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Coexpression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 as a Prognostic Biomarker in Gastric Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8831466. [PMID: 33005257 PMCID: PMC7509560 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8831466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), an essential step in tumour invasion and metastasis, is mainly dependent on the activities of both matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). This study aimed to explore whether expression of MMP-7 and TIMP-1 alone and in combination can be used as a prognostic marker for gastric cancer (GC). Method A total of 285 patients who had undergone tumourectomy for GC were included. Gastric tumour tissues were stained immunohistochemically to evaluate expression of MMP-7 and TIMP-1. Results Expression of MMP-7 was associated with tumour N stage and neural invasion. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that expression of MMP-7 or TIMP-1 alone cannot serve as an indicator of patient prognosis; however, coexpression of MMP-7 and TIMP-1 was found to be an independent predictive factor of overall survival in patients with GC (HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.08-2.80). The results of stratified analysis also showed that the predictive value of MMP-7 and TIMP-1 coexpression was stronger in patients with N3 stage disease and not receiving chemotherapy. Conclusions In conclusion, coexpression of MMP-7 and its inhibitor TIMP-1 in gastric tumour tissues is a potential prognostic marker for GC. Greater knowledge of protein expression will lead to new paradigms and possible improvements in therapeutics.
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Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6991-6998. [PMID: 29344127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritoneal dissemination is the most frequent metastatic pattern of gastric cancer, but the mechanisms underlying peritoneal dissemination are yet to be elucidated. Paget's 'seed and soil' hypothesis is recognized as the fundamental theory of metastasis. The 'seeding' theory proposes that the formation of peritoneal dissemination is a multistep process, including detachment from the primary tumour, transmigration and attachment to the distant peritoneum, invasion into subperitoneal tissue and proliferation with blood vascular neogenesis. In the present review, the progress of each step is discussed. Milky spots, as a lymphatic apparatus, are indicative of lymphatic orifices on the surface of the peritoneum. These stomata are open gates for peritoneal-free cancer cells to migrate into the submesothelial space. Therefore, milky spots provide suitable 'soil' for cancer cells to implant. Other theories have also been proposed to clarify the peritoneal dissemination process, including the transvessel metastasis theory, which suggests that the peritoneal metastasis of gastric cancer develops via a vascular network mediated by hypoxia inducible factor-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Min Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
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3
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Lee JK, Han WS, Lee JS, Kim YS, Ko JH, Yoo JS, Yoon CN. β1,6-GlcNAc Linkage to the Core Glycan on TIMP-1 Affects Its Gelatinase Inhibitory Activities: Aberrantly Glycosylated TIMP-1-MMP2 Complex Modeling Shows Weaker Interaction Compared to Bi-antennary Glycosylated TIMP-1. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kak Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, Nanormics Research Institute; Seoul 02752 Korea
| | - Won Seok Han
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
- Department of Chemical Biology; Korea University of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Yong-Sam Kim
- Cancer Biomarkers Development Research Center and Biomedical Mouse Resource Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jeong-Heon Ko
- Cancer Biomarkers Development Research Center and Biomedical Mouse Resource Center; Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Jong Shin Yoo
- Division of Mass Spectrometry; Korea Basic Science Institute; Cheongwon-Gun 363-883 Korea
| | - Chang No Yoon
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul Korea
- Department of Neuroscience; Korea University of Science and Technology; Seoul 02792 Korea
