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Teymornejad S, Majka P, Worthy KH, Atapour N, Rosa MGP. Bilateral connections from the amygdala to extrastriate visual cortex in the marmoset monkey. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae348. [PMID: 39227312 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
It is known that the primate amygdala forms projections to many areas of the ipsilateral cortex, but the extent to which it forms connections with the contralateral visual cortex remains less understood. Based on retrograde tracer injections in marmoset monkeys, we report that the amygdala forms widespread projections to the ipsilateral extrastriate cortex, including V1 and areas in both the dorsal (MT, V4T, V3a, 19M, and PG/PFG) and the ventral (VLP and TEO) streams. In addition, contralateral projections were found to target each of the extrastriate areas, but not V1. In both hemispheres, the tracer-labeled neurons were exclusively located in the basolateral nuclear complex. The number of labeled neurons in the contralateral amygdala was small relative to the ipsilateral connection (1.2% to 5.8%). The percentage of contralateral connections increased progressively with hierarchical level. An injection in the corpus callosum demonstrated that at least some of the amygdalo-cortical connections cross through this fiber tract, in addition to the previously documented path through the anterior commissure. Our results expand knowledge of the amygdalofugal projections to the extrastriate cortex, while also revealing pathways through which visual stimuli conveying affective content can directly influence early stages of neural processing in the contralateral visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Teymornejad
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Nafiseh Atapour
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Ribeiro FL, York A, Zavitz E, Bollmann S, Rosa MGP, Puckett A. Variability of visual field maps in human early extrastriate cortex challenges the canonical model of organization of V2 and V3. eLife 2023; 12:e86439. [PMID: 37580963 PMCID: PMC10427147 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual field maps in human early extrastriate areas (V2 and V3) are traditionally thought to form mirror-image representations which surround the primary visual cortex (V1). According to this scheme, V2 and V3 form nearly symmetrical halves with respect to the calcarine sulcus, with the dorsal halves representing lower contralateral quadrants, and the ventral halves representing upper contralateral quadrants. This arrangement is considered to be consistent across individuals, and thus predictable with reasonable accuracy using templates. However, data that deviate from this expected pattern have been observed, but mainly treated as artifactual. Here, we systematically investigate individual variability in the visual field maps of human early visual cortex using the 7T Human Connectome Project (HCP) retinotopy dataset. Our results demonstrate substantial and principled inter-individual variability. Visual field representation in the dorsal portions of V2 and V3 was more variable than in their ventral counterparts, including substantial departures from the expected mirror-symmetrical patterns. In addition, left hemisphere retinotopic maps were more variable than those in the right hemisphere. Surprisingly, only one-third of individuals had maps that conformed to the expected pattern in the left hemisphere. Visual field sign analysis further revealed that in many individuals the area conventionally identified as dorsal V3 shows a discontinuity in the mirror-image representation of the retina, associated with a Y-shaped lower vertical representation. Our findings challenge the current view that inter-individual variability in early extrastriate cortex is negligible, and that the dorsal portions of V2 and V3 are roughly mirror images of their ventral counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lenita Ribeiro
- School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Ashley York
- School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Elizabeth Zavitz
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Steffen Bollmann
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Digital Health Centre, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Marcello GP Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute; Monash UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Alexander Puckett
- School of Psychology, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
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Santana NNM, Silva EHA, dos Santos SF, Costa MSMO, Nascimento Junior ES, Engelberth RCJG, Cavalcante JS. Retinorecipient areas in the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus): An image-forming and non-image forming circuitry. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1088686. [PMID: 36817647 PMCID: PMC9932520 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1088686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retina captures a multitude of diverse features from the external environment and conveys them via the optic nerve to a myriad of retinorecipient nuclei. Understanding how retinal signals act in distinct brain functions is one of the most central and established goals of neuroscience. Using the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a monkey from Northeastern Brazil, as an animal model for parsing how retinal innervation works in the brain, started decades ago due to their marmoset's small bodies, rapid reproduction rate, and brain features. In the course of that research, a large amount of new and sophisticated neuroanatomical techniques was developed and employed to explain retinal connectivity. As a consequence, image and non-image-forming regions, functions, and pathways, as well as retinal cell types were described. Image-forming circuits give rise directly to vision, while the non-image-forming territories support circadian physiological processes, although part of their functional significance is uncertain. Here, we reviewed the current state of knowledge concerning retinal circuitry in marmosets from neuroanatomical investigations. We have also highlighted the aspects of marmoset retinal circuitry that remain obscure, in addition, to identify what further research is needed to better understand the connections and functions of retinorecipient structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelyane Nayara M. Santana
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Eryck H. A. Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sâmarah F. dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Miriam S. M. O. Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Expedito S. Nascimento Junior
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy, Department of Morphology, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Rovena Clara J. G. Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Jeferson S. Cavalcante
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Bioscience Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil,*Correspondence: Jeferson S. Cavalcante,
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Myelin densities in retinotopically defined dorsal visual areas of the macaque. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2869-2880. [PMID: 34417886 PMCID: PMC8541961 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The visuotopic organization of dorsal visual cortex rostral to area V2 in primates has been a longstanding source of controversy. Using sub-millimeter phase-encoded retinotopic fMRI mapping, we recently provided evidence for a surprisingly similar visuotopic organization in dorsal visual cortex of macaques compared to previously published maps in New world monkeys (Zhu and Vanduffel, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:2306–2311, 2019). Although individual quadrant representations could be robustly delineated in that study, their grouping into hemifield representations remains a major challenge. Here, we combined in-vivo high-resolution myelin density mapping based on MR imaging (400 µm isotropic resolution) with fine-grained retinotopic fMRI to quantitatively compare myelin densities across retinotopically defined visual areas in macaques. Complementing previously documented differences in populational receptive-field (pRF) size and visual field signs, myelin densities of both quadrants of the dorsolateral posterior area (DLP) and area V3A are significantly different compared to dorsal and ventral area V3. Moreover, no differences in myelin density were observed between the two matching quadrants belonging to areas DLP, V3A, V1, V2 and V4, respectively. This was not the case, however, for the dorsal and ventral quadrants of area V3, which showed significant differences in MR-defined myelin densities, corroborating evidence of previous myelin staining studies. Interestingly, the pRF sizes and visual field signs of both quadrant representations in V3 are not different. Although myelin density correlates with curvature and anticorrelates with cortical thickness when measured across the entire cortex, exactly as in humans, the myelin density results in the visual areas cannot be explained by variability in cortical thickness and curvature between these areas. The present myelin density results largely support our previous model to group the two quadrants of DLP and V3A, rather than grouping DLP- with V3v into a single area VLP, or V3d with V3A+ into DM.
