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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Neuroprotective astroglial response to neural damage and its relevance to affective disorders. EXPLORATION OF NEUROPROTECTIVE THERAPY 2023; 3:328-345. [PMID: 37920189 PMCID: PMC10622120 DOI: 10.37349/ent.2023.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes not only support neuronal function with essential roles in synaptic neurotransmission, action potential propagation, metabolic support, or neuroplastic and developmental adaptations. They also respond to damage or dysfunction in surrounding neurons and oligodendrocytes by releasing neurotrophic factors and other molecules that increase the survival of the supported cells or contribute to mechanisms of structural and molecular restoration. The neuroprotective responsiveness of astrocytes is based on their ability to sense signals of degeneration, metabolic jeopardy and structural damage, and on their aptitude to locally deliver specific molecules to remedy threats to the molecular and structural features of their cellular partners. To the extent that neuronal and other glial cell disturbances are known to occur in affective disorders, astrocyte responsiveness to those disturbances may help to better understand the roles astrocytes play in affective disorders. The astrocytic sensing apparatus supporting those responses involves receptors for neurotransmitters, purines, cell adhesion molecules and growth factors. Astrocytes also share with the immune system the capacity of responding to cytokines released upon neuronal damage. In addition, in responses to specific signals astrocytes release unique factors such as clusterin or humanin that have been shown to exert potent neuroprotective effects. Astrocytes integrate the signals above to further deliver structural lipids, removing toxic metabolites, stabilizing the osmotic environment, normalizing neurotransmitters, providing anti-oxidant protection, facilitating synaptogenesis and acting as barriers to contain varied deleterious signals, some of which have been described in brain regions relevant to affective disorders and related animal models. Since various of the injurious signals that activate astrocytes have been implicated in different aspects of the etiopathology of affective disorders, particularly in relation to the diagnosis of depression, potentiating the corresponding astrocyte neuroprotective responses may provide additional opportunities to improve or complement available pharmacological and behavioral therapies for affective disorders.
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2
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Yuan W, Liu W, Zhan X, Zhou Y, Ma R, Liang S, Wang T, Ge Z. Inhibition of miR-221-3p promotes axonal regeneration and repair of primary sensory neurons via regulating p27 expression. Neuroreport 2023; 34:471-484. [PMID: 37161985 PMCID: PMC10292576 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the key microRNA (miRNA) playing a vital role in axonal regeneration with a hostile microenvironment after spinal cord injury. Based on the theory that sciatic nerve conditioning injury (SNCI) could promote the repair of the injured dorsal column. Differentially expressed miRNAs were screened according to the microarray, revealing that 47 known miRNAs were differentially expressed after injury and perhaps involved in nerve regeneration. Among the 47 miRNAs, the expression of miR-221-3p decreased sharply in the SNCI group compared with the simple dorsal column lesion (SDCL) group. Subsequently, it was confirmed that p27 was the target gene of miR-221-3p from luciferase reporter assay. Further, we found that inhibition of miR-221-3p expression could specifically target p27 to upregulate the expression of growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), α-tubulin acetyltransferase (α-TAT1) together with α-tubulin, and advance the regeneration of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal axons. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main components of glial scar, which can hinder the extension and growth of damaged neuronal axons. After CSPGs were used in this study, the results demonstrated that restrained miR-221-3p expression also via p27 promoted the upregulation of GAP-43, α-TAT1, and α-tubulin and enhanced the axonal growth of DRG neurons. Hence, miR-221-3p could contribute significantly to the regeneration of DRG neurons by specifically regulating p27 in the p27/CDK2/GAP-43 and p27/α-TAT1/α-tubulin pathways even in the inhibitory environment with CSPGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| | - Xuehua Zhan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Yueyong Zhou
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
| | - Rong Ma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Simin Liang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, 981st Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Joint Logistics Support Force, Chengde, China
| | - Zhaohui Ge
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University
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3
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Denniss RJ, Barker LA. Brain Trauma and the Secondary Cascade in Humans: Review of the Potential Role of Vitamins in Reparative Processes and Functional Outcome. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050388. [PMID: 37232626 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated sixty-nine million people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year. Trauma to the brain causes the primary insult and initiates a secondary biochemical cascade as part of the immune and reparative response to injury. The secondary cascade, although a normal physiological response, may also contribute to ongoing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and axonal injury, continuing in some cases years after the initial insult. In this review, we explain some of the biochemical mechanisms of the secondary cascade and their potential deleterious effects on healthy neurons including secondary cell death. The second part of the review focuses on the role of micronutrients to neural mechanisms and their potential reparative effects with regards to the secondary cascade after brain injury. The biochemical response to injury, hypermetabolism and excessive renal clearance of nutrients after injury increases the demand for most vitamins. Currently, most research in the area has shown positive outcomes of vitamin supplementation after brain injury, although predominantly in animal (murine) models. There is a pressing need for more research in this area with human participants because vitamin supplementation post-trauma is a potential cost-effective adjunct to other clinical and therapeutic treatments. Importantly, traumatic brain injury should be considered a lifelong process and better evaluated across the lifespan of individuals who experience brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Denniss
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lynne A Barker
- Centre for Behavioural Science and Applied Psychology, Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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Ye C, Behnke JA, Hardin KR, Zheng JQ. Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study age and sex differences in brain injury and neurodegeneration after mild head trauma. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1150694. [PMID: 37077318 PMCID: PMC10106652 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1150694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive physical insults to the head, including those that elicit mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), are a known risk factor for a variety of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Although most individuals who sustain mTBI typically achieve a seemingly full recovery within a few weeks, a subset experience delayed-onset symptoms later in life. As most mTBI research has focused on the acute phase of injury, there is an incomplete understanding of mechanisms related to the late-life emergence of neurodegeneration after early exposure to mild head trauma. The recent adoption of Drosophila-based brain injury models provides several unique advantages over existing preclinical animal models, including a tractable framework amenable to high-throughput assays and short relative lifespan conducive to lifelong mechanistic investigation. The use of flies also provides an opportunity to investigate important risk factors associated with neurodegenerative conditions, specifically age and sex. In this review, we survey current literature that examines age and sex as contributing factors to head trauma-mediated neurodegeneration in humans and preclinical models, including mammalian and Drosophila models. We discuss similarities and disparities between human and fly in aging, sex differences, and pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight Drosophila as an effective tool for investigating mechanisms underlying head trauma-induced neurodegeneration and for identifying therapeutic targets for treatment and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changtian Ye
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Behnke
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine R. Hardin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James Q. Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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5
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Chen T, Xia Y, Zhang L, Xu T, Yi Y, Chen J, Liu Z, Yang L, Chen S, Zhou X, Chen X, Wu H, Liu J. Loading neural stem cells on hydrogel scaffold improves cell retention rate and promotes functional recovery in traumatic brain injury. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100606. [PMID: 37063247 PMCID: PMC10102240 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) has gained considerable attention in traumatic brain injury (TBI) treatment because of their ability to replenish dysfunctional neurons and stimulate endogenous neurorestorative processes. However, their therapeutic effects are hindered by the low cell retention rate after transplantation into the dynamic brain. In this study, we found cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow after TBI is an important factor associated with cell loss following NSC transplantation. Recently, several studies have shown that hydrogels could serve as a beneficial carrier for stem cell transplantation, which provides a solution to prevent CSF flow-induced cell loss after TBI. For this purpose, we evaluated three different hydrogel scaffolds and found the gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)/sodium alginate (Alg) (GelMA/Alg) hydrogel scaffold showed the best capabilities for NSC adherence, growth, and differentiation. Additionally, we detected that pre-differentiated NSCs, which were loaded on the GelMA/Alg hydrogel and cultured for 7 days in neuronal differentiation medium (NSC [7d]), had the highest cell retention rate after CSF impact. Next, the neuroprotective effects of the NSC-loaded GelMA/Alg hydrogel scaffold were evaluated in a rat model of TBI. NSC [7d]-loaded GelMA/Alg markedly decreased microglial activation and neuronal death in the acute phase, reduced tissue loss, alleviated astrogliosis, promoted neurogenesis, and improved neurological recovery in the chronic phase. In summary, we demonstrated that the integration with the GelMA/Alg and modification of NSC differentiation could inhibit the influence of CSF flow on transplanted NSCs, leading to increased number of retained NSCs and improved neuroprotective effects, providing a promising alternative for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiange Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuguo Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Yi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Jianwei Chen
