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Lee CC, Chuang CC, Chen CH, Huang YP, Chang CY, Tung PY, Lee MJ. In vitro and in vivo studies on exogenous polyamines and α-difluoromethylornithine to enhance bone formation and suppress osteoclast differentiation. Amino Acids 2024; 56:43. [PMID: 38935136 PMCID: PMC11211182 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-024-03403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Exogenous polyamines, including putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPM), and the irreversible inhibitor of the rate-limiting enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) of polyamine biosynthesis, α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), are implicated as stimulants for bone formation. We demonstrate in this study the osteogenic potential of exogenous polyamines and DFMO in human osteoblasts (hOBs), murine monocyte cell line RAW 264.7, and an ovariectomized rat model. The effect of polyamines and DFMO on hOBs and RAW 264.7 cells was studied by analyzing gene expression, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, and matrix mineralization. Ovariectomized rats were treated with polyamines and DFMO and analyzed by micro computed tomography (micro CT). The mRNA level of the early onset genes of osteogenic differentiation, Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and ALP, was significantly elevated in hOBs under osteogenic conditions, while both ALP activity and matrix mineralization were enhanced by exogenous polyamines and DFMO. Under osteoclastogenic conditions, the gene expression of both receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK) and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) was reduced, and TRAP activity was suppressed by exogenous polyamines and DFMO in RAW 264.7 cells. In an osteoporotic animal model of ovariectomized rats, SPM and DFMO were found to improve bone volume in rat femurs, while trabecular thickness was increased in all treatment groups. Results from this study provide in vitro and in vivo evidence indicating that polyamines and DFMO act as stimulants for bone formation, and their osteogenic effect may be associated with the suppression of osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Lee
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, 70965, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, No.1, Changda Rd., Gueiren District, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Chuang
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, 70965, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, No.1, Changda Rd., Gueiren District, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hwan Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80145, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
- Orthopaedic Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80756, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Huang
- Department of Cosmetics and Fashion Styling, Cheng Shiu University, Kaohsiung, 83347, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yi Chang
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yi Tung
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan
| | - Mon-Juan Lee
- Department of Medical Science Industries, Chang Jung Christian University, No.1, Changda Rd., Gueiren District, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, 711301, Taiwan.
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2
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Zhou Y, Nishiura A, Morikuni H, Deng W, Tsujibayashi T, Momota Y, Azetsu Y, Takami M, Honda Y, Matsumoto N. RANKL + senescent cells under mechanical stress: a therapeutic target for orthodontic root resorption using senolytics. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:20. [PMID: 37253719 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In dentistry, orthodontic root resorption is a long-lasting issue with no effective treatment strategy, and its mechanisms, especially those related to senescent cells, remain largely unknown. Here, we used an orthodontic intrusion tooth movement model with an L-loop in rats to demonstrate that mechanical stress-induced senescent cells aggravate apical root resorption, which was prevented by administering senolytics (a dasatinib and quercetin cocktail). Our results indicated that cementoblasts and periodontal ligament cells underwent cellular senescence (p21+ or p16+) and strongly expressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANKL) from day three, subsequently inducing tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive odontoclasts and provoking apical root resorption. More p21+ senescent cells expressed RANKL than p16+ senescent cells. We observed only minor changes in the number of RANKL+ non-senescent cells, whereas RANKL+ senescent cells markedly increased from day seven. Intriguingly, we also found cathepsin K+p21+p16+ cells in the root resorption fossa, suggesting senescent odontoclasts. Oral administration of dasatinib and quercetin markedly reduced these senescent cells and TRAP+ cells, eventually alleviating root resorption. Altogether, these results unveil those aberrant stimuli in orthodontic intrusive tooth movement induced RANKL+ early senescent cells, which have a pivotal role in odontoclastogenesis and subsequent root resorption. These findings offer a new therapeutic target to prevent root resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Aki Nishiura
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hidetoshi Morikuni
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wenqi Deng
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Tsujibayashi
- Department of Physics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Momota
- Department of Anesthesiology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Azetsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Takami
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Dentistry, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawaku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Orthodontics, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuhahanazonocho, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Philip R, Fiorino C, Harrison RE. Terminally differentiated osteoclasts organize centrosomes into large clusters for microtubule nucleation and bone resorption. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar68. [PMID: 35511803 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-03-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are highly specialized, multinucleated cells responsible for the selective resorption of the dense, calcified bone matrix. Microtubules (MTs) contribute to the polarization and trafficking events involved in bone resorption by osteoclasts, however the origin of these elaborate arrays is less clear. Osteoclasts arise through cell fusion of precursor cells. Previous studies have suggested that centrosome MT nucleation is lost during this process, with the nuclear membrane and its surrounding Golgi serving as the major microtubule organizing centres (MTOCs) in these cells. Here we reveal that precursor cell centrosomes are maintained and functional in the multinucleated osteoclast and interestingly form large MTOC clusters, with the clusters organizing significantly more MTs, compared to individual centrosomes. MTOC cluster formation requires dynamic microtubules and minus-end directed MT motor activity. Inhibition of these centrosome clustering elements had a marked impact on both F-actin ring formation and bone resorption. Together these findings show that multinucleated osteoclasts employ unique centrosomal clusters to organize the extensive microtubules during bone attachment and resorption. [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben Philip
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1 × 5
| | - Cara Fiorino
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology and the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4
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4
