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Bhosale SS, Mandal A, Hou C, McCorkle JR, Schweer D, Hill KS, Subramanian V, Kolesar JM, Tsodikov OV, Rohr J. Mithplatins: Mithramycin SA-Pt(II) Complex Conjugates for the Treatment of Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancers. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200368. [PMID: 36342449 PMCID: PMC9899322 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
DNA coordinating platinum (Pt) containing compounds cisplatin and carboplatin have been used for the treatment of ovarian cancer therapy for four decades. However, recurrent Pt-resistant cancers are a major cause of mortality. To combat Pt-resistant ovarian cancers, we designed and synthesized a conjugate of an anticancer drug mithramycin with a reactive Pt(II) bearing moiety, which we termed mithplatin. The conjugates displayed both the Mg2+ -dependent noncovalent DNA binding characteristic of mithramycin and the covalent crosslinking to DNA of the Pt. The conjugate was three times as potent as cisplatin against ovarian cancer cells. The DNA lesions caused by the conjugate led to the generation of DNA double-strand breaks, as also observed with cisplatin. Nevertheless, the conjugate was highly active against both Pt-sensitive and Pt-resistant ovarian cancer cells. This study paves the way to developing mithplatins to combat Pt-resistant ovarian cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas S Bhosale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Abhisek Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - J Robert McCorkle
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 760 S. Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - David Schweer
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, College of Medicine, 760 S. Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Kristen S Hill
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 760 S. Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Vivekanandan Subramanian
- University of Kentucky PharmNMR Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536-0596, USA
| | - Jill M Kolesar
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, 760 S. Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, College of Medicine, 760 S. Rose Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 760 Press Avenue, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 S. Limestone Street, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Dasgupta A, Mondal P, Dalui S, Das C, Roy S. Molecular characterization of substrate-induced ubiquitin transfer by UBR7-PHD finger, a newly identified histone H2BK120 ubiquitin ligase. FEBS J 2021; 289:1842-1857. [PMID: 34739193 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of histone H2B at lysine 120 plays a vital role in active transcription and DNA damage response pathways. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component N-recognin 7 (UBR7) has been recently identified as an H2BK120 monoubiquitin ligase. However, the molecular details of its ubiquitin transfer mechanism are not well understood. Here, we report that the plant homeodomain (PHD) finger of UBR7 is essential for its association with E2 UbcH6 and consequent ubiquitin transfer to its substrate histone H2B. We also identified the critical region of UbcH6 involved in this function and shown that the residues stretching from 114 to 125 of histone H2B C-terminal tail are sufficient for UBR7/UbcH6-mediated ubiquitin transfer. We also employed antibody-independent mass spectrometry to confirm UBR7-mediated ubiquitination of the H2B C-terminal tail. We demonstrated that the PHD finger of UBR7 forms a dimer and this dimerization is essential for ubiquitination of histone H2B. We mapped the critical residues involved in the dimerization and mutation of these residues that abrogate E3 ligase activity and are associated with cancer. Furthermore, we compared the mode of ubiquitin discharge from UbcH6 mediated by UBR7 and RING finger protein 20 (RNF20) through a thioester hydrolysis assay. Interestingly, binding of substrate H2B to UBR7 induces a conformational change in the PHD finger, which triggers ubiquitin transfer from UbcH6. However, the RNF20 RING finger alone is sufficient to promote the release of ubiquitin from UbcH6. Overall, the mechanism of ubiquitin transfer by the newly identified E3 ubiquitin ligase UBR7 is markedly different from that of RNF20.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Dasgupta
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Payel Mondal
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Sambit Dalui
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India.,Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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3
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Discrimination between G/C Binding Sites by Olivomycin A Is Determined by Kinetics of the Drug-DNA Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155299. [PMID: 32722584 PMCID: PMC7432603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Olivomycin A (OA) exerts its cytotoxic potency due to binding to the minor groove of the G/C-rich DNA and interfering with replication and transcription. Screening of the complete set of tetranucleotide G/C sites by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay (EMSA) revealed that the sites containing central GC or GG dinucleotides were able to bind OA, whereas the sites with the central CG dinucleotide were not. However, studies of equilibrium OA binding in solution by fluorescence, circular dichroism and isothermal titration calorimetry failed to confirm the sequence preference of OA, indicating instead a similar type of complex and comparable affinity of OA to all G/C binding sites. This discrepancy was resolved by kinetics analysis of the drug–DNA interaction: the dissociation rate significantly differed between SGCS, SGGS and SCGS sites (S stands for G or C), thereby explaining the disintegration of the complexes during EMSA. The functional relevance of the revealed differential kinetics of OA–DNA interaction was demonstrated in an in vitro transcription assay. These findings emphasize the crucial role of kinetics in the mechanism of OA action and provide an important approach to the screening of new drug candidates.