- Bio-Intelligent Manufacturing and Living Matter Bioprinting Center, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ziyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Liting Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hypothalamic-Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Siming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyu Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinfang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Neurosurgery, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Rd, Kaifu District, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
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6
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Synaptic or Non-synaptic? Different Intercellular Interactions with Retinal Ganglion Cells in Optic Nerve Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3052-3072. [PMID: 35266115 PMCID: PMC9016027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axons of adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system generally fail to regenerate by themselves, and few if any therapeutic options exist to reverse this situation. Due to a weak intrinsic potential for axon growth and the presence of strong extrinsic inhibitors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cannot regenerate their axons spontaneously after optic nerve injury and eventually undergo apoptosis, resulting in permanent visual dysfunction. Regarding the extracellular environment, research to date has generally focused on glial cells and inflammatory cells, while few studies have discussed the potentially significant role of interneurons that make direct connections with RGCs as part of the complex retinal circuitry. In this study, we provide a novel angle to summarize these extracellular influences following optic nerve injury as "intercellular interactions" with RGCs and classify these interactions as synaptic and non-synaptic. By discussing current knowledge of non-synaptic (glial cells and inflammatory cells) and synaptic (mostly amacrine cells and bipolar cells) interactions, we hope to accentuate the previously neglected but significant effects of pre-synaptic interneurons and bring unique insights into future pursuit of optic nerve regeneration and visual function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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7
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Chun H, Lim J, Park KD, Lee CJ. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase B prevents reactive astrogliosis and scar formation in stab wound injury model. Glia 2021; 70:354-367. [PMID: 34713936 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reactive astrocytes manifest molecular, structural, and functional alterations under various pathological conditions. We have previously demonstrated that the reactive astrocytes of the stab wound injury model (STAB) display aberrant cellular gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and tonic GABA release, whereas the active astrocytes under enriched environment (EE) express high levels of proBDNF. However, the role of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in reactive astrogliosis and hypertrophy still remains unknown. Here, we investigate the role of MAO-B, a GABA-producing enzyme, in reactive astrogliosis in STAB. We observed that the genetic removal of MAO-B significantly reduced the hypertrophy, scar formation, and GABA production of reactive astrocytes, whereas the MAO-B overexpression under glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter enhanced the levels of GFAP and GABA. Furthermore, we found that one of the by-products of the MAO-B action, H2 O2 , but not GABA, was sufficient and necessary for the hypertrophy of reactive astrocytes. Notably, we identified two potent pharmacological tools to attenuate scar-forming astrogliosis-the recently developed reversible MAO-B inhibitor, KDS2010, and an H2 O2 scavenger, crisdesalazine (AAD-2004). Our results implicate that inhibiting MAO-B activity has dual beneficial effects in preventing astrogliosis and scar-formation under brain injury, and that the MAO-B/H2 O2 pathway can be a useful therapeutic target with a high clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejung Chun
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoon Lim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Duk Park
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Division of Bio-Med Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,IBS School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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8
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Mutoji KN, Sun M, Nash A, Puri S, Hascall V, Coulson-Thomas VJ. Anti-inflammatory protein TNFα-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6) reduces inflammatory response after brain injury in mice. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:52. [PMID: 34348643 PMCID: PMC8336266 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00443-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research suggests that the glial scar surrounding penetrating brain injuries is instrumental in preserving the surrounding uninjured tissue by limiting the inflammatory response to the injury site. We recently showed that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-stimulated gene-6 (TSG-6), a well-established anti-inflammatory molecule, is present within the glial scar. In the present study we investigated the role of TSG-6 within the glial scar using TSG-6 null and littermate control mice subjected to penetrating brain injuries. RESULTS Our findings show that mice lacking TSG-6 present a more severe inflammatory response after injury, which was correlated with an enlarged area of astrogliosis beyond the injury site. CONCLUSION Our data provides evidence that TSG-6 has an anti-inflammatory role within the glial scar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazadi Nadine Mutoji
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | - Mingxia Sun
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | - Amanda Nash
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sudan Puri
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA
| | | | - Vivien J Coulson-Thomas
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX, 77204-2020, USA.
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9
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Todd J, Bharadwaj VN, Nellenbach K, Nandi S, Mihalko E, Copeland C, Brown AC, Stabenfeldt SE. Platelet-like particles reduce coagulopathy-related and neuroinflammatory pathologies post-experimental traumatic brain injury. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2268-2278. [PMID: 34117693 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coagulopathy may occur following traumatic brain injury (TBI), thereby negatively affecting patient outcomes. Here, we investigate the use of platelet-like particles (PLPs), poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylic-acid) microgels conjugated with a fibrin-specific antibody, to improve hemostasis post-TBI. The objective of this study was to diminish coagulopathy in a mouse TBI model (controlled cortical impact) via PLP treatment, and subsequently decrease blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and neuroinflammation. Following an acute intravenous injection of PLPs post-TBI, we analyzed BBB permeability, ex vivo coagulation parameters, and neuroinflammation at 24 hr and 7 days post-TBI. Both PLP-treatment and control particle-treatment had significantly decreased BBB permeability and improved clot structure 24 hr post-injury. Additionally, no significant change in tissue sparing was observed between 24 hr and 7 days for PLP-treated cohorts compared to that observed in untreated cohorts. Only PLP-treatment resulted in significant reduction of astrocyte expression at 7 days and percent difference from 24 hr to 7 days. Finally, PLP-treatment significantly reduced the percent difference from 24 hr to 7 days in microglia/macrophage density compared to the untreated control. These results suggest that PLP-treatment addressed acute hypocoagulation and decreased BBB permeability followed by decreased neuroinflammation and fold-change tissue loss by 7 days post-injury. These promising results indicate that PLPs could be a potential therapeutic modality for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Todd
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Vimala N Bharadwaj
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Nellenbach
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seema Nandi
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Mihalko
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Connor Copeland
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashley C Brown
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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10
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The Long Non-coding RNA NEAT1/miR-224-5p/IL-33 Axis Modulates Macrophage M2a Polarization and A1 Astrocyte Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4506-4519. [PMID: 34076838 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential regulators and investigate the molecular mechanism of macrophage polarization affecting astrocyte activation from the perspective of non-coding RNA regulation, we isolated mouse bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs)-induced macrophages toward M1 or M2a polarization. Long non-coding RNA NEAT1 and IL-33 expression levels were significantly upregulated in M2a macrophages; NEAT1 knockdown in M2a macrophages markedly reduced the protein levels of IL-33 and M2a markers, IL-4 and IL-13 concentrations, and the bacterial killing capacity of M2a macrophages. NEAT1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to regulate IL-33 expression by sponging miR-224-5p in M2a macrophages; NEAT1 knockdown upregulated miR-224-5p expression, while miR-224-5p inhibition increased the protein content and concentration of IL-33. miR-224-5p inhibition exerted the opposite effects on the protein levels of IL-33 and M2a markers, IL-4 and IL-13 concentrations, and the bacterial killing capacity of M2a macrophages compared to NEAT1 knockdown; the effects of NEAT1 knockdown were significantly reversed by miR-224-5p inhibition. M2a macrophage conditioned medium (CM) significantly suppressed the activation of A1 astrocytes. NEAT1 knockdown M2a macrophage CM led to enhanced A1 astrocyte activation while miR-224-5p-silenced M2a macrophage CM led to a blockade of A1 astrocyte activation; the effects of NEAT1 knockdown M2a macrophage CM on A1 astrocyte activation were significantly reversed by miR-224-5p inhibition in M2a macrophages. The NEAT1/miR-224-5p/IL-33 axis modulates macrophage M2a polarization, therefore affecting A1 astrocyte activation.
