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Nnko KA, Pima RT, Baraka CJ, Chalya D, Rwakatema DS, Mremi A. Surgical management of a huge oral verrucous carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 2024; 12:2050313X241252344. [PMID: 38784245 PMCID: PMC11113021 DOI: 10.1177/2050313x241252344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma is a well-recognized low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma. Cutaneous, oral, and anogenital forms exist. Exposure to persistent chronic irritation, inflammation, and repeated injury, as well as carcinogenic agents such as human papillomavirus infection, smoking, and alcohol use, are established risk factors. These neoplasms occur mostly in the oral cavity. The usual extraoral sites include the larynx, esophagus, genitals, and perineum. It is an extremely uncommon site of occurrence for the extraoral chin region. This unusual location makes the index case unique. Other uncommon sites reported include finger and foot. Case studies of verrucous carcinoma with huge tumor sizes are rare. Although it can be destructive locally, verrucous carcinoma typically does not spread to distant sites. Wide surgical excision with free margins is the most common treatment approach with a favorable prognosis. These tumors are likely to recur if they are incompletely excised, and recurred lesions tend to be more aggressive clinically as compared to their original counterparts. Herein, the authors describe a case of a huge oral verrucous carcinoma localized on the chin of a 43-year-old female patient. The clinical course, diagnostics, and proposed treatment have been discussed with the existing available literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanankira A Nnko
- Department of Dental Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Raphael T Pima
- Department of Dental Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Calvin J Baraka
- Department of Dental Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Daniel Chalya
- Department of Dental Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Deogratius S Rwakatema
- Department of Dental Surgery, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
- Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Alex Mremi
- Faculty of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Tanzania
- Department of Pathology, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
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Lechien JR, Vaira LA, Chiesa-Estomba CM. Laryngeal verrucous cell carcinoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024; 32:118-124. [PMID: 37820109 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the recent literature on epidemiology, clinical findings, treatment, and survival of laryngeal verrucous cell carcinoma (LVC). RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies report that LVC accounts for 1-3% of all laryngeal cancers. The incidence is decreasing, while most patients are male individuals and smokers. LVC are commonly detected in early stages because they are more frequently located in the glottic region. Tobacco, alcohol overuse, and, possibly, human papilloma virus are the main contributing factors. Recent studies confirm that surgery is the primary therapeutic approach with better prognosis when compared with other treatment modalities. Surgery alone is associated with 86.8% disease-free and 80.3% overall survival rates, while metastases are anecdotal. SUMMARY LVC presents different clinical, pathological, and survival outcomes when compared with the classic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Biopsies need often to be repeated before getting the most appropriate diagnosis; this supports the need of large-sample biopsy during the tumor diagnosis and staging. The glottic location of most LVC leads to detection of this lesion in its early stages, with ensuing better survival and outcomes after surgery compared with the classic form of squamous cell carcinoma. Future studies are needed to understand the biology of LVC and its related better prognostic outcomes when compared to other laryngeal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome R Lechien
- Laryngology Study Group of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Foch Hospital, Paris Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Luigi A Vaira
- Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Carlos M Chiesa-Estomba
- Laryngology Study Group of Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, San Sebastian University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
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Pilana Vithanage Kalani Shihanika H, Nadisha P, Bogahawatte Samarakoon Mudiyanselage Samadarani S, Ruwan Duminda J, Sriyani P, Tilakaratne WM. Controversies in verruco papillary lesions of the oral cavity-A systematic review. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3049-3060. [PMID: 35801381 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verruco papillary lesions (VPL) in the oral cavity encompass a spectrum of lesions starting from benign, potentially malignant to entirely malignant tumors. Much of the controversies in these entities occur due to lack of consensus on the disease characteristics and the management. This systematic review was conducted to identify and describe different lesions categorized as VPL in the oral cavity and their association with malignancy. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE (via PubMed), Scopus, LILAC, IMSEAR, and CENTRAL databases, which retrieved a total of 1020 abstracts. These abstracts were managed through Rayyan and Mendeley software, and only 28 studies with high quality were included in the systematic review. RESULTS Studies were published from 1992 to 2021. From the extracted data, nine different entities under the umbrella term VPL were identified associated with malignancy. We describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of these and propose a uniform framework for nomenclature. CONCLUSIONS Lack of well-planned research with adequate follow-up duration and inadequate quality standards are major barriers for the lack of evidence. The use of uniform nomenclature, as proposed in this study, and research at the molecular level will greatly reduce the controversies in understanding oral VPL associated with malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hettiarachchi Pilana Vithanage Kalani Shihanika
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Piyarathne Nadisha
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Jayasinghe Ruwan Duminda
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Perera Sriyani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Patel AM, Vedula S, Haleem A, Choudhry HS, Tseng CC, Park RCW. Elective Neck Dissection for cT1-4 N0M0 Head and Neck Verrucous Carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1187-1199. [PMID: 37278222 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the survival benefit of elective neck dissection (END) over neck observation in cT1-4 N0M0 head and neck verrucous carcinoma (HNVC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The 2006 to 2017 National Cancer Database. METHODS Patients with surgically resected cT1-4 N0M0 HNVC were selected. Linear, binary logistic, Kaplan-Meier, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were utilized. RESULTS Of 1015 patients satisfying inclusion criteria, 223 (22.0%) underwent END. The majority of patients were male (55.4%) and white (91.0%) with disease of the oral cavity (67.6%) classified as low grade (90.0%) and cT1-2 (81.8%). The minority of ENDs (4.0%) detected occult nodal metastases. The rate of END increased from 2006 to 2017 for both cT1-2 (16.3% vs 22.0%, p = .126, R2 = 0.405) and cT3-4 (41.7% vs 70.0%, p = .424, R2 = 0.232) disease but these trends were not statistically significant. Independent predictors of undergoing END included treatment at an academic facility (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19-2.55), cT3-4 disease (aOR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.16-5.07), and tumor diameter (aOR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19) (p < 0.05). The 5-year overall survival (OS) of patients treated with and without END was 71.3% and 70.6%, respectively (p = .661). END did not significantly reduce the 5-year hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.25, 95% CI: 0.91-1.71, p = .172). END did not significantly improve 5-year OS in univariate and multivariate analyses stratified by several patient, facility, tumor, and treatment characteristics. CONCLUSION END does not confer an appreciable survival benefit in HNVC, even after stratifying univariate and multivariate analyses by several patient, facility, tumor, and treatment characteristics. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman M Patel
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sudeepti Vedula
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Afash Haleem
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Hassaam S Choudhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Christopher C Tseng
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Chan Woo Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Gilligan G, Panico R, Lazos J, Morelatto R, Belardinelli P, Criscuolo MI, Bolesina N, Molina Ávila I, Pimentel Solá JM, Rivarola E, Morgante MJ, Ingrassia Tonelli ME, Gimenez J, Doratti P, Werner LC, Prado-Ribeiro AC, Brandão TB, Vechiato-Filho AJ, Cuzzullin MC, Saldivia-Siracusa C, Lopes MA, Agostini M, Romañach MJ, Abrahão AC, Fonsêca TC, Kaminagakura E, Anbinder AL, Santos Alves K, de Almeida Lança ML, Sacsaquispe-Contreras S, Rodriguez Ibazetta K, Gerber-Mora R, Aranda Romo S, Tejeda Nava FJ, Cordero-Torres K, Moreno Silva R, Gonzalez-Arriagada W, Toro R, Silveira FM, Gonzalez N, Vargas PA, Santos-Silva AR, Bologna-Molina R, Villarroel-Dorrego M, Martinez B, Piemonte E. Oral squamous cell carcinomas and oral potentially malignant disorders: A Latin American study. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 37877476 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) associated or not with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD), and the epidemiological profile and traditional risk factors in Latin America. METHODS A retrospective observational study was conducted in 17 Latin American centres. There were included cases of OSCC, analysing age, gender, OSCC and their association with previous OPMD. Clinicopathological variables were retrieved. The condition of sequential-OSCC versus OSCC-de novo (OSCC-dn) was analysed concerning the aforementioned variables. Quantitative variables were analysed using Student's t-test, and qualitative variables with chi-square. RESULTS In total, 2705 OSCC were included with a mean age of 62.8 years old. 55.8% were men. 53.75% of the patients were smokers and 38% were common drinkers. The lateral tongue border was the most affected site (24.65%). There were regional variations in OPMD, being leukoplakia the most frequent. Of the overall 2705 OSCC cases, 81.4% corresponded to OSCC-dn, while s-OSCC were 18.6%. Regarding lip vermillion SCC, 35.7% corresponded to de novo lip SCC and 64.3% were associated with previous OPMD. CONCLUSIONS In Latin America, OSCC-dn seems to be more frequent with regional variations of some clinical and histopathological features. Further prospective studies are needed to analyse this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Gilligan
- Oral Medicine Department "A", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - René Panico
- Oral Medicine Department "A", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Lazos
- Oral Medicine Department "A", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Rosana Morelatto
- Oral Medicine Department "B", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paola Belardinelli
- Oral Medicine Department "B", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Maria Ines Criscuolo
