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Sun H, Peng Z, Liu K, Liu S. Norepinephrine alleviates cyclosporin A-induced nephrotoxicity by enhancing the expression of SFRP1. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230769. [PMID: 37588659 PMCID: PMC10426269 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) has a certain effect on the improvement of renal function. However, whether NE can alleviate cyclosporin A (CsA)-induced nephrotoxicity needs further study. The effect of CsA (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM) on the human renal epithelial cell vitality, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, apoptosis, and secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) level was examined by cell counting kit-8, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometer, and western blot. The effect of NE on the LDH activity, apoptosis, and SFRP1 level of human renal epithelial cells induced by CsA was examined again. After silencing of SFRP1 in human renal epithelial cells, the SFRP1 level, cell vitality, and apoptosis were examined again. CsA (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM) attenuated the cell vitality and SFRP1 level but enhanced the LDH activity and apoptosis in human renal epithelial cells, while the above effects were reversed by NE. Moreover, SFRP1 silencing reversed the regulation of NE on the SFRP1 level, cell vitality, and apoptosis in human renal epithelial cells induced by CsA. In conclusion, NE relieved CsA-induced nephrotoxicity via enhancing the expression of SFRP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibin Sun
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, No. 107, Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Zhiguo Peng
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kao Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Shengli Liu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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Gupta S, Khan A, Vishwas S, Gulati M, Gurjeet Singh T, Dua K, Kumar Singh S, Najda A, Sayed AA, Almeer R, Abdel-Daim MM. Demethyleneberberine: A possible treatment for Huntington's disease. Med Hypotheses 2021; 153:110639. [PMID: 34229236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by presence of multiple repeats (more than 36) of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotides and mutated huntingtin (mHtt). This can further lead to oxidative stress, enhancement in level of ROS/RNS, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammations. Many clinical and preclinical trials have been conducted so far for the effective treatment of HD however, none of the drugs has shown complete relief. The regeneration of neurons is a very complicated process and associated with multiple pathological pathways. Hence, finding a unique solution using single drug that could act on multiple pathological pathways is really cumbersome. In the proposed hypothesis the use of demethyleneberberine (DMB) as a potential anti-HD agent has been explained. It is a metabolite of berberine and reported to act on multiple mechanistic pathways that are responsible for HD. Present article highlights new mechanistic insights through which DMB inhibits ROS/RNS, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions and neuroinflammation such as NFκB, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, cytokinin. Further its action on cellular apoptosis and neuronal cell death are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Arzoo Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | | | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India.
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Laboratory of Quality of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants, Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 15 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Amany A Sayed
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Rafa Almeer
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
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Calabrese EJ, Bhatia TN, Calabrese V, Dhawan G, Giordano J, Hanekamp YN, Kapoor R, Kozumbo WJ, Leak RK. Cytotoxicity models of Huntington’s disease and relevance of hormetic mechanisms: A critical assessment of experimental approaches and strategies. Pharmacol Res 2019; 150:104371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Piotrowski M, Jantas D, Leśkiewicz M, Szczepanowicz K, Warszyński P, Lasoń W. Polyelectrolyte-coated nanocapsules containing cyclosporine A protect neuronal-like cells against oxidative stress-induced cell damage. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Irons H, Lind JG, Wakade CG, Yu G, Hadman M, Carroll J, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Intracerebral Xenotransplantation of GFP Mouse Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Intact and Stroke Rat Brain: Graft Survival and Immunologic Response. Cell Transplant 2017; 13:283-94. [PMID: 15191166 DOI: 10.3727/000000004783983990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized survival and immunologic response of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) following transplantation into intact and stroke brains. In the first study, intrastriatal transplantation of BMSC (60,000 in 3 μl) or vehicle was performed in normal adult Sprague-Dawley male rats that subsequently received daily cyclosporin A (CsA, 10 mg/kg, IP in 3 ml) or vehicle (olive oil, similar volume) starting on day of surgery up to 3 days posttransplantation. Animals were euthanized at 3 or 30 days posttransplantation and brains were processed either for green fluorescent protein (GFP) microscopy or flow cytometry (FACS). Both GFP epifluorescence and FACS scanning revealed GFP+ BMSCs in both groups of transplanted rats with or without CsA, although significantly increased (1.6- to 3-fold more) survival of GFP+ BMSCs was observed in the immunosuppressed animals. Further histologic examination revealed widespread dispersal of BMSCs away from the graft core accompanied by many long outgrowth processes in non-CsA-transplanted animals, whereas a very dense graft core, with cells expressing only sporadic short outgrowth processes, was observed in CsA-transplanted animals. There were no detectable GFP+ BMSCs in nontrans-planted rats that received CsA or vehicle. Immunologic response via FACS analysis revealed a decreased presence of cytotoxic cells, characterized by near complete absence of CD8+ cells, and lack of activation depicted by low CD69 expression in CsA-treated transplanted animals. In contrast, elevated levels of CD8+ cells and increased activation of CD69 expression were observed in transplanted animals that received vehicle alone. CD4+ helper cells were almost nondetectable in transplanted rats that received CsA, but also only minimally elevated in transplanted rats that received vehicle. Nontransplanted rats that received either CsA or vehicle displayed very minimal detectable levels of all three lymphocyte markers. In the second study, a new set of male Sprague-Dawley rats initially received bilateral stereotaxic intrastriatal transplantation of BMSCs and 3 days after were subjected to unilateral transient occlusion of middle cerebral artery. The animals were allowed to survive for 3 days after stroke without CsA immunosuppression. Epifluorescence microscopy revealed significantly higher (5-fold more) survival of transplanted GFP+ BMSCs in the stroke striatum compared with the intact striatum. The majority of the grafts remained within the original dorsal striatal transplant site, characterized by no obvious migration in intact striatum, but with long-distance migration along the ischemic penumbra in the stroke striatum. Moreover, FACS scanning analyses revealed low levels of immunologic response of grafted BMSCs in both stroke and intact striata. These results, taken together, suggest that xenotransplantation of mouse BMSCs into adult rats is feasible. Immunosuppression therapy can enhance xenograft survival and reduce graft-induced immunologic response; however, in the acute phase posttransplantation, BMSCs can survive in intact and stroke brain, and may even exhibit long-distance migration and increased outgrowth processes without immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Irons
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Kumar A, Singh N. Calcineurin inhibitors improve memory loss and neuropathological changes in mouse model of dementia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 153:147-159. [PMID: 28063945 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM The present study was designed to investigate the potential of Cyclosporine (CsA) and Tacrolimus, the inhibitors of calcineurin (CaN) in cognitive deficits of mice. METHODS Streptozotocin [STZ, 3mg/kg, injected intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.)] was used to induce memory deficits in NIH mice, while aged mice separately taken served as a natural model of dementia. Morris water maze (MWM) test was employed to evaluate learning and memory of the animals. A battery of biochemical and histopathological studies was also performed. Extent of oxidative stress was measured by estimating the levels of brain glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS). Brain acetylcholinestrase (AChE) activity was estimated to assess cholinergic activity. The brain level of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was measured as a marker of inflammation. RESULTS STZ i.c.v. and aging results in marked decline in MWM performance of the animals, reflecting impairment of learning and memory. STZ i.c.v. treated mice and aged mice exhibited a marked accentuation of AChE activity, TBARS and MPO levels along with a fall in GSH level. Further the stained micrographs of STZ treated mice and aged mice indicate pathological changes, severe neutrophilic infiltration and amyloid deposition. Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus treatment significantly attenuated STZ induced and age related memory deficits, biochemical and histopathological alterations. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrate the potential of CaN inhibitors Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus in memory dysfunctions which may probably be attributed to anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. It is concluded that CaN can be explored as a potential therapeutic target in dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- CNS and CVS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi university, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Pharmacology Division, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi university, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
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4-hydroxy tempo improves mitochondrial and neurobehavioral deficits in experimental model of Huntington's disease. Synapse 2015; 69:128-38. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Duan W, Jiang M, Jin J. Metabolism in HD: still a relevant mechanism? Mov Disord 2014; 29:1366-74. [PMID: 25124273 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyglutamine expansion within huntingtin is the causative factor in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Although the underlying mechanisms by which mutant huntingtin causes neuronal dysfunction and degeneration have not been fully elucidated, compelling evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction and compromised energy metabolism are key players in HD pathogenesis. Longitudinal studies of HD subjects have shown reductions in glucose utilization before the disease clinical onset. Preferential striatal neurodegeneration, a hallmark of HD pathogenesis, also has been associated with interrupted energy metabolism. Data from genetic HD models indicate that mutant huntingtin disrupts mitochondrial bioenergetics and prevents adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, implying altered energy metabolism as an important component of HD pathogenesis. Here we revisit the evidence of abnormal energy metabolism in the central nervous system of HD patients, review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal metabolism induced by mutant huntingtin, and discuss the promising therapeutic development by halting abnormal metabolism in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Duan