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Raja UM, Gopal G, Shirley S, Ramakrishnan AS, Rajkumar T. Immunohistochemical expression and localization of cytokines/chemokines/growth factors in gastric cancer. Cytokine 2016; 89:82-90. [PMID: 27793525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies on gastric cancer tissue and patient plasma samples identified several cytokines/chemokines/growth factors to be differentially expressed, compared to normal samples. In this study our aim was to understand the localization patterns of the markers in gastric tissues. We investigated the expression of PDGFRB, CCL3, MMP3, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL20, IGFBP3, CXCL9, SPP1, CCL18, TIMP1, CCL15, CXCL5 and CCL4 in gastric tissues using Immunohistochemistry (IHC) on Tissue Microarrays (TMA). The TMA comprised of 25 apparently normal (AN), 87 paired normal (PN) and 134 gastric cancer (T) tissues. The epithelial and stromal expression of markers and their correlation with patient characteristics and outcome were analyzed. Several of the markers [PDGFRB (p<0.001), CCL3 (p<0.001), MMP3 (p<0.001), CXCL8 (p<0.001), CXCL10 (p<0.001), CCL20 (p<0.001), CXCL9 (p<0.001), CCL18 (p<0.001), TIMP1 (p=0.025), CCL15 (p<0.001)] were elevated in the stromal compartment of gastric cancers compared to AN tissues, with some having intermediate levels of expression in PN tissues. Epithelial and stromal PDGFRB (p=0.030, p=0.018) expression was associated with diffuse type gastric cancer. Stromal IGFBP3 (p=0.039), CXCL8 (p=0.008), TIMP1 (p<0.001), CCL4 (p=0.003) and SPP1 (p=0.048) expression was associated with intestinal type gastric cancer. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed higher epithelial PDGFRB (p=0.005 and p=0.004), CXCL8 (p=0.009 and p=0.007) were associated with poor disease free and overall survival. In multivariate analysis, high epithelial PDGFRB (p=0.036 and p=0.02) and SPP1 (p=0.003 and p<0.001) were independent prognostic factors for DFS and OS in patients with gastric cancer. The expression of cytokine/chemokine/growth factor markers is higher in the gastric tumor stroma compared to the normal gastric stroma and PDGFRB and SPP1 may serve as potential prognostic factors in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uthandaraman Mahalinga Raja
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Gopisetty Gopal
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Sundersingh Shirley
- Department of Oncopathology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Ayloor Seshadri Ramakrishnan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Thangarajan Rajkumar
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute (WIA), 38, Sardar Patel Road, Guindy, Chennai 600020, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Expression of the matrix metalloproteases 2, 14, 24, and 25 and tissue inhibitor 3 as potential molecular markers in advanced human gastric cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:285906. [PMID: 24669030 PMCID: PMC3942291 DOI: 10.1155/2014/285906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background. During progression of gastric cancer (GC), degradation of the extracellular matrix is mediated by the matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs): changes in the expression of these have been related to unfavorable prognosis in GC. Objective. To analyze the expression of certain MMPs and TIMPs in chronic superficial gastritis (SG) and GC. Methods. The expression of MMPs and TIMPs was determined using qRT-PCR; the expression was classified, using threshold cycle (CT) values, as very high (CT ≤ 25), high (CT = 26–30), moderate (CT = 31–35), low (CT = 36–39), or not detected (CT = 40). Strength of association was estimated between the proteins, which were detected by Western blot, and the risk of developing GC. Results. We found a high expression of MMP1, MMP2, MMP14, TIMP1, and TIMP3; moderate one of MMP9 and MMP25, and low one of MMP13 and MMP24 in both tissues. In absolute mRNA levels, significant differences were found in expression of MMP2, MMP24, and MMP25, which are overexpressed in GC compared with SG. The presence of the proteins MMP-14 and TIMP-3 was associated with the risk of developing GC. Conclusions. We consider that MMP2, MMP24, and MMP25 and the proteins MMP-14 and TIMP-3 could be candidates for prognostic molecular markers in GC.