- Oral Medicine Department "B", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Nicolas Bolesina
- Oral Medicine Department "B", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Prado-Ribeiro
- Dental Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Fundação da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Thais Bianca Brandão
- Dental Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Fundação da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aljomar Jose Vechiato-Filho
- Dental Oncology Service, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Fundação da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Maria Claudia Cuzzullin
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Michelle Agostini
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mario José Romañach
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Corrêa Abrahão
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thamyres Campos Fonsêca
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estela Kaminagakura
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Ana Lia Anbinder
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Kamilla Santos Alves
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Maria Leticia de Almeida Lança
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Saray Aranda Romo
- Facultad de Estomatología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis de Potosí, San Luis Potosi, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Raiza Toro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Felipe Martins Silveira
- Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Diagnosis Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Gonzalez
- Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Diagnosis Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Oral Diagnosis Department, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ronell Bologna-Molina
- Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology Diagnosis Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de la República UDELAR, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Villarroel-Dorrego
- Instituto de Investigaciones Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Benjamin Martinez
- Oral Pathology Department, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Mayor de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Eduardo Piemonte
- Oral Medicine Department "A", Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Chang SW, Kim HJ, Kim JH. Verrucous Carcinoma of the Palatine Tonsil With Neck Metastases. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2023:1455613231199691. [PMID: 37743746 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231199691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Won Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hong Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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Amanian A, Anderson DW, Durham JS, Prisman E, Ng T, Hu A. Treatment of Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma: 28-Year Retrospective Cohort Study and Literature Review. OTO Open 2023; 7:e50. [PMID: 37275458 PMCID: PMC10234623 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma (LVC) comprises 1% to 4% of all laryngeal tumors. Although controversial, surgery has been the mainstay of treatment, due to concern about anaplastic transformation with radiotherapy. We aimed to study LVC patients to identify treatment patterns for primary and recurrent diseases. Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary referral center. Methods Patients with a pathological diagnosis of LVC treated over a 28-year period were included. Baseline demographics, and treatment outcome measures including 5-year laryngeal preservation rates (LPR), overall survival (OS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were included. A literature review of published studies within the same study period was also completed. Results Thirty-two patients were included in the analysis (median age 61.5 years, 93.8% [30/32] male). Twenty-three patients had T1 disease, and 9 had T2 disease with no evidence of regional or metastatic disease. The most common presenting symptom was hoarseness (93.8%) and the majority within the glottis 81.3% (26/32). Twenty-nine patients underwent primary surgery only (28 local excisions, 1 vertical partial laryngectomy) meanwhile 3 underwent local excision with postoperative radiotherapy. LPR, OS, and RFS at 5 years were 95.8%, 90.1%, and 80.6%, respectively. Our literature review identified 23 previous studies, mostly single-institution retrospective case series. Our study was the largest Canadian study in the literature to date. Conclusion All LVC patients were treated with primary surgery, consistent with the current literature with excellent 5-year OS and LPR. There was no consensus on the treatment of recurrent disease. Future prospective multicenter studies are warranted to further study this rare disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameen Amanian
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Donald W. Anderson
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - James Scott Durham
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Eitan Prisman
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Tony Ng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
| | - Amanda Hu
- Division of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Department of SurgeryUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverCanada
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Brito Y, Zubair S, Taki El-Din Z, Mwaniki J, Nair A, Tiesenga F. A Rare Case of Verrucous Carcinoma and Trichoblastoma of the Neck: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e38236. [PMID: 37252559 PMCID: PMC10225068 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a variant of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. This phenomenon mainly affects the oropharynx, genitalia, and soles of the feet. VC is a well-defined, exophytic, cauliflower-like growth that is warty in nature. Trichoblastoma is a benign epithelial tumor composed of follicular germinative cells. It presents as a small, smooth, non-ulcerated, skin-colored nodule on the scalp, neck, thigh, and perianal regions. The dual presentation of verrucous carcinoma and trichoblastoma of the neck is rare. Though treatment can be achieved through surgical resection, early detection offers a good prognosis. We present the case of a 54-year-old homeless male who presented with an unusual neck mass that was initially misidentified as an abscess. Surgical debridement was performed, and histopathological analysis revealed the presence of a rare combination of VC and trichoblastoma. This report highlights the challenges of this rare presentation, which may be overlooked or misdiagnosed as an abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia Brito
- Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue, GRD
| | - Samira Zubair
- Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue, GRD
| | - Zaid Taki El-Din
- Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue, GRD
| | - Janice Mwaniki
- Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, True Blue, GRD
| | - Ameya Nair
- Surgery, Saint James School of Medicine, Arnos Vale, VCT
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Kristofelc N, Zidar N, Strojan P. Oral verrucous carcinoma: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Radiol Oncol 2023; 57:1-11. [PMID: 36942907 PMCID: PMC10039467 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2023-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verrucous carcinoma is a low-grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma with specific morphologic, cytokinetic and clinical features. Despite low mitotic activity and slow growth, it can infiltrate adjacent tissues in advanced stages but does not metastasize. The most frequently affected site is the oral cavity. The following article provides latest updates in the etiology, clinical presentation, diagnostics and treatment options in oral verrucous carcinoma and discusses the existing dilemmas linked to this unique malignancy. CONCLUSIONS Oral verrucous carcinoma must be differentiated from conventional squamous cell carcinoma due to its less aggressive behaviour with a more favourable prognosis. Close communication between clinician and pathologist is mandatory for making a correct diagnosis. Primary surgery with negative surgical margins seems to be the most successful treatment. However, management recommendations are not uniform since they are mostly based on case reports and small retrospective case series. Prospective and pooled multi-institutional studies are therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Kristofelc
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital Dr. Franc Derganc Nova Gorica, Šempeter pri Gorici, Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Nina Zidar
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primoz Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Chai K, Liu J, Xiao R, Zhang G, Zhan Y. A huge verrucous carcinoma of the lower lip reconstructed by double Abbe flap: A case report and literature review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1086963. [PMID: 36816913 PMCID: PMC9931191 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1086963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lip verrucous carcinoma is a rare low-grade neoplasm, with an unsightly appearance and locally aggressive nature. Treatment of verrucous carcinoma is as yet challenging, no well-defined guidelines for effective and safe management of this disease are available. A case of a patient with a huge verrucous carcinoma of the lower lip successfully treated by surgical excision and double Abbe flap reconstruction technique is presented, and striking features of lip locations of this tumor as well as their management are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chai
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinbing Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhan
- Department of Dermatology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Yi Zhan,
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11
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Chong S, Huang L, Yu H, Huang H, Ming WK, Ip CC, Mu HH, Li K, Zhang X, Lyu J, Deng L. Crafting a prognostic nomogram for the overall survival rate of cutaneous verrucous carcinoma using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1142014. [PMID: 37051207 PMCID: PMC10084769 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to establish and verify a predictive nomogram for patients with cutaneous verrucous carcinoma (CVC) who will eventually survive and to determine the accuracy of the nomogram relative to the conventional American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system. METHODS Assessments were performed on 1125 patients with CVC between 2004 and 2015, and the results of those examinations were recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Patients were randomly divided at a ratio of 7:3 into the training (n = 787) and validation (n = 338) cohorts. Predictors were identified using stepwise regression analysis in the COX regression model for create a nomogram to predict overall survival of CVC patients at 3-, 5-, and 8-years post-diagnosis. We compared the performance of our model with that of the AJCC prognosis model using several evaluation metrics, including C-index, NRI, IDI, AUC, calibration plots, and DCAs. RESULTS Multivariate risk factors including sex, age at diagnosis, marital status, AJCC stage, radiation status, and surgery status were employed to determine the overall survival (OS) rate (P<0.05). The C-index nomogram performed better than the AJCC staging system variable for both the training (0.737 versus 0.582) and validation cohorts (0.735 versus 0.573), which AUC (> 0.7) revealed that the nomogram exhibited significant discriminative ability. The statistically significant NRI and IDI values at 3-, 5-, and 8-year predictions for overall survival (OS) in the validation cohort (55.72%, 63.71%, and 78.23%, respectively and 13.65%, 20.52%, and 23.73%, respectively) demonstrate that the established nomogram outperforms the AJCC staging system (P < 0.01) in predicting OS for patients with cutaneous verrucous carcinoma (CVC). The calibration plots indicate good performance of the nomogram, while decision curve analyses (DCAs) show that the predictive model could have a favorable clinical impact. CONCLUSION This study constructed and validated a nomogram for predicting the prognosis of patients with CVC in the SEER database and assessed it using several variables. This nomogram model can assist clinical staff in making more-accurate predictions than the AJCC staging method about the 3-, 5-, and 8-year OS probabilities of patients with CVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siomui Chong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Huang
