1
|
Lee JH, Hallis SP, Kwak MK. Continuous TNF-α exposure in mammary epithelial cells promotes cancer phenotype acquisition via EGFR/TNFR2 activation. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:465-480. [PMID: 38734854 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), an abundant inflammatory cytokine in the tumor microenvironment (TME), is linked to breast cancer growth and metastasis. In this study, we established MCF10A cell lines incubated with TNF-α to investigate the effects of continuous TNF-α exposure on the phenotypic change of normal mammary epithelial cells. The established MCF10A-LE cell line, through long-term exposure to TNF-α, displayed cancer-like features, including increased proliferation, migration, and sustained survival signaling even in the absence of TNF-α stimulation. Unlike the short-term exposed cell line MCF10A-SE, MCF10A-LE exhibited elevated levels of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and subsequent TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2), and silencing of EGFR or TNFR2 suppressed the cancer-like phenotype of MCF10A-LE. Notably, we demonstrated that the elevated levels of NAD(P)H oxidase 4 (NOX4) and the resulting increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) were associated with EGFR/TNFR2 elevation in MCF10A-LE. Furthermore, mammosphere-forming capacity and the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers increased in MCF10A-LE. Silencing of EGFR reversed these effects, indicating the acquisition of CSC-like properties via EGFR signaling. In conclusion, our results reveal that continuous TNF-α exposure activates the EGFR/TNFR2 signaling pathway via the NOX4/ROS axis, promoting neoplastic changes in mammary epithelial cells within the inflammatory TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Lee
- Integrated Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Steffanus Pranoto Hallis
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyoung Kwak
- Integrated Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi‑do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Pharmacy and BK21FOUR Advanced Program for SmartPharma Leaders, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 14662, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Opolski MM, Maito VT, Kawassaki ACB, da Silva JC, Kern R, Rech D, de Oliveira ST, Lonardoni Micheletti P, Panis C, Grassiolli S. Salivary and plasmatic levels of
tumor necrosis factor‐alpha
do not correlate with the clinicopathological profile in breast cancer patients. PRECISION MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/prm2.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Marcos Opolski
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Vitor Teixeira Maito
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Aedra Carla Bufalo Kawassaki
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Janaína Carla da Silva
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Kern
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Daniel Rech
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Stefania Tagliari de Oliveira
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Pâmela Lonardoni Micheletti
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | - Carolina Panis
- Post‐Graduation Program of Health‐Applied Sciences. Laboratory of Tumor Biology Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná Francisco Beltrão Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ben-Baruch A. Tumor Necrosis Factor α: Taking a Personalized Road in Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903679. [PMID: 35663982 PMCID: PMC9157545 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adit Ben-Baruch
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang N, Wang Z, Zhao Y. Selective inhibition of Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:80-85. [PMID: 32327345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-TNF biologics have achieved great success in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and have been the most selling biologics on market. However, the anti-TNF biologics have shown some disadvantages such as poor efficacy to some patients and high risk of infection and malignancies during clinical application. Current anti-TNF biologics are antibodies or antibody fragments that bind to TNF-α and subsequently block both TNF-TNFR1 and TNF-TNFR2 signaling. Transgenic animal studies indicate that TNFR1 signaling is responsible for chronic inflammation and cell apoptosis whereas TNFR2 signaling regulates tissue regeneration and inflammation. Recent studies propose to selectively inhibit TNFR1 to enhance efficacy and avoid side effects. In this review, we introduce the biology of TNF-TNFR1 and TNF-TNFR2 signaling, the advantages of selective inhibition of TNF-TNFR1 signaling and research updates on the development of selective inhibitors for TNF-TNFR1 signaling. Antibodies, small molecules and aptamers that selectively inhibit TNFR1 have showed therapeutic potential and less side effects in preclinical studies. Development of selective inhibitors for TNFR1 is a good strategy to enhance the efficacy and reduce the side effects of anti-TNF inhibitors and will be a trend for next-generation of anti-TNF inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, HeNan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, HeNan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China
| | - Yongxing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Targeting Therapy and Diagnosis for Critical Diseases, HeNan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China, HeNan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhuang M, Chen X, Du D, Shi J, Deng M, Long Q, Yin X, Wang Y, Rao L. SPION decorated exosome delivery of TNF-α to cancer cell membranes through magnetism. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:173-188. [PMID: 31803890 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) is capable of inducing apoptosis and is a promising candidate for genetic engineering drugs in cancer therapy; however, the serious side-effects of TNF-α hinder their clinical application. In the present study, a method for preparing fusion proteins of cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) and TNF-α (CTNF-α)-anchored exosomes coupled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CTNF-α-exosome-SPIONs) with membrane targeting anticancer activity has been demonstrated. To acquire exosomes with TNF-α anchored in its membrane, a CTNF-α expression vector was constructed and a stable mesenchymal stem cell cell line that expressed CTNF-α was established. Conjugating transferrin-modified SPIONs (Tf-SPIONs) onto CTNF-α-exosomes through transferrin-transferrin receptor (Tf-TfR) interaction yields CTNF-α-exosome-SPIONs with good water dispersibility. The incorporation of TNF-α into exosomes and the conjugation of SPIONs significantly enhanced the binding capacity of TNF-α to its membrane-bound receptor TNFR I, thus increasing the therapeutic effects. CTNF-α-exosome-SPIONs significantly enhanced tumor cell growth inhibition via induction of the TNFR I-mediated apoptotic pathway. In vivo studies using murine melanoma subcutaneous cancer models showed that TNF-α-loaded exosome-based vehicle delivery enhanced cancer targeting under an external magnetic field and suppressed tumor growth with mitigating toxicity. Taken together, our results suggest that CTNF-α-exosome-SPIONs showed great potential in membrane targeting therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjiao Zhuang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Dan Du
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Jiamei Shi
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Mian Deng
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Rao
- Department of Biomedicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Sichuan for Elderly Care and Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cruceriu D, Baldasici O, Balacescu O, Berindan-Neagoe I. The dual role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in breast cancer: molecular insights and therapeutic approaches. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2020; 43:1-18. [PMID: 31900901 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide and the fifth cause of death among all cancer patients. Breast cancer development is driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations, with the tumor microenvironment (TME) playing an essential role in disease progression and evolution through mechanisms like inflammation promotion. TNF-α is one of the essential pro-inflammatory cytokines found in the TME of breast cancer patients, being secreted both by stromal cells, mainly by tumor-associated macrophages, and by the cancer cells themselves. In this review, we explore the biological and clinical impact of TNF-α in all stages of breast cancer development. First of all, we explore the correlation between TNF-α expression levels at the tumor site or in plasma/serum of breast cancer patients and their respective clinical status and outcome. Secondly, we emphasize the role of TNF-α signaling in both estrogen-positive and -negative breast cancer cells. Thirdly, we underline TNF-α involvement in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis of breast cancer cells, and we point out the contribution of TNF-α to the development of acquired drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data reveal a pro-tumorigenic role of TNF-α during breast cancer progression and metastasis. We systemize the knowledge regarding TNF-α-related therapies in breast cancer, and we explain how TNF-α may act as both a target and a drug in different breast cancer therapeutic approaches. By corroborating the known molecular effects of TNF-α signaling in breast cancer cells with the results from several preclinical and clinical trials, including TNF-α-related clinical observations, we conclude that the potential of TNF-α in breast cancer therapy promises to be of great interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cruceriu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Baldasici