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Grunnet M, Mau-Sørensen M, Brünner N. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) as a biomarker in gastric cancer: a review. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:899-905. [PMID: 23834019 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2013.812235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The value of Tissue Inhibitor of MetalloProteinase-1 (TIMP-1) as a biomarker in patients with gastric cancer (GC) is widely debated. The aim of this review is to evaluate available literature describing the association between levels of TIMP-1 in tumor tissue and/or blood and the prognosis of patients suffering from GC. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the search words 'TIMP-1', 'Gastric Cancer' and 'Tumor marker', a search was carried out on PubMed. Exclusion criteria were articles never published in English, articles from before 1995 and articles evaluating tumor markers other than TIMP-1 in GC. RESULTS Of initially 50 articles, 17 were found to fulfill the selection criteria and relevant for this study. The 17 articles evaluated the usefulness of TIMP-1 levels in tumor tissue or blood, respectively, as a prognostic marker in patients with GC. CONCLUSIONS A literature search showed that elevated protein levels of TIMP-1 in either tumor tissue extracts or in plasma from patients suffering from GC associates with poor patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Grunnet
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 expression associated with gene demethylation confers anoikis resistance in early phases of melanocyte malignant transformation. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:329-40. [PMID: 19956395 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although anoikis resistance has been considered a hallmark of malignant phenotype, the causal relation between neoplastic transformation and anchorage-independent growth remains undefined. We developed an experimental model of murine melanocyte malignant transformation, where a melanocyte lineage (melan-a) was submitted to sequential cycles of anchorage blockade, resulting in progressive morphologic alterations, and malignant transformation. Throughout this process, cells corresponding to premalignant melanocytes and melanoma cell lines were established and show progressive anoikis resistance and increased expression of Timp1. In melan-a melanocytes, Timp1 expression is suppressed by DNA methylation as indicated by its reexpression after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Methylation-sensitive single-nucleotide primer extension analysis showed increased demethylation in Timp1 in parallel with its expression along malignant transformation. Interestingly, TIMP1 expression has already been related with negative prognosis in some human cancers. Although described as a MMP inhibitor, this protein has been associated with apoptosis resistance in different cell types. Melan-a cells overexpressing Timp1 showed increased survival in suspension but were unable to form tumors in vivo, whereas Timp1-overexpressing melanoma cells showed reduced latency time for tumor appearance and increased metastatic potential. Here, we demonstrated for the first time an increment in Timp1 expression since the early phases of melanocyte malignant transformation, associated to a progressive gene demethylation, which confers anoikis resistance. In this way, Timp1 might be considered as a valued marker for melanocyte malignant transformation.
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Impact of plasma tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 on long-term survival in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2009; 12:31-6. [PMID: 19390929 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-008-0494-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is correlated with tumor invasion and metastases. METHODS The plasma TIMP-1 concentration was examined preoperatively in 149 patients with gastric cancer who underwent a surgical resection. The cutoff value of TIMP-1 was set at 112.5 ng/ml based on a previous report. These patients were followed up for more than 5 years prospectively. RESULTS Plasma TIMP-1 was positive in 30 of the 149 patients (20.1%). The overall survival rate was 78.2% at 5 years in patients with negative plasma TIMP-1, while this rate was 26.7% at 5 years in patients with positive plasma TIMP-1. By univariate analyses, T, N, M, and R category, and TIMP-1, were significant prognosticators. Multivariate analyses demonstrated T, N, and TIMP-1 to be significant prognosticators. The survival curve was clearly separated with respect to TIMP-1. CONCLUSION These results suggest that plasma TIMP-1 is a strong independent prognosticator for the long-term survival of patients with gastric cancer.
