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Bordanaba-Florit G, Royo F, Albóniga OE, Clayton A, Falcón-Pérez JM, Webber J. Integration of proteomic and metabolomic analysis reveal distinct metabolic alterations of prostate cancer-associated fibroblasts compared to normal fibroblasts from patient's stroma samples. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167229. [PMID: 38734319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The prostate gland is a complex and heterogeneous organ composed of epithelium and stroma. Whilst many studies into prostate cancer focus on epithelium, the stroma is known to play a key role in disease with the emergence of a cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) phenotype associated upon disease progression. In this work, we studied the metabolic rewiring of stromal fibroblasts following differentiation to a cancer-associated, myofibroblast-like, phenotype. We determined that CAFs were metabolically more active compared to normal fibroblasts. This corresponded with a heightened lipogenic metabolism, as both reservoir species and building block compounds. Interestingly, lipid metabolism affects mitochondria functioning yet the mechanisms of lipid-mediated functions are unclear. Data showing oxidised fatty acids and glutathione system are elevated in CAFs, compared to normal fibroblasts, strengthens the hypothesis that increased metabolic activity is related to mitochondrial activity. This manuscript describes mechanisms responsible for the altered metabolic flux and shows that prostate cancer-derived extracellular vesicles can increase basal respiration in normal fibroblasts, mirroring that of the disease-like phenotype. This indicates that extracellular vesicles derived from prostate cancer cells may drive an altered oxygen-dependent metabolism associated to mitochondria in CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Félix Royo
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Oihane E Albóniga
- Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Aled Clayton
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Juan Manuel Falcón-Pérez
- Exosomes Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Metabolomics Platform, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Derio, Spain
| | - Jason Webber
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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2
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Aparicio L, Crowley L, Christin JR, Laplaca CJ, Hibshoosh H, Rabadan R, Shen MM. Meta-analyses of mouse and human prostate single-cell transcriptomes reveal widespread epithelial plasticity in tissue regression, regeneration, and cancer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.578066. [PMID: 38352515 PMCID: PMC10862785 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.578066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology have facilitated studies of cell states and plasticity in tissue maintenance and cancer, including in the prostate. Here we present meta-analyses of multiple new and published scRNA-seq datasets to establish reference cell type classifications for the normal mouse and human prostate. Our analyses demonstrate transcriptomic similarities between epithelial cell states in the normal prostate, in the regressed prostate after androgen-deprivation, and in primary prostate tumors. During regression in the mouse prostate, all epithelial cells shift their expression profiles towards a proximal periurethral (PrU) state, demonstrating an androgen-dependent plasticity that is restored to normal during androgen restoration and regeneration. In the human prostate, we find progressive rewiring of transcriptional programs across epithelial cell types in benign prostate hyperplasia and treatment-naïve prostate cancer. Notably, we detect copy number variants predominantly within Luminal Acinar cells in prostate tumors, suggesting a bias in their cell type of origin, as well as a larger field of transcriptomic alterations in non-tumor cells. Finally, we observe that Luminal Acinar tumor cells in treatment-naïve prostate cancer display heterogeneous androgen receptor (AR) signaling activity, including a split between high-AR and low-AR profiles with similarity to PrU-like states. Taken together, our analyses of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity provide important translational insights into the origin and treatment response of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Aparicio
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Laura Crowley
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - John R. Christin
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Caroline J. Laplaca
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Raul Rabadan
- Program for Mathematical Genomics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Michael M. Shen
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Urology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
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3
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Pitzen SP, Dehm SM. Basal epithelial cells in prostate development, tumorigenesis, and cancer progression. Cell Cycle 2023; 22:1303-1318. [PMID: 37098827 PMCID: PMC10228417 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2023.2206502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate epithelium is composed of two predominant cell populations: luminal and basal epithelial cells. Luminal cells have a secretory function that supports male fertility while basal cells function in regeneration and maintenance of epithelial tissue. Recent studies in humans and mice have expanded our knowledge of the role and regulation of luminal and basal cells in prostate organogenesis, development, and homeostasis. The insights from healthy prostate biology can inform studies focused on the origins of prostate cancer, progression of the disease, and development of resistance to targeted hormonal therapies. In this review, we discuss a critical role for basal cells in the development and maintenance of healthy prostate tissue. Additionally, we provide evidence supporting a role for basal cells in oncogenesis and therapeutic resistance mechanisms of prostate cancer. Finally, we describe basal cell regulators that may promote lineage plasticity and basal cell identity in prostate cancers that have developed therapeutic resistance. These regulators could serve as therapeutic targets to inhibit or delay resistance and thereby improve outcomes for prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel P. Pitzen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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4
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Bedeschi M, Marino N, Cavassi E, Piccinini F, Tesei A. Cancer-Associated Fibroblast: Role in Prostate Cancer Progression to Metastatic Disease and Therapeutic Resistance. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050802. [PMID: 36899938 PMCID: PMC10000679 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in European males. Although therapeutic approaches have changed in recent years, and several new drugs have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard of care. Currently, PCa represents a clinical and economic burden due to the development of resistance to ADT, paving the way to cancer progression, metastasis, and to long-term side effects induced by ADT and radio-chemotherapeutic regimens. In light of this, a growing number of studies are focusing on the tumor microenvironment (TME) because of its role in supporting tumor growth. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have a central function in the TME because they communicate with prostate cancer cells, altering their metabolism and sensitivity to drugs; hence, targeted therapy against the TME, and, in particular, CAFs, could represent an alternative therapeutic approach to defeat therapy resistance in PCa. In this review, we focus on different CAF origins, subsets, and functions to highlight their potential in future therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bedeschi
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.T.); Tel.: +39-0543739932 (A.T.)
| | - Noemi Marino
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Elena Cavassi
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
| | - Filippo Piccinini
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Tesei
- BioScience Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Romagnolo per lo Studio dei Tumori (IRST) “Dino Amadori”, 47014 Meldola, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (A.T.); Tel.: +39-0543739932 (A.T.)
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5
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Harris AE, Metzler VM, Lothion-Roy J, Varun D, Woodcock CL, Haigh DB, Endeley C, Haque M, Toss MS, Alsaleem M, Persson JL, Gudas LJ, Rakha E, Robinson BD, Khani F, Martin LM, Moyer JE, Brownlie J, Madhusudan S, Allegrucci C, James VH, Rutland CS, Fray RG, Ntekim A, de Brot S, Mongan NP, Jeyapalan JN. Exploring anti-androgen therapies in hormone dependent prostate cancer and new therapeutic routes for castration resistant prostate cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1006101. [PMID: 36263323 PMCID: PMC9575553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1006101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapies (ADTs) are important treatments which inhibit androgen-induced prostate cancer (PCa) progression by either preventing androgen biosynthesis (e.g. abiraterone) or by antagonizing androgen receptor (AR) function (e.g. bicalutamide, enzalutamide, darolutamide). A major limitation of current ADTs is they often remain effective for limited durations after which patients commonly progress to a lethal and incurable form of PCa, called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) where the AR continues to orchestrate pro-oncogenic signalling. Indeed, the increasing numbers of ADT-related treatment-emergent neuroendocrine-like prostate cancers (NePC), which lack AR and are thus insensitive to ADT, represents a major therapeutic challenge. There is therefore an urgent need to better understand the mechanisms of AR action in hormone dependent disease and the progression to CRPC, to enable the development of new approaches to prevent, reverse or delay ADT-resistance. Interestingly the AR regulates distinct transcriptional networks in hormone dependent and CRPC, and this appears to be related to the aberrant function of key AR-epigenetic coregulator enzymes including the lysine demethylase 1 (LSD1/KDM1A). In this review we summarize the current best status of anti-androgen clinical trials, the potential for novel combination therapies and we explore recent advances in the development of novel epigenetic targeted therapies that may be relevant to prevent or reverse disease progression in patients with advanced CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Harris
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika M. Metzler
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Lothion-Roy
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dhruvika Varun
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Corinne L. Woodcock
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy B. Haigh
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Chantelle Endeley
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Haque
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Toss
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mansour Alsaleem
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Applied Medical Science, Applied College, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenny L. Persson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Malmö Universitet, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Emad Rakha
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D. Robinson
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Laura M. Martin
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jenna E. Moyer
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juliette Brownlie
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Srinivasan Madhusudan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Allegrucci
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria H. James
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin S. Rutland
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert G. Fray
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Atara Ntekim
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Simone de Brot
- Comparative Pathology Platform (COMPATH), Institute of Animal Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
| | - Jennie N. Jeyapalan
- University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jennie N. Jeyapalan, ; Nigel P. Mongan, ; ; Atara Ntekim,
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6
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Buskin A, Singh P, Lorenz O, Robson C, Strand DW, Heer R. A Review of Prostate Organogenesis and a Role for iPSC-Derived Prostate Organoids to Study Prostate Development and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313097. [PMID: 34884905 PMCID: PMC8658468 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prostate is vulnerable to two major age-associated diseases, cancer and benign enlargement, which account for significant morbidity and mortality for men across the globe. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer reported in men, with over 1.2 million new cases diagnosed and 350,000 deaths recorded annually worldwide. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), characterised by the continuous enlargement of the adult prostate, symptomatically afflicts around 50% of men worldwide. A better understanding of the biological processes underpinning these diseases is needed to generate new treatment approaches. Developmental studies of the prostate have shed some light on the processes essential for prostate organogenesis, with many of these up- or downregulated genes expressions also observed in prostate cancer and/or BPH progression. These insights into human disease have been inferred through comparative biological studies relying primarily on rodent models. However, directly observing mechanisms of human prostate development has been more challenging due to limitations in accessing human foetal material. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide a suitable alternative as they can mimic embryonic cells, and iPSC-derived prostate organoids present a significant opportunity to study early human prostate developmental processes. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of prostate development and its relevance to prostate-associated diseases. Additionally, we detail the potential of iPSC-derived prostate organoids for studying human prostate development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
| | - Parmveer Singh
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Oliver Lorenz
- Newcastle University School of Computing, Digital Institute, Urban Sciences Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE4 5TG, UK;
| | - Craig Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
| | - Douglas W. Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK; (P.S.); (C.R.)