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Ni RJ, Shu YM, Luo PH, Zhou JN. Whole-brain mapping of afferent projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the tree shrew. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101620. [PMID: 34411776 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is essential for the neural control of mammalian circadian timing system. The circadian activity of the SCN is modulated by its afferent projections. In the present study, we examine neuroanatomical characteristics and afferent projections of the SCN in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) using immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). Distribution of the vasoactive intestinal peptide was present in the SCN from rostral to caudal, especially concentrated in its ventral part. FG-labeled neurons were observed in the lateral septal nucleus, septofimbrial nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, posterior complex of the thalamus, ventral subiculum, rostral linear nucleus of the raphe, periaqueductal gray, mesencephalic reticular formation, dorsal raphe nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, medial parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus, intermediate reticular nucleus, and ventrolateral reticular nucleus. In summary, the morphology of the SCN in tree shrews is described from rostral to caudal. In addition, our data demonstrate for the first time that the SCN in tree shrews receives inputs from numerous brain regions in the telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon. This comprehensive knowledge of the afferent projections of the SCN in tree shrews provides further insights into the neural organization and physiological processes of circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yu-Mian Shu
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng-Hao Luo
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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Kaas JH. Comparative Functional Anatomy of Marmoset Brains. ILAR J 2021; 61:260-273. [PMID: 33550381 PMCID: PMC9214571 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Marmosets and closely related tamarins have become popular models for understanding aspects of human brain organization and function because they are small, reproduce and mature rapidly, and have few cortical fissures so that more cortex is visible and accessible on the surface. They are well suited for studies of development and aging. Because marmosets are highly social primates with extensive vocal communication, marmoset studies can inform theories of the evolution of language in humans. Most importantly, marmosets share basic features of major sensory and motor systems with other primates, including those of macaque monkeys and humans with larger and more complex brains. The early stages of sensory processing, including subcortical nuclei and several cortical levels for the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and motor systems, are highly similar across primates, and thus results from marmosets are relevant for making inferences about how these systems are organized and function in humans. Nevertheless, the structures in these systems are not identical across primate species, and homologous structures are much bigger and therefore function somewhat differently in human brains. In particular, the large human brain has more cortical areas that add to the complexity of information processing and storage, as well as decision-making, while making new abilities possible, such as language. Thus, inferences about human brains based on studies on marmoset brains alone should be made with a bit of caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon H Kaas
- Corresponding Author: Jon H. Kaas, PhD, Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, 301 Wilson Hall, 111 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN 37203, USA. E-mail:
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7
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Yu HH, Rowley DP, Price NSC, Rosa MGP, Zavitz E. A twisted visual field map in the primate dorsomedial cortex predicted by topographic continuity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eaaz8673. [PMID: 33115750 PMCID: PMC7608794 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adjacent neurons in visual cortex have overlapping receptive fields within and across area boundaries, an arrangement theorized to minimize wiring cost. This constraint is traditionally thought to create retinotopic maps of opposing field signs (mirror and nonmirror visual field representations) in adjacent areas, a concept that has become central in current attempts to subdivide the extrastriate cortex. We simulated the formation of retinotopic maps using a model that balances constraints imposed by smoothness in the representation within an area and by congruence between areas. As in the primate cortex, this model usually leads to alternating mirror and nonmirror maps. However, we found that it can also produce a more complex type of map, consisting of sectors with opposing field sign within a single area. Using fully quantitative electrode array recordings, we then demonstrate that this type of inhomogeneous map exists in the controversial dorsomedial region of the primate extrastriate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hao Yu
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- IBM Research Australia, Southbank, VIC, Australia
| | - Declan P Rowley
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas S C Price
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Zavitz
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Program Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Looming and receding visual networks in awake marmosets investigated with fMRI. Neuroimage 2020; 215:116815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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Schaeffer DJ, Gilbert KM, Hori Y, Hayrynen LK, Johnston KD, Gati JS, Menon RS, Everling S. Task-based fMRI of a free-viewing visuo-saccadic network in the marmoset monkey. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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10
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Submillimeter fMRI reveals a layout of dorsal visual cortex in macaques, remarkably similar to New World monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2306-2311. [PMID: 30674668 PMCID: PMC6369784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805561116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual system encompasses >30 visual areas. Characterizing each area, and the interactions between them, is a prerequisite to understanding the visual system. This fundamental task, however, requires a precise parcellation of the visual cortex. Nonetheless, already at the earliest visual processing stages, i.e., just rostral to V2, the number and exact definition of areas are heavily contested. Here, we map the macaque visual cortex using fMRI at unprecedented high resolution. We show a substantially different retinotopic organization of dorsal third and fourth visual areas in macaques compared with widely accepted models, yet a remarkably similar layout in Old and New World monkeys. This organization largely reconciles most reported discrepancies concerning the visuotopic organization of nonhuman primate caudo-dorsal occipital cortex. The macaque dorsal occipital cortex is generally thought to contain an elongated third visual area, V3d, extending along most of the rostral border of area V2. In contrast, our submillimeter retinotopic fMRI maps (0.6-mm isotropic voxels, achieved by implanted phased-array receive coils) consistently show three sectors anterior to V2d. The dorsal (mirror image) sector complies with the traditional V3d definition, and the middle (nonmirror image) sector with V3A. The ventral (mirror image) sector bends away from V2d, as does the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP) in marmosets and the dorsolateral posterior area (DLP) in owl monkeys, and represents the entire contralateral hemifield as V3A does. Its population-receptive field size, however, suggests that this ventral sector is another area at the same hierarchical level as V4d. Hence, contrary to prevailing views, the retinotopic organization of cortex rostral to V2d differs substantially from widely accepted models. Instead, it is evolutionarily largely conserved in Old and New World monkeys given its surprisingly similar overall visuotopic organization.
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Atapour N, Majka P, Wolkowicz IH, Malamanova D, Worthy KH, Rosa MGP. Neuronal Distribution Across the Cerebral Cortex of the Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3836-3863. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Using stereological analysis of NeuN-stained sections, we investigated neuronal density and number of neurons per column throughout the marmoset cortex. Estimates of mean neuronal density encompassed a greater than 3-fold range, from >150 000 neurons/mm3 in the primary visual cortex to ~50 000 neurons/mm3 in the piriform complex. There was a trend for density to decrease from posterior to anterior cortex, but also local gradients, which resulted in a complex pattern; for example, in frontal, auditory, and somatosensory cortex neuronal density tended to increase towards anterior areas. Anterior cingulate, motor, premotor, insular, and ventral temporal areas were characterized by relatively low neuronal densities. Analysis across the depth of the cortex revealed greater laminar variation of neuronal density in occipital, parietal, and inferior temporal areas, in comparison with other regions. Moreover, differences between areas were more pronounced in the supragranular layers than in infragranular layers. Calculations of the number of neurons per unit column revealed a pattern that was distinct from that of neuronal density, including local peaks in the posterior parietal, superior temporal, precuneate, frontopolar, and temporopolar regions. These results suggest that neuronal distribution in adult cortex result from a complex interaction of developmental/ evolutionary determinants and functional requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Atapour
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Piotr Majka
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ianina H Wolkowicz
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daria Malamanova
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, 19 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, 26 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, 770 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Majka P, Rosa MGP, Bai S, Chan JM, Huo BX, Jermakow N, Lin MK, Takahashi YS, Wolkowicz IH, Worthy KH, Rajan R, Reser DH, Wójcik DK, Okano H, Mitra PP. Unidirectional monosynaptic connections from auditory areas to the primary visual cortex in the marmoset monkey. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:111-131. [PMID: 30288557 PMCID: PMC6373361 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1764-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Until the late twentieth century, it was believed that different sensory modalities were processed by largely independent pathways in the primate cortex, with cross-modal integration only occurring in specialized polysensory areas. This model was challenged by the finding that the peripheral representation of the primary visual cortex (V1) receives monosynaptic connections from areas of the auditory cortex in the macaque. However, auditory projections to V1 have not been reported in other primates. We investigated the existence of direct interconnections between V1 and auditory areas in the marmoset, a New World monkey. Labelled neurons in auditory cortex were observed following 4 out of 10 retrograde tracer injections involving V1. These projections to V1 originated in the caudal subdivisions of auditory cortex (primary auditory cortex, caudal belt and parabelt areas), and targeted parts of V1 that represent parafoveal and peripheral vision. Injections near the representation of the vertical meridian of the visual field labelled few or no cells in auditory cortex. We also placed 8 retrograde tracer injections involving core, belt and parabelt auditory areas, none of which revealed direct projections from V1. These results confirm the existence of a direct, nonreciprocal projection from auditory areas to V1 in a different primate species, which has evolved separately from the macaque for over 30 million years. The essential similarity of these observations between marmoset and macaque indicate that early-stage audiovisual integration is a shared characteristic of primate sensory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Majka
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Shi Bai
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Chan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Bing-Xing Huo
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Natalia Jermakow
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Meng K Lin
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Yeonsook S Takahashi
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
| | - Ianina H Wolkowicz
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katrina H Worthy
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - David H Reser
- School of Rural Health, Monash University, Churchill, VIC, 3842, Australia
| | - Daniel K Wójcik
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Partha P Mitra
- Monash University Node, Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0106, Japan.