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Watanabe H, Okada H, Hirose J, Omata Y, Matsumoto T, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Saito T, Miyamoto T, Tanaka S. Transcription factor Hhex negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation by controlling cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10608. [PMID: 35434453 PMCID: PMC9009129 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the role of hematopoietically expressed homeobox protein (Hhex) in osteoclast development. Trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 at the cis‐regulatory element of Hhex was maintained and that of lysine 4 was reduced during receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)‐induced osteoclastogenesis, which was associated with a reduction of Hhex expression. Overexpression of Hhex in bone marrow–derived macrophages inhibited, whereas Hhex suppression promoted, RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Conditional deletion of Hhex in osteoclast‐lineage cells promoted osteoclastogenesis and reduced cancellous bone volume in mice, confirming the negative regulatory role of Hhex in osteoclast differentiation. Expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors such as Cdkn2a and Cdkn1b in osteoclast precursors was negatively regulated by Hhex, and Hhex deletion increased the ratio of cells at the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In conclusion, Hhex is an inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation that is regulated in an epigenetic manner and regulates the cell cycle of osteoclast precursors and the skeletal homeostasis. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Jun Hirose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Yasunori Omata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takumi Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
| | - Takeshi Miyamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Kumamoto University Kumamoto Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine The University of Tokyo, 7‐3‐1 Hongo, Bunkyo‐ku Tokyo Japan
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5
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Amirhosseini M, Bernhardsson M, Lång P, Andersson G, Flygare J, Fahlgren A. Cyclin-dependent kinase 8/19 inhibition suppresses osteoclastogenesis by downregulating RANK and promotes osteoblast mineralization and cancellous bone healing. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16503-16516. [PMID: 30793301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) is a mediator complex-associated transcriptional regulator that acts depending on context and cell type. While primarily under investigation as potential cancer therapeutics, some inhibitors of CDK8-and its paralog CDK19-have been reported to affect the osteoblast lineage and bone formation. This study investigated the effects of two selective CDK8/19 inhibitors on osteoclastogenesis and osteoblasts in vitro, and further evaluated how local treatment with a CDK8/19 inhibitor affects cancellous bone healing in rats. CDK8/19 inhibitors did not alter the proliferation of neither mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) nor primary mouse osteoblasts. Receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis from mouse BMMs was suppressed markedly by inhibition of CDK8/19, concomitant with reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels. This was accompanied by downregulation of PU.1, RANK, NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DC-STAMP), TRAP, and cathepsin K in RANKL-stimulated BMMs. Downregulating RANK and its downstream signaling in osteoclast precursors enforce CDK8/19 inhibitors as anticatabolic agents to impede excessive osteoclastogenesis. In mouse primary osteoblasts, CDK8/19 inhibition did not affect differentiation but enhanced osteoblast mineralization by promoting alkaline phosphatase activity and downregulating osteopontin, a negative regulator of mineralization. In rat tibiae, a CDK8/19 inhibitor administered locally promoted cancellous bone regeneration. Our data indicate that inhibitors of CDK8/19 have the potential to develop into therapeutics to restrict osteolysis and enhance bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Amirhosseini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bernhardsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Lång
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Johan Flygare
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Fahlgren
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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6
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Liu X, Wan M. A tale of the good and bad: Cell senescence in bone homeostasis and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 346:97-128. [PMID: 31122396 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Historically, cellular senescence has been viewed as an irreversible cell-cycle arrest process with distinctive phenotypic alterations that were implicated primarily in aging and tumor suppression. Recent discoveries suggest that cellular senescence represents a series of diverse, dynamic, and heterogeneous cellular states with the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Although senescent cells typically contribute to aging and age-related diseases, accumulating evidence has shown that they also have important physiological functions during embryonic development, late pubertal bone growth cessation, and adulthood tissue remodeling. Here, we review the recent research on cellular senescence and SASP, highlighting the key pathways that mediate senescence cell-cycle arrest and initiate SASP. We also summarize recent literature on the role of cellular senescence in maintaining bone homeostasis and mediating age-associated osteoporosis, discussing both the beneficial and adverse roles of cellular senescence in bone during different physiological stages, including bone development, childhood bone growth, adulthood bone remodeling, and bone aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mei Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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7
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Gorissen B, de Bruin A, Miranda-Bedate A, Korthagen N, Wolschrijn C, de Vries TJ, van Weeren R, Tryfonidou MA. Hypoxia negatively affects senescence in osteoclasts and delays osteoclastogenesis. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:414-426. [PMID: 29932209 PMCID: PMC6220985 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, that is, the withdrawal from the cell cycle, combined with the acquirement of the senescence associated secretory phenotype has important roles during health and disease and is essential for tissue remodeling during embryonic development. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells, responsible for bone resorption, and cell cycle arrest during osteoclastogenesis is well recognized. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether these cells should be considered senescent and to assess the influence of hypoxia on their potential senescence status. Osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption capacity of osteoclasts, cultured from CD14+ monocytes, were evaluated in two oxygen concentrations, normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (5% O2). Osteoclasts were profiled by using specific staining for proliferation and senescence markers, qPCR of a number of osteoclast and senescence‐related genes and a bone resorption assay. Results show that during in vitro osteoclastogenesis, osteoclasts heterogeneously obtain a senescent phenotype. Furthermore, osteoclastogenesis was delayed at hypoxic compared to normoxic conditions, without negatively affecting the bone resorption capacity. It is concluded that osteoclasts can be considered senescent, although senescence is not uniformly present in the osteoclast population. Hypoxia negatively affects the expression of some senescence markers. Based on the direct relationship between senescence and osteoclastogenesis, it is tempting to hypothesize that contents of the so‐called senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP) not only play a functional role in matrix resorption, but also may regulate osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology Centre, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Miranda-Bedate
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline Korthagen
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology,, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna A Tryfonidou
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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8