- Department of Urology, Freeman Hospital, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (R.H.)
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7
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Mazzu YZ, Liao Y, Nandakumar S, Sjöström M, Jehane LE, Ghale R, Govindarajan B, Gerke TA, Lee GSM, Luo JH, Chinni SR, Mucci LA, Feng FY, Kantoff PW. Dynamic expression of SNAI2 in prostate cancer predicts tumor progression and drug sensitivity. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:2451-2469. [PMID: 34792282 PMCID: PMC9251866 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease, understanding the crosstalk between complex genomic and epigenomic alterations will aid in developing targeted therapeutics. We demonstrate that, even though snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) is frequently amplified in prostate cancer, it is epigenetically silenced in this disease, with dynamic changes in SNAI2 levels showing distinct clinical relevance. Integrative clinical data from 18 prostate cancer cohorts and experimental evidence showed that gene fusion between transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and ETS transcription factor ERG (ERG) (TMPRSS2–ERG fusion) is involved in the silencing of SNAI2. We created a silencer score to evaluate epigenetic repression of SNAI2, which can be reversed by treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors. Silencing of SNAI2 facilitated tumor cell proliferation and luminal differentiation. Furthermore, SNAI2 has a major influence on the tumor microenvironment by reactivating tumor stroma and creating an immunosuppressive microenvironment in prostate cancer. Importantly, SNAI2 expression levels in part determine sensitivity to the cancer drugs dasatinib and panobinostat. For the first time, we defined the distinct clinical relevance of SNAI2 expression at different disease stages. We elucidated how epigenetic silencing of SNAI2 controls the dynamic changes of SNAI2 expression that are essential for tumor initiation and progression and discovered that restoring SNAI2 expression by treatment with panobinostat enhances dasatinib sensitivity, indicating a new therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Z Mazzu
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - YuRou Liao
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Subhiksha Nandakumar
- Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Sjöström
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lina E Jehane
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romina Ghale
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Travis A Gerke
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gwo-Shu Mary Lee
- Department of Medicine, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-Hua Luo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Philip W Kantoff
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Freeland J, Crowell PD, Giafaglione JM, Boutros PC, Goldstein AS. Aging of the progenitor cells that initiate prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 515:28-35. [PMID: 34052326 PMCID: PMC8494000 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many organs experience a loss of tissue mass and a decline in regenerative capacity during aging. In contrast, the prostate continues to grow in volume. In fact, age is the most important risk factor for prostate cancer. However, the age-related factors that influence the composition, morphology and molecular features of prostate epithelial progenitor cells, the cells-of-origin for prostate cancer, are poorly understood. Here, we review the evidence that prostate luminal progenitor cells are expanded with age. We explore the age-related changes to the microenvironment that may influence prostate epithelial cells and risk of transformation. Finally, we raise a series of questions about models of aging and regulators of prostate aging which need to be addressed. A fundamental understanding of aging in the prostate will yield critical insights into mechanisms that promote the development of age-related prostatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Freeland
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Preston D Crowell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jenna M Giafaglione
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Departments of Human Genetics & Urology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Institute for Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Departments of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology & Urology, Broad Stem Cell Research Center and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, USA.
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9
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Li CY, Chen CY, An JH, Wu JB, Shen H. Normal Basal Epithelial Cells Stimulate the Migration and Invasion of Prostate Cancer Cell RM-1 by TGF-β1/STAT3 Axis in vitro. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3685-3697. [PMID: 33994809 PMCID: PMC8114913 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s303122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Basal epithelial cells are absent in distant prostate cancer. This study aimed to investigate whether basal epithelial cells could suppress migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells to become a new treatment strategy for prostate cancer. Main Methods Basal epithelial cells were identified by immunofluorescence with anti-p63. Wound healing assays or transwell assays were used to explore the effects of basal epithelial cells, TGF-β1, SB431542 (inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor) or stattic (inhibitor of phosphorylated STAT3) on migration or invasion of mouse prostate cancer cell (RM-1). Concentration of TGF-β1 was measured by ELISA assay. HE staining was used to investigate cell morphology. Immunocytochemistry with anti-p63 was used to identify basal epithelial cells. Levels of STAT3, p-STAT3 (Ser727) and proteins associated with EMT were measured with Western blot assay. Cell proliferation was measured with MTT or CCK8 assay. Results Normal basal epithelial cells acquired from mouse prostate were specific to anti-p63 and more than 90%. Basal epithelial cells and RM-1 could both secrete TGF-β1. Basal epithelial cells and TGF-β1 promoted the migration and invasion of RM-1 through changing the cell morphology and up-regulating expression of ZEB1, N-cadherin, vimentin, snail and p-STAT3 (Ser727), at the same time down-regulating E-cadherin of RM-1. SB431542 strongly suppressed migration, invasion as well as the expressions of EMT relevant proteins and p-STAT3 (Ser727) of co-cultured RM-1. In addition, stattic suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of non-treated RM-1 and co-cultured RM-1. Conclusion Our study suggests that normal basal epithelial cells might stimulate the migration and invasion of RM-1 by TGF-β1/STAT3 axis which could be suppressed by inhibitor of TGF-β receptor and inhibitor of p-STAT3. So, basal epithelial cells might not become a treatment strategy for prostate cancer, but our results could provide some researching references for other diseases which include basal epithelial cells such as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, prostatic hyperplasia, cervical cancer, or urinary bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Li
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Ya Chen
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hong An
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Bin Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510407, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Shen
- South China University of Technology School of Medicine, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, People's Republic of China
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10
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Ouabain Promotes Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010358. [PMID: 33396341 PMCID: PMC7801950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions are molecular structures that allow communication between neighboring cells. It has been shown that gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is notoriously reduced in cancer cells compared to their normal counterparts. Ouabain, a plant derived substance, widely known for its therapeutic properties on the heart, has been shown to play a role in several types of cancer, although its mechanism of action is not yet fully understood. Since we have previously shown that ouabain enhances GJIC in epithelial cells (MDCK), here we probed whether ouabain affects GJIC in a variety of cancer cell lines, including cervico-uterine (CasKi, SiHa and Hela), breast (MDA-MB-321 and MCF7), lung (A549), colon (SW480) and pancreas (HPAF-II). For this purpose, we conducted dye transfer assays to measure and compare GJIC in monolayers of cells with and without treatment with ouabain (0.1, 1, 10, 50 and 500 nM). We found that ouabain induces a statistically significant enhancement of GJIC in all of these cancer cell lines, albeit with distinct sensitivity. Additionally, we show that synthesis of new nucleotides or protein subunits is not required, and that Csrc, ErK1/2 and ROCK-Rho mediate the signaling mechanisms. These results may contribute to explaining how ouabain influences cancer.
