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Tomescu C, Colon K, Smith P, Taylor M, Azzoni L, Metzger DS, Montaner LJ. Persons who inject drugs (PWID) retain functional NK cells, dendritic cell stimulation, and adaptive immune recall responses despite prolonged opioid use. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 110:10.1002/JLB.5A0920-604R. [PMID: 33289158 PMCID: PMC8244827 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5a0920-604r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous literature suggests that acute opioid use results in the functional impairment of the immune response, thereby decreasing resistance to viral infection. Here, we assessed if innate and adaptive immune responses are compromised ex vivo in persons who inject drugs (PWID) and whether long-term injection drug use may impact host susceptibility to in vitro HIV infection. We measured the frequency, activation state, and functional profile of NK cells, dendritic cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in low-risk PWID who do not share needles, high-risk needle-sharing PWID, and control donors who did not inject drugs. We also assessed plasma levels of inflammatory markers and CD4+ T cell susceptibility to HIV infection. We observed a significant increase in the amount of sCD14 (P = 0.0023, n = 16) and sCD163 (P = 0.0001, n = 16) in the plasma of PWID compared to controls. Evidence of constitutive activation was noted in PWID as compared to controls with increased CD69 expression in CD56dim NK cells (P = 0.0103, n = 26) and increased CD38 and HLA-DR expression in CD4+ T cells (P = 0.0355, n = 23). However, no innate or adaptive functional differences were detected between PWID and controls, including: NK cell direct or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity poly-functional response, TLR-stimulated dendritic cell/NK crosstalk, CD8+ T cell response to Staphylococcal enterotoxin B or CMV/EBV/FLU peptides, or constitutive or anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated CD4+ T cell infectivity with CCR5-tropic or CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 isolates. Our data indicate that PWID who utilize opioids over as prolonged time frame can retain a functional ex vivo immune response without a measurable increase in CD4+ T cell infectivity suggesting that leukocytes from PWID are not intrinsically more susceptibility to infection with HIV than non-PWID controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costin Tomescu
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Krystal Colon
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Peter Smith
- The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, HIV Prevention Division, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Mack Taylor
- The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, HIV Prevention Division, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Livio Azzoni
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - David S. Metzger
- The University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, HIV Prevention Division, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Luis J. Montaner
- The Wistar Institute, HIV Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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2
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McQuaid SL, Loughran ST, Power PA, Maguire P, Szczygiel A, Johnson PA. Low-dose IL-2 induces CD56 bright NK regulation of T cells via NKp44 and NKp46. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:228-241. [PMID: 31989589 PMCID: PMC7232012 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose interleukin (IL)-2 has shown clinical benefits in patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Both regulatory T cells (Tregs ) and natural killer (NK) cells are increased in response to low-dose IL-2 immunotherapy. The role of regulatory T cells in autoimmune diseases has been extensively studied; however, NK cells have not been as thoroughly explored. It has not been well reported whether the increase in NK cells is purely an epiphenomenon or carries actual benefits for patients with autoimmune diseases. We demonstrate that low-dose IL-2 expands the primary human CD56bright NK cells resulting in a contact-dependent cell cycle arrest of effector T cells (Teffs ) via retention of the cycle inhibitor p21. We further show that NK cells respond via IL-2R-β, which has been shown to be significant for immunity by regulating T cell expansion. Moreover, we demonstrate that blocking NK receptors NKp44 and NKp46 but not NKp30 could abrogate the regulation of proliferation associated with low-dose IL-2. The increase in NK cells was also accompanied by an increase in Treg cells, which is dependent on the presence of CD56bright NK cells. These results not only heighten the importance of NK cells in low-dose IL-2 therapy but also identify key human NK targets, which may provide further insights into the therapeutic mechanisms of low-dose IL-2 in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. L. McQuaid
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
- Mason Technology LtdDublinIreland
| | - S. T. Loughran
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
- Department of Applied ScienceDundalk Institute of TechnologyDundalkIreland
| | - P. A. Power
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
- Technological University DublinDublinIreland
| | - P. Maguire
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
- School of BiotechnologyDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - A. Szczygiel
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
| | - P. A. Johnson
- Viral Immunology LaboratorySchool of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community HealthDublin City UniversityDublinIreland
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3
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Targeting natural killer cells in solid tumors. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:415-422. [PMID: 30911118 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells endowed with cytolytic activity and a capacity to secrete cytokines and chemokines. Several lines of evidence suggest that NK cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunity. Some therapies against hematological malignacies make use of the immune properties of NK cells, such as their ability to kill residual leukemic blasts efficiently after conditioning during haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, knowledge on NK cell infiltration and the status of NK cell responsiveness in solid tumors is limited so far. The pro-angiogenic role of the recently described NK cell-like type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) and their phenotypic resemblance to NK cells are confounding factors that add a level of complexity, at least in mice. Here, we review the current knowledge on the presence and function of NK cells in solid tumors as well as the immunotherapeutic approaches designed to harness NK cell functions in these conditions, including those that aim to reinforce conventional anti-tumor therapies to increase the chances of successful treatment.