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4
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Maganti L, Bhattacharyya D. Sequence specificity in DNA–drug intercalation: MD simulation and density functional theory approaches. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2019; 34:83-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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5
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Furuta N, Tsukagoshi S, Hirayanagi K, Ikeda Y. Suppression of the yeast elongation factor Spt4 ortholog reduces expanded SCA36 GGCCUG repeat aggregation and cytotoxicity. Brain Res 2019; 1711:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Duan B, Ding P, Hughes TR, Navarre WW, Liu J, Xia B. How bacterial xenogeneic silencer rok distinguishes foreign from self DNA in its resident genome. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:10514-10529. [PMID: 30252102 PMCID: PMC6212790 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial xenogeneic silencers play important roles in bacterial evolution by recognizing and inhibiting expression from foreign genes acquired through horizontal gene transfer, thereby buffering against potential fitness consequences of their misregulated expression. Here, the detailed DNA binding properties of Rok, a xenogeneic silencer in Bacillus subtilis, was studied using protein binding microarray, and the solution structure of its C-terminal DNA binding domain was determined in complex with DNA. The C-terminal domain of Rok adopts a typical winged helix fold, with a novel DNA recognition mechanism different from other winged helix proteins or xenogeneic silencers. Rok binds the DNA minor groove by forming hydrogen bonds to bases through N154, T156 at the N-terminal of α3 helix and R174 of wing W1, assisted by four lysine residues interacting electrostatically with DNA backbone phosphate groups. These structural features endow Rok with preference towards DNA sequences harboring AACTA, TACTA, and flexible multiple TpA steps, while rigid A-tracts are disfavored. Correspondingly, the Bacillus genomes containing Rok are rich in A-tracts and show a dramatic underrepresentation of AACTA and TACTA, which are significantly enriched in Rok binding regions. These observations suggest that the xenogeneic silencing protein and its resident genome may have evolved cooperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Duan
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengfei Ding
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Wiley Navarre
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Xia
- Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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7
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Murase H, Noguchi T, Sasaki S. Evaluation of simultaneous binding of Chromomycin A 3 to the multiple sites of DNA by the new restriction enzyme assay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1832-1835. [PMID: 29657103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chromomycin A3 (CMA3) is an aureolic acid-type antitumor antibiotic. CMA3 forms dimeric complexes with divalent cations, such as Mg2+, which strongly binds to the GC rich sequence of DNA to inhibit DNA replication and transcription. In this study, the binding property of CMA3 to the DNA sequence containing multiple GC-rich binding sites was investigated by measuring the protection from hydrolysis by the restriction enzymes, AccII and Fnu4HI, for the center of the CGCG site and the 5'-GC↓GGC site, respectively. In contrast to the standard DNase I footprinting method, the DNA substrates are fully hydrolyzed by the restriction enzymes, therefore, the full protection of DNA at all the cleavable sites indicates that CMA3 simultaneously binds to all the binding sites. The restriction enzyme assay has suggested that CMA3 has a high tendency to bind the successive CGCG sites and the CGG repeat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Murase
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Noguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shigeki Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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8
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Papi F, Bazzicalupi C, Ferraroni M, Massai L, Bertrand B, Gratteri P, Colangelo D, Messori L. [Au(9-methylcaffein-8-ylidene)2
]+
/DNA Tel23 System: Solution, Computational, and Biological Studies. Chemistry 2017; 23:13784-13791. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Papi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco, Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA); Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via Ugo Schiff 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| | - Carla Bazzicalupi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| | - Marta Ferraroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| | | | - Paola Gratteri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco, Salute del Bambino (NEUROFARBA); Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Cheminformatics & QSAR; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via Ugo Schiff 6 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
| | - Donato Colangelo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute; Università del Piemonte Orientale ‘A. Avogadro'; Via Solaroli 17 28100 Novara Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Ugo Schiff”; Università degli Studi di Firenze; Via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI Italy
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9
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Weidenbach S, Hou C, Chen JM, Tsodikov OV, Rohr J. Dimerization and DNA recognition rules of mithramycin and its analogues. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 156:40-7. [PMID: 26760230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The antineoplastic and antibiotic natural product mithramycin (MTM) is used against cancer-related hypercalcemia and, experimentally, against Ewing sarcoma and lung cancers. MTM exerts its cytotoxic effect by binding DNA as a divalent metal ion (Me(2+))-coordinated dimer and disrupting the function of transcription factors. A precise molecular mechanism of action of MTM, needed to develop MTM analogues selective against desired transcription factors, is lacking. Although it is known that MTM binds G/C-rich DNA, the exact DNA recognition rules that would allow one to map MTM binding sites remain incompletely understood. Towards this goal, we quantitatively investigated dimerization of MTM and several of its analogues, MTM SDK (for Short side chain, DiKeto), MTM SA-Trp (for Short side chain and Acid), MTM SA-Ala, and a biosynthetic precursor premithramycin B (PreMTM B), and measured the binding affinities of these molecules to DNA oligomers of different sequences and structural forms at physiological salt concentrations. We show that MTM and its analogues form stable dimers even in the absence of DNA. All molecules, except for PreMTM B, can bind DNA with the following rank order of affinities (strong to weak): MTM=MTM SDK>MTM SA-Trp>MTM SA-Ala. An X(G/C)(G/C)X motif, where X is any base, is necessary and sufficient for MTM binding to DNA, without a strong dependence on DNA conformation. These recognition rules will aid in mapping MTM sites across different promoters towards development of MTM analogues as useful anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevi Weidenbach
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Caixia Hou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jhong-Min Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Oleg V Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Jürgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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10
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Adhikary S, Sanyal S, Basu M, Sengupta I, Sen S, Srivastava DK, Roy S, Das C. Selective Recognition of H3.1K36 Dimethylation/H4K16 Acetylation Facilitates the Regulation of All-trans-retinoic Acid (ATRA)-responsive Genes by Putative Chromatin Reader ZMYND8. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:2664-81. [PMID: 26655721 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.679985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