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9
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Møller Sørensen N, Vejgaard Sørensen I, Ørnbjerg Würtz S, Schrohl AS, Dowell B, Davis G, Jarle Christensen I, Nielsen HJ, Brünner N. Biology and potential clinical implications of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 in colorectal cancer treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:774-86. [PMID: 18584515 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701878163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the industrialized world. About half of "curatively" resected patients develop recurrent disease within the next 3-5 years despite the lack of clinical, histological and biochemical evidence of remaining overt disease after resection of the primary tumour. Availability of validated biological markers for early detection, selection for adjuvant therapy, prediction of treatment efficacy and monitoring of treatment efficacy would most probably increase survival. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) may be such a marker. TIMP-1 inhibits the proteolytic activity of metalloproteinases, which are centrally involved in tumour invasion and metastases. However, in clinical investigations high tumour tissue or plasma levels of TIMP-1 have shown a strong and independent association with a shorter survival time in CRC patients, suggesting that TIMP-1 could have a tumour-promoting function. Furthermore, measurement of plasma TIMP-1 has been shown to be useful for disease detection, with a high sensitivity and high specificity for early-stage colon cancer. This review describes some basic information on the current knowledge of the biology of TIMP-1 as well as the potential use of TIMP-1 as a biological marker in the management of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Møller Sørensen
- Section of Biomedicine, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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10
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Kim YS, Hwang SY, Kang HY, Sohn H, Oh S, Kim JY, Yoo JS, Kim YH, Kim CH, Jeon JH, Lee JM, Kang HA, Miyoshi E, Taniguchi N, Yoo HS, Ko JH. Functional Proteomics Study Reveals That N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V Reinforces the Invasive/Metastatic Potential of Colon Cancer through Aberrant Glycosylation on Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1-14. [PMID: 17878270 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700084-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V) has been reported to be up-regulated in invasive/metastatic cancer cells, but a comprehensive understanding of how the transferase correlates with the invasive/metastatic potential is not currently available. Through a glycomics approach, we identified 30 proteins, including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), as a target protein for GnT-V in human colon cancer cell WiDr. TIMP-1 was aberrantly glycosylated as characterized by the addition of beta1,6-N-acetylglucosamine, polylactosaminylation, and sialylation in GnT-V-overexpressing WiDr cells. Compared with normal TIMP-1, the aberrantly glycosylated TIMP-1 showed the weaker inhibition on both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and this aberrancy was closely associated with cancer cell invasion and metastasis in vivo as well as in vitro. Integrated data, both of TIMP-1 expression level and aberrant glycosylation, could provide important information to aid to improve the clinical outcome of colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sam Kim
- Daejeon-KRIBB-Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Research Cooperation Center, Daejeon, Korea
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11
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Yoshikawa T, Tsuburaya A, Kobayashi O, Sairenji M, Miyagi Y. Protein levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in tumor extracts as a marker for prognosis and recurrence in patients with gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2006; 9:106-13. [PMID: 16767366 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-006-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) correlates with tumor progression in patients with gastric cancer; however, the clinical significance of TIMP-1 as a marker for prognosis and recurrence has not been fully clarified. METHODS TIMP-1 protein was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in tumor samples from 86 patients who had undergone surgical resection. An intratumoral TIMP-1 value of 10.0 ng/mg protein or more was defined as positive. Patients were followed up for more than 5 years prospectively. RESULTS Thirty-one of the 86 patients (36.0%) were positive for TIMP-1. Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival were significantly different between patients who were positive and those who were negative for TIMP-1. Univariate analysis of factors affecting overall survival showed that depth of tumor invasion; lymph node metastasis; peritoneal dissemination; lymphatic invasion; venous invasion; Lauren classification of histology; curability; and TIMP-1 were statistically significant. Stepwise multivariate analysis for overall survival demonstrated that depth of tumor invasion, nodal metastasis, peritoneal dissemination, and TIMP-1 remained independent prognostic factors. Kaplan-Meier curves for disease-free survival were significantly different between patients who were positive and those who were negative for TIMP-1. The incidence of recurrence was significantly higher in patients positive for TIMP-1 than in those who were negative for TIMP-1. The frequency at each site of recurrence was higher in patients positive for TIMP-1. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the protein concentration of TIMP-1 in the tumor extracts was a useful marker for overall survival, disease-free survival, and disease recurrence in patients with gastric cancer. Thus, tumor TIMP-1 may serve to identify a high-risk group, for whom optimal surgical and medical treatment can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yoshikawa
