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Pinho SCM, Faria MA, Alves R, Cabrita ARJ, Fonseca AJM, M P L V O Ferreira I. Gastric epithelial response to milk fat using the semi-dynamic INFOGEST digestion model coupled with NCI-N87 cells. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112576. [PMID: 36914314 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The stomach is a relevant spot of lipolysis for milk fat, but research on the effect of digested milk fat in the gastric epithelium is scarce and difficult to evaluate. In the present study, we implemented the semi-dynamic in vitro digestion model of INFOGEST, combined with gastric NCI-N87 cells, to study the effect of fat-free, whole conventional, and whole pasture-based milk on gastric epithelium. Cellular messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of membrane fatty acids receptors (GPR41, GPR84), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPX), and inflammatory molecules (NF-κB p65, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α) was assessed. No significant differences were observed in mRNA expression of GPR41, GPR84, SOD, GPX, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, after exposure of the NCI-N87 cells to milk digesta samples (p > 0.05). An increase of CAT mRNA expression was observed (p < 0.05), at a similar level, for all milk types. Whole milk digested samples induced higher mRNA expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β than fat-free milk (p < 0.05); while no differences were observed between whole conventional and whole pasture-based milk (p > 0.05). Moreover, the effect of milk digesta on gastric mRNA expression was studied in a scenario of subsequent stimulation of NCI-N87 monolayer with the pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ. In these conditions, milk digesta samples increased CAT mRNA expression (p < 0.05), but had no effect in the expression of NF-κB p65 and IL-1β (p > 0.05). The increase of CAT mRNA expression suggests that milk fatty acids are used for energy production by gastric epithelial cells. Cellular antioxidant response to higher milk fatty acids availability could be associated to gastric epithelial inflammation, but did not contribute to increased inflammation in case of an external contact with IFN-γ. Besides, a conventional or a pasture-based origin did not affect the impact of whole milk in the NCI-N87 monolayer. The combined model responded to differences in milk fat content, which indicates its usefulness to study effects of foods at the gastric level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana C M Pinho
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Faria
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Alves
- SORGAL, Sociedade de Óleos e Rações S.A., Estrada Nacional 109, Lugar da Pardala, 3880-728 S. João Ovar, Portugal
| | - Ana R J Cabrita
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - António J M Fonseca
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, ICBAS, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo, Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel M P L V O Ferreira
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Laboratory of Food Science and Hydrology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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2
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Luxenburger A, Bougen-Zhukov N, Fraser MG, Beetham H, Harris LD, Schmidt D, Cameron SA, Guilford PJ, Evans GB. Discovery of AL-GDa62 as a Potential Synthetic Lethal Lead for the Treatment of Gastric Cancer. J Med Chem 2021; 64:18114-18142. [PMID: 34878770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Diffuse gastric cancer and lobular breast cancer are aggressive malignancies that are frequently associated with inactivating mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDH1. Synthetic lethal (SL) vulnerabilities arising from CDH1 dysfunction represent attractive targets for drug development. Recently, SLEC-11 (1) emerged as a SL lead in E-cadherin-deficient cells. Here, we describe our efforts to optimize 1. Overall, 63 analogues were synthesized and tested for their SL activity toward isogenic mammary epithelial CDH1-deficient cells (MCF10A-CDH1-/-). Among the 26 compounds with greater cytotoxicity, AL-GDa62 (3) was four-times more potent and more selective than 1 with an EC50 ratio of 1.6. Furthermore, 3 preferentially induced apoptosis in CDH1-/- cells, and Cdh1-/- mammary and gastric organoids were significantly more sensitive to 3 at low micromolar concentrations. Thermal proteome profiling of treated MCF10A-CDH1-/- cell protein lysates revealed that 3 specifically inhibits TCOF1, ARPC5, and UBC9. In vitro, 3 inhibited SUMOylation at low micromolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Luxenburger
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Bougen-Zhukov
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael G Fraser
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Henry Beetham
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence D Harris
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Dorian Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, D-24116 Kiel, Germany
| | - Scott A Cameron
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
| | - Parry J Guilford
- Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 710 Cumberland Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Gary B Evans
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Rd, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
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Helena Macedo M, Baião A, Pinto S, Barros AS, Almeida H, Almeida A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. Mucus-producing 3D cell culture models. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113993. [PMID: 34619286 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro cell-based models have been used for a long time since they are normally easily obtained and have an advantageous cost-benefit. Besides, they can serve a variety of ends, from studying drug absorption and metabolism to disease modeling. However, some in vitro models are too simplistic, not accurately representing the living tissues. It has been shown, mainly in the last years, that fully mimicking a tissue composition and architecture can be paramount for cellular behavior and, consequently, for the outcomes of the studies using such models. Because of this, 3D in vitro cell models have been gaining much attention, since they are able to better replicate the in vivo environment. In this review we focus on 3D models that contain mucus-producing cells, as mucus can play a pivotal role in drug absorption. Being frequently overlooked, this viscous fluid can have an impact on drug delivery. Thus, the aim of this review is to understand to which extent can mucus affect mucosal drug delivery and to provide a state-of-the-art report on the existing 3D cell-based mucus models.