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4
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Fong JJ, Tsai CM, Saha S, Nizet V, Varki A, Bui JD. Siglec-7 engagement by GBS β-protein suppresses pyroptotic cell death of natural killer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10410-10415. [PMID: 30254166 PMCID: PMC6187154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect stress molecules or viral ligands displayed at the cell surface, balanced by inhibitory receptors that bind to self-molecules. To date, such activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells are not known to recognize bacterial determinants. Moreover, NK cell responses to direct interactions with extracellular bacteria are poorly explored. In this study, we observed the human neonatal pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS) can directly engage human NK cells. The interaction was mediated through the B6N segment of streptococcal β-protein, binding to the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7 via its amino-terminal V-set domain. Unlike classical Siglec binding, the interaction is also independent of its sialic acid recognition property. In contrast to WT GBS, mutants lacking β-protein induced efficient pyroptosis of NK cells through the NLRP3 inflammasome, with production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and dissemination of the cytotoxic molecule granzyme B. We postulate that GBS evolved β-protein engagement of inhibitory human Siglec-7 to suppress the pyroptotic response of NK cells and thereby block recruitment of a broader innate immune response, i.e., by "silencing the sentinel."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Fong
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sudeshna Saha
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Victor Nizet
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ajit Varki
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Jones HP, Aldridge B, Boss-Williams K, Weiss JM. A role for B cells in facilitating defense against an NK cell-sensitive lung metastatic tumor is revealed by stress. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 313:99-108. [PMID: 29153616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stressors impair immune defenses and pose risks among cancer patients. Natural Killer cells are not the sole immune defense against tumor development. Utilizing an NK-sensitive tumor model, this study evaluated immune effects to stress and determined whether lung metastasis resulted from B cells' inability to augment tumorlytic function. Lung metastasis directly correlated with delayed lung B cell accumulation compared to NK, and T cells. Decreased interleukin-12 cytokine and CD80+ molecule expression by B cells correlated with decreased tumor lysis and increased tumor development. Thus, tumor defenses in the lung given stress exposure can depend on the B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlan P Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Beau Aldridge
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Katherine Boss-Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jay M Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Analysis of NK Cell Function and Receptor Expression During HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2017. [PMID: 28357671 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6872-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Cytofluorimetric analysis is a typical method in immunology to evaluate phenotype and function of Natural Killer (NK) cells derived from HTLV-1/2 infected patients and healthy donors. Here, we described protocols to NK cells phenotypical and cytotoxicity assay, performed by flow cytometry on fresh and immune-magnetically or flow cytometry sorted NK cells. A new developed protocol able to evaluate IFNγ production has been included.