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11
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Jiang L, Ivich F, Tahsin S, Tran M, Frank SB, Miranti CK, Zohar Y. Human stroma and epithelium co-culture in a microfluidic model of a human prostate gland. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:064116. [PMID: 31768202 PMCID: PMC6867939 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The prostate is a walnut-sized gland that surrounds the urethra of males at the base of the bladder comprising a muscular portion, which controls the release of urine, and a glandular portion, which secretes fluids that nourish and protect sperms. Here, we report the development of a microfluidic-based model of a human prostate gland. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, consisting of two stacked microchannels separated by a polyester porous membrane, enables long-term in vitro cocultivation of human epithelial and stromal cells. The porous separation membrane provides an anchoring scaffold for long-term culturing of the two cell types on its opposite surfaces allowing paracrine signaling but not cell crossing between the two channels. The microfluidic device is transparent enabling high resolution bright-field and fluorescence imaging. Within this coculture model of a human epithelium/stroma interface, we simulated the functional development of the in vivo human prostate gland. We observed the successful differentiation of basal epithelial cells into luminal secretory cells determined biochemically by immunostaining with known differentiation biomarkers, particularly androgen receptor expression. We also observed morphological changes where glandlike mounds appeared with relatively empty centers reminiscent of prostatic glandular acini structures. This prostate-on-a-chip will facilitate the direct evaluation of paracrine and endocrine cross talk between these two cell types as well as studies associated with normal vs disease-related events such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Jiang
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
| | - F. Ivich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | | | - M. Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
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12
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Suárez‐Santana CM, Fernández A, Sierra E, Arbelo M, Bernaldo de Quirós Y, Andrada M, Mompeo B, Pérez L, Blanco A, Méndez A, Espinosa de los Monteros A, Rivero MA. Comparative morphology, histology, and cytology of odontocete cetaceans prostates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:2036-2053. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M. Suárez‐Santana
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Eva Sierra
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Manuel Arbelo
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Yara Bernaldo de Quirós
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Marisa Andrada
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Blanca Mompeo
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary and Medicine SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Lilian Pérez
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
- Department of Morphology, Veterinary and Medicine SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Alfonso Blanco
- Unit of Veterinary Histology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Aniceto Méndez
- Unit of Veterinary Histology, Veterinary FacultyUniversity of Córdoba Córdoba Spain
| | - Antonio Espinosa de los Monteros
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
| | - Miguel A. Rivero
- Division of Histology and Animal PathologyInstitute for Animal Health and Food Security, Veterinary SchoolUniversity of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Canary Islands Spain
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13
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Direct Intercellular Communications and Cancer: A Snapshot of the Biological Roles of Connexins in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091370. [PMID: 31540089 PMCID: PMC6770088 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is the result of a complex intercellular network controlling the behavior of every cell for the survival of the whole organism. In mammalian tissues, cells do communicate via diverse long- and short-range communication mechanisms. While long-range communication involves hormones through blood circulation and neural transmission, short-range communication mechanisms include either paracrine diffusible factors or direct interactions (e.g., gap junctions, intercellular bridges and tunneling nanotubes) or a mixture of both (e.g., exosomes). Tumor growth represents an alteration of tissue homeostasis and could be the consequence of intercellular network disruption. In this network, direct short-range intercellular communication seems to be particularly involved. The first type of these intercellular communications thought to be involved in cancer progression were gap junctions and their protein subunits, the connexins. From these studies came the general assumption that global decreased connexin expression is correlated to tumor progression and increased cell proliferation. However, this assumption appeared more complicated by the fact that connexins may act also as pro-tumorigenic. Then, the concept that direct intercellular communication could be involved in cancer has been expanded to include new forms of intercellular communication such as tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) and exosomes. TNTs are intercellular bridges that allow free exchange of small molecules or even mitochondria depending on the presence of gap junctions. The majority of current research shows that such exchanges promote cancer progression by increasing resistance to hypoxia and chemotherapy. If exosomes are also involved in these mechanisms, more studies are needed to understand their precise role. Prostate cancer (PCa) represents a type of malignancy with one of the highest incidence rates worldwide. The precise role of these types of direct short-range intercellular communication has been considered in the progression of PCa. However, even though data are in favor of connexins playing a key role in PCa progression, a clear understanding of the role of TNTs and exosomes is needed to define their precise role in this malignancy. This review article summarizes the current view of the main mechanisms involved in short-range intercellular communication and their implications in cancer and delves into the biological, predictive and therapeutic role of connexins in PCa.
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14
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van der Toom EE, Axelrod HD, de la Rosette JJ, de Reijke TM, Pienta KJ, Valkenburg KC. Prostate-specific markers to identify rare prostate cancer cells in liquid biopsies. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 16:7-22. [PMID: 30479377 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite improvements in early detection and advances in treatment, patients with prostate cancer continue to die from their disease. Minimal residual disease after primary definitive treatment can lead to relapse and distant metastases, and increasing evidence suggests that circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and bone marrow-derived disseminated tumour cells (BM-DTCs) can offer clinically relevant biological insights into prostate cancer dissemination and metastasis. Using epithelial markers to accurately detect CTCs and BM-DTCs is associated with difficulties, and prostate-specific markers are needed for the detection of these cells using rare cell assays. Putative prostate-specific markers have been identified, and an optimized strategy for staining rare cancer cells from liquid biopsies using these markers is required. The ideal prostate-specific marker will be expressed on every CTC or BM-DTC throughout disease progression (giving high sensitivity) and will not be expressed on non-prostate-cancer cells in the sample (giving high specificity). Some markers might not be specific enough to the prostate to be used as individual markers of prostate cancer cells, whereas others could be truly prostate-specific and would make ideal markers for use in rare cell assays. The goal of future studies is to use sensitive and specific prostate markers to consistently and reliably identify rare cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haley D Axelrod
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Abstract
Comprehensive knowledge of the normal prostate epithelial lineage hierarchy is a prerequisite to investigate the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer. The basal and luminal cells constitute most of the prostate epithelium and have been the major focuses of the study on the cells of origin for prostate cancer. Much progress has been made during the past few decades, mainly using mouse models, to understand the inter-lineage relationship and intra-lineage heterogeneity in adults as well as the lineage plasticity during conditions of stress. These studies have concluded that the adult mouse prostate basal and luminal cells are largely independently sustained under physiological conditions, but both types of cells possess the capacity for bipotent differentiation under stress or artificial experimental conditions. However, the existence or the identity of the putative progenitors within each lineage warrants further investigation. Whether the human prostate lineage hierarchy is completely the same as that of the mouse remains uncertain. Experiments from independent groups have demonstrated that both types of cells in mice and humans can serve as targets for transformation. But controversies remain whether the disease from distinct cells of origin display different clinical behaviors. Further investigation of the intra-lineage heterogeneity will provide new insights into this issue. Understanding the identity of the cells of origin for prostate cancer will help identify novel prognostic markers for early detection of aggressive prostate cancers, provide insights into the therapeutic vulnerability of these tumors, and inspire novel therapeutic strategies.