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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9
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Guo Y, Wang W, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Chen G. Carbon disulfide induces rat testicular injury via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:367-375. [PMID: 24582363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2), one of the most important volatile organic chemicals, was shown to have serious impairment to male reproductive system. But the underline mechanism is still unclear. In the present study, we aim to investigate the male germ cell apoptosis induced by CS2 exposure alone and by co-administration with cyclosporin A (CsA), which is the inhibitor of membrane permeability transition pore (MPTP). It was shown that CS2 exposure impaired ultrastructure of germ cells, increased the numbers of apoptotic germ cells, accumulated intracellular level of calcium, elevated ROS level, and increased activities of complexes of respiratory chain. Meanwhile, exposure to CS2 dramatically decreased the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and levels of ATP and MPTP opening. Exposure to CS2 can also cause a significantly dose-dependent increase in the expression levels of Bax, Cytc, Caspase-9, and Caspase-3, but decreased the expression level of Bcl-2. Moreover, co-administration of CsA with CS2 can reverse or alleviate the above apoptotic damage effects of CS2 on testicular germ cells. Taken together, our findings suggested that CS2 can cause damage to testicular germ cells via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, and MPTP play a crucial role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinsheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yu Dong
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Guoyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China.
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10
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Brouillet E. The 3-NP Model of Striatal Neurodegeneration. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 67:9.48.1-9.48.14. [PMID: 24723322 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0948s67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is an irreversible inhibitor of respiratory chain complex II. Chronic systemic administration of 3-NP to mice, rats, and non-human primates leads to preferential degeneration of the striatum, and produces motor and cognitive symptoms that are highly reminiscent of Huntington's disease (HD). HD is caused by a dominant inherited expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntington gene. Thus, many aspects of HD cannot be mimicked by 3-NP. However, recent research shows that mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress may play a key role in HD pathogenesis, further supporting the potential utility of the 3-NP model of striatal degeneration. First, a basic protocol to produce acute striatal lesions in rats using repeated intraperitoneal injection of 3-NP is described. Second, a more complex protocol that takes advantage of the use of osmotic minipumps to steadily release 3-NP leading to consistent lesions and motor symptoms in Lewis rats is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Brouillet
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, URA2210, CEA, and CNRS, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), I2BM, Life Science Division, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Sandhir R, Yadav A, Mehrotra A, Sunkaria A, Singh A, Sharma S. Curcumin nanoparticles attenuate neurochemical and neurobehavioral deficits in experimental model of Huntington's disease. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 16:106-18. [PMID: 24008671 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Till date, an exact causative pathway responsible for neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD) remains elusive; however, mitochondrial dysfunction appears to play an important role in HD pathogenesis. Therefore, strategies to attenuate mitochondrial impairments could provide a potential therapeutic intervention. In the present study, we used curcumin encapsulated solid lipid nanoparticles (C-SLNs) to ameliorate 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced HD in rats. Results of MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) staining of striatum revealed a marked decrease in Complex II activity. However, C-SLN-treated animals showed significant increase in the activity of mitochondrial complexes and cytochrome levels. C-SLNs also restored the glutathione levels and superoxide dismutase activity. Moreover, significant reduction in mitochondrial swelling, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and reactive oxygen species was observed in rats treated with C-SLNs. Quantitative PCR and Western blot results revealed the activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 antioxidant pathway after C-SLNs administration in 3-NP-treated animals. In addition, C-SLN-treated rats showed significant improvement in neuromotor coordination when compared with 3-NP-treated rats. Thus, the results of this study suggest that C-SLNs administration might be a promising therapeutic intervention to ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunctions in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India,
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Choi SM, Kim Y, Shim JS, Park JT, Wang RH, Leach SD, Liu JO, Deng CX, Ye Z, Jang YY. Efficient drug screening and gene correction for treating liver disease using patient-specific stem cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:2458-68. [PMID: 23325555 PMCID: PMC3633649 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a potential source for developing novel drug and cell therapies. Although increasing numbers of disease-specific iPSCs have been generated, there has been limited progress in iPSC-based drug screening/discovery for liver diseases, and the low gene-targeting efficiency in human iPSCs warrants further improvement. Using iPSC lines from patients with alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, for which there is currently no drug or gene therapy available, we established a platform to discover new drug candidates and correct disease-causing mutation with a high efficiency. A high-throughput format screening assay, based on our hepatic differentiation protocol, was implemented to facilitate automated quantification of cellular AAT accumulation using a 96-well immunofluorescence reader. To expedite the eventual application of lead compounds to patients, we conducted drug screening utilizing our established library of clinical compounds (the Johns Hopkins Drug Library) with extensive safety profiles. Through a blind large-scale drug screening, five clinical drugs were identified to reduce AAT accumulation in diverse patient iPSC-derived hepatocyte-like cells. In addition, using the recently developed transcription activator-like effector nuclease technology, we achieved high gene-targeting efficiency in AAT-deficiency patient iPSCs with 25%-33% of the clones demonstrating simultaneous targeting at both diseased alleles. The hepatocyte-like cells derived from the gene-corrected iPSCs were functional without the mutant AAT accumulation. This highly efficient and cost-effective targeting technology will broadly benefit both basic and translational applications. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated the feasibility of effective large-scale drug screening using an iPSC-based disease model and highly robust gene targeting in human iPSCs, both of which are critical for translating the iPSC technology into novel therapies for untreatable diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Mi Choi
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yonghak Kim
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joong Sup Shim
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Department of Surgery and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Rui-Hong Wang
- Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven D Leach
- Department of Surgery and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University
| | - Jun O. Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zhaohui Ye
- Institute for Cell Engineering. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author: Zhaohui Ye, Ph.D., Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, , Yoon-Young Jang, M.D., Ph.D., Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Office (410)-502-8195, Fax (410)-502-5742,
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Institute for Cell Engineering. Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Corresponding author: Zhaohui Ye, Ph.D., Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA, , Yoon-Young Jang, M.D., Ph.D., Stem Cell Biology Program, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Office (410)-502-8195, Fax (410)-502-5742,
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Zhang XD, Qi L, Wu JC, Qin ZH. DRAM1 regulates autophagy flux through lysosomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63245. [PMID: 23696801 PMCID: PMC3656954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the mitochondria inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP), induces the expression of DNA damage-regulated autophagy modulator1 (DRAM1) and activation of autophagy in rat striatum. Although the role of DRAM1 in autophagy has been previously characterized, the detailed mechanism by which DRAM1 regulates autophagy activity has not been fully understood. The present study investigated the role of DRAM1 in regulating autophagy flux. In A549 cells expressing wilt-type TP53, 3-NP increased the protein levels of DRAM1 and LC3-II, whereas decreased the levels of SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1). The increase in LC3-II and decrease in SQSTM1 were blocked by the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyl-adenine. Lack of TP53 or knock-down of TP53 in cells impaired the induction of DRAM1. Knock-down of DRAM1 with siRNA significantly reduced 3-NP-induced upregulation of LC3-II and downregulation of SQSTM1, indicating DRAM1 contributes to autophagy activation. Knock-down of DRAM1 robustly decreased rate of disappearance of induced autophagosomes, increased RFP-LC3 fluorescence dots and decreased the decline of LC3-II after withdraw of rapamycin, indicating DRAM1 promotes autophagy flux. DRAM1 siRNA inhibited lysosomal V-ATPase and acidification of lysosomes. As a result, DRAM1 siRNA reduced activation of lysosomal cathepsin D. Similar to DRAM1 siRNA, lysosomal inhibitors E64d and chloroquine also inhibited clearance of autophagosomes and activation of lysosomal cathapsin D after 3-NP treatment. These data suggest that DRAM1 plays important roles in autophagy activation induced by mitochondria dysfunction. DRAM1 affects autophagy through argument of lysosomal acidification, fusion of lysosomes with autophagosomes and clearance of autophagosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Ding Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Lin Qi