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4
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Sonkar C, Verma T, Chatterji D, Jain AK, Jha HC. Status of kinases in Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori Coinfection in gastric Cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:925. [PMID: 32993565 PMCID: PMC7523314 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and Epstein - Barr virus (EBV) plays a significant role in aggressive gastric cancer (GC). The investigation of genes associated with these pathogens and host kinases may be essential to understand the early and dynamic progression of GC. AIM The study aimed to demonstrate the coinfection of EBV and H. pylori in the AGS cells through morphological changes, expression of the kinase and the probable apoptotic pathways. METHODS Genomic DNA isolation of H. pylori and its characterization from clinical samples were performed. RT-qPCR of kinases was applied to scrutinize the gene expression of kinases in co-infected GC in a direct and indirect (separated through insert size 0.45 μm) H. pylori infection set up. Morphological changes in co-infected GC were quantified by measuring the tapering ends of gastric epithelial cells. Gene expression profiling of apoptotic genes was assessed through RT-qPCR. RESULTS An interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) showed significant upregulation with indirect H. pylori infection. Moreover, Ephrin type-B receptor six precursors (EPHB6) and Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn (FYN) showed significant upregulation with direct coinfection. The tapering ends in AGS cells were found to be extended after 12 h. A total of 24 kinase genes were selected, out of which EPHB6, ITK, FYN, and TYK2 showed high expression as early as 12 h. These kinases may lead to rapid morphological changes in co-infected gastric cells. Likewise, apoptotic gene expression such as APAF-1 and Bcl2 family genes such as BAD, BID, BIK, BIM, BAX, AND BAK were significantly down-regulated in co-infected AGS cells. CONCLUSION All the experiments were performed with novel isolates of H. pylori isolated from central India, for the functional assessment of GC. The effect of coinfection with EBV was more profoundly observed on morphological changes in AGS cells at 12 h as quantified by measuring the tapering of ends. This study also identifies the kinase and apoptotic genes modulated in co-infected cells, through direct and indirect approaches. We report that ITK, EPHB6, TYK2, FYN kinase are enhanced, whereas apoptotic genes such as APAF-1, BIK, FASL, BAX are significantly down-regulated in AGS cells coinfected with EBV and H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Sonkar
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Tarun Verma
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India
| | - Debi Chatterji
- Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Jain
- Choithram Hospital and Research Centre Indore, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- The Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Room no. 302, School Building, IIT Indore, Khandwa Road, Simrol, Indore, 453552, India.
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Dias S, Castanheira EMS, Fortes AG, Pereira DM, Rodrigues ARO, Pereira R, Gonçalves MST. Application of Natural Pigments in Ordinary Cooked Ham. Molecules 2020; 25:E2241. [PMID: 32397593 PMCID: PMC7249085 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of obtaining a carmine or pink color on ordinary cooked ham by applying natural dyes from three plant species, namely red radish (Raphanus sativus L.), hibiscus (Roselle sabdariffa L.) and red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.), was investigated. The extracts were evaluated for the stability at physical-chemical parameters and subjected to cytotoxicity assays in the gastric cell line AGS Encapsulation of the extracts in soybean lecithin liposomes and maltodextrin microcapsules was performed. Lyophilized extracts before and after encapsulation in maltodextrin were applied in the formulation of ordinary cooked ham and used in a pilot scale of production. The color of cooked ham samples from different assays was evaluated visually and by colorimetry. The results suggest that the coloration of ordinary cooked ham obtained with extracts of red beetroot is very promising for future applications in this type of meat product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dias
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.G.F.)
| | - Elisabete M. S. Castanheira
- Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (E.M.S.C.); (A.R.O.R.)
| | - A. Gil Fortes
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.G.F.)
| | - David M. Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - A. Rita O. Rodrigues
- Centre of Physics, Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (E.M.S.C.); (A.R.O.R.)
| | - Regina Pereira
- Primor Charcutaria-Prima, S.A, Avenida Santiago de Gavião, n° 1142 Gavião, 4760-003 Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal;
| | - M. Sameiro T. Gonçalves
- Centre of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (S.D.); (A.G.F.)