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16
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Chakrabarty B, Lee S, Exintaris B. Generation and Regulation of Spontaneous Contractions in the Prostate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:195-215. [PMID: 31183828 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous myogenic contractions have been shown to be significantly upregulated in prostate tissue collected from men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), an extremely common disorder of the ageing male. Although originally thought likely to be involved in 'housekeeping' functions, mixing prostatic secretions to prevent stagnation, these spontaneous myogenic contractions provide a novel opportunity to understand and treat BPH. This treatment potential differs from previous models, which focused exclusively on attenuating nerve-mediated neurogenic contractions. Previous studies in the rodent prostate have provided an insight into the mechanisms underlying the regulation of myogenic contractions. 'Prostatic Interstitial Cells' (PICs) within the prostate appear to generate pacemaker potentials, which arise from the summation of number of spontaneous transient depolarisations triggered by the spontaneous release of Ca2+ from internal stores and the opening of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels. Pacemaker potentials then conduct into neighbouring smooth muscle cells to generate spontaneous slow waves. These slow waves trigger the firing of 'spike-like' action potentials, Ca2+ entry and contraction, which are not attenuated by blockers of neurotransmission. However, these spontaneous prostatic contractions can be modulated by the autonomic nervous system. Here, we discuss the mechanisms underlying rodent and human prostate myogenic contractions and the actions of existing and novel pharmacotherapies for the treatment of BPH. Understanding the generation of human prostatic smooth muscle tone will confirm the mechanism of action of existing drugs, inform the identification and effectiveness of new pharmacotherapies, as well as predict patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basu Chakrabarty
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophie Lee
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Betty Exintaris
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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17
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Wu WM, Liao YC. Downregulation of C-Terminal Tensin-Like Protein (CTEN) Suppresses Prostate Cell Proliferation and Contributes to Acinar Morphogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103190. [PMID: 30332774 PMCID: PMC6214133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
C-terminal tensin-like protein (CTEN) is a member of tensin family, which is crucial for the assembly of cell-matrix adhesome. Unlike other tensins, CTEN is selectively expressed only in a few tissues such as the prostate. However, the biological relevance of CTEN in normal prostate is poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that CTEN is selectively expressed in the prostate epithelial cells and enriched in the basal compartment. Knockdown of CTEN in RWPE-1 cells suppresses cell proliferation and results in G1/S cell cycle arrest as well as the accumulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors, p21 and p27. Moreover, the expression of CTEN is decreased during acinar morphogenesis using Matrigel-based three-dimensional (3D) culture. In the course of acinar formation, induction of CTEN reactivates focal adhesion kinase (FAK) Y397 phosphorylation and disrupts the acini structure. This study, to our knowledge, is the first report demonstrating that downregulation of CTEN is required for luminal differentiation and acinar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Wu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Chun Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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18
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Profiling Prostate Cancer Therapeutic Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030904. [PMID: 29562686 PMCID: PMC5877765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the treatment of patients with advanced lethal prostate cancer is therapeutic resistance to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) and chemotherapy. Overriding this resistance requires understanding of the driving mechanisms of the tumor microenvironment, not just the androgen receptor (AR)-signaling cascade, that facilitate therapeutic resistance in order to identify new drug targets. The tumor microenvironment enables key signaling pathways promoting cancer cell survival and invasion via resistance to anoikis. In particular, the process of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT), directed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), confers stem cell properties and acquisition of a migratory and invasive phenotype via resistance to anoikis. Our lead agent DZ-50 may have a potentially high efficacy in advanced metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) by eliciting an anoikis-driven therapeutic response. The plasticity of differentiated prostate tumor gland epithelium allows cells to de-differentiate into mesenchymal cells via EMT and re-differentiate via reversal to mesenchymal epithelial transition (MET) during tumor progression. A characteristic feature of EMT landscape is loss of E-cadherin, causing adherens junction breakdown, which circumvents anoikis, promoting metastasis and chemoresistance. The targetable interactions between androgens/AR and TGF-β signaling are being pursued towards optimized therapeutic regimens for the treatment of mCRPC. In this review, we discuss the recent evidence on targeting the EMT-MET dynamic interconversions to overcome therapeutic resistance in patients with recurrent therapeutically resistant prostate cancer. Exploitation of the phenotypic landscape and metabolic changes that characterize the prostate tumor microenvironment in advanced prostate cancer and consequential impact in conferring treatment resistance are also considered in the context of biomarker discovery.
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19
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Toivanen R, Shen MM. Prostate organogenesis: tissue induction, hormonal regulation and cell type specification. Development 2017; 144:1382-1398. [PMID: 28400434 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate organogenesis is a complex process that is primarily mediated by the presence of androgens and subsequent mesenchyme-epithelial interactions. The investigation of prostate development is partly driven by its potential relevance to prostate cancer, in particular the apparent re-awakening of key developmental programs that occur during tumorigenesis. However, our current knowledge of the mechanisms that drive prostate organogenesis is far from complete. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of prostate development, focusing on recent findings regarding sexual dimorphism, bud induction, branching morphogenesis and cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
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20
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Boucher J, Monvoisin A, Vix J, Mesnil M, Thuringer D, Debiais F, Cronier L. Connexins, important players in the dissemination of prostate cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:202-215. [PMID: 28693897 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 50years, increasing experimental evidences have established that connexins (Cxs) and gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) ensure an important role in both the onset and development of cancerous processes. In the present review, we focus on the impact of Cxs and GJIC during the development of prostate cancer (PCa), from the primary growth mainly localized in acinar glands and ducts to the distant metastasis mainly concentrated in bone. As observed in several other types of solid tumours, Cxs and especially Cx43 exhibit an ambivalent role with a tumour suppressor effect in the early stages and, conversely, a rather pro-tumoural profile for most of invasion and dissemination steps to secondary sites. We report here the current knowledge on the function of Cxs during PCa cells migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, proteinases activities and the cross talk with the surrounding stromal cells in the microenvironment of the tumour and the bones. In addition, we discuss the role of Cxs in the bone tropism even if the prostate model is rarely used to study the complete sequence of cancer dissemination compared to breast cancer or melanoma. Even if not yet fully understood, these recent findings on Cxs provide new insights into their molecular mechanisms associated with progression and bone targeted behaviour of PCa. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Boucher
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Arnaud Monvoisin
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Justine Vix
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Marc Mesnil
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Françoise Debiais
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Rheumatology, C.H.U. la Milétrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Laurent Cronier
- Laboratory Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), ERL7368 - CNRS, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.