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun-Chao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Hong Qin
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Soochow University School of Pharmaceutical Science, Suzhou, China
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14
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Solesio ME, Saez-Atienzar S, Jordan J, Galindo MF. 3-Nitropropionic acid induces autophagy by forming mitochondrial permeability transition pores rather than activating the mitochondrial fission pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:63-75. [PMID: 22509855 PMCID: PMC3570004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative process associated with mitochondrial alterations. Inhibitors of the electron-transport channel complex II, such as 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), are used to study the molecular and cellular pathways involved in this disease. We studied the effect of 3NP on mitochondrial morphology and its involvement in macrophagy. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Pharmacological and biochemical methods were used to characterize the effects of 3NP on autophagy and mitochondrial morphology. SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with GFP-LC3, GFP-Drp1 or GFP-Bax to ascertain their role and intracellular localization after 3NP treatment using confocal microscopy. KEY RESULTS Untreated SH-SY5Y cells presented a long, tubular and filamentous net of mitochondria. After 3NP (5 mM) treatment, mitochondria became shorter and rounder. 3NP induced formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, both in cell cultures and in isolated liver mitochondria, and this process was inhibited by cyclosporin A. Participation of the mitochondrial fission pathway was excluded because 3NP did not induce translocation of the dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) to the mitochondria. The Drp1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 did not affect the observed changes in mitochondrial morphology. Finally, scavengers of reactive oxygen species failed to prevent mitochondrial alterations, while cyclosporin A, but not Mdivi-1, prevented the generation of ROS. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS There was a direct correlation between formation of mitochondrial permeability transition pores and autophagy induced by 3NP treatment. Activation of autophagy preceded the apoptotic process and was mediated, at least partly, by formation of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial permeability transition pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Solesio
- Unidad de Neuropsicofarmacología Traslacional, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Spain
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Sorolla MA, Rodríguez-Colman MJ, Vall-llaura N, Tamarit J, Ros J, Cabiscol E. Protein oxidation in Huntington disease. Biofactors 2012; 38:173-85. [PMID: 22473822 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene, affecting initially the striatum and progressively the cortex. Oxidative stress, and consequent protein oxidation, has been described as important to disease progression. This review focuses on recent advances in the field, with a particular emphasis on the identified target proteins and the role that their oxidation has or might have in the pathophysiology of HD. Oxidation and the resulting inactivation and/or degradation of important proteins can explain the impairment of several metabolic pathways in HD. Oxidation of enzymes involved in ATP synthesis can account for the energy deficiency observed. Impairment of protein folding and degradation can be due to oxidation of several heat shock proteins and Valosin-containing protein. Oxidation of two enzymes involved in the vitamin B6 metabolism could result in decreased availability of pyridoxal phosphate, which is a necessary cofactor in transaminations, the kynurenine pathway and the synthesis of glutathione, GABA, dopamine and serotonin, all of which have a key role in HD pathology. In addition, protein oxidation often contributes to oxidative stress, aggravating the molecular damage inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alba Sorolla
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, IRBLleida, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
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Sandhir R, Sood A, Mehrotra A, Kamboj SS. N-Acetylcysteine reverses mitochondrial dysfunctions and behavioral abnormalities in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced Huntington's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2012; 9:145-57. [PMID: 22327485 DOI: 10.1159/000334273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major event involved in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). The present study evaluates the role of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in preventing mitochondrial dysfunctions in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced model of HD. Administration of 3-NP to rats (Wistar strain) resulted in significant inhibition of mitochondrial complexes II, IV and V in the striatum. However, no significant effect on complex I was observed. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation was observed in mitochondria of 3-NP-treated animals. Endogenous antioxidants (thiols and manganese-superoxide dismutase) were lowered in mitochondria of 3-NP-treated animals. 3-NP-treated animals showed increased cytosolic cytochrome c levels and mitochondrial swelling. Increased expressions of caspase-3 and p53 were also observed in 3-NP-treated animals. Histopathological examination of the striata of 3-NP-treated animals revealed increased neural space, neurodegeneration and gliosis. This was accompanied by cognitive and motor deficits. NAC treatment, on the other hand, was found to be effective in reversing 3-NP-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions and neurobehavioral deficits. Our findings suggest a beneficial effect of NAC in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Sandhir
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Osman MM, Lulic D, Glover L, Stahl CE, Lau T, van Loveren H, Borlongan CV. Cyclosporine-A as a neuroprotective agent against stroke: its translation from laboratory research to clinical application. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:359-68. [PMID: 21592568 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Stoke remains a leading cause of death and disability with limited treatment options. Extensive research has been aimed at studying cell death events that accompany stroke and how to use these same cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets for treating the disease. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) has been implicated as a major factor associated with stroke-induced neuronal cell death. MPTP activation and increased permeability has been shown to contribute to the events that lead to cell death. Cyclosporine A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressant in transplantation and rheumatic medicine, has been recently shown to possess neuroprotective properties through its ability to block the MPTP, which in turn inhibits neuronal damage. This newfound CsA-mediated neuroprotection pathway prompted research on its use to prevent cell death in stroke and other neurological conditions. Preclinical studies are being conducted in hopes of establishing the safety and efficacy guidelines for CsA use in human trials as a potential neuroprotective agent against stroke. In this review, we provide an overview of the current laboratory and clinical status of CsA neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Osman
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Lulic D, Burns J, Bae EC, van Loveren H, Borlongan CV. A Review of Laboratory and Clinical Data Supporting the Safety and Efficacy of Cyclosporin A in Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery 2011; 68:1172-85; discussion 1185-6. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0b013e31820c6cdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For decades, cyclosporin A (CsA) has proved to be safe and effective for use in transplantation. In the past 10 years, this agent has shown neuroprotective effects in animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). This review article provides a critical overview of the literature on CsA neuroprotective effects in animal studies and current findings of clinical trials in the treatment of TBI with an emphasis on the possible CsA molecular mechanism of action. Animal data provide compelling evidence of the therapeutic benefits of CsA in TBI, but the outcome indices are heterogeneous with respect to the animal model of TBI as well as the route, dose, and timing of CsA administration. Similarly, clinical studies (phase II trials) adapting almost identical patient inclusion criteria have demonstrated the safety of CsA use in TBI, but the clinical trials are also heterogeneous based on study design, especially with regard to the variable timing of CsA administration after TBI. In view of the translational shortcomings of the preclinical studies and the rather pilot nature of the limited clinical trials that recently reached phase III, we offer guidance on the future directions of laboratory investigations on CsA that could improve the safety and efficacy of this agent in subsequent larger clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dzenan Lulic
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jack Burns
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Eunkyung Cate Bae
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Harry van Loveren
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Center of Excellence in Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
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Mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics in Huntington's disease: tripartite synapses and selective striatal degeneration. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2010; 42:227-34. [PMID: 20454921 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-010-9287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Preferential striatal neurodegeneration is a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD) pathogenesis, which has been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Evidence from genetic HD models suggest that mutant huntingtin (mHtt) compromises mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics, preventing efficient calcium handling and ATP generation in neuronal networks. Striatal neurons receive abundant glutamatergic input from the cortex, forming tripartite synapses with astrocytic partners. These are involved in bidirectional communication, play neuroprotective roles, and emerging evidence suggests that astrocyte dysfunction supports non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration. In addition to mHtt effects, inherent mitochondria vulnerability within striatal neurons and astrocytes may contribute for preferential neurodegeneration in HD. Dysfunctional astrocytic mitochondria in cortico-striatal tripartite synapses might be particularly relevant in the pathogenesis of juvenile/infantile HD, frequently associated with seizures and abnormally large mHtt polyglutamine expansions. This review discusses our work, primarily addressing in situ mitochondrial function in neurons and astrocytes, in the context of related work within the HD-mitochondria field.