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Fiorino C, Harrison RE. E-cadherin is important for cell differentiation during osteoclastogenesis. Bone 2016; 86:106-18. [PMID: 26959175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a protein responsible for intercellular adhesion between epithelial cells, is also expressed in the monocyte/macrophage lineage. In this study we have explored the involvement of E-cadherin during receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-stimulated osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclastogenesis involves a period of precursor expansion followed by multiple fusion events to generate a multinuclear osteoclast that is capable of bone resorption. We asked whether E-cadherin participated in early precursor interactions and recognition or was a component of the osteoclast fusion machinery. Here, we show that endogenous E-cadherin expression is the highest during early stages of osteoclast differentiation, with surface expression visible on small precursor cells (fewer than four nuclei per cell) in both RAW 264.7 cells and primary macrophages. Blocking E-cadherin function with neutralizing antibodies prior to the onset of fusion delayed the expression of TRAP, Cathepsin K, DC-STAMP and NFATc1 and significantly diminished multinucleated osteoclast formation. Conversely, E-cadherin-GFP overexpressing macrophages displayed earlier NFATc1 nuclear translocation along with faster formation of multinucleated osteoclasts compared to control macrophages. Through live imaging we identified that disrupting E-cadherin function prolonged the proliferative phase of the precursor population while concomitantly decreasing the proportion of migrating precursors. The lamellipodium and polarized membrane extensions appeared to be the principal sites of fusion, indicating precursor migration was a critical factor contributing to osteoclast fusion. These findings demonstrate that E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell contacts can modulate osteoclast-specific gene expression and prompt differentiating osteoclast precursors toward migratory and fusion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Fiorino
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Rene E Harrison
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
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9
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Akiba Y, Mizuta A, Kakihara Y, Nakata J, Nihara J, Saito I, Egusa H, Saeki M. The inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases and GSK-3β enhance osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Rep 2015; 5:253-258. [PMID: 28955831 PMCID: PMC5600418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with bone resorption activity that is crucial for bone remodeling. RANK‐RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) signaling has been shown as a main signal pathway for osteoclast differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism and the factors regulating osteoclastogenesis remain to be fully understood. In this study, we performed a chemical genetic screen, and identified a Cdks/GSK-3β (cyclin-dependent kinases/glycogen synthase kinase 3β) inhibitor, kenpaullone, and two Cdks inhibitors, olomoucine and roscovitine, all of which significantly enhance osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells by upregulating NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1) levels. We also determined that the all three compounds increase the number of osteoclast differentiated from murine bone marrow cells. Furthermore, the three inhibitors, especially kenpaullone, promoted maturation of cathepsin K, suggesting that the resorption activity of the resultant osteoclasts is also activated. Our findings indicate that inhibition of GSK-3β and/or Cdks enhance osteoclastogenesis by modulating the RANK–RANKL signaling pathway. We performed a chemical genetic screen to identify drugs which modulate osteoclastogenesis. The screening determined a Cdk/GSK-3β inhibitor, kenpaullone, and two Cdk inhibitors, olomoucine and roscovitine, as activators of osteoclastogenesis. The kenpaullone, olomoucine, and roscovitine induce an enhanced osteoclastogenesis by upregulating NFATc1 and mature cathepsin K levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Akiba
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Akiko Mizuta
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kakihara
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkochodori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Juri Nakata
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkochodori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan.,Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Jun Nihara
- Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Isao Saito
- Division of Orthodontics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkocho-dori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makio Saeki
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 2-5274 Gakkochodori, Chuoku, Niigata 951-8514, Japan
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10
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Ungefroren H, Hyder A, Hinz H, Groth S, Lange H, El-Sayed KMF, Ehnert S, Nüssler AK, Fändrich F, Gieseler F. Pluripotency gene expression and growth control in cultures of peripheral blood monocytes during their conversion into programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO): evidence for a regulatory role of autocrine activin and TGF-β. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118097. [PMID: 25707005 PMCID: PMC4338298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that peripheral blood monocytes can be converted in vitro to a stem cell-like cell termed PCMO as evidenced by the re-expression of pluripotency-associated genes, transient proliferation, and the ability to adopt the phenotype of hepatocytes and insulin-producing cells upon tissue-specific differentiation. However, the regulatory interactions between cultured cells governing pluripotency and mitotic activity have remained elusive. Here we asked whether activin(s) and TGF-β(s), are involved in PCMO generation. De novo proliferation of PCMO was higher under adherent vs. suspended culture conditions as revealed by the appearance of a subset of Ki67-positive monocytes and correlated with down-regulation of p21WAF1 beyond day 2 of culture. Realtime-PCR analysis showed that PCMO express ActRIIA, ALK4, TβRII, ALK5 as well as TGF-β1 and the βA subunit of activin. Interestingly, expression of ActRIIA and ALK4, and activin A levels in the culture supernatants increased until day 4 of culture, while levels of total and active TGF-β1 strongly declined. PCMO responded to both growth factors in an autocrine fashion with intracellular signaling as evidenced by a rise in the levels of phospho-Smad2 and a drop in those of phospho-Smad3. Stimulation of PCMO with recombinant activins (A, B, AB) and TGF-β1 induced phosphorylation of Smad2 but not Smad3. Inhibition of autocrine activin signaling by either SB431542 or follistatin reduced both Smad2 activation and Oct4A/Nanog upregulation. Inhibition of autocrine TGF-β signaling by either SB431542 or anti-TGF-β antibody reduced Smad3 activation and strongly increased the number of Ki67-positive cells. Furthermore, anti-TGF-β antibody moderately enhanced Oct4A/Nanog expression. Our data show that during PCMO generation pluripotency marker expression is controlled positively by activin/Smad2 and negatively by TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, while relief from growth inhibition is primarily the result of reduced TGF-β/Smad3, and to a lesser extent, activin/Smad2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ayman Hyder
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hebke Hinz
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Hans Lange
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Karim M. Fawzy El-Sayed
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas K. Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institute for Trauma Research, BG Trauma Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fred Fändrich
- Clinic for Applied Cellular Medicine, UKSH, Kiel, Germany
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11
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Osteoclastogenic activity of translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) with reciprocal repression of p21. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4026-31. [PMID: 25263704 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Translationally-controlled tumor protein (TCTP) plays a role in a number of cellular processes, but there is limited information about its function in cell differentiation. Previous observations of a twofold induction of TCTP mRNA during osteoclast differentiation prompted us to investigate its involvement in osteoclast differentiation. The osteoclastogenicity of TCTP gradually expressed during osteoclast differentiation was confirmed in mouse and human cells using loss-of-function studies and TCTP heterogeneous mice and transgenic mice. Higher expression ratios of TCTP to p21 could represent TCTP-mediated phenotypic induction of osteoclast differentiation accompanied by p21 down-regulation, attenuating the proliferation of osteoclast precursor cells.
