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Duliban M, Pawlicki P, Kamińska A, Yurdakok-Dikmen B, Tekin K, Kotula-Balak M. Status of estrogen receptor expression and epigenetic methylation in Leydig cells after exposure to metalloestrogen - selenium. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 118:108389. [PMID: 37142062 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The trace element selenium (Se) is essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and fertility. A growing volume of evidence shows that Se is necessary for testosterone synthesis, and Se can stimulate Leydig cell proliferation. However, Se can also act as a metalloestrogen, which can mimic estrogen and activate the estrogen receptors. This study aimed to investigate Se effect on estrogen signaling and the epigenetic status of Leydig cells. Mouse Leydig cells (MA-10) were cultured in a medium supplemented with different Se concentrations (4, 8µM) for 24hours. Next, cells were assessed for morphological and molecular (qRT PCR, western blot, immunofluorescence) analyses. Immunofluorescence revealed strong immunosignal for 5-methylcytosine in both control and treated cells, with a stronger signal in the 8μM treated group. qRT-PCR confirmed an increased expression of methyltransferase 3β (Dnmt3b) in 8μM cells. Analysis of the expression of γH2AX (a marker for double-stranded DNA breaks) revealed an increase in the DNA breaks in cells exposed to 8μM Se. Selenium exposure did not affect the expression of canonical estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), however, an increase in membrane estrogen receptor G-protein coupled (GPER) protein expression was observed. To sum up, in a high concentration (8μM) Se affects GPER expression (non-genomic estrogen signaling) in Leydig cells possibly via acting on receptor protein and/or its binding. This causes DNA breaks and induces changes in Leydig cell methylation status, especially in de novo methylation which is mediated by Dnmt3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Duliban
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - P Pawlicki
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland
| | - A Kamińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - B Yurdakok-Dikmen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara 06110 Dışkapı, Turkey
| | - K Tekin
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara 06110 Dışkapı, Turkey
| | - M Kotula-Balak
- Department of Anatomy and Preclinical Sciences, University Centre of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
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2
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Biason-Lauber A, Lang-Muritano M. Estrogens: Two nuclear receptors, multiple possibilities. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 554:111710. [PMID: 35787463 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about estrogen action in experimental animal models and in human physiology. This article reviews the mechanisms of estrogen activity in animals and humans and the role of its two receptors α and β in terms of structure and mechanisms of action in various tissues in health and in relationship with human pathologies (e.g., osteoporosis). Recently, the spectrum of clinical pictures of estrogen resistance caused by estrogen receptors gene variants has been widened by our description of a woman with β-receptor defect, which could be added to the already known descriptions of α-receptor defect in women and men and β-receptor defect in men. The essential role of the β-receptor in the development of the gonad stands out. We summarize the clinical pictures due to estrogen resistance in men and women and focus on long-term follow-up of two women, one with α- and the other with β-receptor resistance. Some open questions remain on the complex interactions between the two receptors on bone metabolism and hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis, which need further deepening and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Biason-Lauber
- University of Fribourg, Division of Endocrinology, Chemin du Musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mariarosaria Lang-Muritano
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Switzerland; Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Associations between Urinary and Dietary Selenium and Blood Metabolic Parameters in a Healthy Northern Italy Population. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081193. [PMID: 34439441 PMCID: PMC8389012 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium is both an essential nutrient and a highly toxic element, depending on its dose and chemical forms. We aimed to quantify urinary selenium excretion and dietary selenium intake in 137 healthy non-smoking blood donors living in the northern Italian province of Reggio Emilia. We assessed selenium status by determining urinary selenium levels (mean 26.77 µg/L), and by estimating dietary selenium intake (mean 84.09 µg/day) using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fasting blood levels of glucose, lipids and thyroid-stimulating hormone were measured using automatized laboratory procedures. Dietary and urinary selenium were correlated (beta coefficient (β) = 0.19). Despite this, the association of the two indicators with health endpoints tended to diverge. Using linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, cotinine levels and alcohol intake, we observed a positive association between urinary selenium and blood triglyceride (β = 0.14), LDL-cholesterol (β = 0.07) and glucose levels (β = 0.08), and an inverse one with HDL-cholesterol (β = −0.12). Concerning dietary selenium, a slightly positive association could be found with glycemic levels only (β = 0.02), while a negative one emerged for other endpoints. The two selenium indicators showed conflicting and statistically highly imprecise associations with circulating TSH levels. Our findings suggest that higher selenium exposure is adversely associated with blood glucose levels and lipid profile. This is the case even at selenium exposures not exceeding tolerable upper intake levels according to current guidelines.
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Bonfim NESMT, Baranoski A, Mantovani MS. Cytotoxicity of sodium selenite in HaCaT cells induces cell death and alters the mRNA expression of PUMA, ATR, and mTOR genes. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2020; 62:126605. [PMID: 32634766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2020.126605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND By identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) cytotoxicity during exposure in non-tumor cells (HaCaT cells), we will improve the current understanding of its antiproliferative effects and modulation of gene expression in the main pathways related to the cell cycle, cell death, oxidative stress, and DNA damage and repair. METHODS Non-tumor HaCaT cells were treated with Na2SeO3 to induce cytotoxicity, and the effects were investigated using an MTT assay (cell viability), real-time cell analysis (profiling the cell index), flow cytometry (membrane integrity, cell cycle disruption, and apoptosis), a comet assay (genotoxicity, i.e., DNA damage), and RT-qPCR (mRNA expression of genes). RESULTS Treatment with Na2SeO3 was cytotoxic at 10 μM, producing morphological changes in cells (cytoplasmic granulations); however, it did not have a genotoxic effect. Na2SeO3 induced cell membrane damage, cell death, and cell cycle arrest in HaCaT cells. It also altered the mRNA expression levels of PUMA, ATR, and mTOR genes. However, it had no effect on the mRNA expression of caspases or PARP1, BIRC5, BECN1, and c-MYC genes, suggesting that Na2SeO3 causes PUMA-dependent apoptosis in HaCaT cells. The mRNA expression of specific genes related to oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair, and cell cycle control were unchanged by Na2SeO3. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated the cytotoxic effect of Na2SeO3 in HaCaT cells by analyzing mRNA expression patterns, changes in cell morphology, and proliferation kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrivanio Baranoski
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mário Sérgio Mantovani