ZMYND8 (zinc finger MYND (Myeloid, Nervy and DEAF-1)-type containing 8), a newly identified component of the transcriptional coregulator network, was found to interact with the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex. Previous reports have shown that ZMYND8 is instrumental in recruiting the NuRD complex to damaged chromatin for repressing transcription and promoting double strand break repair by homologous recombination. However, the mode of transcription regulation by ZMYND8 has remained elusive. Here, we report that through its specific key residues present in its conserved chromatin-binding modules, ZMYND8 interacts with the selective epigenetic marks H3.1K36Me2/H4K16Ac. Furthermore, ZMYND8 shows a clear preference for canonical histone H3.1 over variant H3.3. Interestingly, ZMYND8 was found to be recruited to several developmental genes, including the all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-responsive ones, through its modified histone-binding ability. Being itself inducible by ATRA, this zinc finger transcription factor is involved in modulating other ATRA-inducible genes. We found that ZMYND8 interacts with transcription initiation-competent RNA polymerase II phosphorylated at Ser-5 in a DNA template-dependent manner and can alter the global gene transcription. Overall, our study identifies that ZMYND8 has CHD4-independent functions in regulating gene expression through its modified histone-binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Adhikary
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Sulagna Sanyal
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Moitri Basu
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Isha Sengupta
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Sabyasachi Sen
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
| | - Dushyant Kumar Srivastava
- the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Siddhartha Roy
- the Structural Biology and Bioinformatics Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- From the Biophysics and Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064 and
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11
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Banerjee A, Sanyal S, Majumder P, Chakraborty P, Jana K, Das C, Dasgupta D. Recognition of chromatin by the plant alkaloid, ellipticine as a dual binder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:352-7. [PMID: 25960297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of core histone components of chromatin along with chromosomal DNA by a class of small molecule modulators is worth examining to evaluate their intracellular mode of action. A plant alkaloid ellipticine (ELP) which is a putative anticancer agent has so far been reported to function via DNA intercalation, association with topoisomerase II and binding to telomere region. However, its effect upon the potential intracellular target, chromatin is hitherto unreported. Here we have characterized the biomolecular recognition between ELP and different hierarchical levels of chromatin. The significant result is that in addition to DNA, it binds to core histone(s) and can be categorized as a 'dual binder'. As a sequel to binding with histone(s) and core octamer, it alters post-translational histone acetylation marks. We have further demonstrated that it has the potential to modulate gene expression thereby regulating several key biological processes such as nuclear organization, transcription, translation and histone modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Banerjee
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Sulagna Sanyal
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | - Parijat Majumder
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Centre for Translational Animal Research, Bose Institute, P-1/12 C.I.T. Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandrima Das
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India.
| | - Dipak Dasgupta
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-1, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, West Bengal, India.
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Ghosh S, Jana J, Kar RK, Chatterjee S, Dasgupta D. Plant alkaloid chelerythrine induced aggregation of human telomere sequence--a unique mode of association between a small molecule and a quadruplex. Biochemistry 2015; 54:974-86. [PMID: 25566806 DOI: 10.1021/bi501117x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules that interact with G-quadruplex structures formed by the human telomeric region and stabilize them have the potential to evolve as anticancer therapeutic agents. Herein we report the interaction of a putative anticancer agent from a plant source, chelerythrine, with the human telomeric DNA sequence. It has telomerase inhibitory potential as demonstrated from telomerase repeat amplification assay in cancer cell line extract. We have attributed this to the quadruplex binding potential of the molecule and characterized the molecular details of the interaction by means of optical spectroscopy such as absorbance and circular dichroism and calorimetric techniques such as isothermal titration calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that chelerythrine binds with micromolar dissociation constant and 2:1 binding stoichiometry to the human telomeric DNA sequence. Chelerythrine association stabilizes the G-quadruplex. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H and (31)P) shows that chelerythrine binds to both G-quartet and phosphate backbone of the quadruplex leading to quadruplex aggregation. Molecular dynamics simulation studies support the above inferences and provide further insight into the mechanism of ligand binding. The specificity toward quartet binding for chelerythrine is higher compared to that of groove binding. MM-PBSA calculation mines out the energy penalty for quartet binding to be -4.7 kcal/mol, whereas that of the groove binding is -1.7 kcal/mol. We propose that the first chelerythrine molecule binds to the quartet followed by a second molecule which binds to the groove. This second molecule might bring about aggregation of the quadruplex structure which is evident from the results of nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptaparni Ghosh
- Biophysics & Structural Genomics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Block-AF, Sector-I, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700064, India
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14
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Guimarães LA, Jimenez PC, Sousa TDS, Freitas HPS, Rocha DD, Wilke DV, Martín J, Reyes F, Deusdênia Loiola Pessoa O, Costa-Lotufo LV. Chromomycin A2 induces autophagy in melanoma cells. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:5839-55. [PMID: 25486109 PMCID: PMC4278204 DOI: 10.3390/md12125839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study highlights the biological effects of chromomycin A2 toward metastatic melanoma cells in culture. Besides chromomycin A2, chromomycin A3 and demethylchromomycin A2 were also identified from the extract derived from Streptomyces sp., recovered from Paracuru Beach, located in the northeast region of Brazil. The cytotoxic activity of chromomycin A2 was evaluated across a panel of human tumor cell lines, which found IC50 values in the nM-range for exposures of 48 and 72 h. MALME-3M, a metastatic melanoma cell line, showed the highest sensitivity to chromomycin A2 after 48h incubation, and was chosen as a model to investigate this potent cytotoxic effect. Treatment with chromomycin A2 at 30 nM reduced cell proliferation, but had no significant effect upon cell viability. Additionally, chromomycin A2 induced accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, with consequent reduction of S and G2/M and unbalanced expression of cyclins. Chromomycin A2 treated cells depicted several cellular fragments resembling autophagosomes and increased expression of proteins LC3-A and LC3-B. Moreover, exposure to chromomycin A2 also induced the appearance of acidic vacuolar organelles in treated cells. These features combined are suggestive of the induction of autophagy promoted by chromomycin A2, a feature not previously described for chromomycins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thiciana da Silva Sousa
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60021-970, Brazil.