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11
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Matsuura H, Ohnishi M, Yoshioka Y, Togami Y, Hosomi S, Umemura Y, Ebihara T, Shimizu K, Ogura H, Shimazu T. Original experimental rat model of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. Brain Inj 2021; 35:368-381. [PMID: 33455463 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2020.1861653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diagnosing blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is difficult due to minimal imaging findings. This study aimed to establish a rat model of behavioral abnormality caused by blast-induced mTBI and detect new findings for therapeutic intervention. METHODS We used a bench-top blast wave generator with the blast wave exiting through a 20-mm I.D. nozzle aimed at the focused target. The blast wave was directed at the head of male Wistar rats under general anesthesia positioned prone 2.5 cm below the nozzle. Peak shock wave pressure was 646.2 ± 70.3 kPa. RESULTS After blast injury, mTBI rats did not show the findings of brain hemorrhage or contusion macroscopically and on hematoxylin-eosin-stained frozen sections but did show anorexia and weight loss in the early post-injury phase. Behavioral experiments revealed short-term memory impairment at 2 weeks and depression-like behavior at 2 and 6 weeks. Diffusion-weighted ex vivo MRI showed high-intensity areas in layers of the bilateral hippocampus. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed accumulation of reactive microglia and GFAP-positive astrocytes in the same region and loss of NeuN-positive neurons in the hippocampal pyramidal cell layer. CONCLUSIONS This model can reflect the pathophysiology of blast-induced mTBI and could potentially be used to develop therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Matsuura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Ohnishi
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (Cinet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), and Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Togami
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sanae Hosomi
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yutaka Umemura
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebihara
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Shimizu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimazu
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Xiang W, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhao Q, Wu T, Cao Y, Zhou J. The lncRNA Ftx/miR-382-5p/Nrg1 axis improves the inflammation response of microglia and spinal cord injury repair. Neurochem Int 2020; 143:104929. [PMID: 33359189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
During spinal cord injury (SCI), a quick and sustained decline of Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) has been observed, exerting a significant positive effect in modulating the proliferation of astrocytes and the formation of glial scars within the damaged spinal cord. In this study, we revealed the abnormal downregulation of lncRNA Ftx and Nrg1 and upregulation of miR-382-5p after SCI, which contributed to the inflammatory response in microglial cells and affected SCI repair. Ftx overexpression was significantly reduced, and Ftx knockdown further promoted LPS effects on the inflammatory factors, indicating that lncRNA Ftx might affect the microglial inflammatory response. miR-382-5p targeted both lncRNA Ftx and Nrg1, and lncRNA Ftx competed with Nrg1 for miR-382-5p binding to act as a ceRNA, therefore counteracting miR-382-5p-mediated inhibition of Nrg1. miR-382-5p overexpression was significantly enhanced, and Nrg1 overexpression attenuated LPS effects on inflammatory factors within the microglia. Under LPS stimulation, the effects of Ftx overexpression were significantly reversed by overexpression of miR-382-5p, and the effects of miR-382-5p overexpression were significantly reversed by Nrg1 overexpression. In summary, the lncRNA Ftx/miR-382-5p/Nrg1 axis improves the inflammation response of the microglia, which might improve SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weineng Xiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The first hospital of Changsha City, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The first hospital of Changsha City, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The first hospital of Changsha City, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Zhiyue Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Tianding Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jiahui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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13
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Sharma HS, Sahib S, Tian ZR, Muresanu DF, Nozari A, Castellani RJ, Lafuente JV, Wiklund L, Sharma A. Protein kinase inhibitors in traumatic brain injury and repair: New roles of nanomedicine. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2020; 258:233-283. [PMID: 33223036 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes physical injury to the cell membranes of neurons, glial and axons causing the release of several neurochemicals including glutamate and cytokines altering cell-signaling pathways. Upregulation of mitogen associated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) occurs that is largely responsible for cell death. The pharmacological blockade of these pathways results in cell survival. In this review role of several protein kinase inhibitors on TBI induced oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier breakdown, brain edema formation, and resulting brain pathology is discussed in the light of current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Shanker Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Seaab Sahib
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Z Ryan Tian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Dafin F Muresanu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Medicine & Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; "RoNeuro" Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ala Nozari
- Anesthesiology & Intensive Care, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - José Vicente Lafuente
- LaNCE, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Lars Wiklund
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aruna Sharma
- International Experimental Central Nervous System Injury & Repair (IECNSIR), Department of Surgical Sciences, Anesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Vuokila N, Aronica E, Korotkov A, van Vliet EA, Nuzhat S, Puhakka N, Pitkänen A. Chronic Regulation of miR-124-3p in the Perilesional Cortex after Experimental and Human TBI. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072418. [PMID: 32244461 PMCID: PMC7177327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) dysregulates microRNAs, which are the master regulators of gene expression. Here we investigated the changes in a brain-enriched miR-124-3p, which is known to associate with major post-injury pathologies, such as neuroinflammation. RT-qPCR of the rat tissue sampled at 7 d and 3 months in the perilesional cortex adjacent to the necrotic lesion core (aPeCx) revealed downregulation of miR-124-3p at 7 d (fold-change (FC) 0.13, p < 0.05 compared with control) and 3 months (FC 0.40, p < 0.05) post-TBI. In situ hybridization confirmed the downregulation of miR-124-3p at 7 d and 3 months post-TBI in the aPeCx (both p < 0.01). RT-qPCR confirmed the upregulation of the miR-124-3p target Stat3 in the aPeCx at 7 d post-TBI (7-fold, p < 0.05). mRNA-Seq revealed 312 downregulated and 311 upregulated miR-124 targets (p < 0.05). To investigate whether experimental findings translated to humans, we performed in situ hybridization of miR-124-3p in temporal lobe autopsy samples of TBI patients. Our data revealed downregulation of miR-124-3p in individual neurons of cortical layer III. These findings indicate a persistent downregulation of miR-124-3p in the perilesional cortex that might contribute to post-injury neurodegeneration and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Vuokila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), 0397 Heemstede, The Netherlands
| | - Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
| | - Erwin Alexander van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)pathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.A.); (A.K.); (E.A.v.V.)
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, P.O. Box 94246, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salma Nuzhat
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
| | - Noora Puhakka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-40-861-4939
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (N.V.); (S.N.); (A.P.)
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15
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Chen C, Zhong X, Smith DK, Tai W, Yang J, Zou Y, Wang LL, Sun J, Qin S, Zhang CL. Astrocyte-Specific Deletion of Sox2 Promotes Functional Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:54-69. [PMID: 29161339 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the adult brain induces activation of local astrocytes, which serves as a compensatory response that modulates tissue damage and recovery. However, the mechanism governing astrocyte activation during brain injury remains largely unknown. Here we provide in vivo evidence that SOX2, a transcription factor critical for stem cells and brain development, is also required for injury-induced activation of adult cortical astrocytes. Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq analysis of mouse cortical tissues reveals that SOX2 binds to regulatory regions of genes associated with signaling pathways that control glial cell activation, such as Nr2e1, Mmd2, Wnt7a, and Akt2. Astrocyte-specific deletion of Sox2 in adult mice greatly diminishes glial response to controlled cortical impact injury and, most unexpectedly, dampens injury-induced cortical loss and benefits behavioral recovery of mice after injury. Together, these results uncover an essential role of SOX2 in somatic cells under pathological conditions and indicate that SOX2-dependent astrocyte activation could be targeted for functional recovery after traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Derek K Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Wenjiao Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianjing Yang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yuhua Zou
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jiahong Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Song Qin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Center of Neural Injury and Repair, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, USA
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16
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Warnock A, Toomey LM, Wright AJ, Fisher K, Won Y, Anyaegbu C, Fitzgerald M. Damage Mechanisms to Oligodendrocytes and White Matter in Central Nervous System Injury: The Australian Context. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:739-769. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Warnock
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lillian M. Toomey
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alexander J. Wright
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katherine Fisher
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yerim Won
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Chidozie Anyaegbu
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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17
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Neuroinflammation in Post-Traumatic Epilepsy: Pathophysiology and Tractable Therapeutic Targets. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110318. [PMID: 31717556 PMCID: PMC6895909 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common chronic consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), contributing to increased morbidity and mortality for survivors. As post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is drug-resistant in at least one-third of patients, there is a clear need for novel therapeutic strategies to prevent epilepsy from developing after TBI, or to mitigate its severity. It has long been recognized that seizure activity is associated with a local immune response, characterized by the activation of microglia and astrocytes and the release of a plethora of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. More recently, increasing evidence also supports a causal role for neuroinflammation in seizure induction and propagation, acting both directly and indirectly on neurons to promote regional hyperexcitability. In this narrative review, we focus on key aspects of the neuroinflammatory response that have been implicated in epilepsy, with a particular focus on PTE. The contributions of glial cells, blood-derived leukocytes, and the blood–brain barrier will be explored, as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. While the neuroinflammatory response to TBI appears to be largely pro-epileptogenic, further research is needed to clearly demonstrate causal relationships. This research has the potential to unveil new drug targets for PTE, and identify immune-based biomarkers for improved epilepsy prediction.