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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Divekar SD, Li HH, Parodi DA, Ghafouri TB, Chen R, Cyrus K, Foxworth AE, Fornace AJ, Byrne C, Martin MB. Arsenite and cadmium promote the development of mammary tumors. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:1005-1014. [PMID: 31646340 PMCID: PMC7359772 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrate that the heavy metal cadmium and the metalloid arsenite activate estrogen receptor-alpha in breast cancer cells by forming a high-affinity complex with the ligand-binding domain of the receptor and that environmentally relevant doses of cadmium have estrogen-like activity in vivo. The present study showed that in estrogen-receptor positive cells, arsenite and cadmium increased the global expression of estrogen-responsive genes and that an environmentally relevant dose of arsenite also had estrogen-like activity in vivo. Similar to estrogens, exposure of ovariectomized animals to arsenite induced the expression of the progesterone receptor, GREB1, and c-fos in the mammary gland and the expression of complement C3, c-fos, and cyclin D1 in the uterus and the increase was blocked by the antiestrogen ICI-182,780. When virgin female animals were fed a diet, that mimics exposure to either arsenite or cadmium, and challenged with the chemical carcinogen dimethylbenzanthracene, there was an increase in the incidence of mammary tumors and a decrease in the time to tumor onset, but no difference in the total number of tumors, tumor multiplicity, or total tumor volume. Together with published results, these data showed that environmentally relevant amounts of arsenite and cadmium had estrogen-like activity in vivo and promoted mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heng-Hong Li
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Daniela A Parodi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Renxiang Chen
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Kedra Cyrus
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Aaron E Foxworth
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Celia Byrne
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
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6
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Fuentes N, Silveyra P. Estrogen receptor signaling mechanisms. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 116:135-170. [PMID: 31036290 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The primary female sex hormones, estrogens, are responsible for the control of functions of the female reproductive system, as well as the development of secondary sexual characteristics that appear during puberty and sexual maturity. Estrogens exert their actions by binding to specific receptors, the estrogen receptors (ERs), which in turn activate transcriptional processes and/or signaling events that result in the control of gene expression. These actions can be mediated by direct binding of estrogen receptor complexes to specific sequences in gene promoters (genomic effects), or by mechanisms that do not involve direct binding to DNA (non-genomic effects). Whether acting via direct nuclear effects, indirect non-nuclear actions, or a combination of both, the effects of estrogens on gene expression are controlled by highly regulated complex mechanisms. In this chapter, we summarize the knowledge gained in the past 60years since the discovery of the estrogen receptors on the mechanisms governing estrogen-mediated gene expression. We provide an overview of estrogen biosynthesis, and we describe the main mechanisms by which the female sex hormone controls gene transcription in different tissues and cell types. Specifically, we address the molecular events governing regulation of gene expression via the nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, and ERβ) and the membrane estrogen receptor (GPER1). We also describe mechanisms of cross-talk between signaling cascades activated by both nuclear and membrane estrogen receptors. Finally, we discuss natural compounds that are able to target specific estrogen receptors and their implications for human health and medical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fuentes
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Nursing, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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7
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Tabelin CB, Igarashi T, Villacorte-Tabelin M, Park I, Opiso EM, Ito M, Hiroyoshi N. Arsenic, selenium, boron, lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc in naturally contaminated rocks: A review of their sources, modes of enrichment, mechanisms of release, and mitigation strategies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1522-1553. [PMID: 30248873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Massive and ambitious underground space development projects are being undertaken by many countries around the world to decongest megacities, improve the urban landscapes, upgrade outdated transportation networks, and expand modern railway and road systems. A number of these projects, however, reported that substantial portions of the excavated debris are oftentimes naturally contaminated with hazardous elements, which are readily released in substantial amounts once exposed to the environment. These contaminated excavation debris/spoils/mucks, loosely referred to as "naturally contaminated rocks", contain various hazardous and toxic inorganic elements like arsenic (As), selenium (Se), boron (B), and heavy metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn). If left untreated, these naturally contaminated rocks could pose very serious problems not only to the surrounding ecosystem but also to people living around the construction and disposal sites. Several incidents of soil and ground/surface water contamination, for example, have been documented due to the false assumption that excavated materials are non-hazardous because they only contain background levels of environmentally regulated elements. Naturally contaminated rocks are hazardous wastes, but they still remain largely unregulated. In fact, standard leaching tests for their evaluation and classification are not yet established. In this review, we summarized all available studies in the literature about the factors and processes crucial in the enrichment, release, and migration of the most commonly encountered hazardous and toxic elements in naturally contaminated geological materials. Although our focus is on naturally contaminated rocks, analogue systems like contaminated soils, sediments, and other hazardous wastes that have been more widely studied will also be discussed. Classification schemes and leaching tests to properly identify and regulate excavated rocks that may potentially pose environmental problems will be examined. Finally, management and mitigation strategies to limit the negative effects of these hazardous wastes are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlito Baltazar Tabelin
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Igarashi
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Mylah Villacorte-Tabelin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University - Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City 9200, Philippines
| | - Ilhwan Park
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Einstine M Opiso
- Geoenvironmental Engineering Group, Central Mindanao University, Maramag 8710, Bukidnon, Philippines
| | - Mayumi Ito
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Naoki Hiroyoshi
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Wu D, Zhao Y, Fu S, Zhang J, Wang W, Yan Z, Guo H, Liu A. Seleno-short-chain chitosan induces apoptosis in human breast cancer cells through mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in vitro. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1579-1590. [PMID: 29895197 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1464845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seleno-short-chain chitosan (SSCC) was a synthesized chitosan derivative with the molecular weight of 4826.986 Da. The study is aimed to investigate cytotoxicity of SSCC on human breast cancer MCF-7 and BT-20 cells and explore apoptosis-related mechanism in vitro. The MTT (3- [4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenylterazolium bromide) assay showed that SSCC exhibited significantly cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 and BT-20 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the effective inhibitory concentration was 100 μg/ml and 200 μg/ml, respectively. Apoptosis assay of these two kinds of cells was determined by Hoechst 33,342/PI and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. The cell cycle assay showed that SSCC triggered S and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells and S phase cell cycle arrest in BT-20 cells in a time-dependent manner. Further studies demonstrated that SSCC led to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in these two kinds of cells. N- acetyl-L cysteine (NAC), as a radical scavenger, significantly inhibited the generation of ROS and decreased the apoptosis of MCF-7 and BT-20 cells. Moreover, the expression of mitochondrial apoptosis-related proteins was detected by western blot assay. SSCC up-regulated the expression of Bax, down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, subsequently increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and activated the cleavage of caspase-9 and -3, which finally induced apoptosis in MCF-7 and BT-20 cells in vitro. Consequently, these data indicated that SSCC could induce apoptosis of MCF-7and BT-20 cells in vitro by mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Yana Zhao