| | - Hozana Patrícia S Freitas
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE 60021-970, Brazil.
| | - Danilo Damasceno Rocha
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará 60430-270, Brazil.
| | - Diego Veras Wilke
- Marine Sciences Institute, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara 60165-081, Brazil.
| | - Jesús Martín
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada 18016, Spain.
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Granada 18016, Spain.
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15
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Huntington's disease: an update of therapeutic strategies. Gene 2014; 556:91-7. [PMID: 25447911 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant triplet repeat genetic disease, which results in progressive neuronal degeneration in the neostriatum and neocortex, and associated functional impairments in motor, cognitive, and psychiatric domains. Although the genetic mutation caused by abnormal CAG expansion within the htt gene on chromosome 4p16.3 is identified, the mechanism by which this leads to neuronal cell death and the question of why striatal neurones are targeted both remain unknown. Patients manifest a typical phenotype of sporadic, rapid, involuntary control of limb movement, stiffness of limbs, impaired cognition and severe psychiatric disturbances. There have been a number of therapeutic advances in the treatment of HD, such as fetal neural transplantation, RNA interference (RNAi) and transglutaminase inhibitors (Tgasei). Although there is intensive research into HD and recent findings seem promising, effective therapeutic strategies may not be developed until the next few decades.
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16
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Kumar V, Sengupta A, Gavvala K, Koninti RK, Hazra P. Spectroscopic and Thermodynamic Insights into the Interaction between Proflavine and Human Telomeric G-Quadruplex DNA. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:11090-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506267b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra India
| | - Abhigyan Sengupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra India
| | - Krishna Gavvala
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra India
| | - Raj Kumar Koninti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra India
| | - Partha Hazra
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Pune, Pune 411008, Maharashtra India
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17
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Ketley A, Chen CZ, Li X, Arya S, Robinson TE, Granados-Riveron J, Udosen I, Morris GE, Holt I, Furling D, Chaouch S, Haworth B, Southall N, Shinn P, Zheng W, Austin CP, Hayes CJ, Brook JD. High-content screening identifies small molecules that remove nuclear foci, affect MBNL distribution and CELF1 protein levels via a PKC-independent pathway in myotonic dystrophy cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 23:1551-62. [PMID: 24179176 PMCID: PMC3929092 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is a multi-system neuromuscular disorder for which there is no treatment. We have developed a medium throughput phenotypic assay, based on the identification of nuclear foci in DM patient cell lines using in situ hybridization and high-content imaging to screen for potentially useful therapeutic compounds. A series of further assays based on molecular features of DM have also been employed. Two compounds that reduce and/or remove nuclear foci have been identified, Ro 31-8220 and chromomycin A3. Ro 31-8220 is a PKC inhibitor, previously shown to affect the hyperphosphorylation of CELF1 and ameliorate the cardiac phenotype in a DM1 mouse model. We show that the same compound eliminates nuclear foci, reduces MBNL1 protein in the nucleus, affects ATP2A1 alternative splicing and reduces steady-state levels of CELF1 protein. We demonstrate that this effect is independent of PKC activity and conclude that this compound may be acting on alternative kinase targets within DM pathophysiology. Understanding the activity profile for this compound is key for the development of targeted therapeutics in the treatment of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Ketley
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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18
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Lee J, Hwang YJ, Kim KY, Kowall NW, Ryu H. Epigenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2013; 10:664-76. [PMID: 24006238 PMCID: PMC3805871 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-013-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable and fatal hereditary neurodegenerative disorder of mid-life onset characterized by chorea, emotional distress, and progressive cognitive decline. HD is caused by an expansion of CAG repeats coding for glutamine (Q) in exon 1 of the huntingtin gene. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic modifications may play a key role in HD pathogenesis. Alterations of the epigenetic "histone code" lead to chromatin remodeling and deregulation of neuronal gene transcription that are prominently linked to HD pathogenesis. Furthermore, specific noncoding RNAs and microRNAs are associated with neuronal damage in HD. In this review, we discuss how DNA methylation, post-translational modifications of histone, and noncoding RNA function are affected and involved in HD pathogenesis. In addition, we summarize the therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors and DNA binding drugs on epigenetic modifications and neuropathological sequelae in HD. Our understanding of the role of these epigenetic mechanisms may lead to the identification of novel biological markers and new therapeutic targets to treat HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghee Lee
- />Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- />VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Yu Jin Hwang
- />WCU Neurocytomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 110-799 South Korea
| | - Ki Yoon Kim
- />WCU Neurocytomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 110-799 South Korea
| | - Neil W. Kowall
- />Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- />VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130 USA
| | - Hoon Ryu
- />Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118 USA
- />VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02130 USA
- />WCU Neurocytomics Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, 110-799 South Korea
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19