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20
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Kumar P, Kalonia H, Kumar A. Cyclosporine A Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid–Induced Huntington-Like Symptoms in Rats: Possible Nitric Oxide Mechanism. Int J Toxicol 2010; 29:318-25. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581810365568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine A is a well-known immunosuppressant drug that is currently used for prevention of allograft rejection. The current study was conducted to explore the therapeutic potential of cyclosporine A against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)–induced neurotoxicity, an animal model of Huntington disease (HD). Systemic administration of 3-NP (10 mg/kg) for 14 days significantly impaired body weight, motor activity, biochemical parameters (raised lipid peroxidation, nitrite concentration, depletion of superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase), and mitochondrial enzymes. Cyclosporine A (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) treatment significantly attenuated behavioral, biochemical, and cellular alterations. Furthermore, l-arginine pretreatment with cyclosporine A (5 mg/kg) significantly reversed the protective effect of cyclosporine A. However, l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 10 mg/kg) pretreatment potentiated the protective effect of cyclosporine A (5 mg/kg). Study highlights the therapeutic potential of cyclosporine A in the treatment of HP. Study suggests that nitric oxide (NO) modulation is involved in the neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine A against 3-NP neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kumar
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harikesh Kalonia
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UGC Centre of Advanced Study, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Mirandola SR, Melo DR, Saito A, Castilho RF. 3-nitropropionic acid-induced mitochondrial permeability transition: comparative study of mitochondria from different tissues and brain regions. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:630-9. [PMID: 19795369 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The adult rat striatum is particularly vulnerable to systemic administration of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP), which is known to induce degeneration of the caudate-putamen, as occurs in Huntington's disease. The aim of the present study was to compare the susceptibility of isolated mitochondria from different rat brain regions (striatum, cortex, and cerebellum) as well as from the liver, kidney, and heart to mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induced by 3NP and Ca(2+). In the presence of micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations, 3NP induces MPT in a dose-dependent manner, as estimated by mitochondrial swelling and a decrease in the transmembrane electrical potential. A 3NP concentration capable of promoting a 10% inhibition of ADP-stimulated, succinate-supported respiration was sufficient to stimulate Ca(2+)-induced MPT. Brain and heart mitochondria were generally more sensitive to 3NP and Ca(2+)-induced MPT than mitochondria from liver and kidney. In addition, a partial inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by 3NP resulted in more pronounced MPT in striatal mitochondria than in cortical or cerebellar organelles. A similar inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase activity was observed in rat tissue homogenates obtained from various brain regions as well as from liver, kidney, and heart 24 hr after a single i.p. 3NP dose. Mitochondria isolated from forebrains of 3NP-treated rats were also more susceptible to Ca(2+)-induced MPT than those of control rats. We propose that the increased susceptibility of the striatum to 3NP-induced neurodegeneration may be partially explained by its susceptibility to MPT, together with the greater vulnerability of this brain region to glutamate receptor-mediated Ca(2+) influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra R Mirandola
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , Campinas, Brazil
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22
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Quintanilla RA, Johnson GVW. Role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. Brain Res Bull 2009; 80:242-7. [PMID: 19622387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that is caused by a pathological expansion of CAG repeats within the gene encoding for a 350 kD protein called huntingtin. This polyglutamine expansion within huntingtin is the causative factor in the pathogenesis of HD, however the underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Nonetheless, it is becoming increasingly clear that alterations in mitochondrial function play key roles in the pathogenic processes in HD. The net result of these events is compromised energy metabolism and increased oxidative damage, which eventually contribute to neuronal dysfunction and death. Mitochondria from striatal cells of a genetically accurate model of HD take up less calcium and at a slower rate than mitochondria from striatal cells derived from normal mice. Further, respiration in mitochondria from these mutant huntingtin-expressing cells is inhibited at significantly lower calcium concentrations compared to mitochondria from wild-type cells. Considering these and other findings this review explores the evidence suggesting that mutant huntingtin, directly or indirectly impairs mitochondrial function, which compromises cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium homeostasis, and contributes to neuronal dysfunction and death in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642-0002, USA
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23
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Kraft JC, Osterhaus GL, Ortiz AN, Garris PA, Johnson MA. In vivo dopamine release and uptake impairments in rats treated with 3-nitropropionic acid. Neuroscience 2009; 161:940-9. [PMID: 19362126 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to impaired neurotransmitter exocytosis in transgenic Huntington's disease (HD) model mice. To gain insight into the impact of mitochondrial impairment on striatal dopamine release in vivo, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon fiber microelectrodes to measure dopamine release and uptake kinetics in anesthetized Lewis rats continuously treated for 5 days with 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP). Our results indicate that, even though striatal dopamine content was unchanged, remotely stimulated dopamine release evoked per electrical stimulus pulse ([DA](p)) is decreased in 3NP-treated rats (33% of that observed in sham control rats) and that this decrease is uniform throughout all stereotaxic depths tested. Nevertheless, unlike data collected previously from transgenic HD model rodents, the maximum rate of dopamine uptake (V(max)) in 3NP-treated rats is diminished (30% of controls) while K(m) is unchanged. Treatment with 3NP also resulted in a corresponding decrease in locomotor activity, presumably due in part to the impaired dopamine release. These results indicate that dopamine release is degraded in this HD model, as is observed in transgenic HD model rodents; however, the results also imply that there are fundamental differences in dopamine uptake between 3NP-treated animals and transgenic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Kraft
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA
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24
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Kumar P, Kumar A. Neuroprotective effect of cyclosporine and FK506 against 3-nitropropionic acid induced cognitive dysfunction and glutathione redox in rat: Possible role of nitric oxide. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:302-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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25
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Oliveira JM, Gonçalves J. In Situ Mitochondrial Ca2+ Buffering Differences of Intact Neurons and Astrocytes from Cortex and Striatum. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:5010-20. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807459200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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26
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Resistance to kynurenic acid of the NMDA receptor-dependent toxicity of 3-nitropropionic acid and cyanide in cerebellar granule neurons. Brain Res 2008; 1215:200-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
Physiological stimuli causing an increase of cytosolic free Ca2+ [Ca2+], or the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum invariably induce mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, with a rise of mitochondrial matrix free [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]m). The [Ca2+]m rise occurs despite the low affinity of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake systems measured in vitro and the often limited amplitude of the cytoplasmic [Ca2+]c increases. The [Ca2+]m increase is typically in the 0.2-3 microM range, which allows the activation of Ca2(+)-regulated enzymes of the Krebs cycle; and it rapidly returns to the resting level if the [Ca2+], rise recedes due to activation of mitochondrial efflux mechanisms and matrix Ca2+ buffering. Mitochondria thus accumulate Ca2+ and efficiently control the spatial and temporal shape of cellular Ca2+ signals, yet this situation exposes them to the hazards of Ca2+ overload. Indeed, mitochondrial Ca2+, which is so important for metabolic regulation, can become a death factor by inducing opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP), a high conductance inner membrane channel. Persistent PTP opening is followed by depolarization with Ca2+ release, cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, matrix swelling with inner'membrane remodeling and eventually outer membrane rupture with release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic proteins. Understanding the mechanisms through which the Ca2+ signal can be shifted from a physiological signal into a pathological effector is an unresolved problem of modern pathophysiology that holds great promise for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Viale Giuseppe Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
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28