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Balacescu
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,11th Department of Medical Oncology, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 34-36 Republicii Street, 400015, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania. .,MedFuture Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li H, Lu N, Yu X, Liu X, Hu P, Zhu Y, Shen L, Xu J, Li Z, Guo Q, Hui H. Oroxylin A, a natural compound, mitigates the negative effects of TNFα-treated acute myelogenous leukemia cells. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1292-1303. [PMID: 29346508 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) is a complicated cytokine which is involved in proliferation and differentiation of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells through a poorly understood mechanism. Mechanistic studies indicate that TNFα induced binding of PI3K subunit p85α to N-terminal truncated nuclear receptor RXRα (tRXRα) proteins, and activated AKT. The activated PI3K/AKT pathway negatively regulated differentiation of AML cells through the upregulation of c-Myc. In addition, TNFα also induced activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a nuclear transcription factor which was shown to promote cell proliferation. The present study demonstrates that oroxylin A, a natural compound isolated from Scutellariae radix, sensitizes leukemia cells to TNFα and markedly enhances TNFα-induced growth inhibition and differentiation of AML cell including human leukemia cell lines and primary AML cells. Activation of PI3K/AKT pathway could be inhibited by oroxylin A through inhibiting expression of tRXRα in NB4 and HL-60-resistant cells. Furthermore, we found that oroxylin A inhibited the activation of NF-κB and the DNA binding activity by TNFα proved by EMSA in these two AML cell lines. Moreover, in vivo studies showed that treatment with oroxylin A in combination with TNFα decreased AML cell population and prolonged survival in NOD/SCID mice with xenografts of primary AML cells. Overall, our results indicate that oroxylin A is able to inhibit the negative effects of TNFα for AML therapy, suggesting that combination of oroxylin A and TNFα have the potential to delay growth or eliminate the abnormal leukemic cells, thus representing a promising strategy for AML treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Po Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated DrumTower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mauerhoff T, Belfiore A, Pujol-Borrell R, Bottazzo GF. Growth Inhibition of Human Endothelial Cells by Human Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interferon-Gamma. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 80:301-5. [PMID: 7974803 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rTNF- α) on the proliferative response of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to normal human serum (NHS), in the absence or the presence of interferon (IFN)- γ. rTNF- α significantly impaired NHS-stimulated HUVEC growth at a dose as low as 0.1 U/ml. The inhibitory effect of rTNF- α was dose-dependent up to 50-100 U/ml and was already evident after 2 h of incubation. Doses of rTNF- α in the range of 10 U/ml completely suppressed 3H-thymidine uptake stimulated by 7.5% NHS, and the effect was partially overcome by 10-20% NHS. rTNF- α was not cytotoxic at doses up to 1000 U/ml. rIFN- γ was also effective in suppressing NHS-stimulated3H-thymidine incorporation, and at low doses (0.1 U/ml) rIFN- γ and rTFN- α showed an additive effect. The effect of TFN- α and IFN- γ in antagonizing the proliferative response of vascular endothelium to the variety of growth factors contained in human serum could be relevant in a variety of pathologic conditions involving endothelium damage and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mauerhoff
- Department of Immunology, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, London, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shen J, Xiao Z, Zhao Q, Li M, Wu X, Zhang L, Hu W, Cho CH. Anti-cancer therapy with TNFα and IFNγ: A comprehensive review. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12441. [PMID: 29484738 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) were originally found to be produced by inflammatory cells and play important roles in the immune system and surveillance of tumour growth. By activating distinct signalling pathways of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and JAK/STAT, TNFα and IFNγ were reported to effectively trigger cell death and perform powerful anti-cancer effects. In this review, we will discuss the new advancements of TNFα and IFNγ in anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhangang Xiao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Xu Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Chi H Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
O' Reilly E, Tirincsi A, Logue SE, Szegezdi E. The Janus Face of Death Receptor Signaling during Tumor Immunoediting. Front Immunol 2016; 7:446. [PMID: 27843441 PMCID: PMC5086583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immune surveillance is essential for the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Malignantly transformed cells can be recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems through different mechanisms. Immune effector cells induce extrinsic cell death in the identified tumor cells by expressing death ligand cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family. However, some tumor cells can escape immune elimination and progress. Acquisition of resistance to the death ligand-induced apoptotic pathway can be obtained through cleavage of effector cell expressed death ligands into a poorly active form, mutations or silencing of the death receptors, or overexpression of decoy receptors and pro-survival proteins. Although the immune system is highly effective in the elimination of malignantly transformed cells, abnormal/dysfunctional death ligand signaling curbs its cytotoxicity. Moreover, DRs can also transmit pro-survival and pro-migratory signals. Consequently, dysfunctional death receptor-mediated apoptosis/necroptosis signaling does not only give a passive resistance against cell death but actively drives tumor cell motility, invasion, and contributes to consequent metastasis. This dual contribution of the death receptor signaling in both the early, elimination phase, and then in the late, escape phase of the tumor immunoediting process is discussed in this review. Death receptor agonists still hold potential for cancer therapy since they can execute the tumor-eliminating immune effector function even in the absence of activation of the immune system against the tumor. The opportunities and challenges of developing death receptor agonists into effective cancer therapeutics are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eimear O' Reilly
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Andrea Tirincsi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Susan E Logue
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Eva Szegezdi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dinarello CA. Review: Infection, fever, and exogenous and endogenous pyrogens: some concepts have changed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519040100040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
For many years, it was thought that bacterial products caused fever via the intermediate production of a host-derived, fever-producing molecule, called endogenous pyrogen (EP). Bacterial products and other fever-producing substances were termed exogenous pyrogens. It was considered highly unlikely that exogenous pyrogens caused fever by acting directly on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center since there were countless fever-producing microbial products, mostly large molecules, with no common physical structure. In vivo and in vitro, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and other microbial products induced EP, subsequently shown to be interleukin-1 (IL-1). The concept of the `endogenous pyrogen' cause of fever gained considerable support when pure, recombinant IL-1 produced fever in humans and in animals at subnanomolar concentrations. Subsequently, recombinant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6 and other cytokines were also shown to cause fever and EPs are now termed pyrogenic cytokines. However, the concept was challenged when specific blockade of either IL-1 or TNF activity did not diminish the febrile response to LPS, to other microbial products or to natural infections in animals and in humans. During infection, fever could occur independently of IL-1 or TNF activity. The cytokine-like property of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signal transduction provides an explanation by which any microbial product can cause fever by engaging its specific TLR on the vascular network supplying the thermoregulatory center in the anterior hypothalamus. Since fever induced by IL-1, TNF-α, IL-6 or TLR ligands requires cyclooxygenase-2, production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE 2) and activation of hypothalamic