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Sharma V, Pathak K. Liquisolid system of paclitaxel using modified polysaccharides: In vitro cytotoxicity, apoptosis study, cell cycle analysis, in vitro mitochondrial membrane potential assessment, and pharmacokinetics. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 137:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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7
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Sobral MM, Faria MA, Cunha SC, Miladinovic B, Ferreira IMPLVO. Transport of mycotoxins across human gastric NCI–N87 and intestinal Caco-2 cell models. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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8
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Marques V, Cunha B, Couto A, Sampaio P, Fonseca LP, Aleixo S, Calado CRC. Characterization of gastric cells infection by diverse Helicobacter pylori strains through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 210:193-202. [PMID: 30453195 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The infection of Helicobacter pylori, covering 50% of the world-population, leads to diverse gastric diseases as ulcers and cancer along the life-time of the human host. To promote the discovery of biomarkers of bacterial infection, in the present work, Fourier-transform infrared spectra were acquired from adenocarcinoma gastric cells, incubated with H. pylori strains presenting different genotypes concerning the virulent factors cytotoxin associated gene A and vacuolating cytotoxin A. Defined absorbance ratios were evaluated by diverse methods of statistical inference, according to the fulfillment of the tests assumptions. It was possible to define from the gastric cells, diverse absorbance ratios enabling to discriminate: i) The infection; ii) the bacteria genotype; and iii) the gastric disease of the patients from which the bacteria were isolated. These biomarkers could fasten the knowledge of the complex infection process while promoting a platform for a new diagnostic method, rapid but also specific and sensitive towards the diagnosis of both infection and bacterial virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanda Marques
- ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bernardo Cunha
- ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Couto
- ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Sampaio
- Faculty of Engineering, Lusophone University of Humanities and Technology, Campo Grande, 376, 1749-019 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís P Fonseca
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Aleixo
- ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estatística e Aplicações, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília R C Calado
- ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Pandey S, Jha HC, Shukla SK, Shirley MK, Robertson ES. Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Suppressors by Helicobacter pylori Enhances EBV-Induced Proliferation of Gastric Epithelial Cells. mBio 2018; 9:e00649-18. [PMID: 29691341 PMCID: PMC5915740 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00649-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are two well-known contributors to cancer and can establish lifelong persistent infection in the host. This leads to chronic inflammation, which also contributes to development of cancer. Association with H. pylori increases the risk of gastric carcinoma, and coexistence with EBV enhances proliferation of infected cells. Further, H. pylori-EBV coinfection causes chronic inflammation in pediatric patients. We have established an H. pylori-EBV coinfection model system using human gastric epithelial cells. We showed that H. pylori infection can increase the oncogenic phenotype of EBV-infected cells and that the cytotoxin-associated gene (CagA) protein encoded by H. pylori stimulated EBV-mediated cell proliferation in this coinfection model system. This led to increased expression of DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs), which reprogrammed cellular transcriptional profiles, including those of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), through hypermethylation. These findings provide new insights into a molecular mechanism whereby cooperativity between two oncogenic agents leads to enhanced oncogenic activity of gastric cancer cells.IMPORTANCE We have studied the cooperativity between H. pylori and EBV, two known oncogenic agents. This led to an enhanced oncogenic phenotype in gastric epithelial cells. We now demonstrate that EBV-driven epigenetic modifications are enhanced in the presence of H. pylori, more specifically, in the presence of its CagA secretory antigen. This results in increased proliferation of the infected gastric cells. Our findings now elucidate a molecular mechanism whereby expression of cellular DNA methyl transferases is induced influencing infection by EBV. Hypermethylation of the regulatory genomic regions of tumor suppressor genes results in their silencing. This drastically affects the expression of cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA repair genes, which dysregulates their associated processes, and promotion of the oncogenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Pandey
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanket Kumar Shukla
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Meghan K Shirley
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erle S Robertson