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12
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13
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Lüdtke THW, Farin HF, Rudat C, Schuster-Gossler K, Petry M, Barnett P, Christoffels VM, Kispert A. Tbx2 controls lung growth by direct repression of the cell cycle inhibitor genes Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003189. [PMID: 23341776 PMCID: PMC3547831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate organ development relies on the precise spatiotemporal orchestration of proliferation rates and differentiation patterns in adjacent tissue compartments. The underlying integration of patterning and cell cycle control during organogenesis is insufficiently understood. Here, we have investigated the function of the patterning T-box transcription factor gene Tbx2 in lung development. We show that lungs of Tbx2-deficient mice are markedly hypoplastic and exhibit reduced branching morphogenesis. Mesenchymal proliferation was severely decreased, while mesenchymal differentiation into fibrocytes was prematurely induced. In the epithelial compartment, proliferation was reduced and differentiation of alveolar epithelial cells type 1 was compromised. Prior to the observed cellular changes, canonical Wnt signaling was downregulated, and Cdkn1a (p21) and Cdkn1b (p27) (two members of the Cip/Kip family of cell cycle inhibitors) were strongly induced in the Tbx2-deficient lung mesenchyme. Deletion of both Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b rescued, to a large degree, the growth deficits of Tbx2-deficient lungs. Prolongation of Tbx2 expression into adulthood led to hyperproliferation and maintenance of mesenchymal progenitor cells, with branching morphogenesis remaining unaffected. Expression of Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b was ablated from the lung mesenchyme in this gain-of-function setting. We further show by ChIP experiments that Tbx2 directly binds to Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b loci in vivo, defining these two genes as direct targets of Tbx2 repressive activity in the lung mesenchyme. We conclude that Tbx2-mediated regulation of Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b represents a crucial node in the network integrating patterning information and cell cycle regulation that underlies growth, differentiation, and branching morphogenesis of this organ. During organ formation, proliferation rates and differentiation patterns vary widely between different stages and tissue compartments. It is poorly understood how cell cycle progression is locally controlled and integrated with patterning processes in these developmental programs. Here, we used the mouse lung as a model to study how growth and differentiation are controlled on a transcriptional level. Combining genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches, we show that the T-box transcription factor gene Tbx2 is required and sufficient to direct appropriate lung growth by maintaining proliferation and inhibiting differentiation in the mesenchymal compartment of the lung. We found that expression of the cell cycle inhibitor genes Cdkn1a (p21) and Cdkn1b (p27) inversely correlates with expression of Tbx2 and that deletion of both genes rescues, to a large degree, the growth deficits of Tbx2-mutant lungs. We further show by biochemical assays that Tbx2 directly binds to Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b loci in vivo, defining these two genes as direct targets of Tbx2 repressive activity in the lung mesenchyme. We conclude that Tbx2-mediated regulation of Cdkn1a and Cdkn1b represents a crucial module for the tissue-specific control of cell cycle progression that underlies growth, differentiation, and branching morphogenesis of this organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo H-W. Lüdtke
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henner F. Farin
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Marianne Petry
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institute for Molecular Biology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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14
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Wang Y, Grainger DW. RNA therapeutics targeting osteoclast-mediated excessive bone resorption. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1341-57. [PMID: 21945356 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing technique developed with dramatically increasing utility for both scientific and therapeutic purposes. Short interfering RNA (siRNA) is currently exploited to regulate protein expression relevant to many therapeutic applications, and commonly used as a tool for elucidating disease-associated genes. Osteoporosis and their associated osteoporotic fragility fractures in both men and women are rapidly becoming a global healthcare crisis as average life expectancy increases worldwide. New therapeutics are needed for this increasing patient population. This review describes the diversity of molecular targets suitable for RNAi-based gene knock down in osteoclasts to control osteoclast-mediated excessive bone resorption. We identify strategies for developing targeted siRNA delivery and efficient gene silencing, and describe opportunities and challenges of introducing siRNA as a therapeutic approach to hard and connective tissue disorders.
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Kukita A, Kukita T, Nagata K, Teramachi J, Li YJ, Yoshida H, Miyamoto H, Gay S, Pessler F, Shobuike T. The transcription factor FBI-1/OCZF/LRF is expressed in osteoclasts and regulates RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in vitro and in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:2744-54. [PMID: 21590684 DOI: 10.1002/art.30455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since transcription factors expressed in osteoclasts are possible targets for regulation of bone destruction in bone disorders, we investigated the expression of the transcription factor FBI-1/OCZF/LRF (in humans, factor that binds to inducer of short transcripts of human immunodeficiency virus type 1; in rats, osteoclast-derived zinc finger; in mice, leukemia/lymphoma-related factor) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and assessed its role in osteoclastogenesis in vivo. METHODS Expression of FBI-1/OCZF was investigated in subchondral osteoclasts in human RA and in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) using immunostaining and in situ hybridization, respectively. Transgenic mice overexpressing OCZF (OCZF-Tg) under the control of the cathepsin K promoter were generated, and bone mineral density and bone histomorphometric features were determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography, calcein double-labeling, and specific staining for osteoclasts and osteoblasts. LRF/OCZF expression and the consequence of LRF inhibition were assessed in vitro with RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. RESULTS FBI-1/OCZF was detected in the nuclei of osteoclasts in rat AIA and human RA. RANKL increased the levels of LRF messenger RNA and nuclear-localized LRF protein in primary macrophages. In OCZF-Tg mice, bone volume was significantly decreased, the number of osteoclasts, but not osteoblasts, was increased in long bones, and osteoclast survival was promoted. Conversely, inhibition of LRF expression suppressed the formation of osteoclasts from macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSION FBI-1/OCZF/LRF regulates osteoclast formation and apoptosis in vivo, and may become a useful marker and target in treating disorders leading to reduced bone density, including chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kukita
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan.
