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Choy O, Raine A. The Neurobiology of Antisocial Personality Disorder. Neuropharmacology 2024:110150. [PMID: 39244014 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.110150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite increasing recognition that there is a neurobiological basis of antisocial behavior in addition to its psychosocial foundation, much less is known about the specificity of the neurobiological findings to the psychiatric condition of antisocial personality disorder (APD). This article provides a review of research on genetic, brain imaging, neurocognitive, and psychophysiological factors in relation to assessments of APD. Findings show that there are significant genetic effects on APD, particularly related to the serotonergic system, as well as abnormalities in brain regions such as the frontal lobe. Associations between psychophysiological measures of autonomic nervous system functioning and APD are more mixed. Results indicating that APD has a significant genetic basis and is characterized by abnormalities in brain structure/function and neurocognitive impairments provide additional evidence that supports the conceptualization of APD as a neurodevelopmental disorder. Findings may also help inform treatment approaches that target neurobiological risks for APD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Choy
- Department of Psychology, Nanyang Technological University.
| | - Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania.
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2
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O'Higgins M, Benito A, Real-López M, Gil-Miravet I, Ochoa E, Haro G. Relationship of DRD5 and MAO-B VNTR polymorphisms with paranoid and antisocial personality disorders in polydrug users. Personal Ment Health 2023; 17:77-86. [PMID: 35961947 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although multiple studies have shown the role genetics plays in personality disorders and in addictions, few have studied the genetic aspects of their comorbidity. Here, we carried out a cross-sectional study in a sample comprising 303 Caucasian polydrug-consuming patients. The presence of personality disorders was evaluated using the International Personality Disorder Examination, and genes related to dopamine, serotonin and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were genotyped. A significant relationship was observed between the bp 279 DRD5 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism and paranoid personality disorder OR 95 % CI = 2.186 1.074 ; 4.449 ; p = 0.006 . The bp 182 OR 95 % CI = 0.407 0.178 ; 0.931 ; p = 0.033 and bp 184 OR 95 % CI = 0.391 0.188 ; 0.813 ; p = 0.012 alleles of the MAOB VNTR were also associated with antisocial personality disorder. Among patients with addictions, paranoid personality disorder should also be considered in addition to the importance of antisocial and borderline personality disorders. The higher frequency of the bp 279 DRD5 VNTR allele found in patients with paranoid personality disorder, as well as the associations between alleles of the MAOB VNTR and antisocial personality disorder, support the monoaminergic bases of these personality disorders, especially when dealing with patients with addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo O'Higgins
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medical Sciences, National University of Asunción, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Ana Benito
- TXP Research Group, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castelló, Spain.,Mental Health Unit of Torrent, Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matías Real-López
- Pre-department Medicine Unit, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain.,Severe Mental Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence Program, Mental Health Department, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castelló, Castelló, Spain
| | - Isis Gil-Miravet
- TXP Research Group, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castelló, Spain.,Pre-department Medicine Unit, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Enrique Ochoa
- Molecular Biopathology Department, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castelló, Castelló, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Haro
- TXP Research Group, Medicine and Surgery Department, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, Castelló, Spain.,Severe Dual Pathology Program, Mental Health Department, Consorcio Hospitalario Provincial de Castelló, Castelló, Spain
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3
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Grigorenko EL. What Are Little Boys Made Of? Snips and Snails and Puppy Dog Tails. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119466864.ch7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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4
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Coley RL, Sims J, Carrano J. Environmental risks outweigh dopaminergic genetic risks for alcohol use and abuse from adolescence through early adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 175:106-118. [PMID: 28412301 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is a primary public health concern, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Based on the rapidly growing field of gene-environment models, this study assessed the combined role of environmental and dopamine-related genetic correlates of early alcohol use and abuse. METHODS Multilevel growth models assessed trajectories of alcohol use and intoxication and ordered logistic regressions assessed alcohol use disorder among a sample of 12,437 youth from the nationally representative Add Health study who were followed from mid-adolescence through early adulthood. RESULTS Endogenous and exogenous stressful life events and social norms supportive of alcohol use from parents and peers were significant predictors of alcohol use, intoxication, and alcohol use disorder, with consistent patterns across males and females. In contrast, a dopamine-system genetic risk score (GRS) was not associated with alcohol use trajectories nor alcohol use disorder in early adulthood, although weak connections emerged between the GRS and growth trajectories of intoxication, indicating that higher GRS predicted more frequent episodes of intoxication during the transition to adulthood but not during adolescence or later 20s. No evidence of gene-environment interactions emerged. CONCLUSIONS Results extend a substantial body of prior research primarily assessing single genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine system, suggesting that dopaminergic GRSs may be associated with more problematic alcohol behaviors at some developmental periods, but further, that social norms and stressful life experiences are more consistent correlates of early and problematic alcohol use among youth. These environmental factors present potential targets for research manipulating contexts to identify causal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Levine Coley
- Boston College, Lynch School of Education, Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, United States.