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Molecular basis of recognition of quadruplexes human telomere and c-myc promoter by the putative anticancer agent sanguinarine. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Ghosh S, Kar A, Chowdhury S, Dasgupta D. Ellipticine binds to a human telomere sequence: an additional mode of action as a putative anticancer agent? Biochemistry 2013; 52:4127-37. [PMID: 23697684 DOI: 10.1021/bi400080t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyguanine sequences fold into G-quadruplex structures in the presence of monovalent cations. It is accepted that the telomeric DNA region consists of G-quadruplex structure. There are reports that potential G-quadruplex forming motifs are also present in the promoter region of some proto-oncogenes such as c-myc, c-kit, KRAS, etc. Small molecules with the potential to stabilize the telomeric DNA quadruplex have emerged as potential anticancer agents. We have studied the interaction of ellipticine, a putative anticancer agent from a plant source, with a human telomeric DNA sequence (H24). Spectroscopic and calorimetric studies indicate that the association of ellipticine with H24 is an entropically driven phenomenon with a 2:3 (H24:ellipticine) stoichiometry. Though ellipticine binding does not induce any major structural perturbation in H24, the association leads to formation of a complex with enhanced thermal stability. An assay with the telomerase repeat amplification protocol shows that ellipticine inhibits telomerase activity in MDAMB-231 breast cancer cell line extracts. This is the first report of the quadruplex binding ability of ellipticine. Using the results, we propose that along with DNA intercalation and/or topoisomerase II inhibition, interaction with the telomeric DNA region and the resultant inhibition of telomerase activity might be an additional mode of action for its anticancer property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptaparni Ghosh
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics , Block-AF, Sector- I, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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21
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Tevyashova AN, Durandin NA, Vinogradov AM, Zbarsky VB, Reznikova MI, Dezhenkova LG, Bykov EE, Olsufyeva EN, Kuzmin VA, Shtil AA, Preobrazhenskaya MN. Role of the acyl groups in carbohydrate chains in cytotoxic properties of olivomycin A. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:523-30. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Wei W, Howard PS, Kogan B, Macarak EJ. Urinary Diversion Results in Marked Decreases in Proliferation and Apoptosis in Fetal Bladder. J Urol 2012; 188:1306-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Pamela S. Howard
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Barry Kogan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
| | - Edward J. Macarak
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Division of Urology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York (BK)
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23
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González-Sabín J, Núñez LE, Menéndez N, Braña AF, Méndez C, Salas JA, Gotor V, Morís F. Lipase-catalyzed preparation of chromomycin A₃ analogues and biological evaluation for anticancer activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4310-3. [PMID: 22647722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Several acyl derivatives of the aureolic acid chromomycin A(3) were obtained via lipase-catalyzed acylation. Lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) was found to be the only active biocatalyst, directing the acylation regioselectively towards the terminal secondary hydroxyl group of the aglycone side chain. All new chromomycin A(3) derivatives showed antitumor activity at the micromolar or lower level concentration. Particularly, chromomycin A(3) 4'-vinyladipate showed 3-5 times higher activity against the four tumor cell lines assayed as compared to chromomycin A(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Sabín
- Entrechem, SL, Edificio Científico Tecnológico, Campus El Cristo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
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24
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Hu Y, Espindola APDM, Stewart NA, Wei S, Posner BA, MacMillan JB. Chromomycin SA analogs from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5183-9. [PMID: 21807523 PMCID: PMC3159829 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two chromomycin SA analogs, chromomycin SA(3) and chromomycin SA(2), along with deacetylchromomycin A(3) and five previously reported chromomycin analogs were isolated from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. The structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR techniques, HRMS and chemical methods. Chromomycin SA(3) and chromomycin SA(2) are the first naturally occuring chromomycin analogs with truncated side-chains. Biological evaluation of chromomycin analogs for cytotoxicity against two non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell-lines, A549 and HCC44, demonstrated a decrease in cytotoxicity for the truncated sides chain chromomycin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Ana Paula D. M Espindola
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Nathan A. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - Bruce A. Posner
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
| | - John B. MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, Division of Chemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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25
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Bosserman MA, Flórez AB, Shaaban KA, Braña AF, Salas JA, Méndez C, Rohr J. Characterization of the terminal activation step catalyzed by oxygenase CmmOIV of the chromomycin biosynthetic pathway from Streptomyces griseus. Biochemistry 2011; 50:1421-8. [PMID: 21244022 DOI: 10.1021/bi1016205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inactivation and initial interrogation of key oxygenase CmmOIV of the biosynthetic pathway of chromomycin A(3) in Streptomyces griseus ssp. griseus revealed that a completely methylated and acetylated prechromomycin is the preferred substrate of this enzyme. This suggests that the three sugar decoration reactions, two O-acetylations and an O-methylation, which were previously believed to occur as the final steps of chromomycin A(3) biosynthesis, indeed take place prior to the CmmOIV reaction. Upon inactivation of CmmOIV, four new compounds accumulated; the fully decorated prechromomycin and its incompletely acetylated precursor along with a diketoprechromomycin-type compound were fully characterized and assayed with CmmOIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Bosserman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0596, USA
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26
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Experimental Models of HD and Reflection on Therapeutic Strategies. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2011; 98:419-81. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381328-2.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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27
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García B, González-Sabín J, Menéndez N, Braña AF, Núñez LE, Morís F, Salas JA, Méndez C. The chromomycin CmmA acetyltransferase: a membrane-bound enzyme as a tool for increasing structural diversity of the antitumour mithramycin. Microb Biotechnol 2010; 4:226-38. [PMID: 21342468 PMCID: PMC3818863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2010.00229.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mithramycin and chromomycin A3 are two structurally related antitumour compounds, which differ in the glycosylation profiles and functional group substitutions of the sugars. Chromomycin contains two acetyl groups, which are incorporated during the biosynthesis by the acetyltransferase CmmA in Streptomyces griseus ssp. griseus. A bioconversion strategy using an engineered S. griseus strain generated seven novel acetylated mithramycins. The newly formed compounds were purified and characterized by MS and NMR. These new compounds differ from their parental compounds in the presence of one, two or three acetyl groups, attached at 3E, 4E and/or 4D positions. All new mithramycin analogues showed antitumour activity at micromolar of lower concentrations. Some of the compounds showed improved activities against glioblastoma or pancreas tumour cells. The CmmA acetyltransferase was located in the cell membrane and was shown to accept several acyl‐CoA substrates. All these results highlight the potential of CmmA as a tool to create structural diversity in these antitumour compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz García