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA.
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Li X, Zhu Q, Janssens T, Arsenault JT, Vanduffel W. In Vivo Identification of Thick, Thin, and Pale Stripes of Macaque Area V2 Using Submillimeter Resolution (f)MRI at 3 T. Cereb Cortex 2017; 29:544-560. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Li
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qi Zhu
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Janssens
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Current address: Siemens Healthcare Belgium, Beersel, Belgium
| | - John T Arsenault
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Wim Vanduffel
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Abstract
Structural plasticity of the axon initial segment (AIS), the site of action potential initiation, is observed as part of the normal early development of the cortex, as well as in association with injury and disease. Here, we show that structural AIS plasticity also occurs with normal aging in adult marmosets. Immunohistochemical techniques were used to reveal the extent of the AIS of layer 2/3A pyramidal cells in 8 neocortical areas. We found that the AIS length varied significantly between areas in young adult (2-3 years old) marmosets, with neurons in frontal area 14C having the longest AIS, and those in the primary visual cortex the shortest. Similar interareal differences were observed in aged (12-14 year old) monkeys, but the AIS was significantly shortened in many areas, relative to the corresponding length in young adults. Shortening of the AIS is likely to represent a compensatory response to changes in the excitation-inhibition balance, associated with the loss of GABAergic interneurons in the aged cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Atapour
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council, Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Negwer M, Liu YJ, Schubert D, Lyon DC. V1 connections reveal a series of elongated higher visual areas in the California ground squirrel, Otospermophilus beecheyi. J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:1909-1921. [PMID: 28078786 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
For studies of visual cortex organization, mouse is becoming an increasingly more often used model. In addition to its genetic tractability, the relatively small area of cortical surface devoted to visual processing simplifies efforts in relating the structure of visual cortex to visual function. However, the nature of this compact organization can make some comparisons to the much larger non-human primate visual cortex difficult. The squirrel, as a highly visual rodent offers a useful means for better understanding how mouse and monkey cortical organization compares. More in line with primates than their nocturnal rodent cousin, squirrels rely much more on sight and have evolved a larger expanse of cortex devoted to visual processing. To reveal the detailed organization of visual cortex in squirrels, we injected a highly sensitive monosynaptic retrograde tracer (glycoprotein deleted rabies virus) into several locations of primary visual cortex (V1) in California ground squirrels. The resulting pattern of connectivity revealed an organizational scheme in the squirrel that retains some of the basic features of the mouse visual cortex along the medial and posterior borders of V1, but unlike mouse has an elaborate and extensive pattern laterally that is more similar to the early visual cortex organization found in monkeys. In this way, we show that the squirrel can serve as a useful model for comparison to both mouse and primate visual systems, and may help facilitate comparisons between these two very different yet widely used animal models of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Negwer
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Inst. for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California.,Department of Honeybee Protection and Biosafety, Institute of Agricultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Inst. for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
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16
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Abstract
Anatomical and electrophysiological studies have provided us with detailed information regarding the extent and topography of the primary (V1) and secondary (V2) visual areas in primates. The consensus about the V1 and V2 maps, however, is in sharp contrast with controversies regarding the organization of the cortical areas lying immediately rostral to V2. In this review, we address the contentious issue of the extent of the third visual area (V3). Specifically, we will argue for the existence of both ventral (V3v) and dorsal (V3d) segments of V3, which are located, respectively, adjacent to the anterior border of ventral and dorsal V2. V3v and V3d would together constitute a single functional area with a complete representation of both upper and lower visual hemifields. Another contentious issue is the organization of the parietal-occipital (PO) area, which also borders the rostral edge of the medial portion of dorsal V2. Different from V1, V2, and V3, which exhibit a topography based on the defined lines of isoeccentricity and isopolar representation, area PO only has a systematic representation of polar angles, with an emphasis on the peripheral visual field (isoeccentricity lines are not well defined). Based on the connectivity patterns of area PO with distinct cytochrome oxidase modules in V2, we propose a subdivision of the dorsal stream of visual information processing into lateral and medial domains. In this model, area PO constitutes the first processing instance of the dorsal-medial stream, coding for the full-field flow of visual cues during navigation. Finally, we compare our findings with those in other species of Old and New World monkeys and argue that larger animals, such as macaque and capuchin monkeys, have similar organizations of the areas rostral to V2, which is different from that in smaller New World monkeys.
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17
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Whole-brain mapping of afferent projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in tree shrews. Neuroscience 2016; 333:162-80. [PMID: 27436534 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) plays an important role in integrating and relaying input information to other brain regions in response to stress. The cytoarchitecture of the BST in tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) has been comprehensively described in our previous publications. However, the inputs to the BST have not been described in previous reports. The aim of the present study was to investigate the sources of afferent projections to the BST throughout the brain of tree shrews using the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold (FG). The present results provide the first detailed whole-brain mapping of BST-projecting neurons in the tree shrew brain. The BST was densely innervated by the prefrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, ventral subiculum, amygdala, ventral tegmental area, and parabrachial nucleus. Moreover, moderate projections to the BST originated from the medial preoptic area, supramammillary nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Afferent projections to the BST are identified in the ventral pallidum, nucleus of the diagonal band, ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus, posterior complex of the thalamus, interfascicular nucleus, retrorubral field, rhabdoid nucleus, intermediate reticular nucleus, and parvicellular reticular nucleus. In addition, the different densities of BST-projecting neurons in various regions were analyzed in the tree shrew brains. In summary, whole-brain mapping of direct inputs to the BST is delineated in tree shrews. These brain circuits are implicated in the regulation of numerous physiological and behavioral processes including stress, reward, food intake, and arousal.
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18
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Abstract
As highlighted by several contributions to this special issue, there is still ongoing debate about the number, exact location, and boundaries of the visual areas located in cortex immediately rostral to the second visual area (V2), i.e., the “third tier” visual cortex, in primates. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the main ideas that have led to four models of third tier cortex organization, which are at the center of today's debate. We formulate specific predictions of these models, and compare these predictions with experimental evidence obtained primarily in New World primates. From this analysis, we conclude that only one of these models (the “multiple-areas” model) can accommodate the breadth of available experimental evidence. According to this model, most of the third tier cortex in New World primates is occupied by two distinct areas, both representing the full contralateral visual quadrant: the dorsomedial area (DM), restricted to the dorsal half of the third visual complex, and the ventrolateral posterior area (VLP), occupying its ventral half and a substantial fraction of its dorsal half. DM belongs to the dorsal stream of visual processing, and overlaps with macaque parietooccipital (PO) area (or V6), whereas VLP belongs to the ventral stream and overlaps considerably with area V3 proposed by others. In contrast, there is substantial evidence that is inconsistent with the concept of a single elongated area V3 lining much of V2. We also review the experimental evidence from macaque monkey and humans, and propose that, once the data are interpreted within an evolutionary-developmental context, these species share a homologous (but not necessarily identical) organization of the third tier cortex as that observed in New World monkeys. Finally, we identify outstanding issues, and propose experiments to resolve them, highlighting in particular the need for more extensive, hypothesis-driven investigations in macaque and humans.