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18
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Lu L, Armstrong EA, Yager JY, Unsworth LD. Sustained Release of Dexamethasone from Sulfobutyl Ether β-cyclodextrin Modified Self-Assembling Peptide Nanoscaffolds in a Perinatal Rat Model of Hypoxia-Ischemia. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1900083. [PMID: 30977596 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of hypoxia-ischemia (HI) induced newborn brain damage. A localized, sustained delivery of dexamethasone (Dex) through an intracerebral injection could reduce the inflammatory response in the injured perinatal brain while avoiding unnecessary side effects. Herein, investigated using anionic sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) to load Dex in the (RADA)4 nanofiber networks as a means of reducing the inflammatory response to HI injury is investigated. The ionic interaction between SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 dramatically affects nanofiber formation and the stability of the nanoscaffold is highly dependent on the SBE-β-CD/(RADA)4 ratio. It is observed that the Dex release rate is affected by the concentration of SBE-β-CD and (RADA)4 peptide. A higher concentration of SBE-β-CD or (RADA)4 results in a higher drug encapsulation efficiency and slower release rate of Dex. This phenomenon may be related to the structure of fiber bundles. Animal studies show that nanoscaffold loaded with Dex inhibits both microglia activation and glial scar formation compared to controls (Dex alone or nanoscaffold alone) within 2 days of injury. It is thought that this is a step toward building a multifaceted nanoscaffold that can be used to treat HI events in perinates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lu
- School of Life Science and EngineeringSouthwest Jiaotong University Chengdu Sichuan 611756 China
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
| | - Edward A. Armstrong
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Jerome Y. Yager
- Department of PediatricsDivision of Pediatric NeurosciencesUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 1C9 Canada
| | - Larry D. Unsworth
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2V4 Canada
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19
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Walker A, Kim J, Wyatt J, Terlouw A, Balachandran K, Wolchok J. Repeated In Vitro Impact Conditioning of Astrocytes Decreases the Expression and Accumulation of Extracellular Matrix. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 47:967-979. [PMID: 30706307 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological changes to the physical and chemical properties of brain extracellular matrix (ECM) occur following injury. It is generally assumed that astrocytes play an important role in these changes. What remain unclear are the triggers that lead to changes in the regulation of ECM by astrocytes following injury. We hypothesize that mechanical stimulation triggers genotypic and phenotypic changes to astrocytes that could ultimately reshape the ECM composition of the central nervous system following injury. To explore astrocyte mechanobiology, an in vitro drop test bioreactor was employed to condition primary rat astrocytes using short duration (10 ms), high deceleration (150G) and strain (20%) impact stimuli. Experiments were designed to explore the effect of single and repeated impact (single vs. double) on mechano-sensitive behavior including cell viability; ECM gene (collagens I and IV, fibronectin, neurocan, versican) and reactivity gene [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), S100B, vimentin] expression; matrix regulatory cytokine secretion [matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)]; and matrix accumulation [collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG)]. Experiments revealed that both ECM and reactive gliosis gene expression was significantly decreased in response to impact conditioning. The decreases for several genes, including collagen, versican, and GFAP were sensitive to impact number, suggesting mechano-sensitivity to repeated impact conditioning. The measured decreases in ECM gene expression were supported by longer-term in vitro experiments that demonstrated significant decreases in chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) and collagen accumulation within impact conditioned 3-D scaffolds accompanied by a 25% decrease in elastic modulus. Overall, the general trend across all samples was towards altered ECM and reactive gliosis gene expression in response to impact. These results suggest that the regulation of ECM production by astrocytes is sensitive to mechanical stimuli, and that repeated impact conditioning may increase this sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Addison Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Johntaehwan Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Joseph Wyatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Abby Terlouw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Kartik Balachandran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Jeffrey Wolchok
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, 125 Engineering Hall, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
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20
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Angiopoietin/Tie2 Axis Regulates the Age-at-Injury Cerebrovascular Response to Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurosci 2018; 38:9618-9634. [PMID: 30242049 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0914-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although age-at-injury influences chronic recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI), the differential effects of age on early outcome remain understudied. Using a male murine model of moderate contusion injury, we investigated the underlying mechanism(s) regulating the distinct response between juvenile and adult TBI. We demonstrate similar biomechanical and physical properties of naive juvenile and adult brains. However, following controlled cortical impact (CCI), juvenile mice displayed reduced cortical lesion formation, cell death, and behavioral deficits at 4 and 14 d. Analysis of high-resolution laser Doppler imaging showed a similar loss of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the ipsilateral cortex at 3 and 24 h post-CCI, whereas juvenile mice showed enhanced subsequent restoration at 2-4 d compared with adults. These findings correlated with reduced blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and increased perilesional vessel density. To address whether an age-dependent endothelial cell (EC) response affects vessel stability and tissue outcome, we magnetically isolated CD31+ ECs from sham and injured cortices and evaluated mRNA expression. Interestingly, we found increased transcripts for BBB stability-related genes and reduced expression of BBB-disrupting genes in juveniles compared with adults. These differences were concomitant with significant changes in miRNA-21-5p and miR-148a levels. Accompanying these findings was robust GFAP immunoreactivity, which was not resolved by day 35. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of EC-specific Tie2 signaling abolished the juvenile protective effects. These findings shed new mechanistic light on the divergent effects that age plays on acute TBI outcome that are both spatial and temporal dependent.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although a clear "window of susceptibility" exists in the developing brain that could deter typical developmental trajectories if exposed to trauma, a number of preclinical models have demonstrated evidence of early recovery in younger patients. Our findings further demonstrate acute neuroprotection and improved restoration of cerebral blood flow in juvenile mice subjected to cortical contusion injury compared with adults. We also demonstrate a novel role for endothelial cell-specific Tie2 signaling in this age-related response, which is known to promote barrier stability, is heightened in the injured juvenile vasculature, and may be exploited for therapeutic interventions across the age spectrum following traumatic brain injury.