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Woodruff TM, Crane JW, Proctor LM, Buller KM, Shek AB, de Vos K, Pollitt S, Williams HM, Shiels IA, Monk PN, Taylor SM. Therapeutic activity of C5a receptor antagonists in a rat model of neurodegeneration. FASEB J 2006; 20:1407-17. [PMID: 16816116 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-5814com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of numerous neurological diseases, although its precise role remains controversial. In this study we used orally active C5a receptor antagonists (PMX53 and PMX205) developed in our laboratories in a rat model of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) -induced Huntington's disease. Administration of the C5a antagonists (10 mg/kg/day, oral) either 48 h pre- or 48 h post-toxin significantly reduced body weight loss, anorexia, and behavioral and motor deficits associated with 3-NP intoxication. Striatal lesion size, apoptosis, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage were also significantly reduced in C5a antagonist-treated rats. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated marked deposition of C3 and C9, and up-regulation of C5a receptors on neuronal cells at the time of lesion formation. Inhibition of prostaglandins or TNF-alpha with ibuprofen or infliximab had no effect in this model. The C5a antagonists did not affect 3-NP-induced cell death when added directly to rat striatal neuronal cultures, indicating a secondary mechanism of action in vivo. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that complement activation in the brain, particularly C5a, is a key event in the pathogenesis of this disease model, and suggest a future role for inhibitors of C5a in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent M Woodruff
- Promics Ltd., The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Bernardi P, Krauskopf A, Basso E, Petronilli V, Blachly-Dyson E, Blalchy-Dyson E, Di Lisa F, Forte MA. The mitochondrial permeability transition from in vitro artifact to disease target. FEBS J 2006; 273:2077-99. [PMID: 16649987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 481] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore is a high conductance channel whose opening leads to an increase of mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to solutes with molecular masses up to approximately 1500 Da. In this review we trace the rise of the permeability transition pore from the status of in vitro artifact to that of effector mechanism of cell death. We then cover recent results based on genetic inactivation of putative permeability transition pore components, and discuss their meaning for our understanding of pore structure. Finally, we discuss evidence indicating that the permeability transition pore plays a role in pathophysiology, with specific emphasis on in vivo models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Italy.
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30
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Brouillet E, Jacquard C, Bizat N, Blum D. 3-Nitropropionic acid: a mitochondrial toxin to uncover physiopathological mechanisms underlying striatal degeneration in Huntington's disease. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1521-40. [PMID: 16300642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene encoding Huntingtin. The mechanisms underlying the preferential degeneration of the striatum, the most striking neuropathological change in HD, are unknown. Of those probably involved, mitochondrial defects might play an important role. The behavioural and anatomical similarities found between HD and models using the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3NP) in rats and primates support this hypothesis. Here, we discuss the recently identified mechanisms of 3NP-induced striatal degeneration. Two types of important factor have been identified. The first are the 'executioner' components that have direct roles in cell death, such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Ca2+-activated protease calpains. The second are 'environmental' factors, such as glutamate, dopamine and adenosine, which modulate the striatal degeneration induced by 3NP. Interestingly, these recent studies support the hypothesis that 3NP and mutated Huntingtin have certain mechanisms of toxicity in common, suggesting that the use of 3NP might give new insights into the pathogenesis of HD. Research on 3NP provides additional proof that the neurochemical environment of a given neurone can determine its preferential vulnerability in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Brouillet
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique 2210, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Départment de Recherches Médicales, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, CEA, Orsay France.
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31
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Dykens JA, Fleck B, Ghosh S, Lewis M, Velicelebi G, Ward MW. High-throughput assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential in situ using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Mitochondrion 2005; 1:461-73. [PMID: 16120299 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7249(02)00011-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2001] [Revised: 03/05/2002] [Accepted: 03/11/2002] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes dozens of debilitating diseases, and is implicated in the etiology of type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases, among others. However, development of mitochondrially targeted therapeutic agents has been impeded by the lack of high-throughput screening techniques that are capable of distinguishing in intact cells the mitochondrial membrane potential (deltapsi(m)) from the plasma membrane potential, (deltapsi(p)). We report here a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay that specifically monitors deltapsi(m) that is not confounded by background signal arising from potentiometric dye responding to deltapsi(p). The technique relies on energy transfer between nonyl acridine orange (NAO), which stains diphosphatidyl glycerol (cardiolipin) that is indigenous to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMR), a potentiometric dye that is sequestered by mitochondria as a Nernstian function of deltapsi(m) and concentration. FRET occurs only when both dyes co-localize to the mitochondria, and results in quenching of NAO emission by TMR in proportion to deltapsi(m). Validation studies using compounds with well-characterized mitochondrial effects, including oligomycin, CCCP+, bongkrekic acid, cyclosporin A, nigericin, ADP, and ruthenium red, demonstrate that the FRET-based deltapsi(m) assay responds in accord with the known pharmacology. Validation studies assessing the suitability of the technique for high-throughput compound screening indicate that the assay provides a sensitive and robust assessment not only of mitochondrial integrity in situ, but also, when used in conjunction with agents such as cyclosporin A, an indicator of permeability transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Dykens
- MitoKor, 11494 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Cornet S, Spinnewyn B, Delaflotte S, Charnet C, Roubert V, Favre C, Hider H, Chabrier PE, Auguet M. Lack of evidence of direct mitochondrial involvement in the neuroprotective effect of minocycline. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 505:111-9. [PMID: 15556143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Minocycline has been reported to exert neuroprotection through inhibition of inflammatory processes and of mitochondrial cell death pathway. To further characterize the neuroprotective effect of minocycline, we determined its efficacy in different neuronal damage paradigms involving inflammation or mitochondrial dysfunction. In transient global ischaemia in gerbils, minocycline reduced hippocampal neuronal damage measured by peripheral type benzodiazepine binding sites density, a marker of microglial activation. The antiinflammatory properties of minocycline were confirmed on the model of carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. The use of two experimental animal models involving administration of mitochondrial toxins inhibiting a different complex of the mitochondrial respiratory chain permitted the exploration of the mitochondrial impact of minocycline. Although minocycline exhibited a marked efficacy in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP; complex I inhibitor)-induced neurotoxicity in mice, it was ineffective in malonate (complex II inhibitor)-induced striatal lesion in rats. In vitro investigations on energized mitochondria isolated from rat liver showed that minocycline (1 microM) did not inhibit the swelling induced by MPP+(1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium). Moreover, higher concentrations of minocycline induced swelling. From these experiments, the neuroprotective activity of minocycline appears more related to its antiinflammatory activity than to a direct beneficial action on mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Cornet
- IPSEN: Institut Henri Beaufour, 5 avenue du Canada, 91966 Les Ulis, France
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Borlongan CV, Yu G, Matsukawa N, Xu L, Hess DC, Sanberg PR, Wang Y. Acute functional effects of cyclosporine-A and methylprednisolone treatment in adult rats exposed to transient ischemic stroke. Life Sci 2005; 76:1503-12. [PMID: 15680314 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the neuroprotective effects of immunosuppressant cyclosporine-A (CsA) and anti-inflammatory methylprednisolone (MP) in a stroke model. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were initially subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) then randomly assigned to one of the following treatment conditions: low dose CsA, MP, low dose CsA plus MP, high dose CsA, or vehicle. Ischemic animals that received low dose CsA, MP or vehicle exhibited significant cognitive impairments, as revealed by passive avoidance and Morris water maze tasks, at days 1-3 after stroke. In contrast, ischemic animals that received high dose CsA exhibited near normal cognitive performance throughout the test period. Ischemic animals that received low dose CsA plus MP also showed significantly less cognitive deficits but such attenuation of stroke-induced behavioral impairments was only consistently reflected in the passive avoidance task, while performance in the Morris water maze task deteriorated over time. Histological analysis at 3 days post-stroke revealed that only those ischemic animals treated with high dose CsA had significantly reduced cerebral infarcts. These observations suggest that despite overt cerebral damage, alterations in simple, but not complex, cognitive tasks produced by MCAo could be ameliorated by low dose CsA when combined with MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V Borlongan
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta VAMC, GA 30912, USA.