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Corticocortical connection patterns reveal two distinct visual cortical areas bordering dorsal V2 in marmoset monkey. Vis Neurosci 2016; 32:E012. [PMID: 26423121 PMCID: PMC5301919 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523815000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The organization of the cortex located immediately anterior to the second visual area (V2), i.e., the third tier visual cortex, remains controversial, especially in New World primates. In particular, there is lack of consensus regarding the exact location and extent of the lower visual quadrant representation of the third visual area V3 (or ventrolateral posterior –VLP – of a different nomenclature). Microelectrode and connectional mapping studies have revealed the existence of an upper visual quadrant representation abutting dorsal V2 anteriorly, and bordered medially and laterally by representations of the lower visual quadrant. It remains unclear whether these lower field regions are both part of a single area V3, which is split into two patches by an interposed region of upper field representation, or whether they are the lower field representations of two different areas, the dorsomedial area (DM) and area V3/VLP, respectively. To address this question, we quantitatively analyzed the patterns of corticocortical afferent connections labeled by tracer injections targeted to these two lower field regions in the dorsal aspect of the third tier cortex. We found different inter-areal connectivity patterns arising from these two regions, strongly suggesting that they belong to two different visual areas. In particular, our results indicate that the dorsal aspect of the third tier cortex consists of two distinct areas: a full area DM, representing the lower quadrant medially, and the upper quadrant laterally, and the lower quadrant representation of V3/VLP, located laterally to upper field DM. DM is predominantly connected with areas of the dorsal visual stream, and V3/VLP with areas of the ventral stream. These results prompt further functional investigations of the third tier cortex, as previous studies of this cortical territory may have pooled response properties of two very different areas into a single area V3.
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20
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Abstract
The number, location, extent, and functional properties of the cortical areas that occupy the medial parieto-occipital cortex (mPOC) have been, and still is, a matter of scientific debate. The mPOC is a convoluted region of the brain that presents a high level of individual variability, and the fact that many areas of mPOC are located within very deep sulci further limits the possibility to investigate their anatomo-functional properties. In the present review, we summarize the location and extent of mPOC areas in the macaque brain as obtained by architectural, connectional, and functional data. The different approaches lead to a subdivision of mPOC that includes areas V2, V3, V6, V6Av, and V6Ad. Extrastriate areas V2 and V3 occupy the posterior wall of the parieto-occipital sulcus (POs). The fundus of POs and the ventralmost part of the anterior wall of the sulcus are occupied by a retinotopically organized visual area, called V6, which represents the contralateral part of the visual field and emphasizes its periphery. The remaining part of the anterior wall of POs is occupied by two areas, V6Av and V6Ad, which contain visual as well as arm reaching neurons. Our analyses suggest that areas V6 and V6Av, together, occupy the cortical territory previously described as area PO. Functionally, area V6 is a motion area particularly sensitive to the real motion of objects in the animal's field of view, while V6Av and V6Ad are visuomotor areas likely involved in the visual guidance of arm movement and object prehension.
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21
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Agamaite JA, Chang CJ, Osmanski MS, Wang X. A quantitative acoustic analysis of the vocal repertoire of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2015; 138:2906-28. [PMID: 26627765 PMCID: PMC4644241 DOI: 10.1121/1.4934268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a highly vocal New World primate species, has emerged in recent years as a promising animal model for studying brain mechanisms underlying perception, vocal production, and cognition. The present study provides a quantitative acoustic analysis of a large number of vocalizations produced by marmosets in a social environment within a captive colony. Previous classifications of the marmoset vocal repertoire were mostly based on qualitative observations. In the present study a variety of vocalizations from individually identified marmosets were sampled and multiple acoustic features of each type of vocalization were measured. Results show that marmosets have a complex vocal repertoire in captivity that consists of multiple vocalization types, including both simple calls and compound calls composed of sequences of simple calls. A detailed quantification of the vocal repertoire of the marmoset can serve as a solid basis for studying the behavioral significance of their vocalizations and is essential for carrying out studies that investigate such properties as perceptual boundaries between call types and among individual callers as well as neural coding mechanisms for vocalizations. It can also serve as the basis for evaluating abnormal vocal behaviors resulting from diseases or genetic manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Agamaite
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Chia-Jung Chang
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Michael S Osmanski
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Laboratory of Auditory Neurophysiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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22
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Abstract
AbstractIn primates, the cortex adjoining the rostral border of V2 has been variously interpreted as belonging to a single visual area, V3, with dorsal V3 (V3d) representing the lower visual quadrant and ventral V3 (V3v) representing the upper visual quadrant, V3d and V3v constituting separate, incomplete visual areas, V3d and ventral posterior (VP), or V3d being divided into several visual areas, including a dorsomedial (DM) visual area, a medial visual area (M), and dorsal extension of VP (or VLP). In our view, the evidence from V1 connections strongly supports the contention that V3v and V3d are parts of a single visual area, V3, and that DM is a separate visual area along the rostral border of V3d. In addition, the retinotopy revealed by V1 connection patterns, microelectrode mapping, optical imaging mapping, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) mapping indicates that much of the proposed territory of V3d corresponds to V3. Yet, other evidence from microelectrode mapping and anatomical connection patterns supports the possibility of an upper quadrant representation along the rostral border of the middle of dorsal V2 (V2d), interpreted as part of DM or DM plus DI, and along the midline end of V2d, interpreted as the visual area M. While the data supporting these different interpretations appear contradictory, they also seem, to some extent, valid. We suggest that V3d may have a gap in its middle, possibly representing part of the upper visual quadrant that is not part of DM. In addition, another visual area, M, is likely located at the DM tip of V3d. There is no evidence for a similar disruption of V3v. For the present, we favor continuing the traditional concept of V3 with the possible modification of a gap in V3d in at least some primates.
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23
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The cortical motor system of the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus). Neurosci Res 2015; 93:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Yokoyama C, Onoe H. Positron emission tomography imaging of the social brain of common marmosets. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:82-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Mitchell JF, Leopold DA. The marmoset monkey as a model for visual neuroscience. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:20-46. [PMID: 25683292 PMCID: PMC4408257 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has been valuable as a primate model in biomedical research. Interest in this species has grown recently, in part due to the successful demonstration of transgenic marmosets. Here we examine the prospects of the marmoset model for visual neuroscience research, adopting a comparative framework to place the marmoset within a broader evolutionary context. The marmoset's small brain bears most of the organizational features of other primates, and its smooth surface offers practical advantages over the macaque for areal mapping, laminar electrode penetration, and two-photon and optical imaging. Behaviorally, marmosets are more limited at performing regimented psychophysical tasks, but do readily accept the head restraint that is necessary for accurate eye tracking and neurophysiology, and can perform simple discriminations. Their natural gaze behavior closely resembles that of other primates, with a tendency to focus on objects of social interest including faces. Their immaturity at birth and routine twinning also makes them ideal for the study of postnatal visual development. These experimental factors, together with the theoretical advantages inherent in comparing anatomy, physiology, and behavior across related species, make the marmoset an excellent model for visual neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude F Mitchell
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, Meliora Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
| | - David A Leopold
- Section on Cognitive Neurophysiology and Imaging, Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Structure and function of the middle temporal visual area (MT) in the marmoset: Comparisons with the macaque monkey. Neurosci Res 2015; 93:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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27