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Shengnan Fu
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Zhexian Yan
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Heng Guo
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
| | - Anjun Liu
- a Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , PR , China
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9
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Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Malagoli C, Bottecchi I, Ferrari A, Sieri S, Krogh V, Alber D, Bergomi M, Seidenari S, Pellacani G. A Case-Control Study of the Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma Associated with Three Selenium Exposure Indicators. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 98:287-95. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aims and background A direct association between exposure to the metalloid selenium and risk of cutaneous melanoma has been suggested by some observational and experimental cohort studies, whereas other studies have yielded inconsistent results. Since some of the inconsistencies may be due to exposure misclassification arising from the use of exposure indicators that do not adequately reflect body tissue selenium content or the levels of the biologically relevant species of this metalloid, we examined this issue using multiple indicators of exposure. Methods We analyzed the relation of selenium exposure with risk of cutaneous melanoma using two different biomarkers, plasma and toenail selenium concentration, and estimated dietary selenium intake in a population-based case-control series (54 cases, 56 controls) from an Italian community. Results In unmatched and matched logistic regression models as well as nonparametric generalized additive models, higher plasma selenium levels were strongly associated with excess disease risk. In contrast, toenail and dietary selenium exhibited little relation with melanoma risk. The pattern of correlation among indicators of exposure differed by disease status, with dietary intake associated with plasma selenium levels in patients but not in controls. Conclusions Our data showed that different selenium exposure indicators can yield different inferences about melanoma risk. Although the series was small, our results are consistent with a positive association between circulating levels of selenium and melanoma risk. Further investigation of the exposure classification performance of various selenium biomarkers and of metabolic patterns of the metalloid and of its speciation are needed to help elucidate the relation between selenium exposure and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional
Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics,
University of California Los Angeles School of Public Health, Los Angeles,
California, USA
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional
Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bottecchi
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional
Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Angela Ferrari
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional
Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit,
National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Vittorio Krogh
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit,
National Cancer Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorothea Alber
- Department of Trace Element Research
in the Life Sciences, Helmholtz Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margherita Bergomi
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional
Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Department of Public Health Sciences,
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefania Seidenari
- Department of Dermatology, University
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Pellacani
- Department of Dermatology, University
of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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10
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Parodi DA, Greenfield M, Evans C, Chichura A, Alpaugh A, Williams J, Cyrus KC, Martin MB. Alteration of Mammary Gland Development and Gene Expression by In Utero Exposure to Cadmium. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1939. [PMID: 28891935 PMCID: PMC5618588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposure to estrogens and estrogen like contaminants during early development is thought to contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer primarily due to an early onset of puberty; however, exposure during key developing windows may also influence the risk of developing the disease. The goal of this study was to ask whether in utero exposure to the metalloestrogen cadmium alters mammary gland development due to acceleration of puberty onset or to an effect on early development of the mammary gland. The results show that, in addition to advancing the onset of puberty, in utero exposure to the metalloestrogen cadmium altered mammary gland development prior to its effect on puberty onset. In utero exposure resulted in an expansion of the number of mammosphere-forming cells in the neonatal mammary gland and an increase in branching, epithelial cells, and density in the prepubertal mammary gland. In the postpubertal mammary gland, there was a further expansion of the mammary stem/progenitor cell population and overexpression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) that was due to the overexpression and altered regulation of the ERα transcripts derived from exons O and OT in response to estradiol. These results suggest that in utero exposure to cadmium increases stem/progenitor cells, cell density, and expression of estrogen receptor-alpha that may contribute to the risk of developing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela A Parodi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Morgan Greenfield
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Claire Evans
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Anna Chichura
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Alexandra Alpaugh
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - James Williams
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Kedra C Cyrus
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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11
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Jablonska E, Socha K, Reszka E, Wieczorek E, Skokowski J, Kalinowski L, Fendler W, Seroczynska B, Wozniak M, Borawska MH, Wasowicz W. Cadmium, arsenic, selenium and iron- Implications for tumor progression in breast cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 53:151-157. [PMID: 28586725 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine Cd (cadmium) and As (arsenic) contents in human breast cancer tissues, investigate their interactions with Se (selenium) and Fe (iron), and assess their further implications for tumor progression. Metal contents were determined in 42 tissue sets (tumor and adjacent tissue) collected from 42 women diagnosed with primary breast cancer. Analytical methods included AAS and ICP-MS techniques. Significantly higher contents of Cd (p=0.0003), Se (p<0.0001) and Fe (p=0.0441) whereas significantly lower content of As (p<0.0001) were observed in tumors as compared to adjacent tissues. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd and As contents in tumor tissue. However, only Cd was significantly associated with histological type of tumor, its size, grading and progesterone receptor status. This study support the role of Cd in breast cancer risk and progression. The possible link between As exposure and breast cancer is still not clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Jablonska
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Teresy 8 Str, 91-348 Lodz, Poland.