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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28
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Ghosh S, Majumder P, Pradhan SK, Dasgupta D. Mechanism of interaction of small transcription inhibitors with DNA in the context of chromatin and telomere. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:795-809. [PMID: 20638489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Small molecules from natural and synthetic sources have long been employed as human drugs. The transcription inhibitory potential of one class of these molecules has paved their use as anticancer drugs. The principal mode of action of these molecules is via reversible interaction with genomic DNA, double and multiple stranded. In this article we have revisited the mechanism of the interaction in the context of chromatin and telomere. The established modes of association of these molecules with double helical DNA provide a preliminary mechanism of their transcription inhibitory potential, but the scenario assumes a different dimension when the genomic DNA is associated with proteins in the transcription apparatus of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. We have discussed this altered scenario as a prelude to understand the chemical biology of their action in the cell. For the telomeric quadruplex DNA, we have reviewed the mechanism of their association with the quadruplex and resultant cellular consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saptaparni Ghosh
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Sector-I, Block-AF, Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata Pin, 700064, India
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29
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Zuccato C, Valenza M, Cattaneo E. Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutical Targets in Huntington's Disease. Physiol Rev 2010; 90:905-81. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the gene encoding for huntingtin protein. A lot has been learned about this disease since its first description in 1872 and the identification of its causative gene and mutation in 1993. We now know that the disease is characterized by several molecular and cellular abnormalities whose precise timing and relative roles in pathogenesis have yet to be understood. HD is triggered by the mutant protein, and both gain-of-function (of the mutant protein) and loss-of-function (of the normal protein) mechanisms are involved. Here we review the data that describe the emergence of the ancient huntingtin gene and of the polyglutamine trait during the last 800 million years of evolution. We focus on the known functions of wild-type huntingtin that are fundamental for the survival and functioning of the brain neurons that predominantly degenerate in HD. We summarize data indicating how the loss of these beneficial activities reduces the ability of these neurons to survive. We also review the different mechanisms by which the mutation in huntingtin causes toxicity. This may arise both from cell-autonomous processes and dysfunction of neuronal circuitries. We then focus on novel therapeutical targets and pathways and on the attractive option to counteract HD at its primary source, i.e., by blocking the production of the mutant protein. Strategies and technologies used to screen for candidate HD biomarkers and their potential application are presented. Furthermore, we discuss the opportunities offered by intracerebral cell transplantation and the likely need for these multiple routes into therapies to converge at some point as, ideally, one would wish to stop the disease process and, at the same time, possibly replace the damaged neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zuccato
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Centre for Stem Cell Research, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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30
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Olano C, Méndez C, Salas JA. Antitumor compounds from actinomycetes: from gene clusters to new derivatives by combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:628-60. [PMID: 19387499 DOI: 10.1039/b822528a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to October 2008. Antitumor compounds produced by actinomycetes and novel derivatives generated by combinatorial biosynthesis are reviewed (with 318 references cited.) The different structural groups for which the relevant gene clusters have been isolated and characterized are reviewed, with a description of the strategies used for the generation of the novel derivatives and the activities of these compounds against tumor cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Olano
- Departamento de Biología Funcional and Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A.), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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31
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Hou MH, Lu WJ, Lin HY, Yuann JMP. Studies of Sequence-Specific DNA Binding, DNA Cleavage, and Topoisomerase I Inhibition by the Dimeric Chromomycin A3 Complexed with FeII. Biochemistry 2008; 47:5493-502. [DOI: 10.1021/bi701915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hon Hou
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, and Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan County, 333 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Je Lu
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, and Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan County, 333 Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ying Lin
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, and Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan County, 333 Taiwan
| | - Jeu-Ming P. Yuann
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402 Taiwan, and Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan County, 333 Taiwan
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32
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Stack EC, Ferrante RJ. Huntington's disease: progress and potential in the field. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1933-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.12.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Majumder P, Pradhan SK, Devi PG, Pal S, Dasgupta D. Chromatin as a target for the DNA-binding anticancer drugs. Subcell Biochem 2007; 41:145-89. [PMID: 17484128 PMCID: PMC7121056 DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-5466-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a major approach to treat cancer. Both constituents of chromatin, chromosomal DNA and the associated chromosomal histone proteins are the molecular targets of the anticancer drugs. Small DNA binding ligands, which inhibit enzymatic processes with DNA substrate, are well known in cancer chemotherapy. These drugs inhibit the polymerase and topoisomerase activity. With the advent in the knowledge of chromatin chemistry and biology, attempts have shifted from studies of the structural basis of the association of these drugs or small ligands (with the potential of drugs) with DNA to their association with chromatin and nucleosome. These drugs often inhibit the expression of specific genes leading to a series of biochemical events. An overview will be given about the latest understanding of the molecular basis of their action. We shall restrict to those drugs, synthetic or natural, whose prime cellular targets are so far known to be chromosomal DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parijat Majumder