PGE2 receptors provides a unifying mechanism for fever by endogenous and exogenous pyrogens. Thus, fever is the result of either cytokine receptor or TLR triggering; in autoimmune diseases, fever is mostly cytokine mediated whereas both cytokine and TLR account for fever during infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Koonce NA, Quick CM, Hardee ME, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Dent JA, Paciotti GF, Nedosekin D, Dings RPM, Griffin RJ. Combination of Gold Nanoparticle-Conjugated Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Radiation Therapy Results in a Synergistic Antitumor Response in Murine Carcinoma Models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015; 93:588-96. [PMID: 26461001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although remarkable preclinical antitumor effects have been shown for tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) alone and combined with radiation, its clinical use has been hindered by systemic dose-limiting toxicities. We investigated the physiological and antitumor effects of radiation therapy combined with the novel nanomedicine CYT-6091, a 27-nm average-diameter polyethylene glycol-TNF-coated gold nanoparticle, which recently passed through phase 1 trials. METHODS AND MATERIALS The physiologic and antitumor effects of single and fractionated radiation combined with CYT-6091 were studied in the murine 4T1 breast carcinoma and SCCVII head and neck tumor squamous cell carcinoma models. RESULTS In the 4T1 murine breast tumor model, we observed a significant reduction in the tumor interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) 24 hours after CYT-6091 alone and combined with a radiation dose of 12 Gy (P<.05 vs control). In contrast, radiation alone (12 Gy) had a negligible effect on the IFP. In the SCCVII head and neck tumor model, the baseline IFP was not markedly elevated, and little additional change occurred in the IFP after single-dose radiation or combined therapy (P>.05 vs control) despite extensive vascular damage observed. The IFP reduction in the 4T1 model was also associated with marked vascular damage and extravasation of red blood cells into the tumor interstitium. A sustained reduction in tumor cell density was observed in the combined therapy group compared with all other groups (P<.05). Finally, we observed a more than twofold delay in tumor growth when CYT-6091 was combined with a single 20-Gy radiation dose-notably, irrespective of the treatment sequence. Moreover, when hypofractionated radiation (12 Gy × 3) was applied with CYT-6091 treatment, a more than five-fold growth delay was observed in the combined treatment group of both tumor models and determined to be synergistic. CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that TNF-labeled gold nanoparticles combined with single or fractionated high-dose radiation therapy is effective in reducing IFP and tumor growth and shows promise for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Koonce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Matthew E Hardee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Judith A Dent
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Dmitry Nedosekin
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Ruud P M Dings
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Robert J Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Selective CDK9 inhibition overcomes TRAIL resistance by concomitant suppression of cFlip and Mcl-1. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:491-502. [PMID: 24362439 PMCID: PMC3921597 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) can induce apoptosis in many cancer cells without causing toxicity in vivo. However, to date, TRAIL-receptor agonists have only shown limited therapeutic benefit in clinical trials. This can, most likely, be attributed to the fact that 50% of all cancer cell lines and most primary human cancers are TRAIL resistant. Consequently, future TRAIL-based therapies will require the addition of sensitizing agents that remove crucial blocks in the TRAIL apoptosis pathway. Here, we identify PIK-75, a small molecule inhibitor of the p110α isoform of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K), as an exceptionally potent TRAIL apoptosis sensitizer. Surprisingly, PI3K inhibition was not responsible for this activity. A kinome-wide in vitro screen revealed that PIK-75 strongly inhibits a panel of 27 kinases in addition to p110α. Within this panel, we identified cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) as responsible for TRAIL resistance of cancer cells. Combination of CDK9 inhibition with TRAIL effectively induced apoptosis even in highly TRAIL-resistant cancer cells. Mechanistically, CDK9 inhibition resulted in downregulation of cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFlip) and Mcl-1 at both the mRNA and protein levels. Concomitant cFlip and Mcl-1 downregulation was required and sufficient for TRAIL sensitization by CDK9 inhibition. When evaluating cancer selectivity of TRAIL combined with SNS-032, the most selective and clinically used inhibitor of CDK9, we found that a panel of mostly TRAIL-resistant non-small cell lung cancer cell lines was readily killed, even at low concentrations of TRAIL. Primary human hepatocytes did not succumb to the same treatment regime, defining a therapeutic window. Importantly, TRAIL in combination with SNS-032 eradicated established, orthotopic lung cancer xenografts in vivo. Based on the high potency of CDK9 inhibition as a cancer cell-selective TRAIL-sensitizing strategy, we envisage the development of new, highly effective cancer therapies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Targeting of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily for cancer immunotherapy. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:371854. [PMID: 23840967 PMCID: PMC3693168 DOI: 10.1155/2013/371854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand and cognate TNF receptor superfamilies constitute an important regulatory axis that is pivotal for immune homeostasis and correct execution of immune responses. TNF ligands and receptors are involved in diverse biological processes ranging from the selective induction of cell death in potentially dangerous and superfluous cells to providing costimulatory signals that help mount an effective immune response. This diverse and important regulatory role in immunity has sparked great interest in the development of TNFL/TNFR-targeted cancer immunotherapeutics. In this review, I will discuss the biology of the most prominent proapoptotic and co-stimulatory TNF ligands and review their current status in cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
15
|
Krepler C, Chunduru SK, Halloran MB, He X, Xiao M, Vultur A, Villanueva J, Mitsuuchi Y, Neiman EM, Benetatos C, Nathanson KL, Amaravadi RK, Pehamberger H, McKinlay M, Herlyn M. The novel SMAC mimetic birinapant exhibits potent activity against human melanoma cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1784-94. [PMID: 23403634 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) promote cancer cell survival and confer resistance to therapy. We report on the ability of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases mimetic, birinapant, which acts as antagonist to cIAP1 and cIAP2, to restore the sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli such as TNF-α in melanomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seventeen melanoma cell lines, representing five major genetic subgroups of cutaneous melanoma, were treated with birinapant as a single agent or in combination with TNF-α. Effects on cell viability, target inhibition, and initiation of apoptosis were assessed and findings were validated in 2-dimensional (2D), 3D spheroid, and in vivo xenograft models. RESULTS When birinapant was combined with TNF-α, strong combination activity, that is, neither compound was effective individually but the combination was highly effective, was observed in 12 of 18 cell lines. This response was conserved in spheroid models, whereas in vivo birinapant inhibited tumor growth without adding TNF-α in in vitro resistant cell lines. Birinapant combined with TNF-α inhibited the growth of a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition to the same extent as in the parental cell line. CONCLUSIONS Birinapant in combination with TNF-α exhibits a strong antimelanoma effect in vitro. Birinapant as a single agent shows in vivo antitumor activity, even if cells are resistant to single agent therapy in vitro. Birinapant in combination with TNF-α is effective in a melanoma cell line with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Krepler
- Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tumor necrosis factor-α is associated with positive lymph node status in patients with recurrence of colorectal cancer-indications for anti-TNF-α agents in cancer treatment. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2012; 34:315-26. [PMID: 21573932 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-011-0027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progressive growth of malignancies is accompanied by a decline in the immune response through mechanisms which are poorly understood. Apoptosis and induction of inflammation by tumor released cytokines as tumor escape mechanisms have been proposed to play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS Expression of Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was analyzed in colorectal cancer specimen and the cancer cell line HT-29 by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. TNF-α expression on protein and mRNA level were correlated with clinical characteristics and impact on survival. TNFR-1 was co-labelled with TNF-α and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in immunofluorescence double staining experiments. RESULTS 94% (n = 98/104) of the patients with CRC expressed TNF-α. High TNF-α expression was significantly associated with positive lymph node stage and recurrence of the tumor. Multivariate analysis revealed high TNF-α expression as an independent prognostic factor. Immunohistochemistry was correlated with RT-PCR results (т = 0.794). Immunofluorescence double staining experiments revealed increased TNFR-1 expression by CD8+ cells. CONCLUSIONS TNF-α expression by tumor cells may be an efficient immunological escape mechanism by inflammation-enhanced metastases and probably by induction of apoptosis in tumor-infiltrating CD8+ immune cells resulting in a down regulation of the tumoral immune response. Our data support the role of tumor-derived TNF-α expression as an important promoter of tumoral immune escape mechanisms and malignant progression, and suggest that analysis on either protein (immunohistochemistry) or RNA level (RT-PCR) can be used effectively in this respect. Targeting TNF-α may be a promising option, especially in cases with high TNF-α expression and positive lymph node metastases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Use of human MonoMac6 cells for development of in vitro assay predictive of adjuvant safety in vivo. Vaccine 2012; 30:4859-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Roberts NJ, Zhou S, Diaz LA, Holdhoff M. Systemic use of tumor necrosis factor alpha as an anticancer agent. Oncotarget 2012; 2:739-51. [PMID: 22036896 PMCID: PMC3248159 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) has been discussed as a potential anticancer agent for many years, however initial enthusiasm about its clinical use as a systemic agent was curbed due to significant toxicities and lack of efficacy. Combination of TNF-α with chemotherapy in the setting of hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (ILP), has provided new insights into a potential therapeutic role of this agent. The therapeutic benefit from TNF-α in ILP is thought to be not only due to its direct anti-proliferative effect, but also due to its ability to increase penetration of the chemotherapeutic agents into the tumor tissue. New concepts for the use of TNF-α as a facilitator rather than as a direct actor are currently being explored with the goal to exploit the ability of this agent to increase drug delivery and to simultaneously reduce systemic toxicity. This review article provides a comprehensive overview on the published previous experience with systemic TNF-α. Data from 18 phase I and 10 phase II single agent as well as 18 combination therapy studies illustrate previously used treatment and dose schedules, response data as well as the most prominently observed adverse effects. Also discussed, based on recent preclinical data, is a potential future role of systemic TNF-α in combination with liposomal chemotherapy to facilitate increased drug uptake into tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Roberts
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Kuratnik A, Senapati VE, Verma R, Mellone BG, Vella AT, Giardina C. Acute sensitization of colon cancer cells to inflammatory cytokines by prophase arrest. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1217-28. [PMID: 22306067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how colon cancer cells survive within the inflammatory milieu of a tumor, and developing approaches that increase their sensitivity to inflammatory cytokines, may ultimately lead to novel approaches for colon cancer therapy and prevention. Analysis of a number of chemopreventive and therapeutic agents reveal that HDAC inhibitors are particularly adept at sensitizing colon cancer cells TNF or TRAIL mediated apoptosis. In vivo data are consistent with an interaction between SAHA and TNF in inducing apoptosis, as AOM-induced colon tumors express elevated levels of TNF and are more sensitive to SAHA administration. Cell cycle analysis and time-lapse imaging indicated a close correspondence between SAHA-induced prophase arrest and TNF or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Prophase arrest induced by the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX680 likewise sensitized cells to TNF and TRAIL, with siRNA analysis pointing to Aurora kinase A (and not Aurora kinase B) as being the relevant target for this sensitization. We propose that agents that promote prophase arrest may help sensitize cancer cells to TNF and other inflammatory cytokines. We also discuss how circumvention of an early mitotic checkpoint may facilitate cancer cell survival in the inflammatory micro-environment of the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kuratnik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 91 North Eagleville Road, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
van Laarhoven HWM, Fiedler W, Desar IME, van Asten JJA, Marréaud S, Lacombe D, Govaerts AS, Bogaerts J, Lasch P, Timmer-Bonte JNH, Lambiase A, Bordignon C, Punt CJA, Heerschap A, van Herpen CML. Phase I clinical and magnetic resonance imaging study of the vascular agent NGR-hTNF in patients with advanced cancers (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Study 16041). Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:1315-23. [PMID: 20145168 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I trial investigating the vascular targeting agent NGR-hTNF aimed to determine the (a) dose-limiting toxicities, (b) maximum tolerated dose (MTD), (c) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, (d) vascular response by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), and (e) preliminary clinical activity in solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN NGR-hTNF was administered once every 3 weeks by a 20- to 60-minute i.v. infusion to cohorts of three to six patients with solid tumors in escalating doses. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses in blood were done during the first four cycles. DCE-MRI was done in cycle 1 at baseline and 2 hours after the start of the infusion. RESULTS Sixty-nine patients received a total of 201 cycles of NGR-hTNF (0.2-60 microg/m(2)). Rigors and fever were the most frequently observed toxicities. Four dose-limiting toxicities were observed (at doses of 1.3, 8.1, and 60 microg/m(2)), of which three were infusion related. The MTD was 45 microg/m(2). The mean apparent terminal half-life ranged from 0.963 to 2.08 hours. DCE-MRI results of tumors showed a vascular response to NGR-hTNF. No objective responses were observed, but 27 patients showed stable disease with a median duration of 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS NGR-hTNF was well tolerated. The MTD was 45 microg/m(2) administered in 1 hour once every 3 weeks. DCE-MRI results showed the antivascular effect of NGR-hTNF. These findings call for further research for defining the optimal biological dose and clinical activity of NGR-hTNF as a single agent or in combination with cytotoxic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke W M van Laarhoven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bonvalot S, Rimareix F, Causeret S, Le Péchoux C, Boulet B, Terrier P, Le Cesne A, Muret J. Hyperthermic Isolated Limb Perfusion in Locally Advanced Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Progressive Desmoid-Type Fibromatosis with TNF 1 mg and Melphalan (T1-M HILP) Is Safe and Efficient. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:3350-7. [DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
23
|
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a major inflammatory cytokine that was first identified for its ability to induce rapid haemorrhagic necrosis of experimental cancers. When efforts to harness this anti-tumour activity in cancer treatments were underway, a paradoxical tumour-promoting role of TNF became apparent. Now that links between inflammation and cancer are appreciated, is TNF a target or a therapeutic in malignant disease -- or both?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frances Balkwill
- Centre for Cancer and Inflammation, Institute of Cancer, Barts, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nachmany I, Subhi A, Meller I, Gutman M, Lahat G, Merimsky O, Klausner J. Efficacy of high vs low dose TNF-isolated limb perfusion for locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 35:209-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
25
|
Cordier SM, Papenfuss K, Walczak H. From biochemical principles of apoptosis induction by TRAIL to application in tumour therapy. Results Probl Cell Differ 2009; 49:115-143. [PMID: 19142621 DOI: 10.1007/400_2008_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF superfamily which has been shown to selectively kill tumour cells, while sparing normal tissue. This attribute makes TRAIL an attractive drug candidate for cancer therapy. Although most primary tumour cells turned out to be primarily TRAIL-resistant, recent studies evidenced that a variety of cancers can be sensitised to TRAIL-induced apoptosis upon pre-treatment with chemotherapeutic agents or irradiation, while normal cells remain TRAIL-resistant. However, biomarkers that reliably predict which patients may benefit from such combinatorial therapies are required. Thus, it is essential to better understand the mechanisms underlying TRAIL resistance versus sensitivity. In this chapter, we introduce the signalling events which take place during TRAIL-induced apoptosis, describe the physiological function of TRAIL and summarise pre-clinical and clinical results obtained so far with TRAIL-receptor agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M Cordier