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai-kit Ming
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cheong Cheong Ip
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Macau, Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Hsin-Hua Mu
- General Surgery Breast Medical Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, He Yuan, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatization (2021B1212040007), Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Lyu, ; Liehua Deng,
| | - Liehua Deng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University and Jinan University Institute of Dermatology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, He Yuan, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Lyu, ; Liehua Deng,
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12
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Ye Q, Hu L, Jia M, Deng LJ, Fang S. Cutaneous verrucous carcinoma: A clinicopathological study of 21 cases with long-term clinical follow-up. Front Oncol 2022; 12:953932. [PMID: 36313691 PMCID: PMC9606218 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.953932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous verrucous carcinoma (CVC) is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma and sometimes shares similar clinical and histopathological features with other verrucous lesions. METHODS We performed a retrospective study of 21 patients diagnosed with CVC between 2012 and 2022 by reviewing clinical and histopathological data. We also compared the clinicopathological features of patients with CVC, giant condyloma acuminatum (GCA), and pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (PEH). We obtained follow-up data by reviewing medical records and telephone interviews. RESULTS The average age of patients with CVC was 63.6 years, with a male predominance. The location of disease is mostly found in the foot, followed by the lower legs. Histologically, CVC is characterized by an exo-endophytic growth pattern with severe keratinization and a blunted rete ridge with pushing margins. Clinical features including exudation and crusting, induration, irregular borders, and warty surface, as well as pathological features including growth pattern, koilocytotic cells, depth and morphologic features of acanthosis, severe keratinization, and degree of dermal inflammation, were significant in distinguishing cutaneous CVC, GCA, and PEH. CONCLUSION Identification of the clinicopathological features is essential to distinguish CVC from its mimics and to make an early diagnosis. Because of the potential for recurrence and metastasis, CVC requires aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sheng Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Rath S, Gandhi AK, Rastogi M, Agarwal A, Singhal A, Sharma V, Khurana R, Singh HB, Nanda SS, Hadi R, Husain N. Treatment Pattern and Outcomes in Verrucous Carcinoma of Oral Cavity: A Single Institutional Retrospective Analysis from a Tertiary Cancer Center and Review of Literature. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2022; 74:1790-1796. [PMID: 36452609 PMCID: PMC9702423 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-020-01798-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a locally invasive uncommon histopathological variant of oral squamous cell cancer. There is paucity of literature regarding control rates in these cases. We intend to report the outcomes in terms of administered treatment and control rates. 28 patients of oral cavity verrucous carcinomas treated at our institute from March 2014 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic profile, histopathological features and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for Mac (version 23.0). Median age was 54 years (range 31-75) with M:F ratio of 25:3. Buccal mucosa was the most common site. All patients underwent surgical resection except one. Of these, 24 had neck dissection; 12 had supra-omohyoid neck dissection, eleven had modified neck dissection and one patient underwent radical neck dissection. Three patients had their histology upgraded to squamous cell carcinomas in the post-operative histopathology. The post-operative staging was as follows: 21% stage I and 35% stage II. One patient opted for non-surgical approach and received radical concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Median follow up was 12 months (range 6-36). Two patients had local failures and one had a regional failure. No distant metastasis was found. There was one death. 14-Months survival rate was 92%. Estimated 18 month loco-regional control rate was 92%. Curative surgical resection remains the cornerstone for VC of oral cavity. Any change of histopathology post-operatively to squamous cell carcinoma is a poor prognostic sign and needs appropriate adjuvant treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajeet Rath
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ajeet Kumar Gandhi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Madhup Rastogi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Akash Agarwal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Ashish Singhal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Vikash Sharma
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rohini Khurana
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Harikesh Bahadur Singh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Sambit Swarup Nanda
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Rahat Hadi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Nuzhat Husain
- Department of Pathology, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh India
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14
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Muller S, Tilakaratne WM. Update from the 5th Edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Head and Neck Tumors: Tumours of the Oral Cavity and Mobile Tongue. Head Neck Pathol 2022; 16:54-62. [PMID: 35312982 PMCID: PMC9018914 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01402-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The fifth chapter of the upcoming fifth edition of the 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Head and Neck titled Tumours of the oral cavity and mobile tongue, has had some modifications from the 2017 fourth edition. A new section "Non-neoplastic Lesions", introduces two new entries: necrotizing sialometaplasia and melanoacanthoma. The combined Oral potentially malignant disorders and Oral epithelial dysplasia section in the 2015 WHO has now been separated and submucous fibrosis and HPV-associated dysplasia are also discussed in separate sections. Carcinoma cuniculatum and verrucous carcinoma are described in dedicated sections, reflecting that the oral cavity is the most common location in the head and neck for both these entities which have distinct clinical and histologic features from conventional squamous cell carcinoma. This review summarizes the changes in Chapter 5 with special reference to new additions, deletions, and sections that reflect current clinical, histological, and molecular advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Muller
- Atlanta Oral Pathology, Emory at Decatur Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA.
| | - Wanninayake M Tilakaratne
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Naik AN, Silverman DA, Rygalski CJ, Zhao S, Brock G, Lin C, Puram SV, Rocco JW, Baliga S, VanKoevering KK, Old MO, Seim NB, Kang SY. Postoperative Radiation Therapy in Oral Cavity Verrucous Carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2022; 132:1953-1961. [PMID: 34989407 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS We investigate the clinicopathologic and treatment factors associated with the use of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) and its effect on overall survival (OS) for patients with oral cavity verrucous carcinoma (VC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2006 to 2015 was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictive factors associated with the use of PORT. Cox Regression survival and propensity score analyses were used to evaluate the effect of PORT on mortality. RESULTS A total of 356 adult patients with primary oral cavity VC who underwent definitive surgical resection were identified. A total of 10.7% of patients underwent definitive surgical resection followed by PORT. Variables associated with PORT included distance to the hospital per 10 miles (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.70-0.95]) and stage III-IV disease (aOR, 12.13 and 23.92, respectively). Multivariable Cox regression survival analysis indicated no evidence of survival benefit in patients undergoing PORT compared to surgery alone (adjusted hazard ratio 1.50 [0.74-3.05], P = .23). Propensity score analysis also showed no OS benefit with the use of PORT (P = .41). CONCLUSIONS Variables associated with the use of PORT on multivariable analysis included closer distance to hospital and stage III-IV disease. No clear survival benefit with PORT was identified on either multivariable survival analysis or propensity score analysis. These results suggest that surgery alone with negative margins may be the optimal treatment for patients with oral cavity VC. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4 Laryngoscope, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash N Naik
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Dustin A Silverman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California Davis Health System, Sacramento, California, U.S.A
| | | | - Songzhu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Guy Brock
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Sidharth V Puram
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, U.S.A
| | - James W Rocco
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Sujith Baliga
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Kyle K VanKoevering
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Matthew O Old
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Nolan B Seim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Stephen Y Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
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16
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Kompelli AR, Froehlich MH, Morgan PF, Li H, Sharma AK, Nathan CO, Neskey DM. Definitive Radiotherapy versus Surgery for the Treatment of Verrucous Carcinoma of the Larynx: A National Cancer Database Study. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 26:e348-e356. [PMID: 35846806 PMCID: PMC9282968 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1730304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Traditionally, larger lesions of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma are treated with surgical excision, with definitive radiotherapy generally reserved for smaller lesions. However, data utilizing modern databases is limited.