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SERENO MARTINI, MCDONALD COLINT, ALLMAN JOHNM. Retinotopic organization of extrastriate cortex in the owl monkey--dorsal and lateral areas. Vis Neurosci 2015; 32:E021. [PMID: 26423343 PMCID: PMC4733890 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523815000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dense retinotopy data sets were obtained by microelectrode visual receptive field mapping in dorsal and lateral visual cortex of anesthetized owl monkeys. The cortex was then physically flatmounted and stained for myelin or cytochrome oxidase. Retinotopic mapping data were digitized, interpolated to a uniform grid, analyzed using the visual field sign technique-which locally distinguishes mirror image from nonmirror image visual field representations-and correlated with the myelin or cytochrome oxidase patterns. The region between V2 (nonmirror) and MT (nonmirror) contains three areas-DLp (mirror), DLi (nonmirror), and DLa/MTc (mirror). DM (mirror) was thin anteroposteriorly, and its reduced upper field bent somewhat anteriorly away from V2. DI (nonmirror) directly adjoined V2 (nonmirror) and contained only an upper field representation that also adjoined upper field DM (mirror). Retinotopy was used to define area VPP (nonmirror), which adjoins DM anteriorly, area FSTd (mirror), which adjoins MT ventrolaterally, and TP (mirror), which adjoins MT and DLa/MTc dorsoanteriorly. There was additional retinotopic and architectonic evidence for five more subdivisions of dorsal and lateral extrastriate cortex-TA (nonmirror), MSTd (mirror), MSTv (nonmirror), FSTv (nonmirror), and PP (mirror). Our data appear quite similar to data from marmosets, though our field sign-based areal subdivisions are slightly different. The region immediately anterior to the superiorly located central lower visual field V2 varied substantially between individuals, but always contained upper fields immediately touching lower visual field V2. This region appears to vary even more between species. Though we provide a summary diagram, given within- and between-species variation, it should be regarded as a guide to parsing complex retinotopy rather than a literal representation of any individual, or as the only way to agglomerate the complex mosaic of partial upper and lower field, mirror- and nonmirror-image patches into areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- MARTIN I. SERENO
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 92115
- Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0515
- Experimental Psychology, University College London, London WC1H 0AP, UK
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - COLIN T. MCDONALD
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 92115
| | - JOHN M. ALLMAN
- Division of Biology 216-76, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 92115
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28
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Yu HH, Chaplin TA, Rosa MGP. Representation of central and peripheral vision in the primate cerebral cortex: Insights from studies of the marmoset brain. Neurosci Res 2014; 93:47-61. [PMID: 25242578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
How the visual field is represented by neurons in the cerebral cortex is one of the most basic questions in visual neuroscience. However, research to date has focused heavily on the small part of the visual field within, and immediately surrounding the fovea. Studies on the cortical representation of the full visual field in the primate brain are still scarce. We have been investigating this issue with electrophysiological and anatomical methods, taking advantage of the small and lissencephalic marmoset brain, which allows easy access to the representation of the full visual field in many cortical areas. This review summarizes our main findings to date, and relates the results to a broader question: is the peripheral visual field processed in a similar manner to the central visual field, but with lower spatial acuity? Given the organization of the visual cortex, the issue can be addressed by asking: (1) Is visual information processed in the same way within a single cortical area? and (2) Are different cortical areas specialized for different parts of the visual field? The electrophysiological data from the primary visual cortex indicate that many aspects of spatiotemporal computation are remarkably similar across the visual field, although subtle variations are detectable. Our anatomical and electrophysiological studies of the extrastriate cortex, on the other hand, suggest that visual processing in the far peripheral visual field is likely to involve a distinct network of specialized cortical areas, located in the depths of the calcarine sulcus and interhemispheric fissure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-H Yu
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - T A Chaplin
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - M G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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29
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of cortical input to the primary motor area in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:811-43. [PMID: 23939531 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In primates the primary motor cortex (M1) forms a topographic map of the body, whereby neurons in the medial part of this area control movements involving trunk and hindlimb muscles, those in the intermediate part control movements involving forelimb muscles, and those in the lateral part control movements of facial and other head muscles. This topography is accompanied by changes in cytoarchitectural characteristics, raising the question of whether the anatomical connections also vary between different parts of M1. To address this issue, we compared the patterns of cortical afferents revealed by retrograde tracer injections in different locations within M1 of marmoset monkeys. We found that the entire extent of this area is unified by projections from the dorsocaudal and medial subdivisions of premotor cortex (areas 6DC and 6M), from somatosensory areas 3a, 3b, 1/2, and S2, and from posterior parietal area PE. While cingulate areas projected to all subdivisions, they preferentially targeted the medial part of M1. Conversely, the ventral premotor areas were preferentially connected with the lateral part of M1. Smaller but consistent inputs originated in frontal area 6DR, ventral posterior parietal cortex, the retroinsular cortex, and area TPt. Connections with intraparietal, prefrontal, and temporal areas were very sparse, and variable. Our results demonstrate that M1 is unified by a consistent pattern of major connections, but also shows regional variations in terms of minor inputs. These differences likely reflect requirements for control of voluntary movement involving different body parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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30
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Solomon SG, Rosa MGP. A simpler primate brain: the visual system of the marmoset monkey. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:96. [PMID: 25152716 PMCID: PMC4126041 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans are diurnal primates with high visual acuity at the center of gaze. Although primates share many similarities in the organization of their visual centers with other mammals, and even other species of vertebrates, their visual pathways also show unique features, particularly with respect to the organization of the cerebral cortex. Therefore, in order to understand some aspects of human visual function, we need to study non-human primate brains. Which species is the most appropriate model? Macaque monkeys, the most widely used non-human primates, are not an optimal choice in many practical respects. For example, much of the macaque cerebral cortex is buried within sulci, and is therefore inaccessible to many imaging techniques, and the postnatal development and lifespan of macaques are prohibitively long for many studies of brain maturation, plasticity, and aging. In these and several other respects the marmoset, a small New World monkey, represents a more appropriate choice. Here we review the visual pathways of the marmoset, highlighting recent work that brings these advantages into focus, and identify where additional work needs to be done to link marmoset brain organization to that of macaques and humans. We will argue that the marmoset monkey provides a good subject for studies of a complex visual system, which will likely allow an important bridge linking experiments in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel G Solomon
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London London, UK
| | - Marcello G P Rosa
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Monash Vision Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia ; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Monash University Node, Clayton, VIC Australia
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Burman KJ, Bakola S, Richardson KE, Reser DH, Rosa MGP. Patterns of afferent input to the caudal and rostral areas of the dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR) in the marmoset monkey. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3683-716. [PMID: 24888737 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Corticocortical projections to the caudal and rostral areas of dorsal premotor cortex (6DC and 6DR, also known as F2 and F7) were studied in the marmoset monkey. Both areas received their main thalamic inputs from the ventral anterior and ventral lateral complexes, and received dense projections from the medial premotor cortex. However, there were marked differences in their connections with other cortical areas. While 6DR received consistent inputs from prefrontal cortex, area 6DC received few such connections. Conversely, 6DC, but not 6DR, received major projections from the primary motor and somatosensory areas. Projections from the anterior cingulate cortex preferentially targeted 6DC, while the posterior cingulate and adjacent medial wall areas preferentially targeted 6DR. Projections from the medial parietal area PE to 6DC were particularly dense, while intraparietal areas (especially the putative homolog of LIP) were more strongly labeled after 6DR injections. Finally, 6DC and 6DR were distinct in terms of inputs from the ventral parietal cortex: projections to 6DR originated preferentially from caudal areas (PG and OPt), while 6DC received input primarily from rostral areas (PF and PFG). Differences in connections suggest that area 6DR includes rostral and caudal subdivisions, with the former also involved in oculomotor control. These results suggest that area 6DC is more directly involved in the preparation and execution of motor acts, while area 6DR integrates sensory and internally driven inputs for the planning of goal-directed actions. They also provide strong evidence of a homologous organization of the dorsal premotor cortex in New and Old World monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small-bodied New World primate, offers several advantages to complement vision research in larger primates. Studies in the anesthetized marmoset have detailed the anatomy and physiology of their visual system (Rosa et al., 2009) while studies of auditory and vocal processing have established their utility for awake and behaving neurophysiological investigations (Lu et al., 2001a,b; Eliades and Wang, 2008a,b; Osmanski and Wang, 2011; Remington et al., 2012). However, a critical unknown is whether marmosets can perform visual tasks under head restraint. This has been essential for studies in macaques, enabling both accurate eye tracking and head stabilization for neurophysiology. In one set of experiments we compared the free viewing behavior of head-fixed marmosets to that of macaques, and found that their saccadic behavior is comparable across a number of saccade metrics and that saccades target similar regions of interest including faces. In a second set of experiments we applied behavioral conditioning techniques to determine whether the marmoset could control fixation for liquid reward. Two marmosets could fixate a central point and ignore peripheral flashing stimuli, as needed for receptive field mapping. Both marmosets also performed an orientation discrimination task, exhibiting a saturating psychometric function with reliable performance and shorter reaction times for easier discriminations. These data suggest that the marmoset is a viable model for studies of active vision and its underlying neural mechanisms.