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Kubben FJGM, Sier CFM, van Duijn W, Griffioen G, Hanemaaijer R, van de Velde CJH, van Krieken JHJM, Lamers CBHW, Verspaget HW. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 is a consistent prognostic factor in gastric cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:1035-40. [PMID: 16538217 PMCID: PMC2361233 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In a pioneer study, we showed 10 years ago that enhanced tissue levels of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP-2 and MMP-9 in gastric cancers, as determined by zymography, were related with worse overall survival of the patients. To corroborate these observations, we now assessed MMP-2 and MMP-9 with new techniques in an expanded group of gastric cancer patients (n=81) and included for comparison MMP-7, MMP-8 and the tissue inhibitors of MMPs, TIMP-1 and -2. All MMPs and TIMP-1 were significantly increased in tumour tissue compared to normal gastric mucosa. Matrix metalloproteinase-7, -8 and -9, and the TIMPs showed some correlations with the clinicopathologic parameters TNM, WHO and Laurén classification, but their levels were not related with survival. Regardless of the determination method used, that is, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or bioactivity assay, an enhanced tumour MMP-2 level did not show a significant correlation with any of the clinicopathological parameters, but was confirmed to be an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J G M Kubben
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C F M Sier
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - W van Duijn
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Griffioen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Hanemaaijer
- TNO Quality of Life, Biomedical Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C J H van de Velde
- Department of Oncologic Surgery, University Medical Centre Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J H J M van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C B H W Lamers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - H W Verspaget
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Building 1, C4-P012, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail:
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Yanglin P, Lina Z, Zhiguo L, Na L, Haifeng J, Guoyun Z, Jie L, Jun W, Tao L, Li S, Taidong Q, Jianhong W, Daiming F. KCNE2, a down-regulated gene identified by in silico analysis, suppressed proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2006; 246:129-38. [PMID: 16677757 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is important to identify the differentially expressed gene in gastric cancer for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis of stomach. Here, 38 genes differentially expressed genes between gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosa by in silico approaches. A potassium channel protein KCNE2, identified as a down-regulated gene in gastric cancer, was chosen for further study. We investigated the expression of KCNE2 in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines and examined the effect of KCNE2 on proliferation of gastric cancer. The expression of KCNE2 was markedly down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and cell lines. Forced overexpression of KCNE2 suppressed the growth of SGC7901 cells and cell cycle progression significantly, which might be related to the down-regulation of Cyclin D1. KCNE2 also inhibited SGC7901 cell growth in soft agar and its tumorigenicity in nude mice. Taken together, our work showed that in silico analysis approaches could be used to identify cancer-related genes effectively. KCNE2, as a novel down-regulated gene in gastric cancer, suppressed cell proliferation and tumorigenesis of stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yanglin
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Institute of Digestive Diseases, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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14
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Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) and their natural inhibitors as prognostic indicators in solid cancers. Biochimie 2005; 87:287-97. [PMID: 15781315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic growth and dissemination involve increased proteolytic activity that is able to escape the regulative elements. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly gelatinases A and B (MMP-2 and -9), play a role in tumor invasion and angiogenesis, and they participate in cancer progression in several neoplasias. The expression of tissue inhibitors of gelatinases, TIMPs-1 and -2, has also been shown to be associated with the clinical course in some cancers. The prognostic value of these markers, however, seems to vary a great deal in different neoplastic diseases. In this review, the impact of the gelatinases and their inhibitors on the clinical course in several solid cancers is evaluated based on the growing data from recent clinical studies. The clinical data most often explore the overexpression of mRNA or immunoreactive protein in tumor tissue, or measure the concentration of the circulating proteinase or its inhibitor in pretreatment or follow-up serum samples. The growing amount of recent clinical data suggests that the impact of gelatinases on treatment decisions should be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Turpeenniemi-Hujanen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, PL22, 90029 OYS, Finland.