Objective
The authors sought to assess, utilizing the National Cancer Database, whether overall survival for patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma was equivalent when treated with definitive radiotherapy versus definitive surgery.
Methods
A retrospective cohort study was conducted utilizing the National Cancer Database. All cases of laryngeal verrucous carcinoma within the National Cancer Database between 2006 and 2014 were reviewed. Patients with T1–T3 (American Joint Commission on Cancer 7th Edition) laryngeal verrucous carcinoma were included and stratified by treatment modality. Demographics, treatment, and survival data were analyzed.
Results
A total of 392 patients were included. Two hundred and fifty patients underwent surgery and 142 received radiotherapy. The two groups differed in age, transition of care, clinical T stage, and clinical stages. There was no significant difference in survival between T1–T3 lesions treated with surgery or radiotherapy (
p
= 0.32). Age, comorbidities, insurance status, and clinical T stage impacted overall hazard on multivariate analysis (
p
< 0.01). For patients treated with radiotherapy, age, insurance status, and clinical T stage were predictive of increased hazard.
Conclusion
Overall survival is equivalent for patients with clinical T1 and clinical T2 laryngeal verrucous carcinoma treated with primary radiotherapy versus primary surgery. Thus, radiotherapy should be considered as a non-inferior treatment modality for certain patients with laryngeal verrucous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvesh R Kompelli
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Michael H Froehlich
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Patrick F. Morgan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Anand K Sharma
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - CherieAnn O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - David M Neskey
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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17
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Ito Y, Nishijima H, Kishimoto S. A Case of Huge Cutaneous Verrucous Carcinoma of the Neck. Cureus 2021; 13:e15162. [PMID: 34178491 PMCID: PMC8216570 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a rare subtype of squamous cell carcinoma. VC commonly occurs in the mucosa, but rarely occurs in the skin. The treatment for VC is surgical removal of the tumor. Because lymph node metastasis of VC is rare, the indications for prophylactic neck dissection for cutaneous VC of the neck are controversial. Here, we present the case of a 68-year-old man with a huge cutaneous VC of the neck and the long-term clinical course. The tumor occupied the entire right cervical skin, with suspected lymph node metastasis in the affected neck. Tumor resection and neck lymph node dissection were performed. Pathological examination revealed cutaneous VC with invasion to the adjacent tissues and no lymph node metastasis. Cutaneous VC of the neck is likely to grow locally without regional lymph node metastasis regardless of the long-term course and the size of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, JPN.,Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, JPN
| | - Hironobu Nishijima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, JPN.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JPN
| | - Seiji Kishimoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, Chiba, JPN
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18
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Fawaz B, Vieira C, Decker A, Lawrence N. Surgical treatment of verrucous carcinoma: a review. J DERMATOL TREAT 2021; 33:1811-1815. [PMID: 33849379 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2021.1914312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Verrucous carcinoma is a rare mucocutaneous malignancy characterized by slow, relentless growth and a low metastasis rate. OBJECTIVE Herein we summarize surgical success rates and review newer approaches to the treatment of verrucous carcinomas.Methods & Materials: PubMed electronic searches were performed by B.F. and C.V. using combinations of the following terms: ''verrucous carcinoma,'' ''Ackerman tumor,'' ''Buschke Lowenstein,'' ''epithelioma cuniculatum,'' ''carcinoma cuniculatum,'' ''papillomatosis cutis,'' ''treatment,'' ''therapeutics,'' ''management,'' ''mohs surgery,'' and ''excision.'' A systematic review was conducted on 49 articles in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS Surgical management remains first-line therapy. Wide local excision is most commonly utilized, with highly variable margins (0.5-3.0 cm) and recurrence rates (4.6-75.0%). Mohs Micrographic Surgery has also been used, especially for recurrent tumors, with an overall recurrence rate of 12.9%. CONCLUSION Surgery is the treatment of choice, either by Mohs Micrographic Surgery or wide local excision. However, surgical recurrence rates are high, and tissue-sparing therapies are desirable given the sensitive locations involved. Ultimately, randomized control trials are needed to develop evidence-based guidelines for the management of VCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Fawaz
- Cooper Center for Dermatologic Surgery, Evesham, NJ
| | - Carlos Vieira
- Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ
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19
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Palate Squamous Cell Carcinomas:A Ten-Year Single Institute Experience. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2020; 46:358-370. [PMID: 33717510 PMCID: PMC7948021 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.46.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The literature date estimated that about 5% of all oral cavity cancers are hard palate cancers while soft palate cancers account for about 5-12% of oropharyngeal cancers. Although rare, usually these tumors had a more aggressively behavior than other oral cancer sites. That is why our study aimed to investigate comparatively the epidemiological, clinical and histopathological peculiarities of the two palatal sites of oral squamous cell carcinomas. We conducted a retrospective study limited to a period of 10 years in a single medical institution to investigate the morphoclinical profile of such tumors. We found that patients with hard palate SCCs had an average age slightly larger compared to those who developed soft palate tumors. Also, those with hard palate tumors are mostly diagnosed in less advanced stages compared to those at the level of the soft palate, and implicitly the former had a longer survival time. Histopathologically the most encountered hard palate SCC were the conventional well-differentiated tumor, and from the peculiar SCC variant the papillary and verrucous forms while for the soft palate SCC prevailed the moderate and poor differentiated conventional SCC and from the peculiar SCC variant the basaloid and acantholytic forms. In conclusion hard palate tumors differ in many aspects from those of the soft palate, and thus specification of the origin tumor site become important for the assessment of prognosis, treatment and survival outcome of such patients.
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20
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Differential Expression of EZH2 and H3K27me3 in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma and Oral Verrucous Hyperplasia. Head Neck Pathol 2020; 15:408-415. [PMID: 32720035 PMCID: PMC8134610 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-020-01209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a component of the polycomb repressive complex 2 that catalyzes trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3), has been shown to promote tumor development and progression. Expression of EZH2 is associated with cell cycle regulation and cell proliferation in various neoplasms. Oral verrucous hyperplasia (OVH) and Oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) are rare entities and share several clinical and histopathologic features. Problems distinguishing these lesions are added by a lack of adjacent normal tissue of the biopsy samples and poorly oriented tissue sections. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of EZH2 and H3K27me3 in OVH and OVC and comparing the expression with normal oral mucosa and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Seventy-eight samples, including 25 cases of OVC, 8 cases of OVH, 35 cases of OSCC and 10 cases of normal oral mucosa, were retrieved and submitted for immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that the mean labeling indices (LIs) of EZH2 and H3K27me3 expression were highest in OSCC, followed by the OVC, OVH, and normal mucosa. Statistical differences in EZH2 LI were observed among these lesions whereas H3K27me3 LI was significantly different among OSCC, OVH and normal mucosa. EZH2 LI was found to have a sensitivity of 72.00% and specificity of 87.50% in distinguishing OVH from OVC, and a sensitivity of 57.14% and specificity of 84.00% in distinguishing OVC from OSCC. A positive correlation between EZH2 and H3K27me3 expression was significantly found in OVC but not in OVH and OSCC. These findings highlight the involvement of epigenetic regulation by EZH2-mediated H3K27me3 in the pathogenesis of OVH and OVC, and EZH2 expression indicates disease progression of these verrucous lesions. Diagnostic test analysis further suggests that EZH2 may be used as an additional test for differentiating OVH from OVC in questionable cases.