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Yu G, Hess DC, Borlongan CV. Combined cyclosporine-A and methylprednisolone treatment exerts partial and transient neuroprotection against ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2004; 1018:32-7. [PMID: 15262202 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the neuroprotective effects of immunosuppressant cyclosporine-A (CsA) and the anti-inflammatory methylprednisolone (MP) in a stroke model. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats underwent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion then were randomly treated with either: low dose CsA, MP, low dose CsA plus MP, high dose CsA, or vehicle. Ischemic animals that received low dose CsA, MP or vehicle displayed profound motor and neurological impairments at days 1-3 after stroke. In contrast, ischemic animals that received high dose CsA exhibited near normal motor and neurological functions throughout the test period. Of note, ischemic animals that received low dose CsA plus MP showed significantly less motor and neurological deficits at day 1, but thereafter displayed behavioral impairments. Histological analysis at 3 days post-stroke revealed that only those ischemic animals treated with high dose CsA had significantly reduced cerebral infarcts. This study is the first report to demonstrate partial and transient neuroprotection against stroke by low dose CsA when combined with MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Yu
- Research and Affiliations Service Line, VAMC Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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35
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Ryu JK, Kim J, Cho SJ, Hatori K, Nagai A, Choi HB, Lee MC, McLarnon JG, Kim SU. Proactive transplantation of human neural stem cells prevents degeneration of striatal neurons in a rat model of Huntington disease. Neurobiol Dis 2004; 16:68-77. [PMID: 15207263 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2003] [Revised: 11/26/2003] [Accepted: 01/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the effectiveness of transplantation of human neural stem cells into adult rat striatum prior to induction of striatal damage with the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Systemic 3-NP administration caused widespread neuropathological deficits similar to ones found in Huntington disease (HD) including impairment in motor function (rotarod balance test) and extensive degeneration of neuron-specific nuclear antigen (NeuN)(+) neurons, calbindin(+) neurons and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)(+) striatal neurons. Animals receiving intrastriatal implantation of human neural stem cells (hNSCs) 1 week before 3-NP treatments exhibited significantly improved motor performance and reduced damage to striatal neurons compared with control sham injections. In contrast, transplantation of hNSCs at 12 h after the initial 3-NP administration did not lead to any improvement in motor performance or protect striatal neurons from the 3-NP-induced toxicity. These results indicate that the presence of grafted hNSCs before 3-NP treatment is required for host striatal neuronal protection and enhanced motor function. Immunoreactivity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was found in vitro in cultured hNSCs and in vivo in grafted NSCs with expression and secretion of BDNF demonstrated by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, dot-blot, and ELISA analyses. Thus, protective effects of proactive transplantation of hNSCs may be due, in part, to effects mediated by BDNF. The findings in this work have particular relevance to a rat model of HD in that proactive transplanted hNSCs protect host striatal neurons against neuronal injury and improve motor impairment induced by 3-NP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae K Ryu
- Brain Disease Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
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36
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Karlsson J, Fong KSK, Hansson MJ, Elmér E, Csiszar K, Keep MF. Life span extension and reduced neuronal death after weekly intraventricular cyclosporin injections in the G93A transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurosurg 2004; 101:128-37. [PMID: 15255263 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.1.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Object. The authors investigated whether cyclosporin A (CsA), a cyclophilin ligand with mitochondrial permeability transition pore-blocking and calcineurin-inhibiting properties, affects motor function, neuronal death, and life span in the G93A transgenic mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS).
Methods. The G93A mice received weekly intracerebroventricular injections of CsA (20 µg/mouse/week) starting at the age of 65 days, and physical performance on an exercise wheel was monitored beginning at 84 days of age. Mice were allowed to survive for clinical observation of body weight, hindlimb weakness, and life span or until a defined end stage or were killed at 110 days of age for histological analysis.