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15
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Ruokolainen H, Pääkkö P, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Is Prognostic in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Comparison of the Circulating and Tissue Immunoreactive Protein. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:3257-64. [PMID: 15867221 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) are capable of inhibiting the matrix metalloproteinases, but they also possess other biological functions. Little is known about the role of TIMP-1 in the progression and spreading of cancer cells among patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, the pretreatment serum levels of TIMP-1 or the overexpression of TIMP-1 immunoreactive protein in the primary tumor was correlated to the clinical course in patients with HNSCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The TIMP-1 immunoreactive protein was studied in 74 cases representing HNSCC. The tissue immunoreactive protein was evaluated from paraffin-embedded tumor sections in 68 cases using immunohistologic staining with a specific antibody, and in 68 cases the pretreatment serum levels of TIMP-1 were quantitatively measured by ELISA assay. The results were compared with the clinicopathologic factors of the disease and the patients' outcome. RESULTS A positive correlation was found between the size of the primary tumor (T) and the circulating TIMP-1 level (P = 0.021) or the positive immunoreaction of TIMP-1 in tumor (P = 0.039). The 5-year cause-specific survival was significantly lower in patients presenting with a high serum TIMP-1 level than in those with a low level of TIMP-1 (38% versus 64%, P = 0.034). They also had an unfavorable 5-year relapse-free survival rate (37% versus 56%, respectively). Similarly, the expression of TIMP-1 in tumor was prognostic for shortened survival, the 5-year cumulative relapse-free survival being 42% in patients with a TIMP-1-positive tumor versus 75% in cases with a negative tumor (P = 0.035). Tissue TIMP-1 positivity also seemed associated to the cause-specific survival (P = 0.075) and to be connected with later lymph node or hematogenic relapses. CONCLUSIONS This study shows for the first time that both circulating and tissue TIMP-1 immunoreactive protein predicts the clinical course and dissemination in HNSCC, suggesting that TIMP-1 might be related to both tumor growth and metastasis in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henni Ruokolainen
- Department of Oncology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Matsumoto E, Nakatsukasa H, Nouso K, Kobayashi Y, Nakamura S, Suzuki M, Takuma Y, Tanaka H, Fujikawa T, Shiratori Y. Increased levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2004; 24:379-83. [PMID: 15287862 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2004.0923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). However, the role of TIMPs in these processes is not clear. AIM To examine the potential involvement of TIMP-1 in HCC and the association between TIMP-1 and clinical outcome of patients with HCC. METHODS The study included 91 patients who underwent surgical removal of HCC. TIMP-1 concentrations in the supernatant of tissue homogenates of HCC and non-neoplastic liver were measured by enzyme immunoassay. The relationships between TIMP-1 concentration and various clinicopathological features and recurrence of HCC after surgical operation were examined. RESULTS The mean level of TIMP-1 in HCC (486 +/- 610 ng/mg protein, +/- SD) was significantly higher than in the non-neoplastic liver (75 +/- 69, P < 0.0001). The median level of TIMP-1 in poorly differentiated HCCs (701 ng/mg protein) was significantly higher than in well- (80) and moderately (172) differentiated HCCs (P = 0.0047 and P = 0.0082, respectively). TIMP-1 level in liver cirrhosis was higher than in chronic hepatitis (P = 0.0015). TIMP-1 levels in HCC did not influence the recurrence rate of HCC. CONCLUSIONS TIMP-1 concentration in HCC was higher than in non-neoplastic liver and correlated with the differentiation grade of HCCs. However, tissue TIMP-1 concentration does not seem to be an important determinant of HCC recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Shikata-cho, Japan.