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21
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Wang N, Huang M, Lv H. Head and neck verrucous carcinoma: A population-based analysis of incidence, treatment, and prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18660. [PMID: 31914052 PMCID: PMC6959962 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. The oral cavity, genitals, larynx, esophagus, and skin are usually affected, and the head and neck regions are the most affected areas. Few studies reported about head and neck verrucous carcinoma (VC) in the literature. Therefore, we conducted an extensive population-based study about the VCs to use population-based data to further investigate the incidence, treatment, and survival of head and neck verrucous carcinoma.Patients from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (SEER) between 1973 and 2015 were brought into our study. The data of VCs and other head and neck malignancies (OHNMs) patients were extracted for analysis. We compared characteristics of patients with VC with those of patients with OHNMs.Results were obtained for 2039 cases of VC and 394,739 cases of OHNM. Compared to patients with OHNM, patients with VC were more often female (36.6% vs 31.1%; P < .001), younger (median age 62 vs 67 years; P < .001), and had a smaller tumor size (P < .001). VC cases were of lower histological grade and SEER stage (P < .001). The incidence of VC was 0.075 per 100,000 and decreased over time (annual change -1.855%, P < .001), whereas the incidence of OHNM showed no change. The primary treatment method for VC was surgery, with other treatments showing no significant therapeutic effect.VC is rare, with a decreasing incident trend. The outcome is better compared with OHNM patients. Surgery could significantly improve VC patients' prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of otolaryngology, Medical School of Facial Sciences, Hubei University of Science and technology
| | - Ming Huang
- Department of Thyroid and breast surgery, Xianning Central Hospital, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology
| | - Hong Lv
- School of Nursing, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Acral Verrucous Carcinoma. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2019; 45:235-240. [PMID: 31624653 PMCID: PMC6778290 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.45.02.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. The verrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous carcinoma that is highly differentiated, relatively uncommon, locally aggressive, with slow growth and minimal metastatic potential. Clinical case. A 48-year old man was admitted to the Dermatology department of the Craiova Hospital for a round-oval tumoral mass that was hyperkeratotic, with central ulceration, covered by a hematic crust, approximately 1.5cm in size, localized at the distal phalanx of the third finger left hand, with perilesional edema and erythema. The wart-like lesion appeared 8 months beforehand, which the patient has traumatized repeatedly in the last 2 months. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma. The X-ray examination revealed external margin osteolysis of the distal epiphysis in the third finger, left hand. The patient was transfered to the Plastic surgery department where the distal phalanx of the third finger, left hand was amputated. Discussions. Risk factors for the development of verrucous carcinoma are HPV infection, carcinogenic chemicals, smoking, chronic inflammation, repeated trauma, etc. Diagnosis is suspected by clinical appearance and confirmed histopathologically. The treatment of choice is surgical excision due to the high risk of recurrence and local invasiveness, and in the case of an advanced tumor with acral localization, amputation is preferred, as is our case. Conclusions. Verrucous carcinoma is a type of squamous carcinoma that is highly differentiated, with slow and continuous invasion of the underlying tissues. In order to establish the diagnosis of verrucous carcinoma, it is necessary to corroborate the clinical examination with histopathological and evolutionary examinations. The treatment of choice is surgical excision, but given the increased risk of recurrence, the patient should be evaluated periodically until complete healing. Our case is interesting by localization and rapid evolution with the invasion of the underlying tissues.
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23
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Shetty SS, Kudpaje A, Rao V, Thakur S, Ramaswamy V. Nascent verrucous hyperplasia - A transition to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02356. [PMID: 31485536 PMCID: PMC6717160 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is a common global cancer with Ultraviolet light recognized as the most significant risk factor. The other definite or plausible risk factors include immunosuppression, infection with oncogenic viruses, exposure to toxins, chemicals, chronic inflammatory skin disease and a high body mass index. This case highlights the rarity of the pathology in terms of size, the subtle transition of verrucous hyperplasia to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma over a period of time and the fallibility of the frozen section report in deciding the optimum resection margins. The initial innocuous presentation represented a diagnostic challenge as it can be mistaken for other benign entities. A correlation between the history, clinical presentation, tumor biology and the histopathological characteristics helped us to unlock the jigsaw puzzle of approaching a rare condition with a modification in the surgical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameep S Shetty
- Health Care Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore 560027, #8 Kalinga Rao Road, Sampangi Ram Nagar, India.,Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore 575001, Light House Hill Road Manipal Academy of Higher Education, A Constituent of MAHE, India
| | - Akshay Kudpaje
- Consultant Head and Neck Oncologist, Health Care Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Vishal Rao
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Health Care Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore, India
| | - Shalini Thakur
- Health Care Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore 560027, #8 Kalinga Rao Road, Sampangi Ram Nagar, India
| | - Veena Ramaswamy
- Health Care Global Enterprises Ltd, Bangalore 560027, #8 Kalinga Rao Road, Sampangi Ram Nagar, India
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Variants des carcinomes épidermoïdes dans les voies aérodigestives supérieures (VADS), implications pour le diagnostic et la prise en charge, selon les référentiels du REFCOR. Bull Cancer 2019; 106:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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25
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A first case of primary gastric verrucous carcinoma with isolated squamous epithelium in the stomach. Virchows Arch 2019; 475:115-119. [PMID: 30761414 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a rare histological subtype of gastric cancer. Here, we report the first case of primary gastric verrucous carcinoma (VC), a well-differentiated variant of SCC. Gastroscopy revealed a papillary polypoid lesion at the posterior wall of the upper gastric body and isolated squamous epithelium at the greater curvature of the fornix in a 78-year-old woman. Endoscopic submucosal dissection was performed. Microscopically, the lesion comprised very well-differentiated squamous epithelium with minimal atypia and exhibited coarse papillary structure and bulbous epithelial downgrowth with submucosal invasion. Conventional SCC or adenocarcinoma components were not included, and the lesion was surrounded by the metaplastic intestinal mucosa. Human papillomavirus infection was not detected. Although the pathogenesis of primary gastric SCC remains controversial, here, the disease is suggested as having originated from squamous epithelium. Knowledge of primary gastric VC and difficulty in diagnosing it using surface biopsy is necessary.
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26
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Brierley DJ, Crane H, Hunter KD. Lumps and Bumps of the Gingiva: A Pathological Miscellany. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 13:103-113. [PMID: 30693455 PMCID: PMC6404662 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01000-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lesions of the gingivae are amongst the commonest lesions seen in patients and the vast majority are reactive hyperplasias, related to a number of chronic irritant stimuli. However, there are a number of entities that have a predilection for the gingivae, which are much less common in other parts of the oral cavity. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the clinical and histological differential diagnoses when presented with a lump on the gingivae, including the approach to diagnosis and diagnostic pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Brierley
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA UK
| | - Hannah Crane
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA UK
| | - Keith D. Hunter
- Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Pathology, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Claremont Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2TA UK ,Department of Oral Pathology and Biology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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27
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Santosh HN, Nagaraj T, Saxena S, Biswas A, Pai SA. Verrucous carcinoma: A clinicopathological study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2019; 23:303. [PMID: 31516246 PMCID: PMC6714279 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_59_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study is to identify a co-relation between clinical and histopathological features of verrucous carcinoma. Materials and Methods This study was conducted based on Knowledge Attitude and Practice (KAP) questionnaire comprising of 3 sets of questions covering clinical and histopathological aspects of the oral verrucous carcinoma. The target subjects were specialists in the field of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology. Results and Conclusion Verrucous carcinoma is a low grade variant of squamous cell carcinoma and the clinical features of both are very similar. The treatment of both differs widely; we fail to diagnose it correctly. This study correlates the clinic-pathologic features of oral verrucous carcinoma by means of statistically analyzing the varied clinical features and pathological impressions. This is helpful in eliminating the diagnostic dilemma and thus channelizing the data to present a clear treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Santosh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Tejavathi Nagaraj
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati Saxena
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arundhati Biswas
- Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushant Anant Pai
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Rajiv Gandhi College of Dental Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Epidemiological and Histopathological Aspects of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinomas-Retrospective Study. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2018; 44:211-224. [PMID: 30647940 PMCID: PMC6311229 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.44.03.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is one of the most commonly diagnosed intraoral
squamous cell carcinomas (25-40%), being considered an aggressive form of
squamous cell carcinoma, as it is most commonly associated with lymph node
metastases and the survival rate at five years is below 50%. In according with
these data, we have proposed in this study to individualize an epidemiological
and histopathological profile of the patients with such oral cancers, diagnosed
and treated in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic and in the
Otolaryngology Surgery Clinic of the Emergency Clinical County Hospital
Craiova, between 2015-2017. The cases were histopathologically reassessed
according to the latest WHO classification of head and neck tumors, the
variables of interest being the age of the patients, the gender, the lesion
topography, the histological subtype, the degree of tumor differentiation, the
pTNM stage, the resection margin status and the Brandwein-Gensler prognostic
score. Thus, we recorded an average age of 55.81±14.98 tongue cancer
development, 65% of the casuistry being diagnosed during the 7th and 6th
decades, with a slight prevalence in men, with development in two thirds of
cases in the mobile portion of the tongue. Histopathologically, conventional
forms of squamous cell carcinoma prevailed (53.7%), followed by varieties:
acantholytic (26%), basaloid (13%), sarcomatoid (5.45%) and verrucous (1.85%).