| | - K Socha
- Medical University of Bialystok, Department of Bromatology, A. Mickiewicza 2D Str, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - E Reszka
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Teresy 8 Str, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - E Wieczorek
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Molecular Genetics and Epigenetics, Teresy 8 Str, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - J Skokowski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Surgical Oncology, M. Smoluchowskiego 17 Str, 80-952 Gdansk, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - L Kalinowski
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Surgical Oncology, M. Smoluchowskiego 17 Str, 80-952 Gdansk, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - W Fendler
- Medical University of Lodz, Department of Pediatrics, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Sporna 35/50 Str, 91-738 Lodz, Poland
| | - B Seroczynska
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Surgical Oncology, M. Smoluchowskiego 17 Str, 80-952 Gdansk, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - M Wozniak
- Medical University of Gdansk, Department of Surgical Oncology, M. Smoluchowskiego 17 Str, 80-952 Gdansk, Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics and Bank of Frozen Tissues and Genetic Specimens, Debinki 7, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - M H Borawska
- Medical University of Bialystok, Department of Bromatology, A. Mickiewicza 2D Str, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - W Wasowicz
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, Department of Biological and Environmental Monitoring, Teresy 8 Str, 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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12
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Stellato C, Porreca I, Cuomo D, Tarallo R, Nassa G, Ambrosino C. The “busy life” of unliganded estrogen receptors. Proteomics 2015; 16:288-300. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Stellato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Baronissi Salerno Italy
| | | | - Danila Cuomo
- Department of Science and Technology; University of Sannio; Benevento Italy
- Biogem scarl; Ariano Irpino (AV); Italy
| | - Roberta Tarallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Baronissi Salerno Italy
| | - Giovanni Nassa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics; Department of Medicine and Surgery; University of Salerno; Baronissi Salerno Italy
| | - Concetta Ambrosino
- Department of Science and Technology; University of Sannio; Benevento Italy
- Biogem scarl; Ariano Irpino (AV); Italy
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13
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Tamoto S, Tabelin CB, Igarashi T, Ito M, Hiroyoshi N. Short and long term release mechanisms of arsenic, selenium and boron from a tunnel-excavated sedimentary rock under in situ conditions. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 175-176:60-71. [PMID: 25747140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sedimentary rocks of marine origin excavated from tunnel construction projects usually contain background levels of hazardous trace elements, but when exposed to the environment, they generate leachates with concentrations of arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and boron (B) exceeding the WHO guideline for drinking water. In this study, the leaching of As, Se and B was evaluated under in situ conditions at various flow patterns, particle size distributions and column thicknesses. The results showed that these trace elements were leached out of the rock via short and long term mechanisms. In the short term, all three elements were rapidly and simultaneously released due to the dissolution of soluble evaporite salts formed from entrapped sea water of the Cretaceous. After their rapid release, however, these trace elements behaved differently as a result of their contrasting adsorption affinities onto minerals like clays and Fe-oxyhydroxides, which were further influenced by the pH, presence of coexisting ions and speciation of the trace elements. Selenium was quickly and easily transported out of the columns because it was mostly present as the very mobile selenate ion (Se[VI]). In comparison, the migration of As and B was hindered by adsorption reactions onto mineral phases of the rock. Boron was initially the least mobile among the three because of its preferential adsorption onto clay minerals that was further enhanced by the slightly alkaline pH and high concentrations of Ca(2+) and Na(+). However, it was gradually re-mobilized in the latter part of the experiments because it was only weakly adsorbed via outer sphere complexation reactions. In the long term, the rock continued to release substantial amounts of As, Se and B via pyrite oxidation and adsorption/desorption reactions, which were regulated by the temperature and rainfall intensity/frequency on site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Tamoto
- Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Public Works Research Institute, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Carlito Baltazar Tabelin
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Igarashi
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Ito
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Naoki Hiroyoshi
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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14
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Bennesch MA, Picard D. Minireview: Tipping the balance: ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:349-63. [PMID: 25625619 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors are prototypical ligand-dependent transcription factors and a textbook example for allosteric regulation. According to this canonical model, binding of cognate steroid is an absolute requirement for transcriptional activation. Remarkably, the simple one ligand-one receptor model could not be farther from the truth. Steroid receptors, notably the sex steroid receptors, can receive multiple inputs. Activation of steroid receptors by other signals, working through their own signaling pathways, in the absence of the cognate steroids, represents the most extreme form of signaling cross talk. Compared with cognate steroids, ligand-independent activation pathways produce similar but not identical outputs. Here we review the phenomena and discuss what is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms and the biological significance. We hypothesize that steroid receptors may have evolved to be trigger happy. In addition to their cognate steroids, many posttranslational modifications and interactors, modulated by other signals, may be able to tip the balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Bennesch
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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15
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Blickley TM, Matson CW, Vreeland WN, Rittschof D, Di Giulio RT, McClellan-Green PD. Dietary CdSe/ZnS quantum dot exposure in estuarine fish: bioavailability, oxidative stress responses, reproduction, and maternal transfer. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 148:27-39. [PMID: 24440963 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Continued development, use, and disposal of quantum dots (QDs) ensure their entrance into aquatic environments where they could pose a risk to biological organisms as whole nanoparticles or as degraded metal constituents. Reproductive Fundulus heteroclitus were fed a control diet with lecithin, diets containing 1 or 10 μg of lecithin-encapsulated CdSe/ZnS QD/day, or a diet containing 5.9 μg CdCl2/day for 85 days. Cadmium concentrations in liver, intestine, and eggs were quantified with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In fish fed 10 μg QD/day, QDs or their degradation products traversed the intestinal epithelia and accumulated in the liver. Less than 0.01% of the QD's cadmium was retained in the liver or intestinal tissues. This compares to 0.9% and 0.5% of the cadmium in the intestine and liver, respectively of fish fed a CdCl2 diet. Cadmium was also detected in the eggs from parents fed 10 μg QD/day. No significant changes in hepatic total glutathione, lipid peroxidation, or expression of genes involved in metal metabolism or oxidative stress were observed. While QDs in the diet are minimally bioavailable, unusual levels of vitellogenin transcription in male fish as well as declining fecundity require further investigation to determine if endocrine disruption is of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michelle Blickley
- Marine Science and Conservation, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, United States; Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Cole W Matson
- Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Wyatt N Vreeland
- Biochemical Science Div., National Institute of Standards & Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States.
| | - Daniel Rittschof
- Marine Science and Conservation, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC, United States; Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Richard T Di Giulio
- Integrated Toxicology & Environmental Health Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States; Center for the Environmental Implications of NanoTechnology (CEINT), Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Patricia D McClellan-Green
- Dept. of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Marine Sciences & Technology, North Carolina State University, Morehead City, NC, United States.