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Matsumoto E, Nakatsukasa H, Nouso K, Nakamura SI, Suzuki M, Kobayashi Y, Uemura M, Sato S, Yumoto EI, Yokoyama J, Tsuboi S, Tanaka H, Takuma Y, Fujikawa T, Shiratori Y. Elevated levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPS) in human hepatocellular carcinomas. COMPARATIVE HEPATOLOGY 2004; 3 Suppl 1:S51. [PMID: 14960203 PMCID: PMC2410266 DOI: 10.1186/1476-5926-2-s1-s51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Harushige Nakatsukasa
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nouso
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Mayumi Suzuki
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Masayuki Uemura
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Syuichiro Sato
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Ei-ichiro Yumoto
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Junko Yokoyama
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Sou Tsuboi
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Hironori Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Yoshiataka Takuma
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Fujikawa
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shiratori
- Department of Medicine and Medical Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Seno Hospital of Okayama City, Okayama 700, Japan
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Davis GE, Bayless KJ, Mavila A. Molecular basis of endothelial cell morphogenesis in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. THE ANATOMICAL RECORD 2002; 268:252-75. [PMID: 12382323 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have focused on blood vessel development and new blood vessel formation associated with disease processes, the question of how endothelial cells (ECs) assemble into tubes in three dimensions (i.e., EC morphogenesis) remains unanswered. EC morphogenesis is particularly dependent on a signaling axis involving the extracellular matrix (ECM), integrins, and the cytoskeleton, which regulates EC shape changes and signals the pathways necessary for tube formation. Recent studies reveal that genes regulating this matrix-integrin-cytoskeletal (MIC) signaling axis are differentially expressed during EC morphogenesis. The Rho GTPases represent an important class of molecules involved in these events. Cdc42 and Rac1 are required for the process of EC intracellular vacuole formation and coalescence that regulates EC lumen formation in three-dimensional (3D) extracellular matrices, while RhoA appears to stabilize capillary tube networks. Once EC tube networks are established, supporting cells, such as pericytes, are recruited to further stabilize these networks, perhaps by regulating EC basement membrane matrix assembly. Furthermore, we consider recent work showing that EC morphogenesis is balanced by a tendency for newly formed tubes to regress. This morphogenesis-regression balance is controlled by differential gene expression of such molecules as VEGF, angiopoietin-2, and PAI-1, as well as a plasmin- and matrix metalloproteinase-dependent mechanism that induces tube regression through degradation of ECM scaffolds that support EC-lined tubes. It is our hope that this review will stimulate increased interest and effort focused on the basic mechanisms regulating capillary tube formation and regression in 3D extracellular matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Davis
- Department of Pathology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station 77843, USA.
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Lee S, Baek M, Yang H, Bang YJ, Kim WH, Ha JH, Kim DK, Jeoung DI. Identification of genes differentially expressed between gastric cancers and normal gastric mucosa with cDNA microarrays. Cancer Lett 2002; 184:197-206. [PMID: 12127692 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To identify genes whose alterations lead to gastric cancer, gene expression profiles have been obtained from 22 gastric cancer tissues and their surrounding gastric mucosa tissues. A total of 16 genes were differentially expressed in more than 50% of gastric cancer tissues compared with surrounding gastric mucosa tissues. Genes such as HMG-Y, fibroblast collagenase inhibitor, and osteopontin are among those that are overexpressed in over 50% of the gastric cancer tissues. Dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, ribonuclease A, and glutathione peroxidase are among those genes that are underexpressed in over 50% of the gastric cancer tissues. We identified genes that are associated with clinical phenotypes of patients with gastric cancers. Alpha-II spectrin, Na/K-ATPase and KIAA0111 are those that are enhanced in intestinal type of gastric cancer. Gene such as platelet-endothelial tetraspan antigen 3 was enhanced in highly metastatic gastric cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongeun Lee
- In2Gen Company, Seoul National University Cancer Research Center, 6F, 28, Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
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Herrera VLM, Didishvili T, Lopez LV, Ruiz-Opazo N. Differential Regulation of Functional Gene Clusters in Overt Coronary Artery Disease in a Transgenic Atherosclerosis-hypertensive Rat Rodel. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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