| | - Jacqueline Sims
- Boston College, Lynch School of Education, Department of Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology, United States
| | - Jennifer Carrano
- University of Delaware, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, United States
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5
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Methamphetamine increases locomotion and dopamine transporter activity in dopamine d5 receptor-deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75975. [PMID: 24155877 PMCID: PMC3796526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine regulates the psychomotor stimulant activities of amphetamine-like substances in the brain. The effects of dopamine are mediated through five known dopamine receptor subtypes in mammals. The functional relevance of D5 dopamine receptors in the central nervous system is not well understood. To determine the functional relevance of D5 dopamine receptors, we created D5 dopamine receptor-deficient mice and then used these mice to assess the roles of D5 dopamine receptors in the behavioral response to methamphetamine. Interestingly, D5 dopamine receptor-deficient mice displayed increased ambulation in response to methamphetamine. Furthermore, dopamine transporter threonine phosphorylation levels, which regulate amphetamine-induced dopamine release, were elevated in D5 dopamine receptor-deficient mice. The increase in methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity was eliminated by pretreatment with the dopamine transporter blocker GBR12909. Taken together, these results suggest that dopamine transporter activity and threonine phosphorylation levels are regulated by D5 dopamine receptors.
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6
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Goodarzi A, Vousooghi N, Sedaghati M, Mokri A, Zarrindast MR. Dopamine receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: changes in mRNA expression in opioid addiction. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:218-22. [PMID: 19445922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Gradual adaptations of the brain to repeated drug exposure may induce addiction. Brain mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway is the site of the effect of addictive drugs. The dopamine receptors in peripheral blood lymphocytes may reflect the status of homologous brain receptors. In the present study, the effects of opioid addiction on mRNA expression of dopamine D(3), D(4) and D(5) receptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated, using a real-time PCR method. Four groups each comprising 30 individuals were enrolled in the study: opioid addicted, methadone maintained, long-term abstinent and normal subjects. The results indicated that dopamine D(3) receptor mRNA expression was increased in addicted and methadone maintained subjects by a factor of 1.74 and 1.98, respectively, but no change was observed in the abstinent group. The dopamine D(4) receptor mRNA expression was reduced in abstinent and addicted subjects (but not in the methadone group) and reached 0.44 and 0.53 the amount of the control group, respectively. Expression of dopamine D(5) receptor mRNA showed a significant reduction in abstinent subjects (0.41 the amount of the control group). However, in the addicted and methadone maintained groups, the change of expression level was not statistically significant. It can be concluded that persisting deficiency of dopamine D(4) and D(5) receptors may be a risk factor urging individuals to addiction, and methadone may exert its therapeutic effects through normalizing mRNA expression of these receptors. The dopamine D(3) receptor may have a negative feedback role in addiction; however, we have no explanation for the persisting up-regulation of this receptor in methadone subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Goodarzi
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Kirillova GP, Hrutkay RJ, Shurin MR, Shurin GV, Tourkova IL, Vanyukov MM. Dopamine receptors in human lymphocytes: radioligand binding and quantitative RT-PCR assays. J Neurosci Methods 2008; 174:272-80. [PMID: 18721826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of dopamine receptors (DR) in lymphocytes of the human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) fraction is an attractive tool for evaluation of functional properties of dopaminergic function underlying variation in complex psychological/psychopathological traits. Receptor binding assays (RBAs) with selective radioligands, which are widely used in CNS studies, have not produced consistent results when applied to isolated PBMC. We tested the assay conditions that could be essential for detection of DR in human PBMC and their membrane preparations. Using [(3)H]SCH23390, a dopamine D1-like receptor antagonist, we demonstrated the presence of two binding sites in PBMC-derived membrane fraction. One of them is characterized by the K(d) value consistent with that reported for D5 dopamine receptors in human lymphocytes, whereas the other K(d) value possibly corresponds to serotonin receptor(s). Although D5 receptor binding sites in PBMC membranes could be characterized by binding assays, the low protein expression and the large volume of blood needed for membrane preparation render the binding method impracticable for individual phenotyping. In contrast, real-time RT-PCR may be used for this purpose, contingent on the relationship between DR expression in the brain and in lymphocytes. The expression of the DRD2-DRD5 genes, as detected by this method, varied widely among samples, whereas the DRD1 expression was not detected. The expression levels were comparable with those in the brain for DRD3 and DRD4, and were significantly lower for DRD2 and DRD5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina P Kirillova
- Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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8
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Braun CMJ, Léveillé C, Guimond A. An orbitofrontostriatopallidal pathway for morality: evidence from postlesion antisocial and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2008; 13:296-337. [PMID: 18622787 DOI: 10.1080/13546800802088580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A detailed proposal is made to the effect that nonlesional antisocial personality disorder (APD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypomoralism and that nonlesional obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is, among other things, a dysfunctional hypermoralism. METHOD To provide an empirical test of this proposal, 25 previously published cases of acquired (post lesion) APD and 39 cases of acquired OCD are reviewed and compared with multivariate inference tests. RESULTS The acquired APD patients most often present putamenal or pallidal lesions. CONCLUSION The ensemble of neurobiological, endocrine, and behavioural traits in APD and OCD, as well as the distinct lesion sites in the acquired variants, support the notion of an orbitofrontostriatopallidal brain system underlying morality.
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Hurd YL. Perspectives on current directions in the neurobiology of addiction disorders relevant to genetic risk factors. CNS Spectr 2006; 11:855-62. [PMID: 17075557 DOI: 10.1017/s1092852900015005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant heritability of drug addiction disorders, but potential genes that may underlie such vulnerability have not been clearly identified. Common neurobiological candidates for drug abuse include genes related to dopamine, opioid neuropeptide, and glutamate transmission that play important roles in drug reward and inhibitory control. This article provides an overview of genetic polymorphisms linked to these neurobiological systems, particularly in relation to psychostimulant- and opioid-addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin L Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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10
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Li D, Sham PC, Owen MJ, He L. Meta-analysis shows significant association between dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:2276-84. [PMID: 16774975 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic investigations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have found associations with a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) situated in the 3'-untranslated region of dopamine transporter gene (DAT1), a VNTR in exon 3 of dopamine receptor 4 gene (DRD4) and a microsatellite polymorphism located at 18.5 kb from the 5' end of dopamine receptor 5 gene (DRD5). A number of independent studies have attempted to replicate these findings but the results have been mixed, possibly reflecting inadequate statistical power and the use of different populations and methodologies. In an attempt to clarify this inconsistency, we have combined all the published studies of European and Asian populations up to October 2005 in a meta-analysis to give a comprehensive picture of the role of the three dopamine-related genes using multiple research methods and models. The DRD4 7-repeat (OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.23-1.45, P= 2 x 10(-12)) and 5-repeat (OR=1.68, 95% CI 1.17-2.41, P=0.005) alleles as well as the DRD5 148-bp allele (OR=1.34, 95% CI 1.21-1.49, P= 8 x 10(-8)) confer increased risk of ADHD, whereas the DRD4 4-repeat (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.84-0.97, P=0.004) and DRD5 136-bp (OR=0.57, 95% CI 0.34-0.96, P=0.022) alleles have protective effects. In contrast, we found no compelling evidence for association with the 480-bp allele of DAT (OR=1.04, 95% CI 0.98-1.11, P=0.20). No significant publication bias was detected in current studies. In conclusion, there is a statistically significant association between ADHD and dopamine system genes, especially DRD4 and DRD5. These findings strongly implicate the involvement of brain dopamine systems in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Bio-X Life Science Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hao Ran Building, 1954 Hua Shan Road, Shanghai 200030, China
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11
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Berlanga ML, Simpson TK, Alcantara AA. Dopamine D5 receptor localization on cholinergic neurons of the rat forebrain and diencephalon: a potential neuroanatomical substrate involved in mediating dopaminergic influences on acetylcholine release. J Comp Neurol 2006; 492:34-49. [PMID: 16175554 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The study of dopaminergic influences on acetylcholine release is especially useful for the understanding of a wide range of brain functions and neurological disorders, including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and drug addiction. These disorders are characterized by a neurochemical imbalance of a variety of neurotransmitter systems, including the dopamine and acetylcholine systems. Dopamine modulates acetylcholine levels in the brain by binding to dopamine receptors located directly on cholinergic cells. The dopamine D5 receptor, a D1-class receptor