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16
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Mizoguchi T, Muto A, Udagawa N, Arai A, Yamashita T, Hosoya A, Ninomiya T, Nakamura H, Yamamoto Y, Kinugawa S, Nakamura M, Nakamichi Y, Kobayashi Y, Nagasawa S, Oda K, Tanaka H, Tagaya M, Penninger JM, Ito M, Takahashi N. Identification of cell cycle-arrested quiescent osteoclast precursors in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 184:541-54. [PMID: 19237598 PMCID: PMC2654120 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200806139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells that resorb bone. Although osteoclasts originate from the monocyte/macrophage lineage, osteoclast precursors are not well characterized in vivo. The relationship between proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast precursors is examined in this study using murine macrophage cultures treated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) ligand (RANKL). Cell cycle-arrested quiescent osteoclast precursors (QuOPs) were identified as the committed osteoclast precursors in vitro. In vivo experiments show that QuOPs survive for several weeks and differentiate into osteoclasts in response to M-CSF and RANKL. Administration of 5-fluorouracil to mice induces myelosuppression, but QuOPs survive and differentiate into osteoclasts in response to an active vitamin D(3) analogue given to those mice. Mononuclear cells expressing c-Fms and RANK but not Ki67 are detected along bone surfaces in the vicinity of osteoblasts in RANKL-deficient mice. These results suggest that QuOPs preexist at the site of osteoclastogenesis and that osteoblasts are important for maintenance of QuOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihide Mizoguchi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
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17
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Ariyoshi W, Takahashi T, Kanno T, Ichimiya H, Shinmyouzu K, Takano H, Koseki T, Nishihara T. Heparin inhibits osteoclastic differentiation and function. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:1707-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Zauli G, Rimondi E, Corallini F, Fadda R, Capitani S, Secchiero P. MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3 suppresses the proliferation and differentiation of human pre-osteoclasts through a p53-dependent pathway. J Bone Miner Res 2007; 22:1621-30. [PMID: 17592964 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.070618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Exposure of human pre-osteoclasts to the MDM2 antagonist Nutlin-3 activated the p53 pathway and significantly decreased the entry of pre-osteoclasts in the S phase in response to RANKL. Moreover, repeated exposure to Nutlin-3 suppressed osteoclastic differentiation, without affecting cell survival at any culture time. INTRODUCTION The p53 oncosuppressor coordinates an intracellular network involved in protection from malignant transformation and cell cycle control; its activation is tightly regulated by the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) gene and p53-MDM2 interaction can be disrupted by selective small molecule inhibitors, the Nutlins. Although the ability of Nutlins to suppress the growth of wildtype p53 tumors has been clearly established, their biological activity in normal cells and tissues has not been extensively studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cell pre-osteoclasts were cultured with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) + RANKL or co-cultured with SaOS-2 osteosarcoma cells in the presence of IL-1beta to induce osteoclastic differentiation. Cell cycle was analyzed by BrdU incorporation. The degree of osteoclastic differentiation was monitored at different culture times by TRACP and DAPI staining, as well as by TRACP-5b ELISA. Finally, the role of p53 in mediating the biological activity of Nutlin-3 was studied using specific siRNA. RESULTS Exposure of human pre-osteoclasts to RANKL induced an early (24 h) increase in the percentage of cells in the S phase, followed by the exit from the cell cycle at later time-points. The simultaneous addition of Nutlin-3 and RANKL dose-dependently decreased the percentage of pre-osteoclasts in the S phase and induced a rapid accumulation of p53 protein coupled with the induction of p53 target genes. Unexpectedly, the administration of Nutlin-3 to pre-osteoclasts at early culture times significantly suppressed the final output of osteoclasts at day 14 of culture. The role of p53 in mediating this biological activity of Nutlin-3 was underscored by gene knockdown experiments, in which the anti-osteoclastic activity of Nutlin-3 was significantly counteracted by siRNA specific for p53. Nutlin-3 also significantly decreased the formation of osteoclasts in a co-culture system of SaOS-2 osteosarcoma and pre-osteoclastic cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that Nutlin-3 abrogates both pre-osteoclastic proliferation and differentiation through a p53-dependent pathway and may have therapeutic implications for those neoplastic diseases characterized by an abnormal osteoclastic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Rimondi E, Zweyer M, Ricci E, Fadda R, Secchiero P. Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) modulates the expression of genes involved in apoptosis and cell cycle in human osteoclasts. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:838-45. [PMID: 17506059 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
It has been clearly established that receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) is a key cytokine involved in the differentiation of osteoclastic precursors of the monocytic/macrophagic lineage. However, relatively little information is available on the ability of RANKL to modulate the expression of genes controlling cell survival/apoptosis and proliferation in human osteoclastic cells in comparison to macrophages. For this purpose, CD14+ human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which express the cognate high affinity receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), were differentiated along the macrophagic or osteoclastic lineage by adding macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) or M-CSF plus RANKL in culture for 12 days. RANKL up-regulated the expression of the chemokine MIP1alpha, which potentiates osteoclastic differentiation and simultaneously activated both anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) and pro-apoptotic (CIDEB, PYCARD, and BAK-1) genes. Moreover, RANKL markedly up-regulated cylin D2, while it significantly decreased the levels of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, and other cyclin-dependent kinases, in keeping with the notion that end-stage osteoclasts are nondividing cells. Finally, a long-term exposure of RANKL up-regulated the adaptor protein TRAF3 but not TRAF6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Rimondi