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21
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Henry G, Malewska A, Mauck R, Gahan J, Hutchinson R, Torrealba J, Francis F, Roehrborn C, Strand D. Molecular pathogenesis of human prostate basal cell hyperplasia. Prostate 2017; 77:1344-1355. [PMID: 28795417 PMCID: PMC5580247 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of distinct phenotypes in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is essential to improving therapeutic intervention. Current therapies target smooth muscle and luminal epithelia for relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH, but basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) remains untargeted. The incidence of has been reported at 8-10%, but a molecular and cellular characterization has not been performed on this phenotype. METHODS Using freshly digested tissue from surgical specimens, we performed RNA-seq analysis of flow cytometry-purified basal epithelia from 3 patients with and 4 patients without a majority BCH phenotype. qPCR was performed on 28 genes identified as significant from 13 non-BCH and 7 BCH specimens to confirm transcriptomic analysis. IHC was performed on several non-BCH and BCH specimens for 3 proteins identified as significant by transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS A total of 141 human BPH specimens were analyzed for the presence of BCH. Clinical characteristics of non-BCH and BCH cohorts revealed no significant differences in age, PSA, prostate volume, medical treatment, or comorbidities. Quantitation of cellular subsets by flow cytometry in 11 BCH patients vs. 11 non-BCH patients demonstrated a significant increase in the ratio of basal to luminal epithelia in patients with BCH (P <0.05), but no significant differences in the total number of leukocytes. RNA-seq data from flow cytometry isolated basal epithelia from patients with and without BCH were subjected to gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, which revealed increased expression of members of the epidermal differentiation complex. Transcriptomic data were complemented by immunohistochemistry for members of the epidermal differentiation complex, revealing a morphological similarity to other stratified squamous epithelial layers. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of epidermal differentiation complex members and altered epithelial stratification resembles the progression of other metaplastic diseases. These data provide insight into the plasticity of the human prostate epithelium and suggest a classification of basal cell hyperplasia as a metaplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervaise Henry
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Alicia Malewska
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Ryan Mauck
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Jeffrey Gahan
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Ryan Hutchinson
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Jose Torrealba
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Franto Francis
- Department of Pathology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Claus Roehrborn
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
| | - Douglas Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas,
Texas
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22
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Archer LK, Frame FM, Maitland NJ. Stem cells and the role of ETS transcription factors in the differentiation hierarchy of normal and malignant prostate epithelium. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 166:68-83. [PMID: 27185499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer of men in the UK and accounts for a quarter of all new cases. Although treatment of localised cancer can be successful, there is no cure for patients presenting with invasive prostate cancer and there are less treatment options. They are generally treated with androgen-ablation therapies but eventually the tumours become hormone resistant and patients develop castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for which there are no further successful or curative treatments. This highlights the need for new treatment strategies. In order to prevent prostate cancer recurrence and treatment resistance, all the cell populations in a heterogeneous prostate tumour must be targeted, including the rare cancer stem cell (CSC) population. The ETS transcription factor family members are now recognised as a common feature in multiple cancers including prostate cancer; with aberrant expression, loss of tumour suppressor function, inactivating mutations and the formation of fusion genes observed. Most notably, the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is present in approximately 50% of prostate cancers and in prostate CSCs. However, the role of other ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer is less well understood. This review will describe the prostate epithelial cell hierarchy and discuss the evidence behind prostate CSCs and their inherent resistance to conventional cancer therapies. The known and proposed roles of the ETS family of transcription factors in prostate epithelial cell differentiation and regulation of the CSC phenotype will be discussed, as well as how they might be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne K Archer
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona M Frame
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J Maitland
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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23
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Valkenburg KC, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Murine Prostate Micro-dissection and Surgical Castration. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27213557 DOI: 10.3791/53984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models are used extensively to study prostate cancer and other diseases. The mouse is an excellent model with which to study the prostate and has been used as a surrogate for discoveries in human prostate development and disease. Prostate micro-dissection allows consistent study of lobe-specific prostate anatomy, histology, and cellular characteristics in the absence of contamination of other tissues. Testosterone affects prostate development and disease. Androgen deprivation therapy is a common treatment for prostate cancer patients, but many prostate tumors become castration-resistant. Surgical castration of mouse models allows for the study of castration resistance and other facets of hormonal biology on the prostate. This procedure can be coupled with testosterone reintroduction, or hormonal regeneration of the prostate, a powerful method to study stem cell lineages in the prostate. Together, prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration opens up a multitude of opportunities for robust and consistent research of prostate development and disease. This manuscript describes the protocols for prostate micro-dissection and surgical castration in the laboratory mouse.
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Strand DW, Aaron L, Henry G, Franco OE, Hayward SW. Isolation and analysis of discreet human prostate cellular populations. Differentiation 2016; 91:139-51. [PMID: 26546040 PMCID: PMC4854811 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of lineage tracing in transgenic mouse models has revealed an abundance of subcellular phenotypes responsible for maintaining prostate homeostasis. The ability to use fresh human tissues to examine the hypotheses generated by these mouse experiments has been greatly enhanced by technical advances in tissue processing, flow cytometry and cell culture. We describe in detail the optimization of protocols for each of these areas to facilitate research on solving human prostate diseases through the analysis of human tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - LaTayia Aaron
- Department of Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gervaise Henry
- Department of Urology, UT Southwestern University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System, Research Institute, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Frame FM, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Harvesting Human Prostate Tissue Material and Culturing Primary Prostate Epithelial Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1443:181-201. [PMID: 27246341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3724-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to fully explore the biology of a complex solid tumor such as prostate cancer, it is desirable to work with patient tissue. Only by working with cells from a tissue can we take into account patient variability and tumor heterogeneity. Cell lines have long been regarded as the workhorse of cancer research and it could be argued that they are of most use when considered within a panel of cell lines, thus taking into account specified mutations and variations in phenotype between different cell lines. However, often very different results are obtained when comparing cell lines to primary cells cultured from tissue. It stands to reason that cells cultured from patient tissue represents a close-to-patient model that should and does produce clinically relevant data. This chapter aims to illustrate the methods of processing, storing and culturing cells from prostate tissue, with a description of potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Davide Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Anne T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Norman J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Strand DW, Goldstein AS. The many ways to make a luminal cell and a prostate cancer cell. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T187-97. [PMID: 26307022 PMCID: PMC4893788 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research in the area of stem/progenitor cells has led to the identification of multiple stem-like cell populations implicated in prostate homeostasis and cancer initiation. Given that there are multiple cells that can regenerate prostatic tissue and give rise to prostate cancer, our focus should shift to defining the signaling mechanisms that drive differentiation and progenitor self-renewal. In this article, we will review the literature, present the evidence and raise important unanswered questions that will help guide the field forward in dissecting critical mechanisms regulating stem-cell differentiation and tumor initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Strand
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas, USADepartment of Molecular and Medical PharmacologyDepartment of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Mokhtar DM, Abd-Elhafeez HH, Abou-Elmagd A, Hassan AHS. Melatonin administration induced reactivation in the seminal gland of the soay rams during non-breeding season: An ultrastructural and morphometrical study. J Morphol 2015; 277:231-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa M. Mokhtar
- Department of Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University; Egypt
| | - Hanan H. Abd-Elhafeez
- Department of Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University; Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abou-Elmagd
- Department of Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University; Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. S. Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology; Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Assiut University; Egypt
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28
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Kwon OJ, Zhang L, Xin L. Stem Cell Antigen-1 Identifies a Distinct Androgen-Independent Murine Prostatic Luminal Cell Lineage with Bipotent Potential. Stem Cells 2015; 34:191-202. [PMID: 26418304 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent lineage tracing studies support the existence of prostate luminal progenitors that possess extensive regenerative capacity, but their identity remains unknown. We show that Sca-1 (stem cell antigen-1) identifies a small population of murine prostate luminal cells that reside in the proximal prostatic ducts adjacent to the urethra. Sca-1(+) luminal cells do not express Nkx3.1. They do not carry the secretory function, although they express the androgen receptor. These cells are enriched in the prostates of castrated mice. In the in vitro prostate organoid assay, a small fraction of the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of generating budding organoids that are morphologically distinct from those derived from other cell lineages. Histologically, this type of organoid is composed of multiple inner layers of luminal cells surrounded by multiple outer layers of basal cells. When passaged, these organoids retain their morphological and histological features. Finally, the Sca-1(+) luminal cells are capable of forming small prostate glands containing both basal and luminal cells in an in vivo prostate regeneration assay. Collectively, our study establishes the androgen-independent and bipotent organoid-forming Sca-1(+) luminal cells as a functionally distinct cellular entity. These cells may represent a putative luminal progenitor population and serve as a cellular origin for castration resistant prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Joon Kwon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Li Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
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Pellacani D, Kestoras D, Droop AP, Frame FM, Berry PA, Lawrence MG, Stower MJ, Simms MS, Mann VM, Collins AT, Risbridger GP, Maitland NJ. DNA hypermethylation in prostate cancer is a consequence of aberrant epithelial differentiation and hyperproliferation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:761-73. [PMID: 24464224 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is mostly composed of luminal-like differentiated cells, but contains a small subpopulation of basal cells (including stem-like cells), which can proliferate and differentiate into luminal-like cells. In cancers, CpG island hypermethylation has been associated with gene downregulation, but the causal relationship between the two phenomena is still debated. Here we clarify the origin and function of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, in the context of a cancer cell hierarchy and epithelial differentiation, by analysis of separated basal and luminal cells from cancers. For a set of genes (including GSTP1) that are hypermethylated in CaP, gene downregulation is the result of cell differentiation and is not cancer specific. Hypermethylation is however seen in more differentiated cancer cells and is promoted by hyperproliferation. These genes are maintained as actively expressed and methylation-free in undifferentiated CaP cells, and their hypermethylation is not essential for either tumour development or expansion. We present evidence for the causes and the dynamics of CpG island hypermethylation in CaP, showing that, for a specific set of genes, promoter methylation is downstream of gene downregulation and is not a driver of gene repression, while gene repression is a result of tissue-specific differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pellacani
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - D Kestoras
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - A P Droop
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - F M Frame
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - P A Berry
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - M G Lawrence
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - M J Stower
- York District Hospital, Wigginton Road, City Centre, York, UK
| | - M S Simms
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - V M Mann
- 1] Castle Hill Hospital, Castle Rd, Cottingham, East Yorkshire, UK [2] Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - A T Collins
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
| | - G P Risbridger
- Prostate Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - N J Maitland
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, UK
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31
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Prostatic inflammation enhances basal-to-luminal differentiation and accelerates initiation of prostate cancer with a basal cell origin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 111:E592-600. [PMID: 24367088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318157111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has been shown to promote the initiation and progression of diverse malignancies by inducing genetic and epigenetic alterations. In this study, we investigate an alternative mechanism through which inflammation promotes the initiation of prostate cancer. Adult murine prostate epithelia are composed predominantly of basal and luminal cells. Previous studies revealed that the two lineages are largely self-sustained when residing in their native microenvironment. To interrogate whether tissue inflammation alters the differentiation program of basal cells, we conducted lineage tracing of basal cells using a K14-CreER;mTmG model in concert with a murine model of prostatitis induced by infection from the uropathogenic bacteria CP9. We show that acute prostatitis causes tissue damage and creates a tissue microenvironment that induces the differentiation of basal cells into luminal cells, an alteration that rarely occurs under normal physiological conditions. Previously we showed that a mouse model with prostate basal cell-specific deletion of Phosphatase and tensin homolog (K14-CreER;Pten(fl/fl)) develops prostate cancer with a long latency, because disease initiation in this model requires and is limited by the differentiation of transformation-resistant basal cells into transformation-competent luminal cells. Here, we show that CP9-induced prostatitis significantly accelerates the initiation of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in this model. Our results demonstrate that inflammation results in a tissue microenvironment that alters the normal prostate epithelial cell differentiation program and that through this cellular process inflammation accelerates the initiation of prostate cancer with a basal cell origin.