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Block-AF, Sector-I, Bidhannagar, Kolkata-700 064, India
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Lombó F, Menéndez N, Salas JA, Méndez C. The aureolic acid family of antitumor compounds: structure, mode of action, biosynthesis, and novel derivatives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 73:1-14. [PMID: 17013601 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Revised: 05/15/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Members of the aureolic acid family are tricyclic polyketides with antitumor activity which are produced by different streptomycete species. These members are glycosylated compounds with two oligosaccharide chains of variable sugar length. They interact with the DNA minor groove in high-GC-content regions in a nonintercalative way and with a requirement for magnesium ions. Mithramycin and chromomycins are the most representative members of the family, mithramycin being used as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several cancer diseases. For chromomycin and durhamycin A, antiviral activity has also been reported. The biosynthesis gene clusters for mithramycin and chromomycin A(3) have been studied in detail by gene sequencing, insertional inactivation, and gene expression. Most of the biosynthetic intermediates in these pathways have been isolated and characterized. Some of these compounds showed an increase in antitumor activity in comparison with the parent compounds. A common step in the biosynthesis of all members of the family is the formation of the tetracyclic intermediate premithramycinone. Further biosynthetic steps (glycosylation, methylations, acylations) proceed through tetracyclic intermediates which are finally converted into tricyclic compounds by the action of a monooxygenase, a key event for the biological activity. Heterologous expression of biosynthetic genes from other aromatic polyketide pathways in the mithramycin producer (or some mutants) led to the isolation of novel hybrid compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lombó
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (I.U.O.P.A), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive and fatal neurological disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the gene coding for the protein, huntingtin. There is no clinically proven treatment for HD. Although the exact cause of neuronal death in HD remains unknown, it has been postulated that the abnormal aggregation of the mutant huntingtin protein may cause toxic effects in neurons, leading to a cascade of pathogenic mechanisms associated with transcriptional dysfunction, oxidative stress, mitochondrial alterations, apoptosis, bioenergetic defects and subsequent excitotoxicity. Understanding how these processes interrelate has become important in identifying a pharmacotherapy in HD and in the design of clinical trials. A number of drug compounds that separately target these mechanisms have significantly improved the clinical and neuropathological phenotype of HD transgenic mice and, as such, are immediate candidates for human clinical trials in HD patients. These compounds are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Ryu
- Boston University School of Medicine, Edith Nourse Rogers Veterans Administration Medical Center, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, USA
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Menéndez N, Nur-e-Alam M, Fischer C, Braña AF, Salas JA, Rohr J, Méndez C. Deoxysugar transfer during chromomycin A3 biosynthesis in Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus: new derivatives with antitumor activity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:167-77. [PMID: 16391039 PMCID: PMC1352227 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.1.167-177.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromomycin A3 is an antitumor drug produced by Streptomyces griseus subsp. griseus. It consists of a tricyclic aglycone with two aliphatic side chains and two O-glycosidically linked saccharide chains, a disaccharide of 4-O-acetyl-D-oliose (sugar A) and 4-O-methyl-D-oliose (sugar B), and a trisaccharide of D-olivose (sugar C), D-olivose (sugar D), and 4-O-acetyl-L-chromose B (sugar E). The chromomycin gene cluster contains four glycosyltransferase genes (cmmGI, cmmGII, cmmGIII, and cmmGIV), which were independently inactivated through gene replacement, generating mutants C60GI, C10GII, C10GIII, and C10GIV. Mutants C10GIV and C10GIII produced the known compounds premithramycinone and premithramycin A1, respectively, indicating the involvement of CmmGIV and CmmGIII in the sequential transfer of sugars C and D and possibly also of sugar E of the trisaccharide chain, to the 12a position of the tetracyclic intermediate premithramycinone. Mutant C10GII produced two new tetracyclic compounds lacking the disaccharide chain at the 8 position, named prechromomycin A3 and prechromomycin A2. All three compounds accumulated by mutant C60GI were tricyclic and lacked sugar B of the disaccharide chain, and they were named prechromomycin A4, 4A-O-deacetyl-3A-O-acetyl-prechromomycin A4, and 3A-O-acetyl-prechromomycin A4. CmmGII and CmmGI are therefore responsible for the formation of the disaccharide chain by incorporating, in a sequential manner, two D-oliosyl residues to the 8 position of the biosynthetic intermediate prechromomycin A3. A biosynthetic pathway is proposed for the glycosylation events in chromomycin A3 biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Menéndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, c/ Julián Clavería s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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Gniazdowski M, Denny WA, Nelson SM, Czyz M. Effects of anticancer drugs on transcription factor–DNA interactions. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2005; 9:471-89. [PMID: 15948668 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.9.3.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
DNA-interacting anticancer drugs are able to affect the propensity of DNA to interact with proteins through either reversible binding or covalent bond formation. The effect of the drugs on transcription factor interactions with DNA is reviewed. These effects can be classified as (i) competition between a drug and regulatory protein for target sequences; (ii) weakening of this interaction; (iii) enhancement of this interaction by chemical modification of the DNA and the creation of non-natural binding sites; and (iv) a 'suicide' mechanism, which is observed when a transcription factor induces changes in DNA structure, allowing a drug to bind to a target sequence. Several new strategies -- the antigene approach with oligonucleotides, peptide nucleic acids or locked nucleic acids, and sequence-specific polyamides -- are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gniazdowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lódz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lódz, Poland.
