to and after injection of an intravascular contrast agent. Measurements made in the rat brain are compared to numerical simulations generated with a physiological model that accounts for blood flow and includes two different blood volumes: nonexchanging and exchanging blood volumes. Our results suggest that BBB permeability could be evaluated from the change in T(1) caused by the vascular contrast agent. This technique might provide an approach for monitoring changes in BBB permeability to water in clinical studies.
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Bouzier-Sore AK, Canioni P, Merle M. Effect of exogenous lactate on rat glioma metabolism. J Neurosci Res 2001; 65:543-8. [PMID: 11550222 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.1184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Glioma-bearing rats were infused intravenously with a solution containing either [3-(13)C]lactate or both glucose and [3-(13)C]lactate for 20 min or 1 hr. Perchloric acid extracts of healthy and tumoral brain tissues were prepared and analyzed by (13)C- and (1)H-observed (13)C-edited nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine (13)C-label incorporation into brain tissue and glioma metabolites. Moreover, (13)C enrichments in blood lactate and glucose were determined from (1)H-NMR spectra. In the nontumoral tissue, (13)C labeling of amino acids indicated that [3-(13)C]lactate entered the brain and was metabolized. There was no labeling difference between the contralateral and the ipsilateral hemispheres. Lactate metabolism appeared more specifically neuronal, in agreement with our previous results obtained with normal rat brain (Bouzier et al. [2000] J. Neurochem. 75:480-486). In the glioma tissue, comparison of Ala C3, Glu C4, and Gln C4 labeling indicated that the contributions of blood glutamine and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to glutamate labeling were about 80% and 20%, respectively, after 1 hr of [3-(13)C]lactate infusion. In contrast, these contributions were about 10% and 90%, respectively, when [1-(13)C]glucose was infused in the absence of lactate. This indicated a major effect of the exogenous lactate on glioma metabolism, which may be due to the following process: The high blood lactate level might hinder the drain of glycolytic lactate produced inside the glioma and thus generate a change in redox potential such that the tumor cells are unable to restore it with oxidative phosphorylation. Thereafter, the high NADH level might inhibit glycolysis and the TCA cycle, and glutamine could become the major carbon source for glutamate labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Bouzier-Sore
- Unité de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, UMR 5536, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Victor Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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Abstract
Numerous techniques have been proposed in the last 15 years to measure various perfusion-related parameters in the brain. In particular, two approaches have proven extremely successful: injection of paramagnetic contrast agents for measuring cerebral blood volumes (CBV) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) for measuring cerebral blood flows (CBF). This review presents the methodology of the different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in use for CBV and CBF measurements and briefly discusses their limitations and potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Barbier
- Laboratoire mixte INSERM U438, Université Joseph Fourier: RMN Bioclinique, LRC-CEA, Hôpital Albert Michallon, Grenoble, France
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Lahrech H, Zoula S, Farion R, Rémy C, Décorps M. In vivo measurement of the size of lipid droplets in an intracerebral glioma in the rat. Magn Reson Med 2001; 45:409-14. [PMID: 11241697 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2594(200103)45:3<409::aid-mrm1053>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed field gradient NMR was used to measure the root mean square displacement lambda of the NMR visible lipid molecules in C6 brain tumors in the rat at different diffusion times. For a distribution of spherical droplets of diameter with volume fraction xi(Phi(i)), the mean characteristic droplet diameter Phi(c) = square root of Sigma(i)xi(Phi(i)Phi(i)(2) was shown to be related to the root mean square displacement at long diffusion times by the simple relationship Phi(c)(2) = 10 lambda(2). In the range of diffusion times 100--530 msec, lambda was found to be independent of the diffusion time and equal to 1.35 +/- 0.22 microm and Phi(c) to 4.27 +/- 0.71 microm. The data reinforce the notion that the presence of lipid resonances in NMR spectra of tumors is due to lipid droplets. Light microscopy of histologic slices showed the presence of lipid droplets mainly in the necrotic region and in a layer of tumor cells surrounding the necrosis. Magn Reson Med 45:409-414, 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lahrech
- Unité mixte INSERM--Université Joseph Fourier, Hôpital Albert Michallon, Grenoble, France.
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