Conclusions. Treatment with CsA significantly delayed the onset of hindlimb weakness and also extended the time from its onset to paralysis. The overall life span of CsA-treated G93A mice was significantly extended, by 12% compared with vehicle-treated transgenic littermates. The CsA also prolonged physical performance on the exercise wheel and delayed weight loss. Histologically, there was significant preservation of both cervical and lumbar spine motor neurons and also tyrosine hydroxylase—positive dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons in 110-day-old CsA-treated mice compared with their transgenic littermates. The local administration of CsA directly into the brain ventricles is an effective means of central nervous system drug delivery (because CsA does not readily cross the blood—brain barrier), which in this study ameliorated clinical and neuropathological features of FALS in G93A mice. The remarkably low intrathecal CsA dose required for neuroprotection reduces potential adverse effects of systemic immunosuppression or nephrotoxicity seen with chronic systemic delivery of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Karlsson
- Laboratory of Matrix Pathobiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Lee WT, Chang C. Magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in assessing 3-nitropropionic acid-induced brain lesions: an animal model of Huntington’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:87-110. [PMID: 15063527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease, in which there is progressive motor and cognitive deterioration, and for which the pathogenesis of neuronal death remains controversial. Mitochondrial toxins like 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) and malonate, functioning as the inhibitors of the complex II of mitochondrial respiratory chain, have been found to effectively induce specific behavioral changes and selective striatal lesions in rats and non-human primates mimicking those in HD. Furthermore, several kinds of transgenic mouse models of HD have been recently developed, and used in the development and assessment of novel treatments for HD. In the past, most studies evaluating the animal models for HD were based on histological changes or in vitro neuronal cultures. With the emergence of advanced magnetic resonance technologies, non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy provide more detail of cerebral alterations, including the changes of cerebral structure, function and metabolites. These studies support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction with increased excitation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors can replicate the neurobehavioral changes, selective brain injury and neurochemical alterations in HD. The present review focuses on our work as well as that of others regarding 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity and other animal models of HD. Using both conventional and advanced MRI and spectroscopy, we summarize the pathogenesis and possible therapeutic strategies in chemical and transgenic models of HD. The results show magnetic resonance techniques to be powerful techniques in the evaluation of pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention for both chemical and transgenic models of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Tso Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Canudas AM, Jordà EG, Verdaguer E, Jiménez A, Sureda FX, Rimbau V, Camins A, Pallàs M. Cyclosporin A enhances colchicine-induced apoptosis in rat cerebellar granule neurons. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:661-9. [PMID: 14976124 PMCID: PMC1574246 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2003] [Revised: 11/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Cyclosporin A (CsA, 1-50 microM), an immunosuppressive drug with known neurotoxic effects, did not decrease the viability of primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) or induce apoptotic features. However, CsA specifically enhanced the cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by colchicine (1 microM). 2. Flavopiridol, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), prevented the neurotoxic effects of colchicine plus CsA. At 0.1-5 microM, it also showed antiapoptotic effects, as revealed by propidium iodide staining, flow cytometry and counting of cell nuclei. 3. Roscovitine (25-50 microM), a selective cdk1, 2 and 5 inhibitor, showed an antiapoptotic effect against colchicine- and colchicine plus CsA-induced apoptosis. 4. CsA increased the expression of cdk5 and cdk5/p25 mediated by colchicine, a CDK involved in neuronal apoptosis. After treatment of CGN with colchicine plus CsA, the changes in the p25/p35 ratio pointed to cdk5 activation. 5. Immunohistochemical results showed a nuclear localization of cdk5 after neurotoxic treatment, which was prevented by cdk inhibitors. Thus, we propose a new mechanism of modulation of CsA neurotoxicity mediated by cdk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Canudas
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Elvira G Jordà
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Ester Verdaguer
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Sureda
- Unitat de Farmacologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C./St Llorenç 21 43201 Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Víctor Rimbau
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Antoni Camins
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Unitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognòsia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Nucli Universitari de Pedralbes, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
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Jordán J, Ceña V, Prehn JHM. Mitochondrial control of neuron death and its role in neurodegenerative disorders. J Physiol Biochem 2004; 59:129-41. [PMID: 14649878 DOI: 10.1007/bf03179878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Genetic or functional mitochondrial alterations can result in the initiation of cell death programs that are believed to contribute to cell death in diabetes, ageing and neurodegenerative disorders. Mitochondria are being considered the main link between cellular stress signals activated during acute and chronic nerve cell injury, and the execution of nerve cell death. This second function of mitochondria is regulated by several families of proteins that can trigger an increase in permeability of the outer and/or inner mitochondrial membrane. One example of this is the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). This process can trigger the release of cell death-inducing factors from mitochondria, as well as a dissipation of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, depletion of ATP, and increased free radical formation. Among the factors released from mitochondria are cytochrome c, the apoptosis inductor factor (AIF), and caspases. We review the role of the MPTP in diverse physiological and pathological processes, including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The design of drugs that could interfere with the functions of the MPTP could allow novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of acute and chronic nerve cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jordán
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Dpto. de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain.
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40
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Santos JB, Schauwecker PE. Protection provided by cyclosporin A against excitotoxic neuronal death is genotype dependent. Epilepsia 2003; 44:995-1002. [PMID: 12887430 DOI: 10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.66302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), a specific blocker of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore, can dramatically ameliorate the selective neuronal necrosis resulting from ischemia-reperfusion, traumatic brain injury, and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked neurotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether two different immunosuppressants, CsA and FK-506, could ameliorate the neuronal damage observed after kainate-induced seizures in strains that are differentially susceptible to excitotoxin-induced cell death. METHODS Excitotoxin-resistant (C57BL/6) or -susceptible (FVB/N) mice were administered kainate alone (30 mg/kg), CsA alone (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg), or one of the immunosuppressants (CsA, 5 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg; FK-506, 0.5 mg/kg) followed by kainate. After drug administration, mice were monitored continuously for the onset and extent of seizure activity. After a survival of 7 days, animals were assessed for hippocampal damage. RESULTS Whereas CsA alone induced no epileptogenic effects and both immunosuppressants were without effect on the induction of kainate-induced seizures, administration of CsA to excitotoxin-susceptible mice (FVB/N) virtually eliminated neuronal cell death. In contrast, induction of neuronal cell death was evident when CsA was administered to excitotoxin-resistant mice (C57BL/6). Administration of FK-506, another commonly used immunosuppressant, which lacks an effect on the MPT, had no effect on modification of susceptibility to kainate-induced cell death in either strain. CONCLUSIONS As our data show differential protection of hippocampal neurons against excitotoxic cell death by pretreatment with CsA, these results suggest that strain-dependent differences in mitochondrial integrity and function may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Belen Santos
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089-9112, USA
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41
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Mattson MP, Kroemer G. Mitochondria in cell death: novel targets for neuroprotection and cardioprotection. Trends Mol Med 2003; 9:196-205. [PMID: 12763524 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4914(03)00046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Post-mitotic neurons and heart muscle cells undergo apoptotic cell death in a variety of acute and chronic degenerative diseases. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis involves the permeabilization of mitochondrial membranes, which leads to the release of protease and nuclease activators, and to bioenergetic failure. Mitochondrial permeabilization is induced by a variety of pathologically relevant second messengers, including reactive oxygen species, calcium, stress kinases and pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family. Several pharmacological agents act on mitochondria to prevent the permeabilization of their membranes, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. Such agents include inhibitors of the permeability transition pore complex (in particular ligands of cyclophilin D), openers of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive or Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels, and proteins from the Bcl-2 family engineered to cross the plasma membrane. In addition, manipulations that modulate the expression or activity of mitochondrial uncoupling proteins can prevent the death of post-mitotic cells. Such agents hold promise for use in clinical neuroprotection and cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Gerontology Research Center, 5600 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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42