- Department of Morphology and Embryology, Human Anatomy Section,University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Zauli G, Rimondi E, Stea S, Baruffaldi F, Stebel M, Zerbinati C, Corallini F, Secchiero P. TRAIL inhibits osteoclastic differentiation by counteracting RANKL-dependent p27Kip1 accumulation in pre-osteoclast precursors. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:117-25. [PMID: 17620297 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidences indicate that the TNF family member TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) might be involved in modulating osteoclastic differentiation. The ability of recombinant soluble TRAIL to affect bone density in vivo was evaluated by using 4-week-old mice subcutaneously (s.c.) injected with TRAIL for 8 days. TRAIL injection induced a significant increase of tibia trabecular thickness and total bone mass in 4-week-old mice, accompanied by a significant decrease of TRAP serum levels, without modulation of osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Parallel experiments performed in vitro showed that inhibition of osteoclastic differentiation, induced by treatment of human peripheral blood osteoclast precursors with TRAIL, was associated to inhibition of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)-induced accumulation of p27(Kip1). The potential role of p27(Kip1) pathway in mediating the anti-osteoclastic activity of TRAIL was further suggested by in vitro gene knock-down experiments performed in osteoclast precursor cultures. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that recombinant TRAIL inhibits osteoclastogenesis by inducing the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of p27(Kip1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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21
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Kim MH, Kim BT, Min YK, Kim SH. Profiling signalling pathways of the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclast formation in mouse monocyte cells, RAW264.7. Amino Acids 2006; 34:497-506. [PMID: 17086477 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-006-0461-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based signal chemical genomics can profile the signalling pathway for certain cellular events by using a target-known chemical library. To ascertain its usefulness, the receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis in mouse monocyte/macrophage cells RAW264.7 was used as an in vitro experimental model. Of 180 target-known inhibitors/activators formatted in a 384-well plate, 8 chemicals were shown to inhibit the osteoclast formation, but 4 chemicals enhanced this process. A variety of references support, or possibly lead one to expect the effects of these 12 chemicals on the cellular process of osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells, but several signalling pathways were newly found in this study; for example, CA-074 Me inhibiting cathepsin B and nitrendipine blocking the calcium channel could have the potential to inhibit the osteoclast formation as well as bone resorption. This is a simple but very fast and powerful method of profiling the signalling pathway of certain cellular events. Signal chemical genomics could provide invaluable information for the exploration of new target signalling processes and further target-based drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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22
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Kandel R, Li SQ, Bell R, Wunder J, Ferguson P, Kauzman A, Diehl JA, Werier J. Cyclin D1 and p21 is elevated in the giant cells of giant cell tumors. J Orthop Res 2006; 24:428-37. [PMID: 16479604 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of cell cycle regulatory proteins, especially those that regulate G1 to S transition, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of human tumors. In previous studies we showed that that there is overexpression of cyclin D1 protein predominately in the giant cell component of giant cell tumors of bone. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms that may be responsible for cyclin D1 accumulation in giant cell tumors. Giant cell tumors have high levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and the giant cell-enriched population of these tumors have significantly more mRNA and protein expression of cyclin D1 than the mononuclear cell population. The giant cells also expressed higher levels of p21 protein and more p21 bound to cyclin D1 than the mononuclear cells. It is possible that p21 may be contributing to the cyclin D1 accumulation that occurs in the giant cells and perhaps even giant cell formation in these tumors. Additional studies are required to confirm the role of p21 in the pathogenesis of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kandel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario M5X 1G5 Canada.
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23
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Kwak HB, Jin HM, Ha H, Kang MJ, Lee SB, Kim HH, Lee ZH. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells into osteoclasts through the induction of p21(WAF1/Cip1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 330:1080-6. [PMID: 15823554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates inflammation and induces bone loss caused by excessive bone resorption by osteoclasts. The interaction of TNF-alpha with its receptor activates several signal transduction pathways, including those of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases (p38, JNK, and ERK) and NF-kappaB. Signaling from these molecules has been shown to play an important role in osteoclastogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism of TNF-alpha-induced osteoclast differentiation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We found that TNF-alpha alone greatly induced differentiation of PBMCs into osteoclasts. The osteoclast differentiation induced by TNF-alpha was independent of RANKL binding to its receptor RANK on PBMCs. Furthermore, TNF-alpha potently activated p38 MAPK, JNK, and NF-kappaB. Western blotting analysis revealed that p21(WAF1/Cip1), a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, is significantly induced upon TNF-alpha stimulation. The induction of p21(WAF1/Cip1) during differentiation is responsible for arrest at G(0)/G(1) phase and associated with the JNK pathway. These results suggest that TNF-alpha regulates osteoclast differentiation through p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression and further shows that these events require JNK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Bok Kwak
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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24
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Thomas DM, Johnson SA, Sims NA, Trivett MK, Slavin JL, Rubin BP, Waring P, McArthur GA, Walkley CR, Holloway AJ, Diyagama D, Grim JE, Clurman BE, Bowtell DDL, Lee JS, Gutierrez GM, Piscopo DM, Carty SA, Hinds PW. Terminal osteoblast differentiation, mediated by runx2 and p27KIP1, is disrupted in osteosarcoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 167:925-34. [PMID: 15583032 PMCID: PMC2172443 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200409187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular basis for the inverse relationship between differentiation and tumorigenesis is unknown. The function of runx2, a master regulator of osteoblast differentiation belonging to the runt family of tumor suppressor genes, is consistently disrupted in osteosarcoma cell lines. Ectopic expression of runx2 induces p27KIP1, thereby inhibiting the activity of S-phase cyclin complexes and leading to the dephosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein (pRb) and a G1 cell cycle arrest. Runx2 physically interacts with the hypophosphorylated form of pRb, a known coactivator of runx2, thereby completing a feed-forward loop in which progressive cell cycle exit promotes increased expression of the osteoblast phenotype. Loss of p27KIP1 perturbs transient and terminal cell cycle exit in osteoblasts. Consistent with the incompatibility of malignant transformation and permanent cell cycle exit, loss of p27KIP1 expression correlates with dedifferentiation in high-grade human osteosarcomas. Physiologic coupling of osteoblast differentiation to cell cycle withdrawal is mediated through runx2 and p27KIP1, and these processes are disrupted in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thomas
- Ian Potter Foundation Centre for Cancer Genomics and Predictive Medicine, and Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Victoria, Melbourne, Australia.