- Departments of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, and Microbiology, the Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Lechanteur A, das Neves J, Sarmento B. The role of mucus in cell-based models used to screen mucosal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 124:50-63. [PMID: 28751201 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in developing tools to predict drug absorption through mucosal surfaces is fostering the establishment of epithelial cell-based models. Cell-based in vitro techniques for drug permeability assessment are less laborious, cheaper and address the concerns of using laboratory animals. Simultaneously, in vitro barrier models that thoroughly simulate human epithelia or mucosae may provide useful data to speed up the entrance of new drugs and new drug products into the clinics. Nevertheless, standard cell-based in vitro models that intend to reproduce epithelial surfaces often discard the role of mucus in influencing drug permeation/absorption. Biomimetic models of mucosae in which mucus production has been considered may not be able to fully reproduce the amount and architecture of mucus, resulting in biased characterization of permeability/absorption. In these cases, artificial mucus may be used to supplement cell-based models but still proper identification and quantification are required. In this review, considerations regarding the relevance of mucus in the development of cell-based epithelial and mucosal models mimicking the gastro-intestinal tract, the cervico-vaginal tract and the respiratory tract, and the impact of mucus on the permeability mechanisms are addressed. From simple epithelial monolayers to more complex 3D structures, the impact of the presence of mucus for the extrapolation to the in vivo scenario is critically analyzed. Finally, an overview is provided on several techniques and methods to characterize the mucus layer over cell-based barriers, in order to intimately reproduce human mucosal layer and thereby, improve in vitro/in vivo correlation.
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11
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Sandoval-Bórquez A, Polakovicova I, Carrasco-Véliz N, Lobos-González L, Riquelme I, Carrasco-Avino G, Bizama C, Norero E, Owen GI, Roa JC, Corvalán AH. MicroRNA-335-5p is a potential suppressor of metastasis and invasion in gastric cancer. Clin Epigenetics 2017; 9:114. [PMID: 29075357 PMCID: PMC5645854 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-017-0413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple aberrant microRNA expression has been reported in gastric cancer. Among them, microRNA-335-5p (miR-335), a microRNA regulated by DNA methylation, has been reported to possess both tumor suppressor and tumor promoter activities. Results Herein, we show that miR-335 levels are reduced in gastric cancer and significantly associate with lymph node metastasis, depth of tumor invasion, and ultimately poor patient survival in a cohort of Amerindian/Hispanic patients. In two gastric cancer cell lines AGS and, Hs 746T the exogenous miR-335 decreases migration, invasion, viability, and anchorage-independent cell growth capacities. Performing a PCR array on cells transfected with miR-335, 19 (30.6%) out of 62 genes involved in metastasis and tumor invasion showed decreased transcription levels. Network enrichment analysis narrowed these genes to nine (PLAUR, CDH11, COL4A2, CTGF, CTSK, MMP7, PDGFA, TIMP1, and TIMP2). Elevated levels of PLAUR, a validated target gene, and CDH11 were confirmed in tumors with low expression of miR-335. The 3′UTR of CDH11 was identified to be directly targeted by miR-335. Downregulation of miR-335 was also demonstrated in plasma samples from gastric cancer patients and inversely correlated with DNA methylation of promoter region (Z = 1.96, p = 0.029). DNA methylation, evaluated by methylation-specific PCR assay, was found in plasma from 23 (56.1%) out of 41 gastric cancer patients but in only 9 (30%) out of 30 healthy donors (p = 0.029, Pearson’s correlation). Taken in consideration, our results of the association with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis together with functional assays on cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity are in accordance with the downregulation of miR-335 in gastric cancer. Conclusions Comprehensive evaluation of metastasis and invasion pathway identified a subset of associated genes and confirmed PLAUR and CDH11, both targets of miR-335, to be overexpressed in gastric cancer tissues. DNA methylation of miR-335 may be a promissory strategy for non-invasive approach to gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-017-0413-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Sandoval-Bórquez
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Iva Polakovicova
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Carrasco-Véliz
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto de Química, Faculty of Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Lorena Lobos-González
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Fundación Ciencia y Vida, Parque Biotecnológico, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ismael Riquelme
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Carrasco-Avino
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Bizama
- Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Norero
- Esophagogastric Surgery Unit, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile.,Digestive Surgery Department, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gareth I Owen
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Roa
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, BIOREN-CEGIN, and Graduate Program in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H Corvalán