Moderate differentiated forms prevailed (44.44%), half of the cases falling
within the moderate degree of Brandwein-Gensler's histological risk score and
two thirds were diagnosed in pTNM stage II and III of the disease, and a
quarter of the cases having the margins invaded.
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29
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Lee CN, Huang CC, Lin IC, Lee JYY, Ou CY, Wong TW. Recalcitrant lip verrucous carcinoma successfully treated with acitretin after carbon dioxide laser ablation. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 4:576-578. [PMID: 29998178 PMCID: PMC6038266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaw-Ning Lee
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Cheng Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Julia Yu-Yun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Ou
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tak-Wah Wong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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30
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Harishankar MK, Mohan AM, Krishnan AV, Devi A. Downregulation of Notch4 - a prognostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 85:11-16. [PMID: 29162408 PMCID: PMC9442864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oral verrucous carcinoma is a special form of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma which possesses specific clinical, morphologic and cytokinetic features that differ from other types of oral cancers and hence diagnosis requires immense experience in histopathology. Hence it is certainly important to distinguish such a lesion from other oral tumors as treatment strategies vary widely between them. Objective In search of a critical diagnostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma, Notch4 receptor, one of the key regulatory molecules of the Notch signaling family has been aberrantly activated in the progression of several types of tumors. However its function in oral verrucous carcinoma remains unexplored. Thus the present study aims in determining the differential expression pattern of Notch4 in oral verrucous carcinoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Methods Ten patients reported positive for oral cancer (5 patients with oral verrucous carcinoma and 5 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma). Five normal tissue samples were also obtained and evaluated for clinicopathological parameters and immunohistochemistry, western blotting and real time polymerase chain reaction for Notch4 expression. Results Our results reveal that the expression of Notch4 was considerably high in oral squamous cell carcinoma lesions compared to normal tissue, whereas in oral verrucous carcinoma, irrespective of the clinicopathological features, complete regulação descendente of Notch4 was observed. Conclusions These preliminary findings strongly support the fact that Notch4 is downregulated in oral verrucous carcinoma and could be considered as a suitable prognostic marker in distinguishing oral verrucous carcinoma from oral squamous cell carcinoma. This distinguishing marker can help in improving therapeutic options in patients diagnosed with oral verrucous carcinoma.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Verrucous/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Verrucous/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Verrucous/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- Down-Regulation
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Mucosa/pathology
- Mouth Neoplasms/chemistry
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Notch4/analysis
- Reference Values
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Harishankar
- SRM University, School of Bioengineering, Department of Genetic Engineering, Kattankulathur, India
| | - A Mathan Mohan
- Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Cancer Foundation, Kancheepuram, India
| | - A Vinod Krishnan
- Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical and Dental Sciences, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Cancer Foundation, Kancheepuram, India
| | - Arikketh Devi
- SRM University, School of Bioengineering, Department of Genetic Engineering, Kattankulathur, India.
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Alonso JE, Han AY, Kuan EC, Suh JD, John MAS. Epidemiology and survival outcomes of sinonasal verrucous carcinoma in the United States. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:651-656. [PMID: 28865078 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a rare, variant of squamous cell carcinoma with benign cytohistopathologic features and a generally favorable prognosis. Epidemiologic and clinical outcomes data are lacking as a result of limited cases of sinonasal VC. OBJECTIVE To describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with verrucous carcinoma of the sinonasal tract between the years of 1973 to 2014 using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. METHODS The SEER registry was utilized to calculate survival trends for patients with verrucous carcinoma of the sinonasal tract between 1973 and 2014. Patient data then was analyzed with respect to age, sex, race, and treatment modalities (surgery and radiation therapy). Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated. RESULTS A total of 86 cases of VC of the sinonasal tract were identified. The cohort was comprised of 69.8% males. The mean age at diagnosis was 67.4 years. The nasal cavity was the most common primary site (51.2%), followed by the maxillary sinus (40.7%) and nasopharynx (5.8%). The median OS was 97.6 months. 89.5% of cases underwent surgery and 20.9% received both surgery and radiation therapy. Overall survival at 2, 5, and 10 years was 73%, 59%, and 36%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, advanced age (P < 0.05) and primary site (P < 0.05) were associated with worse OS and DSS, respectively. Primary nasopharyngeal tumor site was associated with reduced DSS (P < 0.05). Surgery improved OS (P < 0.001) and DSS (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Verrucous carcinoma of the sinonasal tract is associated with a generally favorable prognosis. Age, primary site, and surgical therapy are independent predictors of OS and DSS, respectively. We present the first population-based analysis of sinonasal VC, thus clarifying the prognosis and reinforcing the management of this malignancy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 128:651-656, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Alonso
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Albert Y Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Edward C Kuan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey D Suh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
| | - Maie A St John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.,UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A
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32
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Alonso JE, Kuan EC, Arshi A, St. John MA. A population-based analysis of verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Laryngoscope 2017; 128:393-397. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose E. Alonso
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; the UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program; Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Edward C. Kuan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; the UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program; Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Armin Arshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; the UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program; Los Angeles California U.S.A
| | - Maie A. St. John
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; the UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program; Los Angeles California U.S.A
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; the UCLA Head and Neck Cancer Program; Los Angeles California U.S.A
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; Los Angeles California U.S.A
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Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial tumor showing evidence of squamous differentiation. It is the most common malignancy of the larynx, with several variants (verrucous, exophytic or papillary, spindle-cell, basaloid, acantholytic, adenosquamous) recognized, with well-established precursor lesions. Dysplasia is now separated into only low-grade and high-grade categories. Each SCC variant has unique cytomorphologic features and histologic differential diagnoses that are important to consider, as management and outcomes are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester D R Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Woodland Hills Medical Center, 5601 De Soto Avenue, Woodland Hills, CA 91367, USA.
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34
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López F, Williams MD, Cardesa A, Hunt JL, Strojan P, Rinaldo A, Nixon IJ, Rodrigo JP, Saba NF, Mendenhall WM, Quer M, Suárez C, Ferlito A. How phenotype guides management of non-conventional squamous cell carcinomas of the larynx? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 274:2709-2726. [PMID: 28364287 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-017-4533-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although the majority of laryngeal malignancies are the conventional squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), a wide variety of malignant epithelial tumors can affect the larynx. Current treatment guidelines are designed to guide clinicians in management of conventional laryngeal SCC. Less is known about the biological behavior and responsiveness to therapy and overall outcomes of other malignant epithelial lesions. Because a spectrum of disease biology is represented by these rare phenotypes, an understanding of the basic biology can help direct management to optimize clinical outcome in this group of patients. This review provides a critical analysis of literature relating to the diagnosis, management, and outcome of patients with non-conventional squamous malignant epithelial neoplasms of the larynx. Particular attention is paid to features which are at variance with the conventional SCC and how these impact on management of these rare tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando López
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain. .,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Michelle D Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Antonio Cardesa
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer L Hunt
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Iain J Nixon
- Departments of Surgery and Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juan P Rodrigo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Avenida de Roma s/n, 33011, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Nabil F Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Miquel Quer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Suárez
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and CIBERONC, ISCIII, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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35
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Mohan S, Pai SI, Bhattacharyya N. Adjuvant radiotherapy is not supported in patients with verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1334-1338. [PMID: 28150306 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the impact of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) on overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in patients with verrucous carcinoma (VC) as compared to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional population analysis. METHODS Cases of nonmetastatic VC/SCC of the oral cavity were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (1988-2013). Kaplan-Meier survivals, stratified according to T stage, were compared between VC and SCC for treatment with or without adjuvant RT. RESULTS A total of 18,819 VC/SCC cases were identified. There were 581 (3.1%) VC (mean age 69.6 years, 48.9% female) versus 18,238 (97.0%) SCC (mean age, 65.3, 37.1% female) patients. Verrucous carcinoma patients receiving surgery alone (N = 539) demonstrated a trend toward improved OS versus VC patients receiving surgery and RT (N = 40) (117.0 vs. 71.4 months, respectively, P = 0.119). There was a statistically significant improvement in DSS in VC patients receiving surgery alone (217.2 vs. 110.9 months, P = 0.05). Verrucous carcinoma patients treated with adjuvant RT demonstrated a trend toward a worse OS (71.4 vs. 93.0 months, P = 0.992) and DSS (110.9 vs. 162.3 months, P = 0.275) compared to SCC treated with adjuvant RT, suggesting a different biology and radiosensitivity between VC and SCC. CONCLUSION Verrucous carcinoma treated with adjuvant RT had a worse OS and DSS compared to both VC treated with surgery alone and SCC treated with surgery and adjuvant RT. Consideration should be given to surgical re-section rather than adjuvant RT in patients with positive margins or local recurrence. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2C. Laryngoscope, 127:1334-1338, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Mohan
- Department of Otology and Laryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Sara I Pai
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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36
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Diagnostic Biomarkers in Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:19-32. [PMID: 27924463 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0150-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC), a low-grade variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is most frequently seen in the oral cavity. No clear etiology has been found for this lesion, but human papilloma virus, chewing betel nuts, and ultraviolet radiation are suggested as probable causes. Differential diagnosis of OVC is challenging for oral pathologists. The aim of this study was to review the molecular-based approaches for differential diagnosis of OVC. An electronic search was conducted in Medline and Scopus from January 2004 to July 2015 limited to English language publications. Published papers on verrucous carcinoma (VC) were found according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed qualitatively. Data extraction were performed according to PRISMA statement. A total of 423 articles were reviewed; out of which, 26 articles completely fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Most of the included studies investigated proliferative and apoptotic biomarkers such as p53 and Ki67. No definite conclusion was drawn for cytoskeletal biomarkers due to variability of factors and lack of significant expression. However, it seems that cytokeratin10 (CK 10) can be useful for differentiation of OVC and benign squamous lesions. Among cell surface and extracellular matrix biomarkers tissue biomarkers, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, CD31 and CD68 seem to be useful for differentiation of OVC and OSCC and glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) can help in differentiation of OVC from oral epithelial dysplasia. Differences among OVC, OSCC and normal epithelium in expression profiles of the investigated biomarkers help in their differential diagnosis; although, clinicohistopathological similarities among verrucous hyperplasia, noninvasive OVC and invasive well-differentiated OSCC make the diagnosis difficult. Further studies are required to better differentiate these oral lesions.