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25
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Boccardo E, Noya F, Broker TR, Chow LT, Villa LL. HPV-18 confers resistance to TNF-alpha in organotypic cultures of human keratinocytes. Virology 2004; 328:233-43. [PMID: 15464843 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Revised: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inhibits normal keratinocytes proliferation. However, many human papillomavirus (HPV)-immortalized or transformed cell lines are resistant to TNF-alpha antiproliferative effect. The present study analyzes the effects of TNF-alpha on organotypic cultures of primary human keratinocytes (PHKs) that express HPV-18 oncogenes. Raft cultures prepared with PHKs acutely transfected with HPV-18 whole genome or infected with recombinant retroviruses containing only E6/E7 or E7 were treated with 2 nM TNF-alpha. While BrdU incorporation into basal/parabasal cells of normal PHKs cultures was markedly inhibited by TNF-alpha cultures transfected with HPV-18 whole genome showed proliferation in all cell strata. Furthermore, BrdU incorporation into cultures expressing E6/E7 or E7 was not significantly reduced, indicating that E7 alone confers partial resistance to TNF-alpha. Besides, TNF-alpha treatment did not alter p16ink4a, p21cip1, p27kip1, or cyclin E levels, but did reduce cyclin A and PCNA levels in sensitive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Boccardo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1509-010 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Lawson BR, Baccala R, Song J, Croft M, Kono DH, Theofilopoulos AN. Deficiency of the cyclin kinase inhibitor p21(WAF-1/CIP-1) promotes apoptosis of activated/memory T cells and inhibits spontaneous systemic autoimmunity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:547-57. [PMID: 14970181 PMCID: PMC2211831 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of systemic lupus erythematosus is the accumulation of activated/memory T and B cells. These G0/G1-arrested cells express high levels of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors such as p21, are resistant to proliferation and apoptosis, and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines. Herein, we show that ablation of p21 in lupus-prone mice allows these cells to reenter the cell cycle and undergo apoptosis, leading to autoimmune disease reduction. Absence of p21 resulted in enhanced Fas/FasL-mediated activation-induced T cell death, increased activation of procaspases 8 and 3, and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Increased apoptosis was also associated with p53 up-regulation and a modest shift in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 toward the proapoptotic Bax. Proliferation and apoptosis of B cells were also increased in p21−/− lupus mice. Thus, modulation of the cell cycle pathway may be a novel approach to reduce apoptosis-resistant pathogenic lymphocytes and to ameliorate systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Lawson
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Sankar U, Patel K, Rosol TJ, Ostrowski MC. RANKL coordinates cell cycle withdrawal and differentiation in osteoclasts through the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p27KIP1 and p21CIP1. J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1339-48. [PMID: 15231022 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.040321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2003] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The coordination of cell cycle progression and osteoclast differentiation by RANKL signaling was studied. Experiments with mouse genetic models revealed that RANKL promoted cell cycle withdrawal of osteoclast precursors dependent on the cyclin kinase inhibitor p27-KIP1, but that both p27-KIP1 and p21-CIP1 were required for osteoclast differentiation. These cyclin inhibitors may directly regulate osteoclast differentiation in addition to regulating cell cycle withdrawal. INTRODUCTION RANKL stimulates mononuclear precursor cells of the myeloid lineage to differentiate into multinuclear osteoclasts, thus providing a system to study the fundamental problem of coordination of cell cycle progression with cell differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice that lack expression of functional cyclin inhibitors p27KIP1and p21CIP1 were used to study cell cycle progression and differentiation of osteoclast precursors in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Experiments with cells derived from p27KIP1- and p21CIP1-deficient mice indicated that p27KIP1 function alone was necessary for RANKL-mediated cell cycle withdrawal by osteoclast precursors, but osteoclasts from mice with single mutations in either of these two genes differentiated normally. In contrast, p21/p27 double knockout mice developed osteopetrosis, with fewer osteoclasts that exhibited lower TRACP activity and abnormal cell morphology present in long bone. Moreover, isolated osteoclast progenitors from p21/p27 double knockout mice were defective in RANKL-mediated differentiation in vitro, expressing low levels of osteoclast-specific genes like TRACP and cathepsin K. Taken together, these data suggest p27KIP1 and p21CIP1 play roles in osteoclast differentiation in response to RANKL signaling distinct from their roles in promoting cell cycle withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Sankar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Ogasawara T, Katagiri M, Yamamoto A, Hoshi K, Takato T, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Okayama H, Kawaguchi H. Osteoclast differentiation by RANKL requires NF-kappaB-mediated downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (Cdk6). J Bone Miner Res 2004; 19:1128-36. [PMID: 15176996 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2004.19.7.1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2003] [Revised: 02/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study investigated the involvement of cell cycle factors in RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. Among the G1 cell cycle factors, Cdk6 was found to be a key molecule in determining the differentiation rate of osteoclasts as a downstream effector of the NF-kappaB signaling. INTRODUCTION A temporal arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle is a prerequisite for cell differentiation, making it possible that cell cycle factors regulate not only the proliferation but also the differentiation of cells. This study investigated cell cycle factors that critically influence differentiation of the murine monocytic RAW264.7 cells to osteoclasts induced by RANKL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth-arrested RAW cells were stimulated with serum in the presence or absence of soluble RANKL (100 ng/ml). Expressions of the G1 cell cycle factors cyclin D1, D2, D3, E, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 2, 4, 6, and Cdk inhibitors (p18 and p27) were determined by Western blot analysis. Involvement of NF-kappaB and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways was examined by overexpressing dominant negative mutants of the IkappaB kinase 2 (IKK(DN)) gene and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7(DN)) gene, respectively, using the adenovirus vectors. To determine the direct effect of Cdk6 on osteoclast differentiation, stable clones of RAW cells transfected with Cdk6 cDNA were established. Osteoclast differentiation was determined by TRACP staining, and cell cycle regulation was determined by BrdU uptake and flow cytometric analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Among the cell cycle factors examined, the Cdk6 level was downregulated by RANKL synchronously with the appearance of multinucleated osteoclasts. Inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway by IKK(DN) overexpression, but not that of the JNK pathway by MKK7(DN) overexpression, caused the decreases in both Cdk6 downregulation and osteoclastogenesis by RANKL. RAW cells overexpressing Cdk6 resist RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis; however, cell cycle regulation was not affected by the levels of Cdk6 overexpression, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of Cdk6 on osteoclast differentiation was not exerted through cell cycle regulation. These results indicate that Cdk6 is a critical regulator of RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and that its NF-kappaB-mediated downregulation is essential for efficient osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ogasawara