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center UC for Investigational in Oncology (CITO), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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12
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Modification of Ganglioside Content of Human Gastric Epithelial Cell Membrane Decreases Helicobacter pylori Adhesion. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65:456-461. [PMID: 28945209 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In polarized cells, ganglioside location determines ganglioside function. Diet alters ganglioside content and composition in cell membranes. Ganglioside acts as a receptor for Helicobacter pylori. H pylori infects the stomach epithelium and may cause peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The present study used purified gangliosides to modify the ganglioside composition of human gastric epithelial cells in vitro to reduce H pylori adhesion. METHODS A human gastric epithelial cell line (NCI-N87) was cultured with a ganglioside mix or with pure ganglioside (GM3 or GD3) at different concentrations (0-30 μg/mL) and ganglioside membrane content of gastric cells was determined after 48 hours. LC/triple quadrupole MS was used to analyse ganglioside concentration. H pylori was inoculated into the culture media of gastric cells previously treated with gangliosides GM3 or GD3 or a combination of GM3 and GD3. RESULTS GD3 and GM3 content increased in the plasma membrane in a dose-dependent manner. Gastric cells treated with GD3 showed more GM3 content than GD3 (P < 0.01). Ganglioside content was modified in the apical membrane, but GM3 and GD3 were also found in the basolateral membrane after treatments. Gastric cells treated with GM3, GD3 or the combination of GM3:GD3 decreased H pylori adhesion to gastric cells at all ganglioside concentrations tested by 80% compared with untreated gastric cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that GD3 and GM3 present in the stomach lumen may be taken up into the apical gastric membrane and decrease H pylori adhesion to the epithelium.
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13
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Lemieux M, Gosselin P, Mateescu MA. Carboxymethyl starch mucoadhesive microspheres as gastroretentive dosage form. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:497-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Turkina MV, Olofsson A, Magnusson KE, Arnqvist A, Vikström E. Helicobacter pylori vesicles carrying CagA localize in the vicinity of cell-cell contacts and induce histone H1 binding to ATP in epithelial cells. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv076. [PMID: 25956174 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori produces outer membrane vesicles (OMV), delivering bacterial substances including the oncogenic cytotoxin-associated CagA protein to their surroundings. We investigated the effects of H. pylori OMV carrying CagA (OMV-CagA) on cell junctions and ATP-binding proteome of epithelial monolayers, using proteomics, mass spectrometry and imaging. OMV-CagA localized in close vicinity of ZO-1 tight junction protein and induced histone H1 binding to ATP. We suggest the expression of novel events in the interactions between H. pylori OMV and epithelia, which may have an influence on host gene transcription and lead to different outcomes of an infection and development of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Turkina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annelie Olofsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karl-Eric Magnusson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Arnqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elena Vikström
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
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15
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Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 suppression and arginine restriction inhibit cell migration in gastric cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9783. [PMID: 25928182 PMCID: PMC4415574 DOI: 10.1038/srep09783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer metastasis remains a major cause of cancer-related deaths. There is an
urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches targeting metastatic gastric
cancer. Argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression is increased in gastric
cancer. We detected the protein expression of ASS1 in human gastric cancer cell
lines (AGS, NCI-N87, and MKN45) and in murine gastric cancer cell lines (3I and
3IB2). We used vector-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression to silence ASS1
expression in the MKN45 and 3IB2 cell lines, and analyzed the effects of this
protein on cell migration and metastasis. We demonstrated that ASS1 silencing
suppressed cell migration in the MKN45 and 3IB2 cell lines. ASS1 knockdown
significantly reduced liver metastasis in mice after the intrasplenic implantation
of 3IB2 cancer cell clones. To determine whether arginine restriction may represent
a therapeutic approach to treat gastric cancer, the sensitivity of tumor cells to
arginine depletion was determined in gastric cancer cells. Arginine depletion
significantly inhibited cell migration in the gastric cancer cell line. The
silencing of ASS1 expression in MKN45 and 3IB2 gastric cancer cells markedly
decreased STAT3 protein expression. In conclusion, our results indicate that the
ASS1 protein is required for cell migration in gastric cancer cell lines.