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16
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Byrne C, Divekar SD, Storchan GB, Parodi DA, Martin MB. Metals and breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2013; 18:63-73. [PMID: 23338949 PMCID: PMC4017651 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-013-9273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloestrogens are metals that activate the estrogen receptor in the absence of estradiol. The metalloestrogens fall into two subclasses: metal/metalloid anions and bivalent cationic metals. The metal/metalloid anions include compounds such as arsenite, nitrite, selenite, and vanadate while the bivalent cations include metals such as cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, nickel, chromium, lead, mercury, and tin. The best studied metalloestrogen is cadmium. It is a heavy metal and a prevalent environmental contaminant with no known physiological function. This review addresses our current understanding of the mechanism by which cadmium and the bivalent cationic metals activate estrogen receptor-α. The review also summarizes the in vitro and in vivo evidence that cadmium functions as an estrogen and the potential role of cadmium in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Byrne
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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17
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Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Bonvicini F, Malagoli C, Ferrante M, Marmiroli S, Stranges S. The need for a reassessment of the safe upper limit of selenium in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 443:633-42. [PMID: 23220755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Results of recent epidemiologic studies suggest the need to reassess the safe upper limit in drinking water of selenium, a metalloid with both toxicological and nutritional properties. Observational and experimental human studies on health effects of organic selenium compounds consumed through diet or supplements, and of inorganic selenium consumed through drinking water, have shown that human toxicity may occur at much lower levels than previously surmised. Evidence indicates that the chemical form of selenium strongly influences its toxicity, and that its biological activity may differ in different species, emphasizing the importance of the few human studies on health effects of the specific selenium compounds found in drinking water. Epidemiologic studies that investigated the effects of selenate, an inorganic selenium species commonly found in drinking water, together with evidence of toxicity of inorganic selenium at low levels in from in vitro and animal studies, indicate that health risks may occur at exposures below the current European Union and World Health Organization upper limit and guideline of 10 and 40 μg/l, respectively, and suggest reduction to 1 μg/l in order to adequately protect human health. Although few drinking waters are currently known to have selenium concentrations exceeding this level, the public health importance of this issue should not be overlooked, and further epidemiologic research is critically needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- CREAGEN - Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Diagnostic and Clinical Medicine and of Public Health, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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18
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Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Malagoli C, Bottecchi I, Ferrari A, Sieri S, Krogh V, Alber D, Bergomi M, Seidenari S, Pellacani G. A case-control study of the risk of cutaneous melanoma associated with three selenium exposure indicators. TUMORI JOURNAL 2012. [PMID: 22825502 DOI: 10.1700/1125.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND A direct association between exposure to the metalloid selenium and risk of cutaneous melanoma has been suggested by some observational and experimental cohort studies, whereas other studies have yielded inconsistent results. Since some of the inconsistencies may be due to exposure misclassification arising from the use of exposure indicators that do not adequately reflect body tissue selenium content or the levels of the biologically relevant species of this metalloid, we examined this issue using multiple indicators of exposure. METHODS We analyzed the relation of selenium exposure with risk of cutaneous melanoma using two different biomarkers, plasma and toenail selenium concentration, and estimated dietary selenium intake in a population-based case-control series (54 cases, 56 controls) from an Italian community. RESULTS In unmatched and matched logistic regression models as well as nonparametric generalized additive models, higher plasma selenium levels were strongly associated with excess disease risk. In contrast, toenail and dietary selenium exhibited little relation with melanoma risk. The pattern of correlation among indicators of exposure differed by disease status, with dietary intake associated with plasma selenium levels in patients but not in controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that different selenium exposure indicators can yield different inferences about melanoma risk. Although the series was small, our results are consistent with a positive association between circulating levels of selenium and melanoma risk. Further investigation of the exposure classification performance of various selenium biomarkers and of metabolic patterns of the metalloid and of its speciation are needed to help elucidate the relation between selenium exposure and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
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19
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Divekar SD, Storchan GB, Sperle K, Veselik DJ, Johnson E, Dakshanamurthy S, Lajiminmuhip YN, Nakles RE, Huang L, Martin MB. The role of calcium in the activation of estrogen receptor-alpha. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1658-68. [PMID: 21212417 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental estrogen mimics, including metalloestrogens that can activate estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα), may contribute to breast cancer risk. However, the underlying mechanisms through which these molecular mimics activate the ERα are generally poorly understood. With concern to this important question, we investigated whether intracellular calcium may mediate the cross-talk between signaling pathways that activate ERα and the ligand-binding domain of ERα. MCF-7 cells treated with EGF, ATP, extracellular calcium, or caffeine to increase intracellular calcium triggered a rapid recruitment of ERα to estrogen-responsive promoters and stimulated expression of estrogen-responsive genes including pS2, complement C3, and progesterone receptor. Induction was blocked by an antiestrogen but also by the chelation of intracellular calcium. Treatment with extracellular calcium also increased the growth of MCF-7 cells through an ER-dependent mechanism. We found that EGF and extracellular calcium activated the C-terminus of ERα and the activation was blocked by the antiestrogen. Mechanistic investigations identified four potential sites on the solvent-accessible surface of the ERα ligand-binding domain as important for calcium activation of the receptor. Taken together, our results suggest that calcium mediates the cross-talk between ERα-activating signaling pathways and the ligand-binding domain of ERα providing a potential explanation for the ability of certain environmental metalloestrogens to activate the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailaja D Divekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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20
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Byrne C, Divekar SD, Storchan GB, Parodi DA, Martin MB. Cadmium--a metallohormone? Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:266-71. [PMID: 19362102 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a heavy metal that is often referred to as the metal of the 20th century. It is widely used in industry principally in galvanizing and electroplating, in batteries, in electrical conductors, in the manufacture of alloys, pigments, and plastics, and in the stabilization of phosphate fertilizers. As a byproduct of smelters, cadmium is a prevalent environmental contaminant. In the general population, exposure to cadmium occurs primarily through dietary sources, cigarette smoking, and, to a lesser degree, drinking water. Although the metal has no known physiological function, there is evidence to suggest that the cadmium is a potent metallohormone. This review summarizes the increasing evidence that cadmium mimics the function of steroid hormones, addresses our current understanding of the mechanism by which cadmium functions as a hormone, and discusses its potential role in development of the hormone dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Byrne
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA
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21
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Veselik DJ, Divekar S, Dakshanamurthy S, Storchan GB, Turner JM, Graham KL, Huang L, Stoica A, Martin MB. Activation of estrogen receptor-alpha by the anion nitrite. Cancer Res 2008; 68:3950-8. [PMID: 18483281 PMCID: PMC3676890 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of nitrite and nitrate to mimic the effects of estradiol on growth and gene expression was measured in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Similar to estradiol, treatment of MCF-7 cells with either 1 mumol/L nitrite or 1 mumol/L nitrate resulted in approximately 4-fold increase in cell growth and 2.3-fold to 3-fold increase in progesterone receptor (PgR), pS2, and cathepsin D mRNAs that were blocked by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780. The anions also recruited estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) to the pS2 promoter and activated exogenously expressed ERalpha when tested in transient cotransfection assays. To determine whether nitrite or nitrate was the active anion, diphenyleneiodonium was used to inhibit oxidation/reduction reactions in the cell. The ability of diphenyleneiodonium to block the effects of nitrate, but not nitrite, on the induction of PgR mRNA and the activation of exogenously expressed ERalpha suggests that nitrite is the active anion. Concentrations of nitrite, as low as 100 nmol/L, induced a significant increase in PgR mRNA, suggesting that physiologically and environmentally relevant doses of the anion activate ERalpha. Nitrite activated the chimeric receptor Gal-ER containing the DNA-binding domain of GAL-4 and the ligand-binding domain of ERalpha and blocked the binding of estradiol to the receptor, suggesting that the anion activates ERalpha through the ligand-binding domain. Mutational analysis identified the amino acids Cys381, His516, Lys520, Lys529, Asn532, and His547 as important for nitrite activation of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Veselik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shailaja Divekar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Geoffrey B. Storchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jasmine M.A. Turner