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21
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Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS. Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Rescues the Neurons From Degeneration in Stab Wound and Excitotoxic Injury Models. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:546. [PMID: 30135639 PMCID: PMC6092510 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dBcAMP), a cell-permeable synthetic analog of cAMP, has been shown to induce astrogliosis in culture. However, the exact mechanism underlying how dBcAMP exerts its function in situ is not clear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dBcAMP on astrogliosis and survival of neurons in stab wound and kainic acid models of brain injury. Stab wound was done in cerebral cortex of BALB/c male mice. Kainic acid lesion was induced in hippocampus by injecting 1μl kainic acid into the lateral ventricle. Animals in both models of injury were divided into L+dBcAMP and L+PBS groups and treated with dBcAMP or PBS for 3, 5, and 7 days respectively. The brain sections were stained for Cresyl violet and Fluro jade-B to assess the degenerating neurons. Immunostaining for GFAP and Iba-1 was done for assessing the astrogliosis and microglial response respectively. Expression of GFAP and BDNF levels in the tissue were estimated by Western blotting and ELISA respectively. The results showed a gradual increase in the number of both astrocytes and microglia in both injuries with a significant increase in dBcAMP-treated groups. The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in dBcAMP treated groups. In addition, it was found that dBcAMP stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in both stab wound and kainic acid injuries. Treatment with BDNF receptor inhibitor AZ-23, showed an increase in the degenerating neurons suggesting the role of BDNF in neuroprotection. This study indicates that dBcAMP protects neurons from degeneration by enhancing the production of BDNF and may be considered for use as therapeutic agent for treatment of brain injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muddanna S Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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22
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018. [PMID: 29456630 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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Lefebvre G, Chamard E, Proulx S, Tremblay S, Halko M, Soman S, de Guise E, Pascual-Leone A, Théoret H. Increased Myo-Inositol in Primary Motor Cortex of Contact Sports Athletes without a History of Concussion. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:953-962. [PMID: 29279021 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine whether repetitive hits to the head at a subclinical level are associated with structural and functional brain abnormalities and whether these effects are influenced by high levels of fitness associated with intense physical activity. Seventy-two college students were recruited: 24 nonathletic, 24 athletes practicing a varsity contact sport, and 24 athletes practicing a varsity noncontact sport. They were recruited for a neuropsychological evaluation and a magnetic resonance imaging session that included magnetic resonance spectroscopy of primary motor cortex (M1) and prefrontal cortex and susceptibility-weighted imaging. There was no evidence for reduced cognitive performance or presence of micro bleeds in contact sports athletes. Abnormalities in contact sports athletes were found for myo-inositol concentration (mIns) in M1, where levels were significantly higher compared with noncontact sports athletes (p = 0.016) and nonathletes (p = 0.029). In prefrontal cortex, glutamate + glutamine (Glx) was significantly reduced in contact sports athletes compared with noncontact sports athletes (p = 0.016), and a similar reduction was observed for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels (p = 0.005). Varsity contact sports are associated with area-specific alterations in mIns concentration in the primary motor cortex. In the prefrontal cortex, high levels of fitness could modulate the effects of head impact exposure on prefrontal metabolite concentration. Indeed, although athletes in contact and noncontact sports show different neurometabolic profiles, they do not differ from sedentary controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Lefebvre
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Emilie Chamard
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Sara Tremblay
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mark Halko
- Division of Cognitive Neurology and Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Salil Soman
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elaine de Guise
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Division of Cognitive Neurology and Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Institut de Neurorrehabilitacion Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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Yang JS, Wei HX, Chen PP, Wu G. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in central nervous system injury and recovery. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2219-2227. [PMID: 29456630 PMCID: PMC5795627 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components are involved in the complex pathological process following central nervous system (CNS) injury, including neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. Previous studies and neurotherapeutic clinical trials have assessed the molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal cell death following CNS injury. However, this approach has largely failed to reduce CNS damage or improve the functional recovery of patients. Erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular (Eph) receptors and ephrin ligands have attracted considerable attention since their discovery, due to their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. Previous studies have investigated the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developing central nervous system. It was determined that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling is expressed in various CNS regions and cell types, and that it serves diverse roles in the adult CNS. In the present review, the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in CNS injuries are assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Xing Wei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Ping-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350000, P.R. China
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25
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Wan Y, Yang JS, Xu LC, Huang XJ, Wang W, Xie MJ. Roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling during injury and recovery of the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1313-1321. [PMID: 30106032 PMCID: PMC6108204 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cellular components, including neuronal, glial and endothelial cells, are involved in the sophisticated pathological processes following central nervous system injury. The pathological process cannot reduce damage or improve functional recovery by merely targeting the molecular mechanisms of neuronal cell death after central nerve system injuries. Eph receptors and ephrin ligands have drawn wide attention since the discovery of their extensive distribution and unique bidirectional signaling between astrocytes and neurons. The roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the developmental processes have been reported in previous research. Recent observations suggest that Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling continues to be expressed in most regions and cell types in the adult central nervous system, playing diverse roles. The Eph/ephrin complex mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis, promotes glial scar formation, regulates endocrine levels, inhibits myelin formation and aggravates inflammation and nerve pain caused by injury. The interaction between Eph and ephrin is also considered to be the key to angiogenesis. This review focuses on the roles of Eph/ephrin bidirectional signaling in the repair of central nervous system injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wan
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jin-Shan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province; Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Li-Cai Xu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The Third People's Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min-Jie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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26
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Ganguly D, Johnson CDL, Gottipati MK, Rende D, Borca-Tasciuc DA, Gilbert RJ. Specific Nanoporous Geometries on Anodized Alumina Surfaces Influence Astrocyte Adhesion and Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Immunoreactivity Levels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 4:128-141. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ganguly
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - C. D. L. Johnson
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - M. K. Gottipati
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Neuroscience and the Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - D. Rende
- Center
for Materials, Devices and Integrated Systems, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - D.-A. Borca-Tasciuc
- Department
of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Rensselaer
Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - R. J. Gilbert
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Rensselaer
Nanotechnology Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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Liu X, Zhao Z, Ji R, Zhu J, Sui QQ, Knight GE, Burnstock G, He C, Yuan H, Xiang Z. Inhibition of P2X7 receptors improves outcomes after traumatic brain injury in rats. Purinergic Signal 2017; 13:529-544. [PMID: 28823092 PMCID: PMC5714842 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-017-9579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of death and disability for people under the age of 45 years worldwide. Neuropathology after TBI is the result of both the immediate impact injury and secondary injury mechanisms. Secondary injury is the result of cascade events, including glutamate excitotoxicity, calcium overloading, free radical generation, and neuroinflammation, ultimately leading to brain cell death. In this study, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) was detected predominately in microglia of the cerebral cortex and was up-regulated on microglial cells after TBI. The microglia transformed into amoeba-like and discharged many microvesicle (MV)-like particles in the injured and adjacent regions. A P2X7R antagonist (A804598) and an immune inhibitor (FTY720) reduced significantly the number of MV-like particles in the injured/adjacent regions and in cerebrospinal fluid, reduced the number of neurons undergoing apoptotic cell death, and increased the survival of neurons in the cerebral cortex injured and adjacent regions. Blockade of the P2X7R and FTY720 reduced interleukin-1βexpression, P38 phosphorylation, and glial activation in the cerebral cortex and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after TBI. These data indicate that MV-like particles discharged by microglia after TBI may be involved in the development of local inflammation and secondary nerve cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Research Center of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, Yangpu Qu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Qian Sui
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
- Department of Pharmacology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, 200003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Sun X, Xie Y, Zan J, Tan W. Isosteviol Sodium Protects Against Permanent Cerebral Ischemia Injury in Mice via Inhibition of NF-κB–Mediated Inflammatory and Apoptotic Responses. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2603-2614. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Chhabra HS, Sarda K. Clinical translation of stem cell based interventions for spinal cord injury - Are we there yet? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 120:41-49. [PMID: 28964881 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in basic science in research related to spinal cord injury (SCI) and regeneration have led to a variety of novel experimental therapeutics designed to promote functionally effective axonal regrowth and sprouting. Stem cell and other cellular interventions have gained lot of attention due to their immense potential of regeneration. These interventions have been tested for their efficacy in case of SCI both at the pre-clinical and clinical level. In this review we critically discuss the published literature on the cellular interventions for SCI and their clinical applications with respect to the strength of evidence established by these studies. The need to curb unethical practice of offering unproven stem cell "therapies" for SCI at a global level is also discussed.