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Echanique KA, Desai SV, Marchiano E, Spinazzi EF, Strojan P, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 156:38-45. [PMID: 27484231 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816662631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective Laryngeal verrucous carcinoma (LVC) is a rare, locally invasive neoplasm comprising 1% to 3.4% of laryngeal carcinomas. Management strategies are a topic of ongoing conversation, and no definitive treatment protocol based on T stage and presentation exists. This review examines characteristics, treatment modalities, and patient outcomes of LVC. Data Sources PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Methods Databases were searched through October 29, 2015, for literature detailing individual patient cases of LVC. Variables analyzed included patient demographics, tumor characteristics, tumor size, treatment, and outcomes. Results Thirty-seven articles with 369 cases were included. LVC was found more commonly in males (13.8:1), at an average age of 58.7 years, and located in the glottis (74.0%). Most patients had local disease at presentation (94.9%). The most common presenting symptom was hoarseness (92.3%). The most common primary treatment was surgery alone (72.3%), with local excision as the most common technique (56.8%). In patients with data available on both surgical modality and T stage, most patients who presented as T1 and were managed surgically underwent local excision (79.2%). Surgical treatment alone led to high rates of disease-free survival at follow-up (86.8%). A large number of patients presenting with T1 disease were disease free at follow-up (88.6%). Overall survival was 80.3%. Conclusion LVC is most often managed surgically. The extent of surgical resection may be guided by T stage, with smaller tumors resected via local excision and larger tumors via partial or total laryngectomy. Regardless of T stage or therapy, LVC has a good posttreatment prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen A. Echanique
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Stuti V. Desai
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Emily Marchiano
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Eleonora F. Spinazzi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Primož Strojan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Soly Baredes
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
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Peng Q, Wang Y, Quan H, Li Y, Tang Z. Oral verrucous carcinoma: From multifactorial etiology to diverse treatment regimens (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 49:59-73. [PMID: 27121637 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) is a verrucous variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which accounts for 2-12% of all oral carcinomas with a 5-year survival rate of only approximately 50%. Enormous effort has been dedicated to this cancer, and the past decades have witnessed significant advances in relevant diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Currently, there exist three challenges from primary sub-fields of research and clinical practice of the cancer, namely multifactorial etiology, complex molecular mechanism, and deficient treatment. This study reviews the existing literature on the cancer, encompassing its etiology, clinical manifestations and pathology, molecular mechanism, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, and treatment. For improved treatment of OVC, multifactorial etiology analysis, incorporation of effective biomarkers for mechanism illustration, and integration of multidisciplinary modalities are expounded, in an attempt to resolve the challenges and to provide a useful guide for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Peng
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hongzhi Quan
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yiping Li
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhangui Tang
- Xiangya Stomatological Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Pulivarthi S, Pachipulusu B, Malligere SB, Govindraju P, T S MK. Ackerman's Tumour - A Case Report. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZD08-10. [PMID: 26894186 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/13508.7109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ackerman's tumour or Verrucous Carcinoma (VC) is a distinct form of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). It is predominantly seen in elderly men and strongly associated with the use of tobacco. In oral cavity it occurs predominantly in buccal mucosa followed by gingiva, palate and floor of the mouth. Clinically it manifests as proliferative finger like projections resembling a cauliflower which is characteristic of its diagnosis. Histologically, papillary or verruciform surface and parakeratin plugs between the surface projections are seen with an intense infiltrate of chronic inflammatory cells in the connective tissue thus it requires enormous expertize for diagnosis. Although VC is illustrated as a benign lesion with minimum aggressive potential over a period of time it can evolve into SCC. Hence most appropriate management of Ackerman's tumour is early diagnosis and surgical excision of the lesion. With this above background, we hereby report an enticing case of verrucous carcinoma in a left retromolar trigone extending into lower alveolar ridge in a 52-year-old male patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Pulivarthi
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaji Pachipulusu
- Professor and Head, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sowbhagya Basavaraju Malligere
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Poornima Govindraju
- Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar T S
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma is a highly differentiated variant of squamous cell carcinoma with a high local recurrence rate. Few studies of primary verrucous carcinoma of the auricle have reported on the surgical outcome. The authors present herein a case in which a verrucous carcinoma of the auricle was successfully removed and reconstructed using a retroauricular pull-through island flap, and the authors briefly review the relevant literature.
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Ray R, Bhagat A, Vasudevan B, Sridhar J, Madan R, Ray M. A Rare Case of Plantar Epithelioma Cuniculatum Arising from a Wart. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60:485-7. [PMID: 26538697 PMCID: PMC4601417 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.164369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old man, a known case of hypertension, coronary artery disease and old cardiovascular accident with right-sided hemiplegia, came with the chief complaints of a large cauliflower like growth with pus discharge on the left heel since 15 years. The patient had sustained a penetrating injury by a thorn on the left heel region few days before the lesion appeared. Dermatological examination revealed a single verrucous lesion measuring 7 × 7 cm on the left heel region associated with discharge of foul smelling cheesy material. There was also a enlarged right inguinal lymph node which was non-tender, firm, measuring 2 cm in diameter with normal overlying skin. X-ray left ankle was done which showed some soft tissue swelling. A skin biopsy showed hyperkeratosis, acanthosis and parakeratosis. Elongated rete ridges with keratinocyte hyperplasia, forming a large mass pressing on the underlying dermis were seen. There was formation of multiple large keratin filled invaginations and crypts. No atypical cells were seen. Based on history, clinical examination and investigations, a diagnosis of epithelium cuniculatum type of verrucous squamous cell carcinoma was made. A wide excision with a flap cover was performed in consultation with the oncosurgeon and the excision sample was sent for histopathological re-examination, which confirmed the diagnosis of epithelioma cuniculatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Ray
- Department of Dermatology, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Aditi Bhagat
- Department of Dermatology, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Biju Vasudevan
- Department of Dermatology, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Renu Madan
- Department of Pathology, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manjusha Ray
- Department of Pathology, INHS Asvini, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Alan H, Agacayak S, Kavak G, Ozcan A. Verrucous carcinoma and squamous cell papilloma of the oral cavity: Report of two cases and review of literature. Eur J Dent 2015; 9:453-456. [PMID: 26430380 PMCID: PMC4570003 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.163224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) of oral cavity is a rare variant of well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and squamous papilloma is a benign proliferation of the stratified squamous epithelium, which results in a papillary or verrucous exophytic mass. There is a certain clinical similarity between squamous cell papilloma and VC. We presented a report of two cases which are VC and squamous cell papilloma that are showed the same clinical appearance but different pathological appearance, with a review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Alan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkiye
| | - Serkan Agacayak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dıcle, Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Gulten Kavak
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Dıcle, Diyarbakır, Turkiye
| | - Ayse Ozcan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkiye
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Reliability of Incision Biopsy for Diagnosis of Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Multivariate Clinicopathological Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2015. [PMID: 26225050 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-014-0715-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies have reported 20 % of conventional squamous cell carcinoma in patients with verrucous carcinoma (VC), later these cancers were termed as hybrid VC. It is important to distinguish both while planning treatment since hybrid VC requires addressing regional lymphatics in addition to respective surgery. Information on odds of missing the foci of invasion on routine incision biopsy might be useful in this regard. PATIENTS AND METHODS Records of all the patients surgically treated for oral cancer from Jan 2010 to Oct 2013 in a Tertiary Cancer Centre was analyzed. Patients diagnosed with primary VC or Verrucous Hyperplasia on incision biopsy were included in the study. Proportion of patients undiagnosed for invasive component on incision biopsy was calculated, multivariate analysis of the sample was performed to find associated cofounders. RESULTS Fifty-five patients who reported with the diagnosis of VC (n = 53) or Verrucous Hyperplasia (n = 2) on incision biopsy were included in the study. Twenty-seven were diagnosed as VC and 28 as hybrid VC after excision. This corresponded to 51 % (n = 28) of cases missing invasive component on incision biopsy. VC was significantly more commonly seen in lip and in buccal mucosa, hybrid VC was more commonly seen in tongue and gingiva and this association was statistically significant (p = 0.031) in our study. CONCLUSION Incision biopsy is extremely unreliable to diagnose and differentiate oral Hybrid VC from VC or Verrucous Hyperplasia. Caution is required while planning treatment of these patients regarding possibility of presence of conventional squamous cell carcinoma within these tumors.