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kelly L. Graham
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Adriana Stoica
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Human Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mary Beth Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
- Department of Human Sciences, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia
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22
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Martin MB, Reiter R, Johnson M, Shah MS, Iann MC, Singh B, Richards JK, Wang A, Stoica A. Effects of tobacco smoke condensate on estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression and activity. Endocrinology 2007; 148:4676-86. [PMID: 17640996 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Metallo-estrogens are a new class of potent environmental estrogens. This study investigates whether tobacco smoke condensate (TSC), which contains metals and metalloids, elicits estrogen-like effects at environmentally relevant doses. Treatment of human breast cancer cells, MCF-7, with 40 microg/ml TSC resulted in a 2.5-fold stimulation of cell growth. TSC decreased the concentration of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha protein and mRNA (63 and 62%, respectively), and increased the expression of the estrogen-regulated genes, progesterone receptor and pS2 (5- and 2-fold, respectively). In addition, TSC activated ER-alpha in COS-1 or CHO cells transiently transfected with wild-type ER-alpha and an ERE-CAT or an ERE-luciferase reporter gene (11- and 6-fold, respectively). TSC also activated a chimeric receptor (GAL-ER) containing the hormone binding domain of ER-alpha (3.5-fold). It blocked the binding of estradiol to the receptor without altering the affinity of estradiol (K(d) = 2.2-6.8 x 10(-10) m). Transfection assays with ER-alpha mutants identified C381, C447, H524, N532, E523, and D538 in the hormone binding domain as important for activation by TSC. In ovariectomized rats, low doses of TSC [10 or 20 mg/kg body weight (bw)] increased uterine wet weight (1.7- and 2.1-fold), and induced the expression of progesterone receptor and complement C3 in the uterus (2- and 26-fold) and mammary gland (4.4- and 15-fold). Both the in vitro and in vivo TSC effects were blocked by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780, suggesting the involvement of ER. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that low doses of TSC, acting through the hormone binding domain, exert estrogen-like effects in cell culture and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Martin
- Department of Human Science, School of Nursing and Health Studies, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3700 Reservoir Road Northwest, Washington, D.C. 20057-1107, USA
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23
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Nam DH, Lee DP. Reproductive effects of heavy metal accumulation on breeding feral pigeons (Columba livia). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2006; 366:682-7. [PMID: 16545429 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of heavy metal accumulations on breeding birds, we compared the egg size, eggshell thickness and some reproductive parameters in feral pigeon populations collected from Seoul and Ansan colonies. The results showed that concentrations of Pb in bone and Cd in kidney of adult pigeons in Seoul were three times higher than in Ansan colony. Significant positive correlation was also observed between Pb and Zn in bone and Cd and Zn in kidney of adult pigeons from Seoul, but not Ansan. This indicates that pigeons at Seoul may be affected more by the toxic Pb and Cd exposure in the environment rather than those at Ansan because of the antagonistic action of Zn against Pb and Cd toxicity. No significant difference was observed in egg characteristics (egg length, width and shell thickness), clutch size (number of eggs per clutch), incubation periods and hatchability of squabs between the two study sites. Although no significant difference was observed, body weight, and primary wing, bill and tarsus lengths of nestlings from Seoul which is more polluted were rather smaller than those from Ansan. Nestlings at Seoul fledged significantly later than at the less polluted site (Ansan). We also observed significantly lower fledging success at Seoul than Ansan colony. Elevated metal exposure may thus result in decreasing growth rate in pigeon nestlings resulting in fledging length and fledging success. Our results suggest a possible effect of heavy metal bioaccumulation on breeding of feral pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Nam
- Laboratory for Animal Ecology, School of Environment and Applied Chemistry, Kyunghee University, Korea
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24
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Darbre PD. Metalloestrogens: an emerging class of inorganic xenoestrogens with potential to add to the oestrogenic burden of the human breast. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26:191-7. [PMID: 16489580 DOI: 10.1002/jat.1135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many compounds in the environment have been shown capable of binding to cellular oestrogen receptors and then mimicking the actions of physiological oestrogens. The widespread origin and diversity in chemical structure of these environmental oestrogens is extensive but to date such compounds have been organic and in particular phenolic or carbon ring structures of varying structural complexity. Recent reports of the ability of certain metal ions to also bind to oestrogen receptors and to give rise to oestrogen agonist responses in vitro and in vivo has resulted in the realisation that environmental oestrogens can also be inorganic and such xenoestrogens have been termed metalloestrogens. This report highlights studies which show metalloestrogens to include aluminium, antimony, arsenite, barium, cadmium, chromium (Cr(II)), cobalt, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenite, tin and vanadate. The potential for these metal ions to add to the burden of aberrant oestrogen signalling within the human breast is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, UK.
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25
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Abstract
The established role of oestrogen in the development and progression of breast cancer raises questions concerning a potential contribution from the many chemicals in the environment which can enter the human breast and which have oestrogenic activity. A range of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls possess oestrogen-mimicking properties and have been measured in human breast adipose tissue and in human milk. These enter the breast from varied environmental contamination of food, water and air, and due to their lipophilic properties can accumulate in breast fat. However, it is emerging that the breast is also exposed to a range of oestrogenic chemicals applied as cosmetics to the underarm and breast area. These cosmetics are left on the skin in the appropriate area, allowing a more direct dermal absorption route for breast exposure to oestrogenic chemicals and allowing absorbed chemicals to escape systemic metabolism. This review considers evidence in support of a functional role for the combined interactions of cosmetic chemicals with environmental oestrogens, pharmacological oestrogens, phyto-oestrogens and physiological oestrogens in the rising incidence of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Darbre
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
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Darbre PD. Aluminium, antiperspirants and breast cancer. J Inorg Biochem 2006; 99:1912-9. [PMID: 16045991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Revised: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium salts are used as the active antiperspirant agent in underarm cosmetics, but the effects of widespread, long term and increasing use remain unknown, especially in relation to the breast, which is a local area of application. Clinical studies showing a disproportionately high incidence of breast cancer in the upper outer quadrant of the breast together with reports of genomic instability in outer quadrants of the breast provide supporting evidence for a role for locally applied cosmetic chemicals in the development of breast cancer. Aluminium is known to have a genotoxic profile, capable of causing both DNA alterations and epigenetic effects, and this would be consistent with a potential role in breast cancer if such effects occurred in breast cells. Oestrogen is a well established influence in breast cancer and its action, dependent on intracellular receptors which function as ligand-activated zinc finger transcription factors, suggests one possible point of interference from aluminium. Results reported here demonstrate that aluminium in the form of aluminium chloride or aluminium chlorhydrate can interfere with the function of oestrogen receptors of MCF7 human breast cancer cells both in terms of ligand binding and in terms of oestrogen-regulated reporter gene expression. This adds aluminium to the increasing list of metals capable of interfering with oestrogen action and termed metalloestrogens. Further studies are now needed to identify the molecular basis of this action, the longer term effects of aluminium exposure and whether aluminium can cause aberrations to other signalling pathways in breast cells. Given the wide exposure of the human population to antiperspirants, it will be important to establish dermal absorption in the local area of the breast and whether long term low level absorption could play a role in the increasing incidence of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Darbre
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Animal and Microbial Sciences, The University of Reading, P.O. Box 228, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AJ, UK.