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Valdez JM, Zhang L, Su Q, Dakhova O, Zhang Y, Shahi P, Spencer DM, Creighton CJ, Ittmann MM, Xin L. Notch and TGFβ form a reciprocal positive regulatory loop that suppresses murine prostate basal stem/progenitor cell activity. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:676-88. [PMID: 23122291 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The role of Notch signaling in the maintenance of adult murine prostate epithelial homeostasis remains unclear. We found that Notch ligands are mainly expressed within the basal cell lineage, while active Notch signaling is detected in both the prostate basal and luminal cell lineages. Disrupting the canonical Notch effector Rbp-j impairs the differentiation of prostate basal stem cells and increases their proliferation in vitro and in vivo, but does not affect luminal cell biology. Conversely, ectopic Notch activation in adult prostates results in a decrease in basal cell number and luminal cell hyperproliferation. TGFβ dominates over Notch signaling and overrides Notch ablation-induced proliferation of prostate basal cells. However, Notch confers sensitivity and positive feedback by upregulating a plethora of TGFβ signaling components including TgfβR1. These findings reveal crucial roles of the self-enforced positive reciprocal regulatory loop between TGFβ and Notch in maintaining prostate basal stem cell dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Valdez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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33
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Swift SL, Rivera GC, Dussupt V, Leadley RM, Hudson LC, MA de Ridder C, Kraaij R, Burns JE, Maitland NJ, Georgopoulos LJ. Evaluating baculovirus as a vector for human prostate cancer gene therapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65557. [PMID: 23755250 PMCID: PMC3675042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy represents an attractive strategy for the non-invasive treatment of prostate cancer, where current clinical interventions show limited efficacy. Here, we evaluate the use of the insect virus, baculovirus (BV), as a novel vector for human prostate cancer gene therapy. Since prostate tumours represent a heterogeneous environment, a therapeutic approach that achieves long-term regression must be capable of targeting multiple transformed cell populations. Furthermore, discrimination in the targeting of malignant compared to non-malignant cells would have value in minimising side effects. We employed a number of prostate cancer models to analyse the potential for BV to achieve these goals. In vitro, both traditional prostate cell lines as well as primary epithelial or stromal cells derived from patient prostate biopsies, in two- or three-dimensional cultures, were used. We also evaluated BV in vivo in murine prostate cancer xenograft models. BV was capable of preferentially transducing invasive malignant prostate cancer cell lines compared to early stage cancers and non-malignant samples, a restriction that was not a function of nuclear import. Of more clinical relevance, primary patient-derived prostate cancer cells were also efficiently transduced by BV, with robust rates observed in epithelial cells of basal phenotype, which expressed BV-encoded transgenes faster than epithelial cells of a more differentiated, luminal phenotype. Maximum transduction capacity was observed in stromal cells. BV was able to penetrate through three-dimensional structures, including in vitro spheroids and in vivo orthotopic xenografts. BV vectors containing a nitroreductase transgene in a gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy approach were capable of efficiently killing malignant prostate targets following administration of the pro-drug, CB1954. Thus, BV is capable of transducing a large proportion of prostate cell types within a heterogeneous 3-D prostate tumour, can facilitate cell death using a pro-drug approach, and shows promise as a vector for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Swift
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Guillermo C. Rivera
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Dussupt
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Regina M. Leadley
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Hudson
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert Kraaij
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie E. Burns
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
| | - Norman J. Maitland
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Lindsay J. Georgopoulos
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, United Kingdom
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34
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Liu Y, Yi S, Zhang J, Fang Z, Zhou F, Jia W, Liu Z, Ye G. Effect of Microbubble-enhanced Ultrasound on Prostate Permeability: A Potential Therapeutic Method for Prostate Disease. Urology 2013; 81:921.e1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Valiante S, Liguori G, Tafuri S, Campese R, Monaco R, Paino S, Laforgia V, Staiano N, Vittoria A. Expression of orexin A and its receptor 1 in the human prostate. J Anat 2013; 222:473-80. [PMID: 23425077 PMCID: PMC3610039 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptides orexin A (OXA) and orexin B, deriving from the cleavage of the precursor molecule prepro-orexin, bind two G-coupled transmembrane receptors, named as receptor 1 (OX1R) and receptor 2 for orexin, showing different affinity-binding properties. First discovered in the rat hypothalamus, orexins and their receptors have been also found in many peripheral tissues where they exert neuroendocrine, autocrine and paracrine functions. Because inconclusive data on their localization in the mammalian prostate are reported, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of prepro-orexin, OXA and OX1R in the human normal and hyperplastic gland. Immunohistochemistry revealed the localization of both OXA and OX1R in the cytoplasm of the follicular exocrine epithelium of all tested normal and hyperplastic prostates. Positive immunostaining was mainly observed in the basal cells of the stratified epithelium, and only rarely in the apical cells. The expression of mRNAs coding for prepro-orexin and OX1R and of proteins in the tissues was also ascertained by polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis, respectively. In order to gain insights into the functional activity of OXA in the prostate, we administered different concentrations of OXA to cultured prostatic epithelial cells PNT1A. We first demonstrated that PNT1A cells express OX1R. The addition of OXA did not affect PNT1A cell proliferation, while it enhanced cAMP synthesis and Ca(2+) release from intracellular storage. Overall, our results definitely demonstrate the expression of OXA and OX1R in the human prostate, and suggest an active role for them in the metabolism of the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanna Liguori
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Simona Tafuri
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Monaco
- Department of Pathology, Cardarelli HospitalNaples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Paino
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Vincenza Laforgia
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Norma Staiano
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Alfredo Vittoria
- Department of Biological Structures, Functions and Technologies, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
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36
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A developmental stage-dependent switch of the mechanisms for prostate epithelial maintenance. Asian J Androl 2012; 15:85-6. [PMID: 23223032 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2012.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Abstract
Reactive stroma initiates during early prostate cancer development and coevolves with prostate cancer progression. Previous studies have defined the key markers of reactive stroma and have established that reactive stroma biology influences prostate tumorigenesis and progression. The stem/progenitor cells of origin and the mechanisms that regulate their recruitment and activation to myofibroblasts or carcinoma-associated fibroblasts are essentially unknown. Key regulatory factors have been identified, including transforming growth factor β, interleukin-8, fibroblast growth factors, connective tissue growth factor, wingless homologs-Wnts, and stromal cell-derived factor-1, among others. The biology of reactive stroma in cancer is similar to the more predictable biology of the stroma compartment during wound repair at sites where the epithelial barrier function is breached and a stromal response is generated. The coevolution of reactive stroma and the biology of how reactive stroma-carcinoma interactions regulate cancer progression and metastasis are targets for new therapeutic approaches. Such approaches are strategically designed to inhibit cancer progression by uncoupling the reactive stroma niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Barron
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The cells of origin for cancer are the cells within tissues that serve as the target for transformation. Understanding the nature of these cells will benefit disease prevention, diagnosis and prognosis. During the past decade, much progress has been made in understanding the cellular origin for prostate cancer. This review aims to summarize the previous findings, describe the most recent results and discuss some controversies and unresolved issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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39
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Bijnsdorp IV, Rozendaal L, van Moorselaar RJA, Geldof AA. A predictive role for noncancerous prostate cells: low connexin-26 expression in radical prostatectomy tissues predicts metastasis. Br J Cancer 2012; 107:1963-8. [PMID: 23169284 PMCID: PMC3516687 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is important to identify markers that predict whether prostate cancer will metastasise. The adjacent noncancerous cells (influenced by the tumour cells) may also express potential markers. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of cancer cells on noncancerous cells and to assess the value of the cell-communication protein connexin-26 (Cx26) as a marker to predict the development of metastasis. Methods: The effect of conditioned medium (CM) from PrCa cells on in vitro noncancerous cell proliferation, migration and invasion and Cx26 expression was determined. Connexin-26 expression was investigated in prostatectomy tissues from 51 PrCa patients by immunohistochemistry and compared with various clinicopathological parameters. Results: Proliferation, migration and invasion of noncancerous cells were influenced by CM from the PrCa cell lines. Importantly, a clear relation was found between low Cx26 expression in the noncancerous tissue in prostatectomy sections and the risk of development of metastasis (P<0.0002). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a relation between low Cx26 expression in noncancerous tissues and time to biochemical recurrence (P=0.0002). Conclusion: Measuring Cx26 expression in the adjacent noncancerous tissues (rather than cancer tissues) of prostatectomy sections could help to identify high-risk patients who may benefit from adjuvant therapy to decrease the risk of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I V Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117 4F12, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands.