subtype, potentiates acetylcholine release and has been investigated as a possible substrate underlying a variety of brain functions and clinical disorders. This receptor subtype, therefore, may prove to be a putative target for pharmacotherapeutic strategies and cognitive-behavioral treatments aimed at treating a variety of neurological disorders. The present study investigated whether cholinergic cells in the dopamine targeted areas of the cerebral cortex, striatum, basal forebrain, and diencephalon express the dopamine D5 receptor. These receptors were localized on cholinergic neurons with dual labeling immunoperoxidase or immunofluorescence procedures using antibodies directed against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and the dopamine D5 receptor. Results from this study support previous findings indicating that striatal cholinergic interneurons express the dopamine D5 receptor. In addition, cholinergic neurons in other critical brain areas also show dopamine D5 receptor expression. Dopamine D5 receptors were localized on the somata, dendrites, and axons of cholinergic cells in each of the brain areas examined. These findings support the functional importance of the dopamine D5 receptor in the modulation of acetylcholine release throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Lisa Berlanga
- Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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12
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Sher L, Mann JJ, Traskman-Bendz L, Winchel R, Huang YY, Fertuck E, Stanley BH. Lower cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels in depressed suicide attempters. J Affect Disord 2006; 90:83-9. [PMID: 16310257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2005.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that the dopaminergic system is involved in the pathogenesis of major depression, Axis II disorders, and suicidal behavior. Depressed suicide attempters constitute a heterogenous group and important differences may exist between depressed suicide attempters with or without Axis II disorders. Therefore, we compared demographic and clinical parameters, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homovanillic acid (HVA) levels in depressed suicide attempters without comorbid Axis II disorders, depressed non-attempters without comorbid Axis II disorders, and normal controls. METHODS Thirty-one depressed subjects with a history of a suicide attempt, 27 depressed subjects without a history of a suicide attempt, and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. Subjects with comorbid Axis II disorders were excluded. Demographic and clinical parameters, and CSF HVA levels were examined. RESULTS The two depressed groups did not differ with regard to depression, aggression, hopelessness, and total hostility scale scores. Depressed suicide attempters had higher current suicidal ideation scores compared to depressed non-attempters. Depressed suicide attempters had lower CSF HVA levels compared to depressed non-attempters (t = 4.4, df = 56, p < 0.0001) and to controls (t = -4.09, df = 79, p < 0.0001). There was no difference in CSF HVA levels between depressed non-attempters and controls (t < 1, df = 75, NS). CONCLUSIONS Dopaminergic abnormalities are associated with suicidality but not with depression. The variability in the rates of comorbid Axis II disorders and in the prevalence of suicide attempters in different patient populations may affect both clinical and biological results of studies of mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sher
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Box 42, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Abstract
Abstract Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been described in children who demonstrate developmentally inappropriate symptoms of inattention, impulsivity and motor restlessness. In adults, symptoms are known to persist and the validity of adult ADHD as an entity is now recognized. There is an associated high proportion of other serious psychiatric comorbidities, especially substance abuse, mood and anxiety disorders. Advances have been made into the aetiology and management of ADHD. Many of these focus on the dopamine and noradrenaline pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clarke
- Centre for Research into Adolescent Health, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
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14
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Abstract
Results of behavioral genetic investigations using family twin and adoption studies converge with those of molecular genetic studies in showing that genes influence susceptibility to'attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These finding suggest that genetic mechanisms that predispose individuals to ADHD are complex. It seems likely that the disorder is caused by the combined actions of several genes. It is equally clear that aberrant genes create a vulnerability to the disorder that is not expressed in all environments. The literature about the genetics of adult ADHD is relatively small, but it suggests not only that the persistent form of ADHD is familial, but that it is more familial than the nonpersistent form. More work from twin and molecular genetic studies is needed to determine if the increased familiality of persistent ADHD reflects the actions of genes or of familial environmental causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Unit, Child Psychiatry Service, Massachusetts General Hospital, WRN 705, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114-3139, USA.