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27
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Abstract
Recent identification of new selenocysteine-containing proteins has revealed relationships between the two trace elements selenium (Se) and iodine and the hormone network. Several selenoproteins participate in the protection of thyrocytes from damage by H(2)O(2) produced for thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Iodothyronine deiodinases are selenoproteins contributing to systemic or local thyroid hormone homeostasis. The Se content in endocrine tissues (thyroid, adrenals, pituitary, testes, ovary) is higher than in many other organs. Nutritional Se depletion results in retention, whereas Se repletion is followed by a rapid accumulation of Se in endocrine tissues, reproductive organs, and the brain. Selenoproteins such as thioredoxin reductases constitute the link between the Se metabolism and the regulation of transcription by redox sensitive ligand-modulated nuclear hormone receptors. Hormones and growth factors regulate the expression of selenoproteins and, conversely, Se supply modulates hormone actions. Selenoproteins are involved in bone metabolism as well as functions of the endocrine pancreas and adrenal glands. Furthermore, spermatogenesis depends on adequate Se supply, whereas Se excess may impair ovarian function. Comparative analysis of the genomes of several life forms reveals that higher mammals contain a limited number of identical genes encoding newly detected selenocysteine-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Schumannstrasse 20/21, D-10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Nam DH, Anan Y, Ikemoto T, Tanabe S. Multielemental accumulation and its intracellular distribution in tissues of some aquatic birds. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2005; 50:1347-62. [PMID: 15990121 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was aimed at determining multielemental concentration and its intracellular distribution in selected tissues of cormorant and waterfowl species. Non-essential elements such as Hg, Tl, Cd, Pb and V in tissues were generally consistent with those in ingested items, indicating the significance of food sources of non-essential metal accumulation in great cormorants and mallards. Great cormorants and four waterfowl species examined reflected natural background levels of toxic metals such as Cd, Hg and Pb as well as some essential elements, indicating no specific metal exposure from local sources. Most of Cu, Zn, Se, Rb, Ag, Cd, Cs, and Hg contents were present in the hepatocytosolic fraction, whereas a large percentage of V and Mo were present in insoluble fraction in great cormorant, mallard, and spot-billed duck. The major role of these subcelluar fractions in elemental regulation accounts for the high percentage contribution of each cellular fraction to the total metal contents. Cadmium and Cu are chiefly sequestered through binding to metallothioneins (MTs) of hepatocytosolic fraction in these three avian species. Both MTs and high-molecular-weight substance (HMWS) for Zn and low-molecular-weight substance (LMWS) for Rb were also involved in their sequestration in cytosolic fractions. Relatively different species-specific cytosolic substances were responsible for varying degrees of Ag, Mn, and Co accumulation. It is worth noting that these intracellular metal levels in birds are closely regulated by metal-associated cellular constituents. Therefore, risk assessment studies of metal accumulation in such wild birds should take intracellular metal distribution and specific cellular constituents into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ha Nam
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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29
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Shah YM, Al-Dhaheri M, Dong Y, Ip C, Jones FE, Rowan BG. Selenium disrupts estrogen receptor α signaling and potentiates tamoxifen antagonism in endometrial cancer cells and tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2005; 4:1239-49. [PMID: 16093440 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulator, is the most widely prescribed hormonal therapy treatment for breast cancer. Despite the benefits of tamoxifen therapy, almost all tamoxifen-responsive breast cancer patients develop resistance to therapy. In addition, tamoxifen displays estrogen-like effects in the endometrium increasing the incidence of endometrial cancer. New therapeutic strategies are needed to circumvent tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer as well as tamoxifen toxicity in endometrium. Organic selenium compounds are highly effective chemopreventive agents with well-documented benefits in reducing total cancer incidence and mortality rates for a number of cancers. The present study shows that the organic selenium compound methylseleninic acid (MSA, 2.5 micromol/L) can potentiate growth inhibition of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (10(-7) mol/L) in tamoxifen-sensitive MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines. Remarkably, in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7-LCC2 and MCF7-H2Delta16 breast cancer cell lines and endometrial-derived HEC1A and Ishikawa cells, coincubation of 4-hydroxytamoxifen with MSA resulted in a marked growth inhibition that was substantially greater than MSA alone. Growth inhibition by MSA and MSA + 4-hydroxytamoxifen in all cell lines was preceded by a specific decrease in ER(alpha) mRNA and protein without an effect on ER(beta) levels. Estradiol and 4-hydroxytamoxifen induction of endogenous ER-dependent gene expression (pS2 and c-myc) as well as ER-dependent reporter gene expression (ERE(2)e1b-luciferase) was also attenuated by MSA in all cell lines before effect on growth inhibition. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that specific decrease in ER(alpha) levels by MSA is required for both MSA potentiation of the growth inhibitory effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and resensitization of tamoxifen-resistant cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatrik M Shah
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, SL49, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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30
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Bridges CC, Zalups RK. Molecular and ionic mimicry and the transport of toxic metals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 204:274-308. [PMID: 15845419 PMCID: PMC2409291 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2004] [Accepted: 09/08/2004] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite many scientific advances, human exposure to, and intoxication by, toxic metal species continues to occur. Surprisingly, little is understood about the mechanisms by which certain metals and metal-containing species gain entry into target cells. Since there do not appear to be transporters designed specifically for the entry of most toxic metal species into mammalian cells, it has been postulated that some of these metals gain entry into target cells, through the mechanisms of ionic and/or molecular mimicry, at the site of transporters of essential elements and/or molecules. The primary purpose of this review is to discuss the transport of selective toxic metals in target organs and provide evidence supporting a role of ionic and/or molecular mimicry. In the context of this review, molecular mimicry refers to the ability of a metal ion to bond to an endogenous organic molecule to form an organic metal species that acts as a functional or structural mimic of essential molecules at the sites of transporters of those molecules. Ionic mimicry refers to the ability of a cationic form of a toxic metal to mimic an essential element or cationic species of an element at the site of a transporter of that element. Molecular and ionic mimics can also be sub-classified as structural or functional mimics. This review will present the established and putative roles of molecular and ionic mimicry in the transport of mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic, selenium, and selected oxyanions in target organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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31
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Abstract