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Papenfuss K, Cordier SM, Walczak H. Death receptors as targets for anti-cancer therapy. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:2566-85. [PMID: 19210756 PMCID: PMC3828874 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumour cells are characterized by their ability to avoid the normal regulatory mechanisms of cell growth, division and death. The classical chemotherapy aims to kill tumour cells by causing DNA damage-induced apoptosis. However, as many tumour cells possess mutations in intracellular apoptosis-sensing molecules like p53, they are not capable of inducing apoptosis on their own and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy. With the discovery of the death receptors the opportunity arose to directly trigger apoptosis from the outside of tumour cells, thereby circumventing chemotherapeutic resistance. Death receptors belong to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-1, CD95 and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-R1 and -R2 being the most prominent members. This review covers the current knowledge about these four death receptors, summarizes pre-clinical approaches engaging these death receptors in anti-cancer therapy and also gives an overview about their application in clinical trials conducted to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henning Walczak
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Division of Medicine, Imperial College LondonUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
TNF was originally described as a circulating factor that can cause necrosis of tumours, but has since been identified as a key regulator of the inflammatory response. This review describes the known signalling pathways and cell biological effects of TNF, and our understanding of the role of TNF in human disease. TNF interacts with two different receptors, designated TNFR1 and TNFR2, which are differentially expressed on cells and tissues and initiate both distinct and overlapping signal transduction pathways. These diverse signalling cascades lead to a range of cellular responses, which include cell death, survival, differentiation, proliferation and migration. Vascular endothelial cells respond to TNF by undergoing a number of pro-inflammatory changes, which increase leukocyte adhesion, transendothelial migration and vascular leak and promote thrombosis. The central role of TNF in inflammation has been demonstrated by the ability of agents that block the action of TNF to treat a range of inflammatory conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. The increased incidence of infection in patients receiving anti-TNF treatment has highlighted the physiological role of TNF in infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Bradley
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krause PJ, Daily J, Telford SR, Vannier E, Lantos P, Spielman A. Shared features in the pathobiology of babesiosis and malaria. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:605-10. [PMID: 17988944 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of malaria has been extensively studied in humans but many questions remain, especially regarding fulminant disease associated with Plasmodium falciparum infection. Babesiosis, recognized since biblical times as an important disease of livestock and more recently as an emerging health problem in humans, is caused by related intraerythrocytic protozoa with a similar pathogenesis and clinical course. Recent studies of cytokine activation and erythrocyte cytoadherence in babesiosis and malaria have exploited these similarities to provide new insights into malaria pathobiology. Continued investigation of similarities and differences in the pathogenesis of babesiosis and malaria should lead to additional fundamental insights for both conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Krause
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Clark IA, Alleva LM, Budd AC, Cowden WB. Understanding the role of inflammatory cytokines in malaria and related diseases. Travel Med Infect Dis 2007; 6:67-81. [PMID: 18342278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2007.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is now broadly accepted for infectious disease in general that it is not the invading organism, but the body's unbridled response to it--the "cytokine storm"--that causes illness and pathology. Nevertheless, many researchers still regard the harmful effects of falciparum malaria as being governed by oligaemic hypoxia arising from parasitised erythrocytes obstructing blood flow through vulnerable organs, particularly the brain, and we summarise why these notions are no longer tenable. In our view, this harmful sequestration is readily accommodated within the cytokine storm perspective as one of its secondary effects. We approach these issues by examining aspects of malaria, sepsis and influenza in parallel, and discuss the insights that comparisons of the literature can provide on the validity of possible anti-disease therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Takeda K, Stagg J, Yagita H, Okumura K, Smyth MJ. Targeting death-inducing receptors in cancer therapy. Oncogene 2007; 26:3745-57. [PMID: 17530027 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Deregulated cell death pathways may lead to the development of cancer, and induction of tumor cell apoptosis is the basis of many cancer therapies. Knowledge accumulated concerning the molecular mechanisms of apoptotic cell death has aided the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat cancer. Signals through death receptors of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily have been well elucidated, and death receptors are now one of the most attractive therapeutic targets in cancer. In particular, DR5 and DR4, death receptors of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL or Apo2L), are interesting targets of antibody-based therapy, since TRAIL may also bind decoy receptors that may prevent TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, whereas TRAIL ligand itself selectively induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Here, we review the potential therapeutic utility of agonistic antibodies against DR5 and DR4 and discuss the possible extension of this single-antibody-based strategy when combined with additional modalities that either synergizes to cause enhanced apoptosis or further engage the cellular immune response. Rational design of antibody-based therapies combining the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and activation of tumor-specific adaptive immunity enables promotion of distinct steps of the antitumor immune response, thereby enhancing tumor-specific lymphocytes that can eradicate TRAIL/DR5-resistant mutating, large established and heterogeneous tumors in a manner that does not require the definition of individual tumor-specific antigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Heterologous immunity, or protection by one invading organism against another across phylogenetic divides, has been recognised for decades. It was initially thought to operate largely through enhancement of phagocytosis, but this explanation became untenable when it was realised it worked extremely well against intraerythrocytic protozoa and killed them while they were free in the circulation. Clearly a soluble mediator was called for. This review summarises the logic that arose from this observation, which led to a wider appreciation of the roles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and then nitric oxide, in the host's response against invaders, as well as the ability of these mediators to harm the host itself if they are generated too enthusiastically. This has led to a discernable pattern across heterologous immunity as a whole, and its lessons influence a range of areas, including vaccine development.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Severe falciparum malaria is an acute systemic disease that can affect multiple organs, including those in which few parasites are found. The acute disease bears many similarities both clinically and, potentially, mechanistically, to the systemic diseases caused by bacteria, rickettsia, and viruses. Traditionally the morbidity and mortality associated with severe malarial disease has been explained in terms of mechanical obstruction to vascular flow by adherence to endothelium (termed sequestration) of erythrocytes containing mature-stage parasites. However, over the past few decades an alternative ‘cytokine theory of disease’ has also evolved, where malarial pathology is explained in terms of a balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The final common pathway for this pro-inflammatory imbalance is believed to be a limitation in the supply and mitochondrial utilisation of energy to cells. Different patterns of ensuing energy depletion (both temporal and spatial) throughout the cells in the body present as different clinical syndromes. This chapter draws attention to the over-arching position that inflammatory cytokines are beginning to occupy in the pathogenesis of acute malaria and other acute infections. The influence of inflammatory cytokines on cellular function offers a molecular framework to explain the multiple clinical syndromes that are observed during acute malarial illness, and provides a fresh avenue of investigation for adjunct therapies to ameliorate the malarial disease process.