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Hama S, Matsuura S, Tauchi H, Yamasaki F, Kajiwara Y, Arita K, Yoshioka H, Heike Y, Mandai K, Kurisu K. p16 Gene transfer increases cell killing with abnormal nucleation after ionising radiation in glioma cells. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:1802-11. [PMID: 14583787 PMCID: PMC2394396 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cells synchronised at the G1–S phase are highly radiosensitive. In this study, p16-null human glioma cell lines were induced into G1 cell cycle arrest by adenovirus-mediated p16 gene transfer, and examined for radiation-induced cell killing. Clonogenic analysis and trypan blue extraction test showed that the p16 gene transfer enhanced radiation-induced cell killing in p16-null glioma cell lines. TUNEL assays and pulse-field gel electrophoresis confirmed that the radiation-induced cell killing of p16-transfected cells could be caused by a nonapoptotic mechanism. Gimsa staining demonstrated that irradiation alone or Ax-mock infection plus irradiation results in a slight increase in the frequency of cells with abnormal nucleus, compared to unirradiated uninfected or Ax-mock infected cells. However, Ax-hp16 or Ax-hp21 infection alone modestly increased the frequency of cells with abnormal nucleus (especially bi- and multinucleation), and 4-Gy irradiation of Ax-hp16 or Ax-hp21 infected cells substantially enhanced this frequency. These results suggest that there exists some unknown interaction between radiation and p16 in cytoplasm/membranes, which decreases cytokinesis and promotes abnormal nucleation. Thus, p16 expression prevented radiation-induced apoptosis by promoting abnormal nucleation, thereby leading to another mode of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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Bharti AC, Takada Y, Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB. Evidence that receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB ligand can suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through activation of a NF-kappaB-independent and TRAF6-dependent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:6065-76. [PMID: 14645259 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m308062200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), a recently identified member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily, has been shown to induce osteoclastogenesis and dendritic cell survival. Most members of the TNF superfamily suppress cell proliferation and induce apoptosis, but whether RANKL does so is not known. We demonstrate that treatment of monocyte RAW 264.7 cells with RANKL induces dose-dependent growth inhibition (IC50 = 10 ng/ml) as determined by dye uptake and [3H]thymidine incorporation methods. Suppression of RANKL-induced NF-kappaB activation by dominant-negative IkappaBalpha or by the NEMO-peptide had no effect on RANKL-induced cell growth inhibition. Inhibition of RANKL-induced JNK activation, however, abolished the RANKL-induced apoptosis. Suppression of interaction of RANK with TRAF6 by TRAF6-binding peptide abrogated the anti-proliferative effects of RANKL, suggesting the critical role of TRAF6. Flow cytometric analysis of cells treated with RANKL showed accumulation of cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle, and this accumulation correlated with a decline in the levels of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and cyclin E and an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 (Kip). Flow cytometric analysis showed the presence of annexin V-positive cells in cultures treated with RANKL. RANKL-induced apoptosis was further confirmed using calcein AM/ethidium homodimer-1 dye and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), procaspase 3, and procaspase 9; benzyloxycarbonyl-VAD, the pancaspase inhibitor, suppressed the PARP cleavage. Thus, overall, our studies indicate that RANKL can inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis through a TRAF-6-dependent but NF-kappaB-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok C Bharti
- Cytokine Research Section, Department of Bioimmunotherapy, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Tani H, Limn CK, Yap CC, Onishi M, Nozaki M, Nishimune Y, Okahashi N, Kitagawa Y, Watanabe R, Mochizuki R, Moriishi K, Matsuura Y. In vitro and in vivo gene delivery by recombinant baculoviruses. J Virol 2003; 77:9799-808. [PMID: 12941888 PMCID: PMC224587 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.18.9799-9808.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2003] [Accepted: 06/20/2003] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recombinant baculovirus vectors can be an efficient tool for gene transfer into mammalian cells in vitro, gene transduction in vivo has been hampered by the inactivation of baculoviruses by serum complement. Recombinant baculoviruses possessing excess envelope protein gp64 or other viral envelope proteins on the virion surface deliver foreign genes into a variety of mammalian cell lines more efficiently than the unmodified baculovirus. In this study, we examined the efficiency of gene transfer both in vitro and in vivo by recombinant baculoviruses possessing envelope proteins derived from either vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVG) or rabies virus. These recombinant viruses efficiently transferred reporter genes into neural cell lines, primary rat neural cells, and primary mouse osteal cells in vitro. The VSVG-modified baculovirus exhibited greater resistance to inactivation by animal sera than the unmodified baculovirus. A synthetic inhibitor of the complement activation pathway circumvented the serum inactivation of the unmodified baculovirus. Furthermore, the VSVG-modified baculovirus could transduce a reporter gene into the cerebral cortex and testis of mice by direct inoculation in vivo. These results suggest the possible use of the recombinant baculovirus vectors in combination with the administration of complement inhibitors for in vivo gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Tani
- Research Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Koseki T, Gao Y, Okahashi N, Murase Y, Tsujisawa T, Sato T, Yamato K, Nishihara T. Role of TGF-beta family in osteoclastogenesis induced by RANKL. Cell Signal 2002; 14:31-6. [PMID: 11747986 DOI: 10.1016/s0898-6568(01)00221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that both transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and activin A play pivotal roles in osteoclastogenesis. In this report, we show that the effect of TGF-beta family members, TGF-beta1 and activin A, but not BMP-2, enhance multinucleated osteoclast-like cell (OCL) formation induced by receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) in isolated bone marrow macrophages and monocytic cell line, RAW264.7. TGF-beta1 and activin A caused the growth suppression and concomitant expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and c-Src, without inducing syncytium formation or increasing the survival rate in RAW264.7 cells. Although TGF-beta1 and activin A had no effect on NF-kappaB and JNK activities, these factors enhanced the expression of JunB, a component of the AP-1 transcriptional complex. These results suggest that TGF-beta1 and activin A may function as commitment factors in osteoclastic differentiation, not as a crucial component for terminal differentiation to form multinucleated OCLs nor in OCL survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeyoshi Koseki
- Department of Oral Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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