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16
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Matsumoto H, Tsuchiya T, Yoshiura KI, Hayashi T, Hidaka S, Nanashima A, Nagayasu T. ABCC11/MRP8 Expression in the Gastrointestinal Tract and a Novel Role for Pepsinogen Secretion. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2014; 47:85-94. [PMID: 25320405 PMCID: PMC4164699 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in chemotherapy resistance. Multidrug-resistance protein 8 (ABCC11/MRP8) is also involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) metabolism. 5-FU and its derivatives are widely used in the treatment of gastrointestinal tract cancers, but little is known about the contribution of ABCC11/MRP8 to gastrointestinal tract and related cancers. Here, we report our investigation of ABCC11/MRP8 expression in normal and cancerous gastrointestinal tract tissues and reveal its novel role in the gastric mucosa. In tissue microarray and surgically resected cancer specimens, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed significantly reduced expression of ABCC11/MRP8 in gastrointestinal tract cancers compared with other cancers. In contrast, strong ABCC11/MRP8 expression was observed in normal gastric mucosa. Additional immunofluorescence assays revealed co-localization of ABCC11/MRP8 and pepsinogen I in normal gastric chief cells. Quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis also revealed significant expression of ABCC11/MRP8 in fundic mucosa where the chief cells are mainly located. Furthermore, the ABCC11 mRNA-suppressed NCI-N87 gastric cancer cell line failed to secret pepsinogen I extracellularly. Thus, low expression of ABCC11/MRP8 is consistent with chemotherapeutic regimens using 5-FU and its derivatives in gastrointestinal tract cancers. Our results indicated a novel function of ABCC11/MRP8 in the regulation of pepsinogen I secretion in the normal gastric chief cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Matsumoto
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tomoshi Tsuchiya
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Koh-ichiro Yoshiura
- Department of Human Genetics, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | | | - Shigekazu Hidaka
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Atsushi Nanashima
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Takeshi Nagayasu
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgical Oncology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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17
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Marcus EA, Vagin O, Tokhtaeva E, Sachs G, Scott DR. Helicobacter pylori impedes acid-induced tightening of gastric epithelial junctions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G731-9. [PMID: 23989011 PMCID: PMC3840231 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00209.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric infection by Helicobacter pylori is the most common cause of ulcer disease and gastric cancer. The mechanism of progression from gastritis and inflammation to ulcers and cancer in a fraction of those infected is not definitively known. Significant acidity is unique to the gastric environment and is required for ulcer development. The interplay between gastric acidity and H. pylori pathogenesis is important in progression to advanced disease. The aim of this study was to characterize the impact of acid on gastric epithelial integrity and cytokine release and how H. pylori infection alters these responses. Human gastric epithelial (HGE-20) cells were grown on porous inserts, and survival, barrier function, and cytokine release were studied at various apical pH levels in the presence and absence of H. pylori. With apical acidity, gastric epithelial cells demonstrate increased barrier function, as evidenced by increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and decreased paracellular permeability. This effect is reduced in the presence of wild-type, but not urease knockout, H. pylori. The epithelial inflammatory response is also modulated by acidity and H. pylori infection. Without H. pylori, epithelial IL-8 release decreases in acid, while IL-6 release increases. In the presence of H. pylori, acidic pH diminishes the magnitude of the previously reported increase in IL-8 and IL-6 release. H. pylori interferes with the gastric epithelial response to acid, contributing to altered barrier function and inflammatory response. H. pylori diminishes acid-induced tightening of cell junctions in a urease-dependent manner, suggesting that local pH elevation promotes barrier compromise and progression to mucosal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Marcus
- 1Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga Vagin
- 2Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Elmira Tokhtaeva
- 2Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - George Sachs
- 2Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,3Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; and ,4Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - David R. Scott
- 2Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; ,4Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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18
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Helicobacter pylori-induced disruption of monolayer permeability and proinflammatory cytokine secretion in polarized human gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2013; 81:876-83. [PMID: 23297384 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01406-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach is related to the development of diverse gastric pathologies. The ability of H. pylori to compromise epithelial junctional complexes and to induce proinflammatory cytokines is believed to contribute to pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to use an in vitro human gastric epithelial model to investigate the ability of H. pylori to affect permeability and the extent and polarity of the host inflammatory response. NCI-N87 monolayers were cocultured with live or heat-killed H. pylori or culture supernatants. Epithelial barrier function was measured by transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) analysis, diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled markers, and immunostaining for tight junction proteins. Supernatants from both apical and basolateral chambers were tested for cytokine production by multiplex analysis. H. pylori caused a significant decrease in TEER, an increased passage of markers through the infected monolayer, and severe disruption and mislocalization of ZO-1 and claudin-1 proteins. Cell viability was not altered by H. pylori, indicating that loss of barrier function could be attributed to a breakdown of tight junction integrity. Significantly high levels of cytokine secretion were induced by either viable or heat-killed H. pylori. H. pylori affects monolayer permeability of polarized human gastric epithelial cells. Proinflammatory cytokines were secreted in a polarized manner, mostly basolaterally. Live bacteria are required for disruption of tight junctions but not for the induction of cytokine secretion. The NCI-N87 cell line provides an excellent model for the in vitro study of H. pylori pathogenesis and the epithelial cell host response to infection.