Collapse
|
34
|
Clark IA, Budd AC, Alleva LM, Cowden WB. Human malarial disease: a consequence of inflammatory cytokine release. Malar J 2006; 5:85. [PMID: 17029647 PMCID: PMC1629020 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria causes an acute systemic human disease that bears many similarities, both clinically and mechanistically, to those caused by bacteria, rickettsia, and viruses. Over the past few decades, a literature has emerged that argues for most of the pathology seen in all of these infectious diseases being explained by activation of the inflammatory system, with the balance between the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines being tipped towards the onset of systemic inflammation. Although not often expressed in energy terms, there is, when reduced to biochemical essentials, wide agreement that infection with falciparum malaria is often fatal because mitochondria are unable to generate enough ATP to maintain normal cellular function. Most, however, would contend that this largely occurs because sequestered parasitized red cells prevent sufficient oxygen getting to where it is needed. This review considers the evidence that an equally or more important way ATP deficiency arises in malaria, as well as these other infectious diseases, is an inability of mitochondria, through the effects of inflammatory cytokines on their function, to utilise available oxygen. This activity of these cytokines, plus their capacity to control the pathways through which oxygen supply to mitochondria are restricted (particularly through directing sequestration and driving anaemia), combine to make falciparum malaria primarily an inflammatory cytokine-driven disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Alison C Budd
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Lisa M Alleva
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - William B Cowden
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tamada K, Chen L. Renewed interest in cancer immunotherapy with the tumor necrosis factor superfamily molecules. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2006; 55:355-62. [PMID: 16187084 PMCID: PMC11030687 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-005-0081-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecules belonging to the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies have explosively expanded through the era of genomics and bioinformatics. Biological investigations of these molecules have explored their potency as attractive targets for cancer therapy. Anti-tumor mechanisms mediated by TNF superfamily molecules (TNFSF) could be classified into direct actions onto tumor cells and indirect effects through immune or non-immune components of tumor-bearing host. In this review, we focus on TRAIL, CD40, 4-1BB (CD137), and LIGHT as promising molecules to mediate powerful and selective anti-tumor responses, and summarize their unique effector mechanisms. In addition, optimal approaches to manipulate these molecules for cancer therapy are also discussed. We try to provide an insight into a role of TNFSF in cancer therapeutics and highlight each of their potency to be an important player in anti-cancer strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tamada
- Department of Dermatology and Oncology, The Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee DP, Skolnik JM, Adamson PC. Pediatric Phase I Trials in Oncology: An Analysis of Study Conduct Efficiency. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:8431-41. [PMID: 16293874 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.02.1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the efficacy and safety of pediatric phase I oncology trials in the era of dose-intensive chemotherapy and to analyze how efficiently these trials are conducted. Methods Phase I pediatric oncology trials published from 1990 to 2004 and their corresponding adult phase I trials were reviewed. Dose escalation schemes using fixed 30% dose increments were studied to theoretically determine whether trials could be completed utilizing fewer patients and dose levels. Results Sixty-nine pediatric phase I oncology trials enrolling 1,973 patients were identified. The pediatric maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) was strongly correlated with the adult MTD (r = 0.97). For three-fourths of the trials, the pediatric and adult MTD differed by no more than 30%, and for more than 85% of the trials, the pediatric MTD was less than or equal to 1.6 times the adult MTD. The median number of dose levels studied was four (range, two to 13). The overall objective response rate was 9.6%, the likelihood of experiencing a dose-limiting toxicity was 24%, and toxic death rate was 0.5%. Conclusion Despite the strong correlation between the adult and pediatric MTDs, more than four dose levels were studied in 40% of trials. There appeared to be little value in exploring dose levels greater than 1.6 times the adult MTD. Limiting pediatric phase I trials to a maximum of four doses levels would significantly shorten the timeline for study conduct without compromising safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debra P Lee
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Fitzgerald AA, Leclercq SA, Yan A, Homik JE, Dinarello CA. Rapid responses to anakinra in patients with refractory adult-onset Still's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 52:1794-803. [PMID: 15934079 DOI: 10.1002/art.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of anakinra treatment in patients with adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) that is refractory to corticosteroids, methotrexate (MTX), and etanercept. METHODS Four patients with AOSD were treated with prednisone and MTX and 2 patients were also treated with etanercept for worsening symptoms and indicators of systemic inflammation. White blood cells (WBCs), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and/or erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and ferritin levels were measured and, in 1 patient, serum creatinine levels were determined. Treatment with anakinra at 100 mg/day was initiated. RESULTS The index patient's disease was refractory to treatment with prednisone (30 mg/day) and MTX, with spiking fevers, rash, synovitis, a serum ferritin level of 8,400 ng/ml (normal =200), and a CRP level of 86 mg/liter (normal <8). Levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-1alpha, IL-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and IL-18 were elevated. Just prior to anakinra treatment, the WBC count was 14,600/mm(3), the CRP level was 86 mg/liter, and the ferritin level was 573 ng/ml, with daily spiking fevers to 104 degrees F, rash, and swollen joints. Within hours of the first injection, the patient was afebrile and asymptomatic; within days, the WBC count, ferritin level, and CRP level decreased into the normal range. On 2 occasions, anakinra was withheld. Within a few days, the WBC count rose to >20,000/mm(3) with prominent neutrophilia, the CRP level rose to >200 mg/liter, and the ferritin level rose to >3,000 ng/ml. Upon restarting anakinra, the patient became afebrile, the WBC count fell to 8,000/mm(3), the CRP level fell to <3 mg/liter, and the ferritin level fell to <300 ng/ml. Three additional patients with refractory AOSD who experienced rapid reductions in fever, symptoms, and markers of inflammation when treated with anakinra are reported. CONCLUSION Refractory AOSD appears to be IL-1-mediated since anakinra decreases hematologic, biochemical, and cytokine markers and also produces rapid reductions in systemic and local inflammation. Reported efficacy of tumor necrosis factor-blocking therapies in AOSD may be due to a reduction in IL-1.