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30
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Zhao X, Wang XW, Zhou KS, Nan W, Guo YQ, Kou JL, Wang J, Xia YY, Zhang HH. Expression of Ski and its role in astrocyte proliferation and migration. Neuroscience 2017; 362:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Pei D, Liu N, Li D, Yan H, Wang QB, Fang Y, Xie L, Li HP. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β reduces reactive glia and scar formation after traumatic brain injury in mice. Brain Res Bull 2017; 134:121-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Edwards MM, McLeod DS, Bhutto IA, Grebe R, Duffy M, Lutty GA. Subretinal Glial Membranes in Eyes With Geographic Atrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1352-1367. [PMID: 28249091 PMCID: PMC5358932 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Müller cells create the external limiting membrane (ELM) by forming junctions with photoreceptor cells. This study evaluated the relationship between focal photoreceptors and RPE loss in geographic atrophy (GA) and Müller cell extension into the subretinal space. Methods Human donor eyes with no retinal disease or geographic atrophy (GA) were fixed and the eye cups imaged. The retinal posterior pole was stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; astrocytes and activated Müller cells) and vimentin (Müller cells) while the submacular choroids were labeled with Ulex Europaeus Agglutinin lectin (blood vessels). Choroids and retinas were imaged using a Zeiss 710 confocal microscope. Additional eyes were cryopreserved or processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to better visualize the Müller cells. Results Vimentin staining of aged control retinas (n = 4) revealed a panretinal cobblestone-like ELM. While this pattern was also observed in the GA retinas (n = 7), each also had a distinct area in which vimentin+ and vimentin+/GFAP+ processes created a subretinal membrane. Subretinal glial membranes closely matched areas of RPE atrophy in the gross photos. Choroidal vascular loss was also evident in these atrophic areas. Smaller glial projections were noted, which correlated with drusen in gross photos. The presence of glia in the subretinal space was confirmed by TEM and cross cross-section immunohistochemistry. Conclusions In eyes with GA, subretinal Müller cell membranes present in areas of RPE atrophy may be a Müller cell attempt to replace the ELM. These membranes could interfere with treatments such as stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malia M Edwards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - D Scott McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Rhonda Grebe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Maeve Duffy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
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Chen J, Cui Z, Yang S, Wu C, Li W, Bao G, Xu G, Sun Y, Wang L, Zhang J. The upregulation of annexin A2 after spinal cord injury in rats may have implication for astrocyte proliferation. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:67-76. [PMID: 27836325 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A2 (ANXA2), is a member of the annexin family of proteins that exhibit Ca2+-dependent binding to phospholipids. One attractive biological function of ANXA2 is participating in DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Previous studies have shown that ANXA2 play a role in the development of the central nervous system. However, the biological function of ANXA2 after spinal cord injury (SCI) is still with limited acquaintance. In the present study, we performed a SCI model in adult rats and investigated the dynamic changes of ANXA2 expression in the spinal cord. Western blot analysis indicated a striking expression upregulation of ANXA2 after SCI. Immunohistochemistry further confirmed that ANXA2 immunoactivity was expressed at low levels in normal condition and increased at 5day after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining prompted that ANXA2 immunoreactivity was found in astrocytes and neurons. Interestingly, ANXA2 expression was increased predominantly in astrocytes. We also examined the expression profiles of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Cyclin D1 and active caspase-3 in the injured spinal cords by western blot. Co-expression of ANXA2/PCNA, ANXA2/Cyclin D1 was detected in glial fibrillary acidic protein. Importantly, double immunofluorescence staining revealed that cell proliferation evaluated by PCNA appeared in many ANXA2-expressing cells and rare caspase-3 was observed in ANXA2-expressing cells after SCI. In addition, ANXA2 knockdown in astrocytes resulted in the increase of PCNA expression after LPS stimulation, showing that ANXA2 inhibited astrocyte proliferation after inflammation. Our data suggested that ANXA2 might play important roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Saishuai Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunshuai Wu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 226001 Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Filippi M, Boido M, Pasquino C, Garello F, Boffa C, Terreno E. Successful in vivo MRI tracking of MSCs labeled with Gadoteridol in a Spinal Cord Injury experimental model. Exp Neurol 2016; 282:66-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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35
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Hoh Kam J, Morgan JE, Jeffery G. Aged complement factor H knockout mice kept in a clean barriered environment have reduced retinal pathology. Exp Eye Res 2016; 149:116-125. [PMID: 27397653 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the largest cause of visual loss in those over 60 years in the West and is a condition increasing in prevalence. Many diseases result from genetic/environmental interactions and 50% of AMD cases have an association with polymorphisms of the complement system including complement factor H. Here we explore interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental conditions in triggering retinal pathology in two groups of aged complement factor H knock out (Cfh(-/-)) mice. Mice were maintained over 9 months in either a conventional open environment or a barriered pathogen free environment. Open environment Cfh(-/-) mice had significant increases in subretinal macrophage numbers, inflammatory and stress responses and reduced photoreceptor numbers over mice kept in a pathogen free environment. Hence, environmental factors can drive retinal disease in these mice when linked to complement deficits impairing immune function. Both groups of mice had similar levels of retinal amyloid beta accumulation. Consequently there is no direct link between this and inflammation in Cfh(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimie Hoh Kam
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK
| | - James E Morgan
- School of Optometry and Visual Science, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Glen Jeffery
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, UK.
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Xu L, Wang L, Wen Z, Wu L, Jiang Y, Yang L, Xiao L, Xie Y, Ma M, Zhu W, Ye R, Liu X. Caveolin-1 is a checkpoint regulator in hypoxia-induced astrocyte apoptosis via Ras/Raf/ERK pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C903-10. [PMID: 27009876 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00309.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most numerous cells in the human brain, play a central role in the metabolic homeostasis following hypoxic injury. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a transmembrane scaffolding protein, has been shown to converge prosurvival signaling in the central nerve system. The present study aimed to investigate the role of Cav-1 in the hypoxia-induced astrocyte injury. We also examined how Cav-1 alleviates apoptotic astrocyte death. To this end, primary astrocytes were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) for 6 h and a subsequent 24-h reoxygenation to mimic hypoxic injury. OGD significantly reduced Cav-1 expression. Downregulation of Cav-1 using Cav-1 small interfering RNA dramatically worsened astrocyte cell damage and impaired cellular glutamate uptake after OGD, whereas overexpression of Cav-1 with Cav-1 scaffolding domain peptide attenuated OGD-induced cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, the expressions of Ras-GTP, phospho-Raf, and phospho-ERK were sequestered in Cav-1 small interfering RNA-treated astrocytes, yet were stimulated after supplementation with caveolin peptide. MEK/ERK inhibitor U0126 remarkably blocked the Cav-1-induced counteraction against apoptosis following hypoxia, indicating Ras/Raf/ERK pathway is required for the Cav-1's prosurvival role. Together, these findings support Cav-1 as a checkpoint for the in hypoxia-induced astrocyte apoptosis and warrant further studies targeting Cav-1 to treat hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liumin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhuoyu Wen
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; and
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lian Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Shaoyang, Shaoyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lulu Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minmin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wusheng Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China;
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Krityakiarana W, Zhao PM, Nguyen K, Gomez-Pinilla F, Kotchabhakdi N, de Vellis J, Espinosa-Jeffrey A. Proof-of Concept that an Acute Trophic Factors Intervention After Spinal Cord Injury Provides an Adequate Niche for Neuroprotection, Recruitment of Nestin-Expressing Progenitors and Regeneration. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:431-49. [PMID: 26883642 PMCID: PMC5352162 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1850-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Trophic factor treatment has been shown to improve the recovery of brain and spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, we examined the effects of TSC1 (a combination of insulin-like growth factor 1 and transferrin) 4 and 8 h after SCI at the thoracic segment level (T12) in nestin-GFP transgenic mice. TSC1 treatment for 4 and 8 h increased the number of nestin-expressing cells around the lesion site and prevented Wallerian degeneration. Treatment with TSC1 for 4 h significantly increased heat shock protein (HSP)-32 and HSP-70 expression 1 and 2 mm from lesion site (both, caudal and rostral). Conversely, the number of HSP-32 positive cells decreased after an 8-h TSC1 treatment, although it was still higher than in both, non-treated SCI and intact spinal cord animals. Furthermore, TSC1 increased NG2 expressing cell numbers and preserved most axons intact, facilitating remyelination and repair. These results support our hypothesis that TSC1 is an effective treatment for cell and tissue neuroprotection after SCI. An early intervention is crucial to prevent secondary damage of the injured SC and, in particular, to prevent Wallerian degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warin Krityakiarana
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 375E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7332, USA.
- Division of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Paul M Zhao
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 375E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7332, USA
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 375E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7332, USA
| | - Fernando Gomez-Pinilla
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Department of Neurosurgery, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi
- Neuro-Behavioural Biology Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, 999 Phutthamonthol 4 Road, Salaya, Phutthamonthol, Nakornpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jean de Vellis
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 375E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7332, USA
| | - Araceli Espinosa-Jeffrey
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Suite 375E, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7332, USA.