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19
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Park YS, Guang W, Blanchard TG, Chul Kim K, Lillehoj EP. Suppression of IL-8 production in gastric epithelial cells by MUC1 mucin and peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G765-74. [PMID: 22766852 PMCID: PMC3468531 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
MUC1 is a membrane-tethered mucin expressed on the apical surface of epithelial cells. Our previous report (Guang W, Ding H, Czinn SJ, Kim KC, Blanchard TG, Lillehoj EP. J Biol Chem 285: 20547-20557, 2010) demonstrated that expression of MUC1 in AGS gastric epithelial cells limits Helicobacter pylori infection and reduces bacterial-driven IL-8 production. In this study, we identified the peroxisome proliferator-associated receptor-γ (PPARγ) upstream of MUC1 in the anti-inflammatory pathway suppressing H. pylori- and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated IL-8 production. Treatment of AGS cells with H. pylori or PMA increased IL-8 levels in cell culture supernatants compared with cells treated with the respective vehicle controls. Prior small interfering (si)RNA-induced MUC1 silencing further increased H. pylori- and PMA-stimulated IL-8 levels compared with a negative control siRNA. MUC1-expressing AGS cells pretreated with the PPARγ agonist troglitazone (TGN) had reduced H. pylori- and PMA-stimulated IL-8 levels compared with cells treated with H. pylori or PMA alone. However, following MUC1 siRNA knockdown, no differences in IL-8 levels were seen between TGN/H. pylori and H. pylori-only cells or between TGN/PMA and PMA-only cells. Finally, TGN-treated AGS cells had increased Muc1 promoter activity, as measured using a Muc1-luciferase reporter gene, and greater MUC1 protein levels by Western blot analysis, compared with vehicle controls. These results support the hypothesis that PPARγ stimulates MUC1 expression by AGS cells, thereby attenuating H. pylori- and PMA-induced IL-8 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sung Park
- 1Department of Physiology and Lung Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Wei Guang
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas G. Blanchard
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - K. Chul Kim
- 1Department of Physiology and Lung Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Erik P. Lillehoj
- 2Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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20
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Vitoriano I, Saraiva-Pava KD, Rocha-Gonçalves A, Santos A, Lopes AI, Oleastro M, Roxo-Rosa M. Ulcerogenic Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from children: a contribution to get insight into the virulence of the bacteria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26265. [PMID: 22039453 PMCID: PMC3198394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is the major cause for the development of peptic ulcer disease (PUD). In children, with no other etiology for the disease, this rare event occurs shortly after infection. In these young patients, habits of smoking, diet, consumption of alcohol and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and stress, in addition to the genetic susceptibility of the patient, represent a minor influence. Accordingly, the virulence of the implicated H. pylori strain should play a crucial role in the development of PUD. Corroborating this, our in vitro infection assays comparing a pool of five H. pylori strains isolated from children with PUD to a pool of five other pediatric clinical isolates associated with non-ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) showed the greater ability of PUD strains to induce a marked decrease in the viability of gastric cells and to cause severe damage in the cells cytoskeleton as well as an impairment in the production/secretion of mucins. To uncover virulence features, we compared the proteome of these two groups of H. pylori strains. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by mass-spectrometry allowed us to detect 27 differentially expressed proteins between them. In addition to the presence of genes encoding well established virulence factors, namely cagA, vacAs1, oipA “on” status, homB and jhp562 genes, the pediatric ulcerogenic strains shared a proteome profile characterized by changes in the abundance of: motility-associated proteins, accounting for higher motility; antioxidant proteins, which may confer increased resistance to inflammation; and enzymes involved in key steps in the metabolism of glucose, amino acids and urea, which may be advantageous to face fluctuations of nutrients. In conclusion, the enhanced virulence of the pediatric ulcerogenic H. pylori strains may result from a synergy between their natural ability to better adapt to the hostile human stomach and the expression of the established virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Vitoriano
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Andrea Santos
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana I. Lopes
- Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Universitário de Santa Maria/Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Oleastro