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Homman-Ludiye J, Bourne JA. The Guidance Molecule Semaphorin3A is Differentially Involved in the Arealization of the Mouse and Primate Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2013; 24:2884-98. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bht141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Jeffs J, Federer F, Ichida JM, Angelucci A. High-resolution mapping of anatomical connections in marmoset extrastriate cortex reveals a complete representation of the visual field bordering dorsal V2. Cereb Cortex 2013; 23:1126-47. [PMID: 22523183 PMCID: PMC3615347 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primate visual cortex consists of many areas. The posterior areas (V1, V2, V3, and middle temporal) are thought to be common to all primate species. However, the organization of cortex immediately anterior to area V2 (the "third tier" cortex) remains controversial, particularly in New World primates. The main point of contention has been whether the third tier cortex consists of a single area V3, representing lower and upper visual quadrants in dorsal and ventral cortex, respectively, or of 2 distinct areas (the dorsomedial [DM] area and a V3-like area). Resolving this controversy is crucial to understand the function and evolution of the third tier cortex. We have addressed this issue in marmosets, by performing high-precision mapping of corticocortical connections in cortex bordering dorsal V2. Multiple closely spaced neuroanatomical tracer injections were placed across the full width of dorsal V2 or adjacent anterior cortex, and the location of resulting labeled cells mapped throughout whole flattened visual cortex. The resulting topographic patterns of labeled connections allowed us to define areas and their boundaries. We found that a complete representation of the visual field borders dorsal V2 and that the third tier cortex consists of 2 distinct areas. These results unequivocally support the DM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Jeffs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center
- Department of Bioengineering
| | - Frederick Federer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Moran Eye Center
- Neuroscience Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: From the human visual system to the computational models of visual attention: a survey. Artif Intell Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10462-012-9385-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Fan RH, Baldwin MK, Jermakowicz WJ, Casagrande VA, Kaas JH, Roe AW. Intrinsic signal optical imaging evidence for dorsal V3 in the prosimian galago (Otolemur garnettii). J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:4254-74. [PMID: 22628051 PMCID: PMC3593310 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Currently, we lack consensus regarding the organization along the anterior border of dorsomedial V2 in primates. Previous studies suggest that this region could be either the dorsomedial area, characterized by both an upper and a lower visual field representation, or the dorsal aspect of area V3, which only contains a lower visual field representation. We examined these proposals by using optical imaging of intrinsic signals to investigate this region in the prosimian galago (Otolemur garnettii). Galagos represent the prosimian radiation of surviving primates; cortical areas that bear strong resemblances across members of primates provide a strong argument for their early origin and conserved existence. Based on our mapping of horizontal and vertical meridian representations, visuotopy, and orientation preference, we find a clear lower field representation anterior to dorsal V2 but no evidence of any upper field representation. We also show statistical differences in orientation preference patches between V2 and V3. We additionally supplement our imaging results with electrode array data that reveal differences in the average spatial frequency preference, average temporal frequency preference, and sizes of the receptive fields between V1, V2, and V3. The lack of upper visual field representation along with the differences between the neighboring visual areas clearly distinguish the region anterior to dorsal V2 from earlier visual areas and argue against a DM that lies along the dorsomedial border of V2. We submit that the region of the cortex in question is the dorsal aspect of V3, thus strengthening the possibility that V3 is conserved among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben H. Fan
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Mary K.L. Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | | | - Vivien A. Casagrande
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Jon H. Kaas
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Anna W. Roe
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
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Connolly JD, Hashemi-Nezhad M, Lyon DC. Parallel feedback pathways in visual cortex of cats revealed through a modified rabies virus. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:988-1004. [PMID: 21826663 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The visual cortex of cats is highly evolved. Analogously to the brains of primates, large numbers of visual areas are arranged hierarchically and can be parsed into separate dorsal and ventral streams for object recognition and visuospatial representation. Within early primate visual areas, V1 and V2, and to a lesser extent V3, the two streams are relatively segregated and relayed in parallel to higher order cortex, although there is some evidence suggesting an alignment of V2 and V3 to one stream over the other. For cats, there is no evidence of anatomical segregation in areas 18 and 19, the analogs to V2 and V3. However, previous work was only qualitative in nature. Here we re-examined the feedback connectivity patterns of areas 18/19 in quantitative detail. To accomplish this, we used a genetically modified rabies virus that acts as a retrograde tracer and fills neurons with fluorescent protein. After injections into area 19, many more neurons were labeled in putative ventral stream area 21a than in putative dorsal stream region posterolateral suprasylvian complex of areas (PLS), and the dendrites of neurons in 21a were significantly more complex. Conversely, area 18 injections labeled more neurons in PLS, and these were more complex than neurons in 21a. We infer from our results that area 19 in cat is more aligned to the ventral stream and area 18 to the dorsal stream. Based on the success of our approach, we suggest that this method could be applied to resolve similar issues related to primate V3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Connolly
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
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Reser DH, Burman KJ, Yu HH, Chaplin TA, Richardson KE, Worthy KH, Rosa MGP. Contrasting patterns of cortical input to architectural subdivisions of the area 8 complex: a retrograde tracing study in marmoset monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1901-22. [PMID: 22735155 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary studies recognize 3 distinct cytoarchitectural and functional areas within the Brodmann area 8 complex, in the caudal prefrontal cortex: 8b, 8aD, and 8aV. Here, we report on the quantitative characteristics of the cortical projections to these areas, using injections of fluorescent tracers in marmoset monkeys. Area 8b was distinct from both 8aD and 8aV due to its connections with medial prefrontal, anterior cingulate, superior temporal polysensory, and ventral midline/retrosplenial areas. In contrast, areas 8aD and 8aV received the bulk of the projections from posterior parietal cortex and dorsal midline areas. In the frontal lobe, area 8aV received projections primarily from ventrolateral areas, while both 8aD and 8b received dense inputs from areas on the dorsolateral surface. Whereas area 8aD received the most significant auditory projections, these were relatively sparse, in comparison with those previously reported in macaques. Finally, area 8aV was distinct from both 8aD and 8b by virtue of its widespread input from the extrastriate visual areas. These results are compatible with a homologous organization of the prefrontal cortex in New and Old World monkeys, and suggest significant parallels between the present pathways, revealed by tract-tracing, and networks revealed by functional connectivity analysis in Old World monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Reser
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Abstract
The visual system in primates is represented by a remarkably large expanse of the cerebral cortex. While more precise investigative studies that can be performed in non-human primates contribute towards understanding the organization of the human brain, there are several issues of visual cortex organization in monkey species that remain unresolved. In all, more than 20 areas comprise the primate visual cortex, yet there is little agreement as to the exact number, size and visual field representation of all but three. A case in point is the third visual area, V3. It is found relatively early in the visual system hierarchy, yet over the last 40 years its organization and even its very existence have been a matter of debate among prominent neuroscientists. In this review, we discuss a large body of recent work that provides straightforward evidence for the existence of V3. In light of this, we then re-examine results from several seminal reports and provide parsimonious re-interpretations in favour of V3. We conclude with analysis of human and monkey functional magnetic resonance imaging literature to make the case that a complete V3 is an organizational feature of all primate species and may play a greater role in the dorsal stream of visual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, 364 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697-1275, USA.