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Keller KM, Brodbelt JS. Charge state-dependent fragmentation of oligonucleotide/metal complexes. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2005; 16:28-37. [PMID: 15653361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2004] [Revised: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Collision-activated dissociation (CAD) has been employed to assess the gas-phase fragmentation behavior of a series of 1:1 oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN):metal complexes over a range of charge states, using several ten-residue ODNs and a wide array of alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metals. For parent species in low to intermediate charge states, complexation with Ca(+2), Sr(+2), or Ba(+2) altered the relative intensity of M-B species, promoting loss of cytosine over loss of guanine. The relative intensities of sequence ions were largely unaffected. This behavior was most prevalent for isomeric sequences with complementary residues at the 5'- and 3'-termini, suggesting that metal complexation may change the gas-phase conformation and/or conformational dynamics for some sequences. In higher charge states, some ODN/Ba(+2) complexes produced abundant fragment ions corresponding to metallated a(n)(-m) species, which are not commonly observed in CAD mass spectra for deprotonated ODNs. The formation of these ions was most favored for complexes between Ba(+2) and ODN sequences with a thymine residue at Position 6. Literature precedent exists for the formation of a(n)(-m) ions from sequences in which covalent modification generates one or more neutral sites along the phosphate backbone. ODN/metal adducts in high charge states possess only a few acidic protons, and the juxtaposition of these neutral phosphate groups near thymine residues and the bound Ba(+2) ion may direct formation of the metallated a(n)(-m) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Keller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Menéndez N, Nur-E-Alam M, Braña AF, Rohr J, Salas JA, Méndez C. Tailoring modification of deoxysugars during biosynthesis of the antitumour drug chromomycin A by Streptomyces griseus ssp. griseus. Mol Microbiol 2004; 53:903-15. [PMID: 15255901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chromomycin A3 is a member of the aureolic acid group family of antitumour drugs. Three tailoring modification steps occur during its biosynthesis affecting the sugar moieties: two O-acetylations and one O-methylation. The 4-O-methylation in the 4-O-methyl-D-oliose moiety of the disaccharide chain is catalysed by the cmmMIII gene product. Inactivation of this gene generated a chromomycin-non-producing mutant that accumulated three unmethylated derivatives containing all sugars but differing in the acylation pattern. Two of these compounds were shown to be substrates of the methyltransferase as determined by their bioconversion into chromomycin A2 and A3 after feeding these compounds to a Streptomyces albus strain expressing the cmmMIII gene. The same single membrane-bound enzyme, encoded by the cmmA gene, is responsible for both acetyl transfer reactions, which convert a relatively inactive compound into the bioactive chromomycin A3. Insertional inactivation of this gene resulted in a mutant accumulating a dideacetylated chromomycin A3 derivative. This compound, lacking both acetyl groups, was converted in a two-step reaction via the 4E-monoacetylated intermediate into chromomycin A3 when fed to cultures of S. albus expressing the cmmA gene. This acetylation step would occur as the last step in chromomycin biosynthesis, being a very important event for self-protection of the producing organism. It would convert a molecule with low biological activity into an active one, in a reaction catalysed by an enzyme that is predicted to be located in the cell membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Menéndez
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto Universitario de Oncología (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Chakrabarti S, Bhattacharyya B, Dasgupta D. Interaction of Mithramycin and Chromomycin A3 with d(TAGCTAGCTA)2: Role of Sugars in Antibiotic−DNA Recognition. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014710i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Chakrabarti
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 37 Belgachhia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India, and Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 37 Belgachhia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India, and Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700 054, India
| | - Dipak Dasgupta
- Biophysics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 37 Belgachhia Road, Kolkata 700 037, India, and Department of Biochemistry, Bose Institute, P1/12 CIT Scheme VIIM, Kolkata 700 054, India
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