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Borlongan CV, Emerich DF, Hoffer BJ, Bartus RT. Bradykinin receptor agonist facilitates low-dose cyclosporine-A protection against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity. Brain Res 2002; 956:211-20. [PMID: 12445688 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(02)03474-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease and stroke. Because CsA does not easily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), high doses (i.e. >10 mg/kg in rats) and chronic administration may be necessary to produce beneficial effects. However, immunosuppressant side effects (including nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity) are associated with such CsA dosing regimens. The bradykinin B2 receptor agonist, Cereport (labradimil and formerly called RMP-7), transiently increases the permeability of the BBB to facilitate delivery of drugs to the CNS. Here we examined the effects of co-administration of CsA and Cereport in the unilateral 6-OHDA model of PD. Animals were pretreated with vehicle, CsA alone (1 mg/kg, a low dose without either immunosuppressive or neuroprotective effects, or 10 mg/kg, a high dose that produces both immunosuppression and neuroprotection), or CsA (1 mg/kg) in combination with Cereport (9 microg/kg). Behavioral analyses, using elevated body swing and amphetamine-induced rotational tests, revealed that a low dose of CsA was neuroprotective when combined with Cereport, but not when given alone. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry demonstrated that while near complete (>90%) depletions of nigral TH-ir neurons were noted in lesioned animals that received vehicle infusion or low-dose CsA alone, lesioned animals that received low-dose CsA+Cereport exhibited a significant sparing of nigral TH-ir neurons and a marked reduction in the loss of striatal TH-ir fibers. The safer and effective administration of lower doses of CsA combined with enhanced BBB permeability using Cereport, offers a novel way of producing protective effects in the CNS without the toxic liabilities of high-dose CsA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesario V Borlongan
- Cellular Neurobiology Branch, NIH/NIDA/IRP, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, 21224, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Lee WT, Itoh T, Pleasure D. Acute and chronic alterations in calcium homeostasis in 3-nitropropionic acid-treated human NT2-N neurons. Neuroscience 2002; 113:699-708. [PMID: 12150790 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP), an irreversible inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, induced ATP depletion and both necrosis and apoptosis in human NT2-N neurons. Necrosis occurred predominantly within the first two days, and increased in a dose-dependent fashion with the concentration of 3-NP, whereas apoptosis was observed after 24 h or later at a similar rate in 0.1 mM and 5 mM 3-NP. We focused our efforts on intracellular calcium homeostasis during the first 48 h in 1 mM 3-NP, a period during which 10% of the neurons died by necrosis and 3% by apoptosis. All NT2-N neurons showed a stereotyped [Ca(2+)](i) rise, from 48+/-2 to 140+/-12 nM (mean +/-S.E.M.), during the first 2 h in 3-NP. Despite severe ATP depletion, however, [Ca(2+)](i) remained above 100 nM in only 17% and 25% of the NT2-N neurons after 24 and 48 h in 3-NP, respectively, indicating that most neurons were able to recover from acute [Ca(2+)](i) rise, and suggesting that chronic [Ca(2+)](i) dysregulation is a better indicator of subsequent necrosis. Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate-glutamate receptor by MK-801 substantially ameliorated 3-NP-induced ATP depletion, subsequent chronic [Ca(2+)](i) elevation, and survival. Moreover, xestospongin C, an inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release, enhanced the capacity of NT2-N neurons to maintain [Ca(2+)](i) homeostasis and resist necrosis while subjected to sustained energy deprivation. As far as we know, this report is the first to employ human neurons to study the pathophysiology of 3-NP neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-T Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Pisani A, Bonsi P, Bernardi G, Calabresi P. Impairment of mitochondrial metabolism differentially affects striatal neuronal subtypes. Neuroreport 2002; 13:641-4. [PMID: 11973462 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200204160-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological and microfluorometric measurements were combined to analyse the responses of rat striatal medium spiny (MS) and large aspiny (LA) interneurons to the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylidrazone (FCCP). FCCP produced a membrane depolarisation coupled to an irreversible increase in intracellular calcium [Ca2+]i in MS. Conversely, LA interneurons hyperpolarised and a moderate [Ca2+]i rise was observed. Cyclosporin A, inhibitor of the mitochondrial membrane transition pore, prevented the FCCP-induced changes in LA interneurons, whereas only a partial reduction was observed in MS cells. The present results indicate that mitochondrial Ca2+ released into the cytosol may contribute to the selective vulnerability to metabolic impairment in striatal neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pisani
- Clinica Neurologica, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via di Tor Vergata 135, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Nyhlin N, Anan I, El SM, Ando Y, Suhr OB. Reduction of free radical activity in amyloid deposits following liver transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy. J Intern Med 2002; 251:136-41. [PMID: 11905589 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2002.00940.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Liver transplantation halt the progress of familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP). Oxidative stress has been implicated in amyloid toxicity and formation. The objective of this study was to establish whether markers for oxidant stress and antioxidant capacity change following liver transplantation in patients with FAP. DESIGN Morphometric and biochemical study. SETTING Tertiary referral centre. SUBJECTS Duodenal biopsy samples from 16 patients, taken before and after liver transplantation were used for morphometry. Serum samples from 14 patients, seven of whom had received transplants, were analysed regarding antioxidant capacity. INTERVENTION Liver transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Immunohistochemistry was used to stain for the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and Congo red staining was used for amyloid detection. Positive areas were quantified by point counting. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured with a colourimetric assay. RESULTS In tissue, a decrease of HNE was noted after liver transplantation, whereas no significant changes were detected for amyloid deposits. No difference between transplanted and not transplanted patients was noted for total antioxidant capacity measured in serum. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first description of a reduction of markers for free radical activity after cessation of amyloid formation. The findings implicate that amyloid formation in transthyretin (TTR) amyloidosis generates oxidative stress, whereas amyloid deposits as such are less toxic to sourrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nyhlin
- Department of Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Sweden
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Butterfield DA, Kanski J. Brain protein oxidation in age-related neurodegenerative disorders that are associated with aggregated proteins. Mech Ageing Dev 2001; 122:945-62. [PMID: 11348660 DOI: 10.1016/s0047-6374(01)00249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein oxidation, one of a number of brain biomarkers of oxidative stress, is increased in several age-related neurodegenerative disorders or animal models thereof, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, prion disorders, such as Creutzfeld-Jakob disease, and alpha-synuclein disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Each of these neurodegenerative disorders is associated with aggregated proteins in brain. However, the relationship among protein oxidation, protein aggregation, and neurodegeneration remain unclear. The current rapid progress in elucidation of mechanisms of protein oxidation in neuronal loss should provide further insight into the importance of free radical oxidative stress in these neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, 121 Chemistry-Physics Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA.
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Lee SP, Hwang YS, Kim YJ, Kwon KS, Kim HJ, Kim K, Chae HZ. Cyclophilin a binds to peroxiredoxins and activates its peroxidase activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:29826-32. [PMID: 11390385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m101822200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Six distinct peroxiredoxin (Prx) proteins (Prx I-VI) from distinct genes have been identified in mammalian tissues. Prxs are members of a group of peroxidases that have conserved reactive cysteine residue(s) in the active site(s). An immediate physiological electron donor for the peroxidase catalysis for five Prx proteins (Prx I-V) has been identified as thioredoxin (Trx), but that for Prx VI (1-Cys Prx) is still unclear. To identify an immediate electron donor and a binding protein for Prx VI, we performed a Prx VI protein overlay assay. A 20-kDa binding protein was identified by the Prx VI protein overlay assay with flow-through fractions from a High-Q column with rat lung crude extracts. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and MS-Fit, we identified the 20-kDa Prx VI-binding protein as a cyclophilin A (CyP-A). The binding of recombinant human CyP-A (hCyP-A) to Prx VI was confirmed by using the hCyP-A protein overlay assay and Western immunoblot analysis with hCyP-A-specific antibodies. hCyP-A enhanced the antioxidant activity of Prx VI, as well as the other known mammalian Prx isotypes. hCyP-A supported antioxidant activity of Prx II and Prx VI both against thiol (dithiothreitol)-containing metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) systems and ascorbate-containing MCO systems. Prx II was reduced by hCyP-A without help from any other reductant, and the reduction was cyclosporin A-independent. These results strongly suggest that CyP-A not only binds to Prx proteins but also supports its peroxidase activity as an immediate electron donor. In addition, Cys(115) and Cys(161) of hCyP-A were found to be involved in the activation and the reduction of Prx.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea 500-757, the Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 135-270
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating genetic disorder. Despite the absence of effective therapy, there has been an explosion in interest for developing treatment strategies aimed at lessening or preventing the neuronal death that occurs in this disease. In large part, the renewed interest in neuroprotective strategies has been spurred by our increasing understanding of the genetic and molecular events that drive the underlying neuropathology of HD. This escalating understanding of the biological underpinnings of HD is derived from several convergent sources represented by investigators with clinical, genetic, molecular, physiological and neurobehavioural backgrounds. The diversity of data being generated has, in turn, produced a unique time in HD research where an impressive number of potential therapeutics are coming to the forefront. This review outlines several of these possibilities including the use of intracerebrally delivered neurotrophic factors, pharmacologically altering cellular energy production, the use of antiglutamatergic drugs, the use of caspase inhibitors and inhibitors of protein aggregation. This review also touches on the interesting possibility of whether or not the neurodegeneration in HD is at least partially reversible in nature. All of these possibilities are highlighted in the context that HD is a neurodegenerative disorder in which genetic detection provides a clear and unequivocal opportunity for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Emerich
- Alkermes Inc., 64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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