Collapse
|
38
|
Bonvalot S, Laplanche A, Lejeune F, Stoeckle E, Le Péchoux C, Vanel D, Terrier P, Lumbroso J, Ricard M, Antoni G, Cavalcanti A, Robert C, Lassau N, Blay JY, Le Cesne A. Limb salvage with isolated perfusion for soft tissue sarcoma: could less TNF-α be better? Ann Oncol 2005; 16:1061-8. [PMID: 15930042 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal dose of TNF-alpha delivered by isolated limb perfusion (ILP) in patients with locally advanced soft tissue sarcoma is still unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Randomised phase II trial comparing hyperthermic ILP (38-40 degrees ) with melphalan and one of the four assigned doses of TNF-alpha: 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, and 3/4 mg upper/lower limb. The main end point was objective tumour response on MRI. Secondary end points were histological response, rate of amputation and toxicity. Resection of the remnant tumour was performed 2-3 months after ILP. The sample size was calculated assuming a linear increase of 10% in the objective response rates between each dose level group. RESULTS One hundred patients (25 per arm) were included. Thirteen per cent of patients had a systemic leakage with a cardiac toxicity in six patients correlated with high doses of TNF-alpha. Objective tumour responses were: 68%, 56%, 72% and 64% in the 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg and 3 or 4 mg arms, respectively (NS). Sixteen per cent of patients were not operated, 71% had a conservative surgery and 13% were amputated with no difference between the groups. With a median follow-up of 24 months, the 2 year overall and disease-free survival rates (95% CI) were 82% (73% to 89%) and 49% (39% to 59%), respectively. CONCLUSION At the range of TNF-alpha doses tested, there was no dose effect detected for the objective tumour response, but systemic toxicity was significantly correlated with higher TNF-alpha doses. Efficacy and safety of low-dose TNF-alpha could greatly facilitate ILP procedures in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bonvalot
- Department of Surgery, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Clark IA, Alleva LM, Mills AC, Cowden WB. Pathogenesis of malaria and clinically similar conditions. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:509-39, table of contents. [PMID: 15258091 PMCID: PMC452556 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.3.509-539.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now wide acceptance of the concept that the similarity between many acute infectious diseases, be they viral, bacterial, or parasitic in origin, is caused by the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines initiated when the organism interacts with the innate immune system. This is also true of certain noninfectious states, such as the tissue injury syndromes. This review discusses the historical origins of these ideas, which began with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and spread from their origins in malaria research to other fields. As well the more established proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF, interleukin-1, and lymphotoxin, the roles of nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, which are chiefly inhibitory, are discussed. The established and potential roles of two more recently recognized contributors, overactivity of the enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) and the escape of high-mobility-group box 1 (HMGB1) protein from its normal location into the circulation, are also put in context. The pathogenesis of the disease caused by falciparum malaria is then considered in the light of what has been learned about the roles of these mediators in these other diseases, as well as in malaria itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a multistage process. At each step of this process, there are natural mechanisms protecting against development of cancer. The majority of cancers in humans is induced by carcinogenic factors present in our environment including our food. However, some natural substances present in our diet or synthesized in our cells are able to block, trap or decompose reactive oxygen species (ROS) participating in carcinogenesis. Carcinogens can also be removed from our cells. If DNA damage occurs, it is repaired in most of the cases. Unrepaired DNA alterations can be fixed as mutations in proliferating cells only and mutations of very few strategic genes can induce tumor formation, the most relevant are those activating proto-oncogenes and inactivating tumor suppressor genes. A series of mutations and/or epigenetic changes is required to drive transformation of a normal cell into malignant tumor. The apparently unrestricted growth has to be accompanied by a mechanism preserving telomeres which otherwise shorten with succeeding cell divisions leading to growth arrest. Tumor can not develop beyond the size of 1-2mm in diameter without the induction of angiogenesis which is regulated by natural inhibitors. To invade the surrounding tissues epithelial tumor cells have to lose some adhesion molecules keeping them attached to each other and to produce enzymes able to dissolve the elements of the basement membrane. On the other hand, acquisition of other adhesion molecules enables interaction of circulating tumor cells with endothelial cells facilitating extravasation and metastasis. One of the last barriers protecting against cancer is the activity of the immune system. Both innate and adaptive immunity participates in anti-tumor effects including the activity of natural killer (NK) cells, natural killer T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complement, various cytokines, specific antibodies, and specific T cytotoxic cells. Upon activation neutrophils and macrophages are able to kill tumor cells but they can also release ROS, angiogenic and immunosuppressive substances. Many cytokines belonging to different families display anti-tumor activity but their role in natural anti-tumor defense remains largely to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Jakóbisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure, The Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubińskiego 5, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Falciparum malaria is a complex disease with no simple explanation, affecting organs where the parasite is rare as well as those organs where it is more common. We continue to argue that it can best be understood in terms of excessive stimulation of normally useful pathways mediated by inflammatory cytokines, the prototype being tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These pathways involve downstream mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO) that the host normally uses to control parasites, but which, when uncontrolled, have bioenergetic failure of patient tissues as their predictable end point. Falciparum malaria is no different from many other infectious diseases that are clinically confused with it. The sequestration of parasitized red blood cells, prominent in some tissues but absent in others with equal functional loss, exacerbates, but does not change, these overriding principles. Recent opportunities to stain a wide range of tissues from African pediatric cases of falciparum malaria and sepsis for the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and migration inhibitory factor (MIF) have strengthened these arguments considerably. The recent demonstration of bioenergetic failure in tissue removed from sepsis patients being able to predict a fatal outcome fulfils a prediction of these principles, and it is plausible that this will be demonstrable in severe falciparum malaria. Understanding the disease caused by falciparum malaria at a molecular level requires an appreciation of the universality of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase and the protean effects of activation by inflammation of the former that include inactivation of the latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Clark
- School of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Canberra, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pedersen BK, Steensberg A, Keller P, Keller C, Fischer C, Hiscock N, van Hall G, Plomgaard P, Febbraio MA. Muscle-derived interleukin-6: lipolytic, anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects. Pflugers Arch 2003; 446:9-16. [PMID: 12690457 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-002-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is produced locally in working skeletal muscle and can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6. The transcription rate for IL-6 in muscle nuclei isolated from muscle biopsies during exercise is very high and is enhanced further when muscle glycogen content is low. Furthermore, cultured human primary muscle cells can increase IL-6 mRNA when incubated with the calcium ionophore ionomycin and it is likely that myocytes produce IL-6 in response to muscle contraction. The biological roles of muscle-derived IL-6 have been investigated in studies in which human recombinant IL-6 was infused in healthy volunteers to mimic closely the IL-6 concentrations observed during prolonged exercise. Using stable isotopes, we have demonstrated that physiological concentrations of IL-6 induce lipolysis. Although we have yet to determine the precise biological action of muscle-derived IL-6, our data support the hypothesis that the role of IL-6 released from contracting muscle during exercise is to act in a hormone-like manner to mobilize extracellular substrates and/or augment substrate delivery during exercise. In addition, IL-6 inhibits low-level TNF-alpha production, and IL-6 produced during exercise probably inhibits TNF-alpha-induced insulin resistance in peripheral tissues. Hence, IL-6 produced by skeletal muscle during contraction may play an important role in the beneficial health effects of exercise