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15
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Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Kirillova GP, Maher BS, Clark DB. Liability to substance use disorders: 1. Common mechanisms and manifestations. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2003; 27:507-15. [PMID: 14599432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Variation in the risk for and severity of substance use disorders (SUD) in the population is caused by multiple organismic (genetic, biochemical, psychological) and environmental factors. Whereas drug- or drug-class-specific liability mechanisms exist, a substantial proportion of variance in the risk is shared between specific liabilities, reflecting mechanisms that determine common liability to SUD. Data from epidemiologic, clinical, psychological, physiological, biochemical, and family and genetic studies reviewed in this paper indicate the existence of mechanisms and characteristics shared in common by liabilities to SUD related to different drugs. These mechanisms can be conceptualized as common liability to SUD, a latent trait accounting for a substantial portion of variation in SUD risk and severity and determined by all factors influencing the probability of SUD development. An accompanying paper describes an approach to the quantitative estimation of this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Vanyukov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, 707 Salk Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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16
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Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Giusti F, Gardini S, Delsignore R, Laviola G, Macchia T, Brambilla F. Effects of (+/-) 3,4-methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy) on dopamine system function in humans. Behav Brain Res 2002; 134:403-10. [PMID: 12191827 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00052-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Twelve (+/-) 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) users, who did not show other drug dependencies or prolonged alcohol abuse (group A), and 12 control subjects (group B) were included in the study. Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) responses to the dopaminergic agonist bromocriptine (BROM) and psychometric measures were evaluated 3 weeks after MDMA discontinuation. PRL decreased both in A and B subjects after BROM suppression, without any significant difference between the two groups. PRL responses to BROM in MDMA users were in the normal range. In contrast, GH responses to BROM stimulation were found significantly reduced in ecstasy users, in comparison with control subjects (P < 0.001; F = 6.26). MDMA users showed higher scores on the Novelty Seeking (NS) scale at the Three dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), on direct aggressiveness subscale at Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI), on subscale D (depression) at Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI 2) and on Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) than control subjects. PRL areas under the curves (AUCs) showed a significant inverse correlation with NS scores both in A and B subjects. GH AUCs directly correlated with NS scores in healthy subjects, but not in MDMA users. No other psychometric measure correlated with hormonal responses. GH AUCs were inversely correlated with the measures of MDMA exposure (r = -0.48; P < 0.01). Lower GH response to BROM in A subjects (MDMA users) could reflect reduced D2 receptor sensitivity in the hypothalamus, possibly due to increased intrasynaptic dopamine concentration. Although the hypothesis of dopaminergic changes associated with a premorbid condition cannot be completely excluded, the inverse correlation between DA receptors sensitivity and the extent of ecstasy exposure may suggest a direct pharmacological action of MDMA on brain dopamine function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Gerra
- Centro Studi Farmacotossicodipendenze, SerT, AUSL di Parma, Via Spalato 2, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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17
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Report from the third international meeting of the Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Molecular Genetics Network. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2002; 114:272-6. [PMID: 11920847 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.10039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence of a genetic contribution to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has prompted investigators from around the world to convene annually to discuss ways of facilitating collaboration and sharing information about their work on this topic. The number of participants in the meeting has grown each year as a result of enthusiastic responses to each previous conference. This third annual meeting, held in Boston, began with presentations of ongoing and proposed collaborations. The status of Hypescheme, an operational criteria checklist developed in an effort to promote the reliable communication of information related to ADHD, was reviewed. A symposium was conducted to review current evidence for whether DSM-IV subtypes breed true. Finally, new data from individual research sites were presented. Despite recent advances, more work is needed to better characterize heritable aspects of the ADHD phenotype as well as the actual candidate genes themselves.
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Association Between the Dopamine Receptor D5 Gene and the Liability to Substance Dependence in Males: A Replication. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2001. [DOI: 10.1300/j029v10n04_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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