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7
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Martner A, Rydström A, Riise RE, Aurelius J, Brune M, Foà R, Hellstrand K, Thorén FB. NK cell expression of natural cytotoxicity receptors may determine relapse risk in older AML patients undergoing immunotherapy for remission maintenance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:42569-74. [PMID: 26544512 PMCID: PMC4767453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a phase IV trial, eighty-four patients (age 18-79) with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in first complete remission (CR) received cycles of immunotherapy with histamine dihydrochloride (HDC) and low-dose human recombinant interleukin-2 (IL-2) to prevent relapse in the post-consolidation phase. Aspects of natural killer (NK) cell biology were analyzed before and during immunotherapy with focus on outcome in older patients. In younger (<60 years old, n = 37) and older patients (>60 years old, n = 47), treatment with HDC/IL-2 resulted in an expansion of CD56(bright) and CD16+ NK cells in blood along with an increased NK cell expression of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCR) NKp30 and NKp46. In older patients, a high expression of NKp30 or NKp46 on CD16+ NK cells before and during therapy predicted leukemia-free and overall survival. These results suggest that NK cell functions determine relapse risk and survival in older AML patients and point to biomarkers of efficacy in protocols for remission maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Martner
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Anna Rydström
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Rebecca E Riise
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Johan Aurelius
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden.,Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Mats Brune
- Department of Hematology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Robin Foà
- Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Kristoffer Hellstrand
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Fredrik B Thorén
- TIMM Laboratory, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
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8
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Cryopreserved NK cells in the treatment of haematological malignancies: preclinical study. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2561-2567. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Ge MQ, Kokalari B, Flayer CH, Killingbeck SS, Redai IG, MacFarlane AW, Hwang JW, Kolupoti A, Kemeny MD, Campbell KS, Haczku A. Cutting Edge: Role of NK Cells and Surfactant Protein D in Dendritic Cell Lymph Node Homing: Effects of Ozone Exposure. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:553-7. [PMID: 26673133 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The roles of NK cells, surfactant protein D (SP-D), and IFN-γ, as well as the effect of ozone (O3) inhalation, were studied on recirculation of pulmonary dendritic cells (DC) to the mediastinal lymph nodes. O3 exposure and lack of SP-D reduced NK cell IFN-γ and lung tissue CCL21 mRNA expression and impaired DC homing to the mediastinal lymph nodes. Notably, addition of recombinant SP-D to naive mononuclear cells stimulated IFN-γ release in vitro. Because NKp46, a glycosylated membrane receptor, was necessary for dose-dependent SP-D binding to NK cells in vitro and DC migration in vivo, we speculate that SP-D may constitutively stimulate IFN-γ production by NK cells, possibly via NKp46. This mechanism could then initiate the IFN-γ/IL-12 feedback circuit, a key amplifier of DC lymph node homing. Inhibition of this process during an acute inflammatory response causes DC retention in the peripheral lung tissue and contributes to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyar Qing Ge
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456; and
| | | | | | | | - Imre G Redai
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Jin W Hwang
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | | | - Angela Haczku
- University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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10
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Lysis of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4+ primary T cells by interferon-alpha-activated NK cells requires NKp46 and NKG2D. AIDS 2015; 29:1767-73. [PMID: 26372382 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous HIV-1-infected CD4 primary T cells (aHIVCD4) have been shown to be largely resistant to natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated lysis because of viral strategies of immune evasion. We have previously shown that a preactivation of NK cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells can significantly augment lysis of aHIVCD4 through a mechanism dependent on interferon-alpha (IFN-α). DESIGN The goal of the present study is to identify the specific NK-activating receptors involved in NK lysis of aHIVCD4 following IFN-α activation. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were incubated with aHIVCD4 to induce the secretion of endogenous levels of IFN-α and drive NK activation. We then utilized a standard chromium lysis assay to assess the degree of IFN-α-activated lysis of aHIVCD4 in the presence or absence of masking antibodies to a panel of NK-activating receptors and co-receptors. RESULTS Direct recognition of HIV-1-infected, but not uninfected, autologous CD4 primary T cells by PBMC induced the secretion IFN-α (median 2280 pg/ml, P < 0.001, n = 9) that, in turn, activated NK cells (P < 0.001, n = 12) and significantly increased their cytolytic potential against aHIVCD4 (P < 0.01, n = 12). The masking of NKp46 (P < 0.01, n = 8) and NKG2D (P < 0.05, n = 8), but not 2B4, NTBA, NKp30 or NKp44, significantly reduced IFN-α-activated lysis of aHIVCD4. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results demonstrate that endogenous levels of IFN-α secreted by plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce NK cells to lyse aHIVCD4 via the engagement of NKp46 and NKG2D.