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Srikumar T, Padmanabhan J. Potential Use of Flavopiridol in Treatment of Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:209-228. [PMID: 27771926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the potential use of flavopiridol, a CDK inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities, in the treatment of various chronic diseases. Flavopiridol arrests cell cycle progression in the G1 or G2 phase by inhibiting the kinase activities of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4/6, and CDK7. Additionally, it binds tightly to CDK9, a component of the P-TEFb complex (CDK9/cyclin T), and interferes with RNA polymerase II activation and associated transcription. This in turn inhibits expression of several pro-survival and anti-apoptotic genes, and enhances cytotoxicity in transformed cells or differentiation in growth-arrested cells. Recent studies indicate that flavopiridol elicits anti-inflammatory activity via CDK9 and NFκB-dependent signaling. Overall, these effects of flavopiridol potentiate its ability to overcome aberrant cell cycle activation and/or inflammatory stimuli, which are mediators of various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejal Srikumar
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA. .,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave., Tampa, Florida, 33613, USA.
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A. Elawady M, M. Elmaghrabi M, Ebrahim N, A. Elawady M, Sabry D, Shamaa A, Ragaei A. Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Modulating Astroglyosis of Surgical Induced Experimental Spinal Cord Injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2016.76024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Giralt A, Coura R, Girault JA. Pyk2 is essential for astrocytes mobility following brain lesion. Glia 2015; 64:620-34. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert Giralt
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
| | - Renata Coura
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Inserm UMR-S839; Paris 75005 France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Paris 6), Sorbonne Universités; Paris 75005 France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin; Paris 75005 France
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IKVAV-linked cell membrane-spanning peptide treatment induces neuronal reactivation following spinal cord injury. Future Sci OA 2015; 1:FSO81. [PMID: 28031930 PMCID: PMC5138012 DOI: 10.4155/fso.15.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord regeneration following treatment with a novel membrane-spanning peptide (MSP) expressing the isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine (IKVAV) epitope was assessed in Balb-c mice. After hemilaminectomy and compression injury, mice were treated with IKVAV, IKVAV-MSP, peptide or vehicle control. Functional improvement was assessed using modified Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan Scale (mBBB) and spinal cord segments were studied histologically 28 days after injury. IKVAV-MSP group scores increased significantly compared with control groups after 4 weeks of observation (p < 0.05). The number of protoplasmic astrocytes, neurons and muscle bundle size in the IKVAV-MSP mice were significantly increased (p < 0.001; p < 0.05 and p < 0.007; respectively). This study demonstrates that it is possible to promote functional recovery after SCI using bioactive IKVAV presenting cell membrane-spanning peptides.
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Astrocytic CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Delta Contributes to Glial Scar Formation and Impairs Functional Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5912-5927. [PMID: 26510742 PMCID: PMC5085997 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury, inflammatory reaction induces the aggregation of astrocytes to form a glial scar that eventually blocks axonal regeneration. Transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (C/EBPδ) is a regulatory protein of genes responsive to inflammatory factors, but its role in glial scar formation after spinal cord injury remains unknown. By using a model of moderate spinal cord contusion injury at the mid-thoracic level, we found that C/EBPδ was expressed mostly in the reactive astrocytes bordering the lesion in wild-type mice from 7 days after the injury. C/EBPδ-deficient mice showed reduced glial scar formation, more residual white matter, and better motor function recovery compared with wild-type mice 28 days after the injury. Upon interleukin (IL)-1β stimulation in vitro, the increased expression of C/EBPδ in reactive astrocytes inhibited RhoA expression and, subsequently, the ability of astrocyte migration. However, these reactive astrocytes also produced an increased amount of matrix metalloproteinase-3, which promoted the migration of non-IL-1β-treated, inactive astrocytes. Although the involvement of other non-astroglial C/EBPδ cannot be entirely excluded, our studies suggest that astrocytic C/EBPδ is integral to the inflammatory cascades leading to glial scar formation after spinal cord injury.
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Purines in neurite growth and astroglia activation. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:255-71. [PMID: 26498067 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nervous system is a complex, functional network of neurons, consisting of local and long-range connections. Neuronal growth is highly coordinated by a variety of extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules. Purines turned out to be an essential component of these processes. Here, we review the current knowledge about the involvement of purinergic signaling in the regulation of neuronal development. We particularly focus on its role in neuritogenesis: the formation and extension of neurites. In the course of maturation mammals generally lose their ability to regenerate the central nervous system (CNS) e.g. after traumatic brain injury; although, spontaneous regeneration still occurs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Thus, it is crucial to translate the knowledge about CNS development and PNS regeneration into novel approaches to enable neurons of the mature CNS to regenerate. In this context we give a general overview of growth-inhibitory and growth-stimulatory factors and mechanisms involved in neurite growth. With regard to neuronal growth, astrocytes are an important cell population. They provide structural and metabolic support to neurons and actively participate in brain signaling. Astrocytes respond to injury with beneficial or detrimental reactions with regard to axonal growth. In this review we present the current knowledge of purines in these glial functions. Moreover, we discuss organotypic brain slice co-cultures as a model which retains neuron-glia interactions, and further presents at once a model for CNS development and regeneration. In summary, the purinergic system is a pivotal factor in neuronal development and in the response to injury. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Abeysinghe HCS, Bokhari L, Quigley A, Choolani M, Chan J, Dusting GJ, Crook JM, Kobayashi NR, Roulston CL. Pre-differentiation of human neural stem cells into GABAergic neurons prior to transplant results in greater repopulation of the damaged brain and accelerates functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:186. [PMID: 26420220 PMCID: PMC4588906 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite attempts to prevent brain injury during the hyperacute phase of stroke, most sufferers end up with significant neuronal loss and functional deficits. The use of cell-based therapies to recover the injured brain offers new hope. In the current study, we employed human neural stem cells (hNSCs) isolated from subventricular zone (SVZ), and directed their differentiation into GABAergic neurons followed by transplantation to ischemic brain. METHODS Pre-differentiated GABAergic neurons, undifferentiated SVZ-hNSCs or media alone were stereotaxically transplanted into the rat brain (n=7/group) 7 days after endothelin-1 induced stroke. Neurological outcome was assessed by neurological deficit scores and the cylinder test. Transplanted cell survival, cellular phenotype and maturation were assessed using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. RESULTS Behavioral assessments revealed accelerated improvements in motor function 7 days post-transplant in rats treated with pre-differentiated GABAergic cells in comparison to media alone and undifferentiated hNSC treated groups. Histopathology 28 days-post transplant indicated that pre-differentiated cells maintained their GABAergic neuronal phenotype, showed evidence of synaptogenesis and up-regulated expression of both GABA and calcium signaling proteins associated with neurotransmission. Rats treated with pre-differentiated cells also showed increased neurogenic activity within the SVZ at 28 days, suggesting an additional trophic role of these GABAergic cells. In contrast, undifferentiated SVZ-hNSCs predominantly differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes and appeared to be incorporated into the glial scar. CONCLUSION Our study is the first to show enhanced exogenous repopulation of a neuronal phenotype after stroke using techniques aimed at GABAergic cell induction prior to delivery that resulted in accelerated and improved functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hima C S Abeysinghe
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Laita Bokhari
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anita Quigley
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia.
| | - Mahesh Choolani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Jerry Chan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Cytoprotection Pharmacology Program, Centre for Eye Research, The Royal Eye and Ear Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Opthamology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Nao R Kobayashi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, NSW 2519, Australia
| | - Carli L Roulston
- Neurotrauma Research Team, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Level 4, Clinical Sciences Building, 29 Regent Street, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Zhao J, Chen C, Xiao JR, Wei HF, Zhou XH, Mao XX, Zhang WD, Qian R, Chen XL, He MQ, Yu XW, Zhao J. An Up-regulation of IRF-1 After a Spinal Cord Injury: Implications for Neuronal Apoptosis. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:595-604. [PMID: 26342280 PMCID: PMC4751177 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
IRF-1, a kind of transcription factor, is expressed in many cell types, except in early embryonal cells. IRF-1 has played an essential role in various physiological and pathological processes, including tumor immune surveillance, viral infection, development of immunity system and pro-inflammatory injury. However, the expression and function of IRF-1 in spinal cord injury (SCI) are still unknown. In this study, we have performed an acute SCI model in adult rats and investigated the dynamic changes of IRF-1 expression in the spinal cord. Western blot have shown that IRF-1 protein levels gradually increased, reaching a peak at day 3 and then gradually declined to a normal level at day 14 after SCI. Double immunofluorescence staining showed that IRF-1 immunoreactivity was found in neurons, but not in astrocytes and microglia. Additionally, colocalization of IRF-1/active caspase-3 was detected in neurons. In vitro, IRF-1 depletion, by short interfering RNA, obviously decreases neuronal apoptosis. In conclusion, this is the first description of IRF-1 expression in spinal cord injury. Our results suggested that IRF-1 might play crucial roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Jian-Ru Xiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Hai-Feng Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xu-hui Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China
| | - Xing-Xing Mao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Wei-dong Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Rong Qian
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xin-lei Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Ming-qing He
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Second People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China. .,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University Nantong Second People's Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226001, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai, 200000, China.