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40
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Oldridge EE, Pellacani D, Collins AT, Maitland NJ. Prostate cancer stem cells: are they androgen-responsive? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 360:14-24. [PMID: 21802490 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prostate gland is highly dependent on androgens for its development, growth and function. Consequently, the prostatic epithelium predominantly consists of androgen-dependent luminal cells, which express the androgen receptor at high levels. In contrast, androgens are not required for the survival of the androgen-responsive, but androgen-independent, basal compartment in which stem cells reside. Basal and luminal cells are linked in a hierarchical pathway, which most probably exists as a continuum with different stages of phenotypic change. Prostate cancer is also characterised by heterogeneity, which is reflected in its response to treatment. The putative androgen receptor negative cancer stem cell (CSC) is likely to form a resistant core after most androgen-based therapies, contributing to the evolution of castration-resistant disease. The development of CSC-targeted therapies is now of crucial importance and identifying the phenotypic differences between CSCs and both their progeny will be key in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Oldridge
- YCR Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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41
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Rane JK, Pellacani D, Maitland NJ. Advanced prostate cancer--a case for adjuvant differentiation therapy. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:595-602. [PMID: 22890299 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel therapies such as abiraterone acetate and sipuleucel-T has improved the outlook for patients with advanced-stage and castration-resistant prostate cancer. However, the beneficial effects of these drugs are only measured in months. Moreover, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence in the UK had ruled that the use of abiraterone acetate was not cost-effective before cost revision by the manufacturers. The FDA statement asserting that the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors for prostate cancer chemoprevention could increase the risk of developing high-grade prostate cancer also indirectly questions the value of direct androgen response manipulation for long-term benefit. These reports illustrate the need for a fresh and comprehensive analysis of advanced prostate cancer pathology to promote the next generation of effective adjuvant therapies. One such avenue is that of differentiation therapy, which seeks to promote the differentiation of cancer stem cells into a phenotype more sensitive to anticancer therapy than their parents. Using differentiation therapy with current antiandrogen therapies should augment our armoury of treatment for the management of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Rane
- Yorkshire Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biology (Area 13), University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
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Lott Limbach AA, Hoschar AP, Thompson LDR, Stelow EB, Chute DJ. Middle ear adenomas stain for two cell populations and lack myoepithelial cell differentiation. Head Neck Pathol 2012; 6:345-53. [PMID: 22623086 PMCID: PMC3422582 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-012-0365-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Middle ear adenomas (MEAs) are benign neoplasms along a spectrum with neuroendocrine neoplasms (carcinoid tumors). Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for myoepithelial markers has not been reported in these tumors. The archives of the Cleveland Clinic, University of Virginia and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology were retrospectively searched for tumors arising within the middle ear with material available for IHC staining. Twelve cases of MEAs, four cases of jugulotympanic paragangliomas (JPGs), 10 cases of ceruminous adenomas (CAs) and four cases of ceruminous adenocarcinomas (CACs) were obtained. IHC staining was performed for smooth muscle actin (SMA), p63, S-100 protein, cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), and cytokeratin 7 (CK7). The MEAs were positive for: CK7 (92 %, luminal), CK5/6 (92 %, abluminal), p63 (83 %, abluminal), and negative for SMA and S-100 protein. The JPGs were negative for CK7, CK5/6, p63 and SMA; S-100 protein highlighted sustentacular cells. The CAs were positive for: CK7 (100 %, luminal), CK5/6 (100 %, abluminal), S-100 protein (80 %, abluminal), p63 (100 %, abluminal), and SMA (90 %, abluminal). CACs demonstrated two patterns, (1) adenoid cystic carcinoma-type: positive for CK7 (100 %, luminal), CK5/6, S-100 protein, p63, and SMA (all 100 %, abluminal); and (2) conventional-type: CK7 (50 % luminal), and no CK5/6, SMA, S-100 protein, or p63 expression. The IHC profile of MEAs suggests that these tumors harbor at least two cell populations, including luminal and basal cells. However, unlike ceruminous adenomas, MEAs lack true myoepithelial differentiation given the absence of S-100 protein and SMA staining in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abberly A. Lott Limbach
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue L25, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Aaron P. Hoschar
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue L25, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Lester D. R. Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA 91365 USA
| | - Edward B. Stelow
- Department of Pathology (800214), University of Virginia Health System, Jefferson Park Ave., Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA
| | - Deborah J. Chute
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue L25, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
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Chakraborty SK, Basu NK, Jana S, Basu M, Raychoudhuri A, Owens IS. Protein kinase Cα and Src kinase support human prostate-distributed dihydrotestosterone-metabolizing UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 activity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:24387-96. [PMID: 22532564 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.335067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Because human prostate-distributed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B15 metabolizes 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and 3α-androstane-5α,17β-diol metabolite, we sought to determine whether 2B15 requires regulated phosphorylation similar to UGTs already analyzed. Reversible down-regulation of 2B15-transfected COS-1 cells following curcumin treatment and irreversible inhibition by calphostin C, bisindolylmaleimide, or röttlerin treatment versus activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate indicated that 2B15 undergoes PKC phosphorylation. Mutation of three predicted PKC and two tyrosine kinase sites in 2B15 caused 70-100 and 80-90% inactivation, respectively. Anti-UGT-1168 antibody trapped 2B15-His-containing co-immunoprecipitates of PKCα in 130-140- and >150-kDa complexes by gradient SDS-PAGE analysis. Complexes bound to WT 2B15-His remained intact during electrophoresis, whereas 2B15-His mutants at phosphorylation sites differentially dissociated. PKCα siRNA treatment inactivated >50% of COS-1 cell-expressed 2B15. In contrast, treatment of 2B15-transfected COS-1 cells with the Src-specific activator 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) enhanced activity; treatment with the Src-specific PP2 inhibitor or Src siRNA inhibited >50% of the activity. Solubilized 2B15-His-transfected Src-free fibroblasts subjected to in vitro [γ-(33)P]ATP-dependent phosphorylation by PKCα and/or Src, affinity purification, and SDS gel analysis revealed 2-fold more radiolabeling of 55-58-kDa 2B15-His by PKCα than by Src; labeling was additive for combined kinases. Collectively, the evidence indicates that 2B15 requires regulated phosphorylation by both PKCα and Src, which is consistent with the complexity of synthesis and metabolism of its major substrate, DHT. Whether basal cells import or synthesize testosterone for transport to luminal cells for reduction to DHT by 5α-steroid reductase 2, comparatively low-activity luminal cell 2B15 undergoes a complex pattern of regulated phosphorylation necessary to maintain homeostatic DHT levels to support occupation of the androgen receptor for prostate-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunit K Chakraborty
- Section on Genetic Disorders of Drug Metabolism, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1830, USA