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Bock NA, Hashim E, Kocharyan A, Silva AC. Visualizing myeloarchitecture with magnetic resonance imaging in primates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1225 Suppl 1:E171-81. [PMID: 21599695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pattern of myelination over the cerebral cortex, termed myeloarchitecture, is an established and often-used feature to visualize cortical organization with histology in a variety of primate species. In this paper, we use in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and advanced image processing using surface rendering to visualize and characterize myeloarchitecture in a small nonhuman primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Through images made in four female adult marmosets, we produce a representative 3D map of marmoset myeloarchitecture and flatten and annotate this map to show the location and extent of a variety of major areas of the cortex, including the primary visual, auditory, and somatosensory areas. By treating our MRI data as a surface, we can measure the surface area of cortical areas, and we present these measurements here to summarize cortical organization in the marmoset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Bock
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Burman KJ, Reser DH, Yu HH, Rosa MGP. Cortical input to the frontal pole of the marmoset monkey. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:1712-37. [PMID: 21139076 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We used fluorescent tracers to map the pattern of cortical afferents to frontal area 10 in marmosets. Dense projections originated in several subdivisions of orbitofrontal cortex, in the medial frontal cortex (particularly areas 14 and 32), and in the dorsolateral frontal cortex (particularly areas 8Ad and 9). Major projections also stemmed, in variable proportions depending on location of the injection site, from both the inferior and superior temporal sensory association areas, suggesting a degree of audiovisual convergence. Other temporal projections included the superior temporal polysensory cortex, temporal pole, and parabelt auditory cortex. Medial area 10 received additional projections from retrosplenial, rostral calcarine, and parahippocampal areas, while lateral area 10 received small projections from the ventral somatosensory and premotor areas. There were no afferents from posterior parietal or occipital areas. Most frontal connections were balanced in terms of laminar origin, giving few indications of an anatomical hierarchy. The pattern of frontopolar afferents suggests an interface between high-order representations of the sensory world and internally generated states, including working memory, which may subserve ongoing evaluation of the consequences of decisions as well as other cognitive functions. The results also suggest the existence of functional differences between subregions of area 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Burman
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Ivanova E, Hwang GS, Pan ZH, Troilo D. Evaluation of AAV-mediated expression of Chop2-GFP in the marmoset retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5288-96. [PMID: 20484599 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Converting inner retinal neurons to photosensitive cells by expressing channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) offers a novel approach for treating blindness caused by retinal degenerative diseases. In the present study, the recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2)-mediated expression and function of a fusion construct of channelopsin-2 (Chop2) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Chop2-GFP) were evaluated in the inner retinal neurons in the common marmoset Callithrix jacchus. METHODS rAAV2 vectors carrying ubiquitous promoters were injected into the vitreous chamber. Expression of Chop2-GFP and functional properties of ChR2 were examined by immunocytochemical and electrophysiological methods 3 months after injection. RESULTS The percentage of Chop2-GFP-expressing cells in the ganglion cell layer was found to be retinal region- and animal age-dependent. The highest percentage was observed in the far-peripheral region. Chop2-GFP expression was also found in the foveal and parafoveal region. In the peripheral retina in young animals with high viral concentrations, the expression of Chop2-GFP was observed in all major classes of retinal neurons, including all major types of ganglion cells. The morphologic properties of Chop2-GFP-positive cells were normal for at least 3 months, and ChR2-mediated light responses were demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. CONCLUSIONS The rAAV2-mediated expression of ChR2 was observed in the inner retinal neurons in the marmoset retina through intravitreal delivery. The marmoset could be a valuable nonhuman primate model for developing ChR2-based gene therapy for treating blinding retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ivanova
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Abstract
In the primate visual system, areas V1 and V2 distribute information they receive from the retina to all higher cortical areas, sorting this information into dorsal and ventral streams. Therefore, knowledge of the organization of projections between V1 and V2 is crucial to understand how the cortex processes visual information. In primates, parallel output pathways from V1 project to distinct V2 stripes. The traditional tripartite division of V1-to-V2 projections was recently replaced by a bipartite scheme, in which thin stripes receive V1 inputs from blob columns, and thick and pale stripes receive common input from interblob columns. Here, we demonstrate that thick and pale stripes, instead, receive spatially segregated V1 inputs and that the interblob is partitioned into two compartments: the middle of the interblob projecting to pale stripes and the blob/interblob border region projecting to thick stripes. Double-labeling experiments further demonstrate that V1 cells project to either thick or pale stripes, but rarely to both. We also find laminar specialization of V1 outputs, with layer 4B contributing projections mainly to thick stripes, and no projections to one set of pale stripes. These laminar differences suggest different contribution of magno, parvo, and konio inputs to each V1 output pathway. These results provide a new foundation for parallel processing models of the visual system by demonstrating four V1-to-V2 pathways: blob columns-to-thin stripes, blob/interblob border columns-to-thick stripes, interblob columns-to-pale(lateral) stripes, layer 2/3-4A interblobs-to-pale(medial) stripes.
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Bock NA, Kocharyan A, Liu JV, Silva AC. Visualizing the entire cortical myelination pattern in marmosets with magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci Methods 2009; 185:15-22. [PMID: 19737577 PMCID: PMC2783340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myeloarchitecture, the pattern of myelin density across the cerebral cortex, has long been visualized in histological sections to identify distinct anatomical areas of the cortex. In humans, two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used to visualize myeloarchitecture in select areas of the cortex, such as the stripe of Gennari in the primary visual cortex and Heschl's gyrus in the primary auditory cortex. Here, we investigated the use of MRI contrast based on longitudinal relaxation time (T(1)) to visualize myeloarchitecture in vivo over the entire cortex of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small non-human primate that is becoming increasingly important in neuroscience and neurobiology research. Using quantitative T(1) mapping, we found that T(1) at 7T in a cortical region with a high myelin content was 15% shorter than T(1) in a region with a low myelin content. To maximize this T(1) contrast for imaging cortical myelination patterns, we optimized a magnetization-prepared rapidly acquired gradient echo (MP-RAGE) sequence. In whole-brain, 3D T(1)-weighted images made in vivo with the sequence, we identified six major cortical areas with high myelination and confirmed the results with histological sections stained for myelin. We also identified several subtle features of myeloarchitecture, showing the sensitivity of our technique. The ability to image myeloarchitecture over the entire cortex may prove useful in studies of longitudinal changes of the topography of the cortex associated with development and neuronal plasticity, as well as for guiding and confirming the location of functional measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Bock
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit/ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ara Kocharyan
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit/ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Junjie V. Liu
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit/ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Afonso C. Silva
- Cerebral Microcirculation Unit/ Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging/ National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke/ National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Abstract
The human visual system devotes a significant proportion of its resources to a very small part of the visual field, the fovea. Foveal vision is crucial for natural behavior and many tasks in daily life such as reading or fine motor control. Despite its significant size, this part of cortex is rarely investigated and the limited data have resulted in competing models of the layout of the foveal confluence in primate species. Specifically, how V2 and V3 converge at the central fovea is the subject of debate in primates and has remained "terra incognita" in humans. Using high-resolution fMRI (1.2 x 1.2 x 1.2 mm(3)) and carefully designed visual stimuli, we sought to accurately map the human foveal confluence and hence disambiguate the competing theories. We find that V1, V2, and V3 are separable right into the center of the foveal confluence, and V1 ends as a rounded wedge with an affine mapping of the foveal singularity. The adjacent V2 and, in contrast to current concepts from macaque monkey, also V3 maps form continuous bands (approximately 5 mm wide) around the tip of V1. This mapping results in a highly anisotropic representation of the visual field in these areas. Unexpectedly, for the centermost 0.75 degrees, the cortical representations for both V2 and V3 are larger than that of V1, indicating that more neuronal processing power is dedicated to second-level analysis in this small but important part of the visual field.