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bente Klarlund Pedersen
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Section 7641, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Fran Balkwill
- ICRF Translational Oncology Laboratory, Barts and the London, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Science Building, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Couriel DR, Hicks K, Giralt S, Champlin RE. Role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition with inflixiMAB in cancer therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Curr Opin Oncol 2000; 12:582-7. [PMID: 11085458 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200011000-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a central cytotoxic and proinflammatory cytokine. Research on the benefits of TNF-alpha inhibition as a form of therapy has focused almost exclusively on autoimmune, inflammatory disorders. InflixiMAB, a chimeric antibody to human TNF-alpha, was recently approved for the management of Crohn disease and rheumatoid arthritis. The potential applications of inflixiMAB in the management of cancer are just beginning to be explored. This article reviews the biology, mechanism of action, pharmacology, and toxicity of inflixiMAB. Existing clinical experience and inflixiMAB's potential role as an immunosuppressant and antitumor agent in the management of cancer are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Couriel
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Houston 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
de Miguel MP, Royuela M, Bethencourt FR, Santamaría L, Fraile B, Paniagua R. Immunoexpression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors 1 and 2 correlates with proliferation/apoptosis equilibrium in normal, hyperplasic and carcinomatous human prostate. Cytokine 2000; 12:535-8. [PMID: 10857774 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemical and semiquantitative study of TNF-alpha, its receptors types 1 (TNFR1) and 2 (TNFR2), cell proliferation (Ki-67 nuclear antigen), and apoptosis (Tunel method) was carried out in human prostates, in normal healthy conditions, as well as in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostatic carcinoma (PC). Cell proliferation was higher in BPH than in normal prostates, and even higher in PC, mainly in neoformations showing a microglandular pattern. The apoptotic index was similar in BPH and normal prostates, and increased significantly in PC with independence of the pattern. In BPH, immunoreaction to TNF-alpha decreased as compared with that of normal prostates, while immunoreactions to both TNF-alpha receptors increased. This suggests a feedback downregulation of the factor, and that the low TNF-alpha activity in BPH are compensated by the increased amount of receptors. In PC, immunoreaction to TNF-alpha and its two receptors increased markedly, suggesting that the TNF-induced effects are also increased. Contrarily to cell proliferation immunoexpression, PC reaction to TNFR2 was stronger in the papillar pattern than in the micrograndular pattern, and this suggests an inverse correlation between TNFR2 expression and cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P de Miguel
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Paul BN, Saxena AK. Depletion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in mice by Nyctanthes arbor-tristis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1997; 56:153-158. [PMID: 9174977 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(97)01525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the water soluble fraction of the ethanol extract of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) level in plasma of arthritic and soluble protein A (SpA)-treated Balb/c mice has been studied. Oral administration of this fraction in arthritic mice showed a consistent depletion of TNF-alpha from the host plasma. A similar depletion of TNF-alpha in the plasma of SpA-treated mice has been observed. The extract also reduces plasma interferon-gamma level but the plasma IgM and IgG levels are not affected. The implications of these observations are discussed in the light of management of TNF-alpha in clinical disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B N Paul
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Industrial Taxicology Research Centre, Lucknow, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bergh JC, Tötterman TH, Termander BC, Strandgarden KA, Gunnarsson PO, Nilsson BI. The first clinical pilot study of roquinimex (Linomide) in cancer patients with special focus on immunological effects. Cancer Invest 1997; 15:204-11. [PMID: 9171853 DOI: 10.3109/07357909709039716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Roquinimex (Linomide) has been demonstrated to suppress tumor growth in animal models. The effect is at least in part related to enhanced numbers and activity of natural killer (NK) cells. In this clinical pilot study, roquinimex was given at increasing doses (0.05 mg/kg to 0.6 mg/kg) to 13 patients (performance status 0-3) with various malignant disorders. Immunology parameters were followed and side effects were observed during the study. The plasma pharmacokinetics of roquinimex was studied at the 0.2 mg/kg dose level. The clinical side effects were dominated by musculoskeletal discomfort, nausea, and pain. No significant hematological or biochemical toxicity was observed. Pharmacokinetic analysis at the 0.2 mg/kg dose level revealed a Cmax of 4.0 mumol/L at tmax of 1.2 hr and an elimination half-life of 42 hr. Increased numbers of phenotypic NK cells, activated T (DR+CD4+) cells, and monocytes were observed after administration of roquinimex compared with pretreatment values. Roquinimex seems to be an active immunomodulator with manageable toxicity. Further exploration of therapeutic efficacy is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Bergh
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Shikama H, Miyata K, Sakae N, Mitsuishi Y, Nishimura K, Kuroda K, Kato M. Novel mutein of tumor necrosis factor alpha (F4614) with reduced hypotensive effect. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1995; 15:677-84. [PMID: 8528939 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1995.15.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To eliminate systemic toxicity, including the hypotension associated with human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), we constructed mutant proteins (muteins) by mean of genetic engineering. A novel mutein, F4614, containing mutations of 5Thr-->Gly and 6Pro-->Asp, which resulted in the introduction of cell-adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp and 29Arg-->Val, had remarkably reduced hypotensive effects and lower lethality. We present evidence that the Arg-->Val mutation at position 29 is largely responsible for the reduced hypotensive effect. This effect of F4614 was thought to be closely correlated with its low inducibility of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 in vivo. In addition, the therapeutically effective dose of F4614 to MethA fibrosarcoma-transplanted mice was increased compared with that of TNF-alpha, indicating a wide therapeutic index. These results indicated that F4614 has several advantages as a systemic therapeutic drug in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Shikama
- Medicinal Research Laboratory, Ishibara Sangyo Kaisha, Ltd., Shiga, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rimstad E, Reubel GH, Dean GA, Higgins J, Pedersen NC. Cloning, expression and characterization of biologically active feline tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1995; 45:297-310. [PMID: 7676612 PMCID: PMC7119607 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05345-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/1994] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report the cloning, expression and characterization of biologically active feline tumour necrosis factor-alpha (fTNF-alpha). Messenger RNA was extracted from feline peritoneal macrophage cultures and used to synthesize cDNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The PCR products were cloned into the plasmid vector pCRII and sequenced, showing 99.3% homology with a published fTNF-alpha gene sequence. Subcloning into the vector pGEX-2T and subsequent expression resulted in a 43 kDa fusion protein of fTNF-alpha and glutathione S-transferase (GST). Thrombin cleavage of the fusion protein yielded a 17 kDa protein. This protein cross-reacted with a monoclonal anti-human TNF-alpha antibody in Western blotting, but not with a polyclonal anti-murine TNF-alpha serum. Recombinant fTNF-alpha (rfTNF-alpha) and rfTNF-alpha-GST had a CD50 of 15 ng ml-1 and 230 ng ml-1, respectively, in the L929 cytotoxicity assay. Cats given rfTNF-alpha-GST intravenously manifested the typical biological effects of TNF-alpha, including fever, depression, and piloerection. The rfTNF-alpha-GST upregulated IL-2 receptor and MHC-II antigen expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated in vitro, but had no effect on TNF-alpha receptor and MHC-I antigen expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Rimstad
- Department of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|