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11
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Kirkham CL, Carlyle JR. Complexity and Diversity of the NKR-P1:Clr (Klrb1:Clec2) Recognition Systems. Front Immunol 2014; 5:214. [PMID: 24917862 PMCID: PMC4041007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The NKR-P1 receptors were identified as prototypical natural killer (NK) cell surface antigens and later shown to be conserved from rodents to humans on NK cells and subsets of T cells. C-type lectin-like in nature, they were originally shown to be capable of activating NK cell function and to recognize ligands on tumor cells. However, certain family members have subsequently been shown to be capable of inhibiting NK cell activity, and to recognize proteins encoded by a family of genetically linked C-type lectin-related ligands. Some of these ligands are expressed by normal, healthy cells, and modulated during transformation, infection, and cellular stress, while other ligands are upregulated during the immune response and during pathological circumstances. Here, we discuss historical and recent developments in NKR-P1 biology that demonstrate this NK receptor–ligand system to be far more complex and diverse than originally anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Kirkham
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
| | - James R Carlyle
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Sunnybrook Research Institute , Toronto, ON , Canada
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12
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Kim EK, Ahn YO, Kim S, Kim TM, Keam B, Heo DS. Ex vivo activation and expansion of natural killer cells from patients with advanced cancer with feeder cells from healthy volunteers. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:231-241.e1. [PMID: 23321334 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Culturing natural killer (NK) cells from patients with advanced cancer is difficult and has restricted the generation of sufficient cell numbers for autologous adoptive NK-cell therapy. The aim of this study was to establish a novel method for ex vivo NK-cell expansion from patients with cancer. METHODS NK cells (CD3(-)CD56(+)) were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers and cancer patients, and NK(-) fractions were used as feeder cells. Purified NK cells were co-cultured with feeder cells in AIM-V medium (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 5% human serum and 1000 units/mL human interleukin-2. RESULTS NK cells co-cultured with feeder cells from healthy volunteers (feeder-HV) expanded more than NK cells co-cultured with feeder cells from cancer patients (feeder-CP). During the 14-day culture period, NK cells from patients with advanced cancer co-cultivated with feeder-HV expanded on average 300-fold. NK cells co-cultivated with feeder-CP expanded on average 169.4-fold. Cultures grown in the presence of feeder-HV contained 93.8 ± 7.0% (mean ± standard deviation; n = 6) CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells, and cultures grown in the presence of feeder-CP contained 83.6 ± 15.9% CD3(-)CD56(+) NK cells. Feeder-HV caused a relative increase in CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells, whereas feeder-CP did not induce changes. Interleukin-15, a cytokine that induces NK-cell proliferation, was detected in the culture supernatants of feeder-HV but not in those of feeder-CP. CONCLUSIONS Feeder cells obtained from healthy volunteers have the potential to expand and activate NK cells from patients with advanced cancer. The novel NK-cell expansion method described here provides a technique for acquiring the large numbers of highly active NK cells from patients with cancer for autologous adoptive immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kim
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Noronha LE, Harman RM, Wagner B, Antczak DF. Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to equine NKp46. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 147:60-8. [PMID: 22551980 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The immunoreceptor NKp46 is considered to be the most consistent marker of NK cells across mammalian species. Here, we use a recombinant NKp46 protein to generate a panel of monoclonal antibodies that recognize equine NKp46. The extracellular region of equine NKp46 was expressed with equine IL-4 as a recombinant fusion protein (rIL-4/NKp46) and used as an immunogen to generate mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). MAbs were first screened by ELISA for an ability to recognize NKp46, but not IL-4, or the structurally related immunoreceptor CD16. Nine mAbs were selected and were shown to recognize full-length NKp46 expressed on the surface of transfected CHO cells as a GFP fusion protein. The mAbs recognized a population of lymphocytes by flow cytometric analysis that was morphologically similar to NKp46+ cells in humans and cattle. In a study using nine horses, representative mAb 4F2 labeled 0.8-2.1% PBL with a mean fluorescence intensity consistent with gene expression data. MAb 4F2+ PBL were enriched by magnetic cell sorting and were found to express higher levels of NKP46 mRNA than 4F2- cells by quantitative RT-PCR. CD3-depleted PBL from five horses contained a higher percentage of 4F2+ cells than unsorted PBL. Using ELISA, we determined that the nine mAbs recognize three different epitopes. These mAbs will be useful tools in better understanding the largely uncharacterized equine NK cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leela E Noronha
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
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14
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The structural basis of ligand recognition by natural killer cell receptors. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:203628. [PMID: 21629745 PMCID: PMC3100565 DOI: 10.1155/2011/203628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are a group of lymphocytes which function as tightly controlled surveillance operatives which identify transformed cells through a discrete balance of activating and inhibitory receptors ultimately leading to the destruction of incongruent cells. The understanding of this finely tuned balancing act has been aided by the high-resolution structure determination of activating and inhibitory receptors both alone and in complex with their ligands. This paper collates these structural studies detailing the aspects which directly relate to the natural killer cell function and serves to inform both the specialized structural biologist reader and a more general immunology audience.
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15
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Dimasi N, Biassoni R. Structural and functional aspects of the Ly49 natural killer cell receptors. Immunol Cell Biol 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Dimasi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Giannina Gaslini's Children's Institute Genova Italy
| | - Roberto Biassoni
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Giannina Gaslini's Children's Institute Genova Italy
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