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Connections of the dorsomedial visual area: pathways for early integration of dorsal and ventral streams in extrastriate cortex. J Neurosci 2009; 29:4548-63. [PMID: 19357280 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0529-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial area (DM), a subdivision of extrastriate cortex characterized by heavy myelination and relative emphasis on peripheral vision, remains the least understood of the main targets of striate cortex (V1) projections in primates. Here we placed retrograde tracer injections encompassing the full extent of this area in marmoset monkeys, and performed quantitative analyses of the numerical strengths and laminar patterns of its afferent connections. We found that feedforward projections from V1 and from the second visual area (V2) account for over half of the inputs to DM, and that the vast majority of the remaining connections come from other topographically organized visual cortices. Extrastriate projections to DM originate in approximately equal proportions from adjacent medial occipitoparietal areas, from the superior temporal motion-sensitive complex centered on the middle temporal area (MT), and from ventral stream-associated areas. Feedback from the posterior parietal cortex and other association areas accounts for <10% of the connections. These results do not support the hypothesis that DM is specifically associated with a medial subcircuit of the dorsal stream, important for visuomotor integration. Instead, they suggest an early-stage visual-processing node capable of contributing across cortical streams, much as V1 and V2 do. Thus, although DM may be important for providing visual inputs for guided body movements (which often depend on information contained in peripheral vision), this area is also likely to participate in other functions that require integration across wide expanses of visual space, such as perception of self-motion and contour completion.
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Jeffs J, Ichida JM, Federer F, Angelucci A. Anatomical evidence for classical and extra-classical receptive field completion across the discontinuous horizontal meridian representation of primate area V2. Cereb Cortex 2008; 19:963-81. [PMID: 18755777 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In primates, a split of the horizontal meridian (HM) representation at the V2 rostral border divides this area into dorsal (V2d) and ventral (V2v) halves (representing lower and upper visual quadrants, respectively), causing retinotopically neighboring loci across the HM to be distant within V2. How is perceptual continuity maintained across this discontinuous HM representation? Injections of neuroanatomical tracers in marmoset V2d demonstrated that cells near the V2d rostral border can maintain retinotopic continuity within their classical and extra-classical receptive field (RF), by making both local and long-range intra- and interareal connections with ventral cortex representing the upper visual quadrant. V2d neurons located <0.9-1.3 mm from the V2d rostral border, whose RFs presumably do not cross the HM, make nonretinotopic horizontal connections with V2v neurons in the supra- and infragranular layers. V2d neurons located <0.6-0.9 mm from the border, whose RFs presumably cross the HM, in addition make retinotopic local connections with V2v neurons in layer 4. V2d neurons also make interareal connections with upper visual field regions of extrastriate cortex, but not of MT or MTc outside the foveal representation. Labeled connections in ventral cortex appear to represent the "missing" portion of the connectional fields in V2d across the HM. We conclude that connections between dorsal and ventral cortex can create visual field continuity within a second-order discontinuous visual topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Jeffs
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84132, USA
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Ungerleider LG, Galkin TW, Desimone R, Gattass R. Cortical connections of area V4 in the macaque. Cereb Cortex 2007; 18:477-99. [PMID: 17548798 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhm061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the locus, full extent, and topographic organization of cortical connections of area V4 (visual area 4), we injected anterograde and retrograde tracers under electrophysiological guidance into 21 sites in 9 macaques. Injection sites included representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in the upper and lower fields. Our results indicated that all parts of V4 are connected with occipital areas V2 (visual area 2), V3 (visual area 3), and V3A (visual complex V3, part A), superior temporal areas V4t (V4 transition zone), MT (medial temporal area), and FST (fundus of the superior temporal sulcus [STS] area), inferior temporal areas TEO (cytoarchitectonic area TEO in posterior inferior temporal cortex) and TE (cytoarchitectonic area TE in anterior temporal cortex), and the frontal eye field (FEF). By contrast, mainly peripheral field representations of V4 are connected with occipitoparietal areas DP (dorsal prelunate area), VIP (ventral intraparietal area), LIP (lateral intraparietal area), PIP (posterior intraparietal area), parieto-occipital area, and MST (medial STS area), and parahippocampal area TF (cytoarchitectonic area TF on the parahippocampal gyrus). Based on the distribution of labeled cells and terminals, projections from V4 to V2 and V3 are feedback, those to V3A, V4t, MT, DP, VIP, PIP, and FEF are the intermediate type, and those to FST, MST, LIP, TEO, TE, and TF are feedforward. Peripheral field projections from V4 to parietal areas could provide a direct route for rapid activation of circuits serving spatial vision and spatial attention. By contrast, the predominance of central field projections from V4 to inferior temporal areas is consistent with the need for detailed form analysis for object vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie G Ungerleider
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892-1366, USA.
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Schira MM, Wade AR, Tyler CW. Two-Dimensional Mapping of the Central and Parafoveal Visual Field to Human Visual Cortex. J Neurophysiol 2007; 97:4284-95. [PMID: 17360817 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00972.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate visual cortex contains a set of maps of visual space. These maps are fundamental to early visual processing, yet their form is not fully understood in humans. This is especially true for the central and most important part of the visual field—the fovea. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure the mapping geometry of human V1 and V2 down to 0.5° of eccentricity. By applying automated atlas fitting procedures to parametrize and average retinotopic measurements of eight brains, we provide a reference standard for the two-dimensional geometry of human early visual cortex of unprecedented precision and analyze this high-quality mean dataset with respect to the 2-dimensional cortical magnification morphometry. The analysis indicates that 1) area V1 has meridional isotropy in areal projection: equal areas of visual space are mapped to equal areas of cortex at any given eccentricity. 2) V1 has a systematic pattern of local anisotropies: cortical magnification varies between isopolar and isoeccentricity lines, and 3) the shape of V1 deviates systematically from the complex-log model, the fit of which is particularly poor close to the fovea. We therefore propose that human V1 be fitted by models based on an equal-area principle of its two-dimensional magnification. 4) V2 is elongated by a factor of 2 in eccentricity direction relative to V1 and has significantly more local anisotropy. We propose that V2 has systematic intrinsic curvature, but V1 is intrinsically flat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Schira
- Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore St., San Francisco, CA 94115, USA.
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Roberts AC, Tomic DL, Parkinson CH, Roeling TA, Cutter DJ, Robbins TW, Everitt BJ. Forebrain connectivity of the prefrontal cortex in the marmoset monkey (Callithrix jacchus): an anterograde and retrograde tract-tracing study. J Comp Neurol 2007; 502:86-112. [PMID: 17335041 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The cortical and subcortical forebrain connections of the marmoset prefrontal cortex (PFC) were examined by injecting the retrograde tracer, choleratoxin, and the anterograde tracer, biotin dextran amine, into four sites within the PFC. Two of the sites, the lateral and orbital regions, had previously been shown to provide functionally dissociable contributions to distinct forms of behavioral flexibility, attentional set-shifting and discrimination reversal learning, respectively. The dysgranular and agranular regions lying on the orbital and medial surfaces of the frontal lobes were most closely connected with limbic structures including cingulate cortex, amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, subiculum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medial caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens as well as the magnocellular division of the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus and midline thalamic nuclei, consistent with findings in the rhesus monkey. In contrast, the granular region on the dorsal surface closely resembled area 8Ad in macaques and had connections restricted to posterior parietal cortex primarily associated with visuospatial functions. However, it also had connections with limbic cortex, including retrosplenial and caudal cingulate cortex as well as auditory processing regions in the superior temporal cortex. The granular region on the lateral convexity had the most extensive connections. Based on its architectonics and functionality, it resembled areas 12/45 in macaques. It had connections with high-order visual processing regions in the inferotemporal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, higher-order auditory and polymodal processing regions in the superior temporal cortex. In addition it had extensive connections with limbic regions including the amygdala, parahippocampal cortex, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela C Roberts
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
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