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TCTP Expression After Rat Spinal Cord Injury: Implications for Astrocyte Proliferation and Migration. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 57:366-75. [PMID: 26266488 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0628-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) is a ubiquitous and highly conserved protein which plays a role in cell proliferation and growth, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation. However, its expression and function in spinal cord injury (SCI) are still unknown. Here, we demonstrated that expression of TCTP was dynamic changed after acute spinal cord injury. Our results showed that TCTP gradually increased, reached a peak at 3 day, and then declined to basal levels at 14 days after spinal cord injury. Upregulation of TCTP was accompanied with an increase in the levels of proliferation proteins such as PCNA. Immunofluorescent labeling also showed that TCTP located in astrocytes and traumatic SCI induced TCTP colocalizated with PCNA. These results indicated that TCTP might play an important role in astrocyte proliferation. To further probe the role of TCTP, TCTP-specific siRNA-transfected astrocytes showed significant decrease of primary astrocyte proliferation. Surprisingly, TCTP knockdown also reduced primary astrocyte migration, as the reorganization of microtubules and F-actin was disturbed after siRNA transfection. All above indicated that TCTP might play a crucial role in astrocyte proliferation and migration. Collectively, our data suggested that TCTP might play important roles in CNS pathophysiology after SCI.
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Mori M, Matsubara K, Matsubara Y, Uchikura Y, Hashimoto H, Fujioka T, Matsumoto T. Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α Plays a Crucial Role Based on Neuroprotective Role in Neonatal Brain Injury in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:18018-32. [PMID: 26251894 PMCID: PMC4581233 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160818018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to progress in perinatal medicine, the survival of preterm newborns has markedly increased. However, the incidence of cerebral palsy has risen in association with increased preterm birth. Cerebral palsy is largely caused by cerebral hypoxic ischemia (HI), for which there are no effective medical treatments. We evaluated the effects of stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) on neonatal brain damage in rats. Left common carotid (LCC) arteries of seven-day-old Wistar rat pups were ligated, and animals were exposed to hypoxic gas to cause cerebral HI. Behavioral tests revealed that the memory and spatial perception abilities were disturbed in HI animals, and that SDF-1α treatment improved these cognitive functions. Motor coordination was also impaired after HI but was unimproved by SDF-1α treatment. SDF-1α reduced intracranial inflammation and induced cerebral remyelination, as indicated by the immunohistochemistry results. These data suggest that SDF-1α specifically influences spatial perception abilities in neonatal HI encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Mori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Keiichi Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuko Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Yuka Uchikura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Toru Fujioka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ehime University School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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Zhang J, Feng G, Bao G, Xu G, Sun Y, Li W, Wang L, Chen J, Jin H, Cui Z. Nuclear translocation of PKM2 modulates astrocyte proliferation via p27 and -catenin pathway after spinal cord injury. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2609-18. [PMID: 26151495 PMCID: PMC4613169 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1064203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant functionality of the cell cycle has been implicated in the pathology of traumatic SCI. Although it has been reported that the expressions of various cell cycle related proteins were altered significantly following SCI, detailed information on the subject remains largely unclear. The embryonic pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is an important metabolic kinase in aerobic glycolysis or the warburg effect, however, its functions in central nervous system (CNS) injury remains elusive. Here we demonstrate that PKM2 was not only significantly upregulated by western blot and immunohistochemistry but certain traumatic stimuli also induced translocation of PKM2 into the nucleus in astrocytes following spinal cord injury (SCI). Furthermore, the expression levels and localization of p-β-catenin, p27, cyclin D1 and PCNA were correlated with PKM2 after SCI. In vitro, we also found that PKM2 co-immunoprecipitation with p-β-catenin and p27 respectively. Knockdown of PKM2 apparently decreased the level of PCNA, cyclinD1, p27 in primary astrocyte cells. Taken together, our findings indicate that nuclear translocation of PKM2 promotes astrocytes proliferation after SCI through modulating cell cycle signaling. These discoveries firstly uncovered the role of PKM2 in spinal cord injury and provided a potential therapeutic target for CNS injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Guijuan Feng
- Department of Stomatology; Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Guofeng Bao
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Guanhua Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Yuyu Sun
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Weidong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Huricha Jin
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University; Nantong University; 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR, China
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Diamond ML, Ritter AC, Jackson EK, Conley YP, Kochanek PM, Boison D, Wagner AK. Genetic variation in the adenosine regulatory cycle is associated with posttraumatic epilepsy development. Epilepsia 2015; 56:1198-206. [PMID: 26040919 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determine if genetic variation in enzymes/transporters influencing extracellular adenosine homeostasis, including adenosine kinase (ADK), [ecto-5'-nucleotidase (NT5E), cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)], and equilibrative nucleoside transporter type-1 (ENT-1), is significantly associated with epileptogenesis and posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE) risk, as indicated by time to first seizure analyses. METHODS Nine ADK, three CD73, and two ENT-1 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 162 white adults with moderate/severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and no history of premorbid seizures. Kaplan-Meier models were used to screen for genetic differences in time to first seizure occurring >1 week post-TBI. SNPs remaining significant after correction for multiple comparisons were examined using Cox proportional hazards analyses, adjusting for subdural hematoma, injury severity score, and isolated TBI status. SNPs significant in multivariate models were then entered simultaneously into an adjusted Cox model. RESULTS Comparing Kaplan-Meier curves, rs11001109 (ADK) rare allele homozygosity and rs9444348 (NT5E) heterozygosity were significantly associated with shorter time to first seizure and an increased seizure rate 3 years post-TBI. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models showed that these genotypes remained significantly associated with increased PTE hazard up to 3 years post-TBI after controlling for variables of interest (rs11001109: hazard ratio (HR) 4.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-15.77, p = 0.020; rs9444348: HR 2.95, 95% CI 1.19-7.31, p = 0.019) . SIGNIFICANCE Genetic variation in ADK and NT5E may help explain variability in time to first seizure and PTE risk, independent of previously identified risk factors, after TBI. Once validated, identifying genetic variation in adenosine regulatory pathways relating to epileptogenesis and PTE may facilitate exploration of therapeutic targets and pharmacotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Diamond
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Anne C Ritter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Edwin K Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Yvette P Conley
- Department of Health Promotion and Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Detlev Boison
- RS Dow Neurobiology Labs, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A
| | - Amy K Wagner
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.,Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
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β1-Integrin alters ependymal stem cell BMP receptor localization and attenuates astrogliosis after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2015; 35:3725-33. [PMID: 25740503 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4546-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrogliosis after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major impediment to functional recovery. More than half of new astrocytes generated after SCI are derived from ependymal zone stem cells (EZCs). We demonstrate that expression of β1-integrin increases in EZCs following SCI in mice. Conditional knock-out of β1-integrin increases GFAP expression and astrocytic differentiation by cultured EZCs without altering oligodendroglial or neuronal differentiation. Ablation of β1-integrin from EZCs in vivo reduced the number of EZC progeny that continued to express stem cell markers after SCI, increased the proportion of EZC progeny that differentiated into GFAP+ astrocytes, and diminished functional recovery. Loss of β1-integrin increased SMAD1/5/8 and p38 signaling, suggesting activation of BMP signaling. Coimmunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that β1-integrin directly interacts with the bone morphogenetic protein receptor subunits BMPR1a and BMPR1b. Ablation of β1-integrin reduced overall levels of BMP receptors but significantly increased partitioning of BMPR1b into lipid rafts with increased SMAD1/5/8 and p38 signaling. Thus β1-integrin expression by EZCs reduces movement of BMPR1b into lipid rafts, thereby limiting the known deleterious effects of BMPR1b signaling on glial scar formation after SCI.
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