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Dubal PM, Svider PF, Kam D, Dutta R, Baredes S, Eloy JA. Laryngeal Verrucous Carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 153:799-805. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599815591981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Verrucous carcinoma of the larynx (VCL) is a rare entity with reportedly favorable prognosis. Current analyses are limited primarily to case reports and case series, thus making a population-based analysis useful in characterizing frequency, incidence, and survival trends to guide clinical diagnosis and decision making. Study Design Analysis of the National Cancer Institute’s SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) database. Methods Cases of VCL diagnosed between 1973 and 2011 were searched in the SEER database. Analysis was carried out with respect to patient demographics, tumor characteristics, incidence, treatment modality, and survival. Results In sum, 516 patients with VCL were identified. Males composed 88.4% of cases. Whites accounted for 88.4% of cases, with 8.1% of cases occurring in black patients. Most cases (79.7%) arose in the glottis, a statistically significant predilection when compared with other laryngeal malignancies ( P < .0001). Incidence of VCL decreased from 2000 to 2011, with an annual percent change of −5.4%. Overall 1-, 5-, and 10-year disease-specific survival for VCL was 97.5%, 88.0%, and 77.4%, while 1-, 5-, and 10-year relative survival was 98.1%, 85.5%, and 74.2%, respectively. Surgery seemed to confer better prognosis when compared with other treatment modalities. Conclusions This large population-based analysis of VCL demonstrates that this entity has a good prognosis, arises in the glottis, and is decreasing in incidence. Five-year survival seems highest when surgery is utilized. However, this finding may be subject to selection bias in high-stage lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariket M. Dubal
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Peter F. Svider
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - David Kam
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Soly Baredes
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jean Anderson Eloy
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Center for Skull Base and Pituitary Surgery, Neurological Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Gokavarapu S, Parvataneni N, Charan CR, Puthamakula S, Kulkarni G, Reddy BS. Multi Centricity of Oral Verrucous Carcinoma: A Case Series of 22 Cases. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 67:138-42. [PMID: 26075168 PMCID: PMC4460108 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-015-0835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is an uncommon variant of squamous cell carcinoma characterized by proliferative outgrowing clinical appearance of the tumor, Incidence of VC is 2-12 % among oral cancers, the true incidence of VC can be accessed only from surgically treated cases since thorough processing of the entire tumor is necessary for accurate diagnosis, foci of invasive squamous cell carcinoma are found often in the substance of these tumors, thus, over reporting of this tumor is not uncommon. The retrospective data of a tertiary cancer hospital was analysed to understand the clinical challenges and outcome of patients with VC. The frequent association of VC with second primary oral cancer (22.7 %) observed in our series highlights the multi centricity of carcinogenesis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Gokavarapu
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Nagendra Parvataneni
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - C. R. Charan
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
- />Malla Reddy College of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreenivasa Puthamakula
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
| | - Ganesh Kulkarni
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
- />Malla Reddy College of Dental Sciences, Hyderabad, India
| | - B. Sridher Reddy
- />Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Hyderabad, 500034 Andhra Pradesh India
- />Government Dental College and Hospital, Hyderabad, India
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Tan H, Liu Y, Zhu G, Pi L, Huang D, Zhang X. An individual drug-therapy and genetic testing report of temporal bone verrucous carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1535-40. [PMID: 25214794 PMCID: PMC4159496 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s66145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the pathology and pathogenesis of and treatment methods for temporal bone verrucous carcinoma. Materials and methods A single-patient report of verrucous carcinoma on the left external auditory canal is presented and analyzed along with all cases of temporal bone verrucous carcinoma that have been documented in the English literature. Results Most of the patients with verrucous carcinoma of the temporal bone have histories of surgery, trauma, or infection, and verrucous carcinomas are sensitive to antimicrotubule chemotherapeutic medicines. Adjuvant radiation therapy is not effective, but surgical treatment might be relatively more effective. Conclusion Temporal bone verrucous carcinoma has a poor prognosis; therefore, the preferred treatment is surgical resection facilitated with antimicrotubule chemotherapeutic treatment. Adjuvant radiation therapy is not a preferred treatment for temporal bone verrucous carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolei Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangcai Zhu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Leiming Pi
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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Pathak J, Swain N, Patel S, Poonja L. Histopathological variants of oral squamous cell carcinoma-institutional case reports. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 18:143-5. [PMID: 24959057 PMCID: PMC4065435 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.131945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jigna Pathak
- Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Niharika Swain
- Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Patel
- Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ls Poonja
- Department of Oral Pathology, Mahatma Gandhi Mission's Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Patel KR, Chernock RD, Sinha P, Müller S, El-Mofty SK, Lewis JS. Verrucous carcinoma with dysplasia or minimal invasion: a variant of verrucous carcinoma with extremely favorable prognosis. Head Neck Pathol 2014; 9:65-73. [PMID: 24947053 PMCID: PMC4382478 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-014-0551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Verrucous carcinomas (VC) recur locally but do not metastasize in the absence of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) component. Although excluded from the definition of pure VC, some tumors harbor only dysplasia or minimal invasion, findings of unknown clinical significance. Surgically resected VC cases from two institutions were collected and categorized into three types: VC, VC with dysplasia or minimal invasion (VCDMI), defined as SCC less than or equal to 2 mm in depth, and SCC arising in VC (SCC-VC) where the SCC was greater than 2 mm in depth. Cases were also matched with conventional SCC based on location and T and N-stages, and clinical follow up was obtained. Of the 58 total cases, 18 were VC, 26 VCDMI, and 14 SCC-VC. Only 1 of 18 (5.6 %) VC and 5 of 26 (19.2 %) VCDMI cases recurred locally (p = 0.37) versus 7 of 14 (50 %) SCC-VC (p = 0.01). All VC and VCDMI cases were node negative at presentation whereas SCC-VC had nodal metastases in 2 of 14 (14.3 %) cases. No patients with VC or VCDMI died from disease, whereas 5 of 14 (35.7 %) patients with SCC-VC died from disease. T-stage matched conventional SCC cases from institutional databases had worse outcomes than VC and VCDMI, but not after they were matched for both T and N-stages. Our findings suggest that dysplasia and/or minimal invasive SCC do not adversely affect outcomes in tumors otherwise showing diagnostic features of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani R. Patel
- />Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Rebecca D. Chernock
- />Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Parul Sinha
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Susan Müller
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Samir K. El-Mofty
- />Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - James S. Lewis
- />Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8118, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
- />Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
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