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Chaves EM, Aguilera-Merlo C, Cruceño A, Fogal T, Piezzi R, Scardapane L, Dominguez S. Seasonal Morphological Variations and Age-Related Changes of the Seminal Vesicle of Viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus): An Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:886-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Czyż J, Szpak K, Madeja Z. The role of connexins in prostate cancer promotion and progression. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:274-82. [PMID: 22349655 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent disease that is characterized by a presumably long latency period and a moderate propensity to metastasize. Although a range of mechanisms have been implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, the factors determining the initiation of metastasis remain obscure. The synchronized function of prostate cells depends on their metabolic and electrical coupling; disturbance of these functions has long been suggested to be integral to prostate carcinogenesis. However, although connexins form intercellular channels involved in gap-junction-mediated intercellular coupling (GJIC), whether these proteins also have GJIC-independent roles in cancer progression and metastasis remains a matter of debate. Some data indicate a correlation between connexin expression and the invasive potential of prostate cancer cells, which points to stage-specific functions of connexins during prostate cancer development. For example, restoration of connexin expression seems to be crucial for the formation of invasive cell subsets within heterogeneous prostate cancer cell populations that have undergone aberrant differentiation. Consequently, the clinical application of therapeutic and prophylactic approaches focused on the modulation of connexin expression in prostate cancer cells should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarosław Czyż
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Meng J, Mostaghel EA, Vakar-Lopez F, Montgomery B, True L, Nelson PS. Testosterone regulates tight junction proteins and influences prostatic autoimmune responses. Discov Oncol 2011; 2:145-56. [PMID: 21761342 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-010-0063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Testosterone and inflammation have been linked to the development of common age-associated diseases affecting the prostate gland including prostate cancer, prostatitis, and benign prostatic hypertrophy. We hypothesized that testosterone regulates components of prostate tight junctions which serve as a barrier to inflammation, thus providing a connection between age- and treatment-associated testosterone declines and prostatic pathology. We examined the expression and distribution of tight junction proteins in prostate biospecimens from mouse models and a clinical study of chemical castration, using transcript profiling, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. We determined that low serum testosterone is associated with reduced transcript and protein levels of Claudin 4 and Claudin 8, resulting in defective tight junction ultrastructure in benign prostate glands. Expression of Claudin 4 and Claudin 8 was negatively correlated with the mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate caused by testosterone deprivation. Testosterone suppression also induced an autoimmune humoral response directed toward prostatic proteins. Testosterone supplementation in castrate mice resulted in re-expression of tight junction components in prostate epithelium and significantly reduced prostate inflammatory cell numbers. These data demonstrate that tight junction architecture in the prostate is related to changes in serum testosterone levels, and identify an androgen-regulated mechanism that potentially contributes to the development of prostate inflammation and consequent pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Meng
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, D4-100, 1100 Fairview Ave. N, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major health problem as it continues to be the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men in the Western world. While improved early detection significantly decreased mortality, prostate cancer still remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death in Western men. Understanding the mechanisms of prostate cancer initiation and progression should have a significant impact on development of novel therapeutic approaches that can help to combat this disease. The recent explosion of novel high-throughput genetic technologies together with studies in animal models and human tissues allowed a comprehensive analysis and functional validation of the molecular changes. This chapter will summarize and discuss recently identified critical genetic and epigenetic changes that drive prostate cancer initiation and progression. These discoveries should help concentrate the efforts of drug development on key pathways and molecules, and finally translate the knowledge that is gained from mechanistic studies into effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice S Knudsen
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Li T, Ye G. Ultrasonic sonoporation can enhance the prostate permeability. Med Hypotheses 2009; 74:449-51. [PMID: 19897315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
As possible existence of the blood-prostate barrier and decreased prostate permeability due to inflammation, it is difficult to form an effective drug concentration in prostate tissues, which influences medication efficacy. This is one of principal reasons why it is difficult to treat prostate diseases including prostatitis etc. How to increase the permeability of drugs into prostate is inevitable to become an issue concerned by clinical research. Ultrasonic sonoporation may increase permeability of cells and tissues, so we propose a hypothesis that sonoporation induced by ultrasonic cavitation may increase the permeability of prostate tissues. This may be a non-invasive physical treatment method, and it has better safety and validity, and higher clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Liu
- Department of Urology, Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Antonarakis ES, Heath EI, Walczak JR, Nelson WG, Fedor H, De Marzo AM, Zahurak ML, Piantadosi S, Dannenberg AJ, Gurganus RT, Baker SD, Parnes HL, DeWeese TL, Partin AW, Carducci MA. Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of neoadjuvant celecoxib in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: evaluation of drug-specific biomarkers. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:4986-93. [PMID: 19720908 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.21.9410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a potential pharmacologic target for the prevention of various malignancies, including prostate cancer. We conducted a randomized, double-blind trial to examine the effect of celecoxib on drug-specific biomarkers from prostate tissue obtained at prostatectomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with localized prostate cancer and Gleason sum > or = 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) > or = 15 ng/mL, clinical stage T2b or greater, or any combination with greater than 45% risk of capsular penetration were randomly assigned to celecoxib 400 mg by mouth twice daily or placebo for 4 to 6 weeks before prostatectomy. The primary end point was the difference in prostatic prostaglandin levels between the two groups. Secondary end points were differences in COX-1 and -2 expressions; oxidized DNA bases; and markers of proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Tissue celecoxib concentrations also were measured. Tertiary end points were drug safety and compliance. RESULTS Seventy-three patients consented, and 64 were randomly assigned and included in the intention-to-treat analysis. There were no treatment differences in any of the primary or secondary outcomes. Multivariable regression revealed that tumor tissue had significantly lower COX-2 expression than benign prostatic tissue (P = .01) and significantly higher levels of the proliferation marker Ki-67 (P < .0001). Celecoxib was measurable in prostate tissue of patients on treatment, demonstrating that celecoxib reached its target. Celecoxib was safe and resulted in only grade 1 toxicities. CONCLUSION Treatment with 4 to 6 weeks of celecoxib had no effect on intermediate biomarkers of prostate carcinogenesis, despite the achievement of measurable tissue levels. We caution against using celecoxib 400 mg twice daily as a preventive agent for prostate cancer in additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel S Antonarakis
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Schroten-Loef C, de Ridder CMA, Reneman S, Crezee M, Dalgleish A, Todryk SM, Bangma CH, Kraaij R. A prostate cancer vaccine comprising whole cells secreting IL-7, effective against subcutaneous challenge, requires local GM-CSF for intra-prostatic efficacy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:373-81. [PMID: 18641982 PMCID: PMC11031066 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0560-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A panel of cytokine-secreting RM-9 prostate cancer cells were tested as whole cell vaccines to determine their capacity to evoke an anti-prostate cancer immune response. In our model, vaccines secreting mGM-CSF or mIL-7 resulted in the highest increase in circulating T lymphocytes after vaccination, prolonged survival and, in a proportion of animals, tumor-free survival. Anti-tumor effects were more evident after a subcutaneous RM-9 challenge than after an intraprostatic challenge. However, when the RM-9/mGM-CSF cell line was used as intraprostatic tumor challenge, protection after RM-9/mIL-7 vaccination was restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Schroten-Loef
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrina M. A. de Ridder
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Reneman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Crezee
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angus Dalgleish
- Department of Oncology, St. George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Stephen M. Todryk
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Chris H. Bangma
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Kraaij
- Erasmus MC, Department of Urology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Room Be355A, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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