As early as the 1800s, the actions of estrogen have been implicated in the development and progression of breast cancer. The estrogen receptor (ER) was identified in the late 1950s and purified a few years later. However, it was not until the 1980s that the first ER was molecularly cloned, and in the mid 1990s, a second ER was cloned. These two related receptors are now called ERalpha and ERbeta, respectively. Since their discovery, much research has focused on identifying alterations within the coding sequence of these receptors in clinical samples. As a result, a large number of naturally occurring splice variants of both ERalpha and ERbeta have been identified in normal epithelium and diseased or cancerous tissues. In contrast, only a few point mutations have been identified in human patient samples from a variety of disease states, including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, and psychiatric diseases. To elucidate the mechanism of action for these variant isoforms or mutant receptors, experimental mutagenesis has been used to analyze the function of distinct amino acid residues in the ERs. This review will focus on ERalpha and ERbeta alterations in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Herynk
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kunito T, Nakamura S, Ikemoto T, Anan Y, Kubota R, Tanabe S, Rosas FCW, Fillmann G, Readman JW. Concentration and subcellular distribution of trace elements in liver of small cetaceans incidentally caught along the Brazilian coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2004; 49:574-587. [PMID: 15476836 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, T-Hg, Org-Hg, Tl and Pb) were determined in liver samples of estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis; n = 20), Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei; n = 23), Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis; n = 2), common dolphin (Delphinus capensis; n = 1) and striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba; n = 1) incidentally caught along the coast of Sao Paulo State and Parana State, Brazil, from 1997 to 1999. The hepatic concentrations of trace elements in the Brazilian cetaceans were comparable to the data available in literature on marine mammals from Northern Hemisphere. Concentrations of V, Se, Mo, Cd, T-Hg and Org-Hg increased with increasing age in liver of both estuarine and Franciscana dolphins. Very high concentrations of Cu (range, 262-1970 microg/g dry wt.) and Zn (range, 242-369 microg/g dry wt.) were observed in liver of sucklings of estuarine dolphin. Hepatic concentrations of V, Se, T-Hg, Org-Hg and Pb were significantly higher in estuarine dolphin, whereas Franciscana dolphin showed higher concentrations of Mn, Co, As and Rb. Ratio of Org-Hg to T-Hg in liver was significantly higher in Franciscana dolphin than estuarine dolphin, suggesting that demethylation ability of methyl Hg might be lower in liver of Franciscana than estuarine dolphins. High hepatic concentrations of Ag were found in some specimens of Franciscana dolphin (maximum, 20 microg/g dry wt.), and 17% of Franciscana showed higher concentrations of Ag than Hg. These samples with high Ag concentration also exhibited elevated hepatic Se concentration, implying that Ag might be detoxified by Se in the liver. Higher correlation coefficient between (Hg+0.5 Ag) and Se than between Hg and Se and the large distribution of Ag in non-soluble fraction in nuclear and mitochondrial fraction of the liver also suggests that Ag might be detoxified by Se via formation of Ag2Se in the liver of Franciscana dolphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kunito
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Tamrazi A, Katzenellenbogen JA. Site-specific fluorescent labeling of estrogen receptors and structure-activity relationships of ligands in terms of receptor dimer stability. Methods Enzymol 2003; 364:37-53. [PMID: 14631838 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)64003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anobel Tamrazi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801-3792, USA
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34
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Martin MB, Reiter R, Pham T, Avellanet YR, Camara J, Lahm M, Pentecost E, Pratap K, Gilmore BA, Divekar S, Dagata RS, Bull JL, Stoica A. Estrogen-like activity of metals in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Endocrinology 2003; 144:2425-36. [PMID: 12746304 DOI: 10.1210/en.2002-221054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability of metals to activate estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) was measured in the human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Similar to estradiol, treatment of cells with the divalent metals copper, cobalt, nickel, lead, mercury, tin, and chromium or with the metal anion vanadate stimulated cell proliferation; by d 6, there was a 2- to 5-fold increase in cell number. The metals also decreased the concentration of ERalpha protein and mRNA by 40-60% and induced expression of the estrogen-regulated genes progesterone receptor and pS2 by1.6- to 4-fold. Furthermore, there was a 2- to 4-fold increase in chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity after treatment with the metals in COS-1 cells transiently cotransfected with the wild-type receptor and an estrogen-responsive chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. The ability of the metals to alter gene expression was blocked by an antiestrogen, suggesting that the activity of these compounds is mediated by ERalpha. In binding assays the metals blocked the binding of estradiol to the receptor without altering the apparent binding affinity of the hormone (K(d) = 10(-10) M). Scatchard analysis employing either recombinant ERalpha or extracts from MCF-7 cells demonstrated that (57)Co and (63)Ni bind to ERalpha with equilibrium dissociation constants of 3 and 9.5 x 10(-9) and 2 and 7 x 10(-9) M, respectively. The ability of the metals to activate a chimeric receptor containing the hormone-binding domain of ERalpha suggests that their effects are mediated through the hormone-binding domain. Mutational analysis identified amino acids C381, C447, E523, H524, N532, and D538 as potential interaction sites, suggesting that divalent metals and metal anions activate ERalpha through the formation of a complex within the hormone-binding domain of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Beth Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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35
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Ha EJ, Smith AM. Plasma selenium and plasma and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity increase with estrogen during the menstrual cycle. J Am Coll Nutr 2003; 22:43-51. [PMID: 12569113 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to determine the timing and magnitude of changes in selenium status in relation to the fluctuation of 17-beta-estradiol during the menstrual cycle and the effect of different phases of the menstrual cycle on dietary selenium intake. METHODS Plasma 17-beta-estradiol and plasma and erythrocyte selenium and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured in fasting blood samples collected in the morning at four times over three phases of the menstrual cycle: early follicular (EF: days 1-3 menstruation), periovulatory (PO; E-1: 1 day before estrogen peak and E: during estrogen peak) and mid-luteal (ML: 7-9 days after ovulation) in healthy women (n = 14) aged 21 to 39 years and with regular menstrual cycles (26 to 30 days). The estrogen peak was confirmed by measurement of the luteinizing hormone surge. Dietary records (three-day) coincided with blood collection for each phase. RESULTS Plasma selenium and plasma and erythrocyte GPx activity were greatest during the periovulatory phase, coinciding with the estrogen peak. No differences were observed for erythrocyte selenium or dietary selenium throughout the cycle. A linear relationship existed between estradiol and plasma selenium (p < 0.0027), plasma GPx activity (p < 0.0001), and erythrocyte GPx activity (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that blood selenium parameters fluctuate during the menstrual cycle such that the phase of the cycle should be considered when assessing selenium status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Ha
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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