- Departamento de Doenças Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica Roxo-Rosa
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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21
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The NCI-N87 cell line as a gastric epithelial barrier model for drug permeability assay. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:429-34. [PMID: 21821011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the human NCI-N87 cell line as a model for gastric permeability drug studies under pH conditions of the stomach. The optimal conditions that led NCI-N87 cells to form a typical differentiated gastric epithelial barrier were a seeding density of 2.5 × 10⁵ cells/cm² on porous inserts and growth in serum-complemented RPMI-1640 medium until 18-27 days post-confluency. The resulting cell monolayers showed moderately high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values of about 500 Ω cm², cells of polygonal morphology expressing E-cadherin and ZO-1 proteins at their contact surfaces, and production of mucus clusters. The monolayers withstood apical pH of 7.4 down to 3.0 with the basal pH fixed at 7.4. The apparent permeability coefficients (P(app)) of model compounds were evaluated in the apical-to-basolateral and basolateral-to-apical directions under different pH gradients. The monolayers were impermeable to the integrity marker Lucifer Yellow (low P(app) of 0.3-1.1 × 10⁻⁶ cm/s). The furosemide P(app) (0.4-1.5 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s) were slightly dependent on pH but remained moderate. The caffeine P(app) (4.2-5.0 × 10⁻⁵ cm/s) were higher and insensitive to pH changes. The NCI-N87 cell line provides a useful in vitro tool to assess gastric drug permeability and absorption under physiologic conditions prevailing in the human stomach.
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22
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Role of gastric epithelial cell-derived transforming growth factor beta in reduced CD4+ T cell proliferation and development of regulatory T cells during Helicobacter pylori infection. Infect Immun 2011; 79:2737-45. [PMID: 21482686 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01146-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric epithelial cells (GECs) express the class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and costimulatory molecules, enabling them to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and affect local T cell responses. During Helicobacter pylori infection, GECs respond by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and by increasing the surface expression of immunologically relevant receptors, including class II MHC. The CD4(+) T cell response during H. pylori infection is skewed toward a Th1 response, but these cells remain hyporesponsive. Activated T cells show decreased proliferation during H. pylori infection, and CD4(+) CD25(+) FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are present at the site of infection. In this study, we examined the mechanisms surrounding the CD4(+) T cell responses during H. pylori infection and found that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) plays a major role in these responses. GECs produced TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in response to infection. Activated CD4(+) T cells in culture with H. pylori-treated GECs were decreased in proliferation but increased upon neutralization of TGF-β. Naïve CD4(+) T cell development into Tregs was also enhanced in the presence of GEC-derived TGF-β. Herein, we demonstrate a role for GEC-produced TGF-β in the inhibition of CD4(+) T cell responses seen during H. pylori infection.
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Gnad T, Feoktistova M, Leverkus M, Lendeckel U, Naumann M. Helicobacter pylori-induced activation of beta-catenin involves low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 and Dishevelled. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:31. [PMID: 20137080 PMCID: PMC2825249 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The human microbial pathogen Helicobacter pylori resides in the stomach of about fifty percent of the world's population and represents a risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcers and, in rare cases, gastric cancer. Alterations of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway have been described in almost every human cancer disease, due to the regulation of target genes being involved in cell cycle control, differentiation, cell migration or stem cell control. Our study aimed to elucidate the role of proximal Wnt signaling components low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and Dishevelled (Dvl) in the activation of β-catenin early after infection of gastric epithelial cells with H. pylori. Results Infection of gastric epithelial NCI-N87 cells with H. pylori induces rapid phosphorylation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway co-receptor LRP6 independent of the cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) or vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). However, bacteria lacking a functional type 4 secretion system (T4SS) failed to induce LRP6 phosphorylation. Further, we identified proteins of the Dvl family, namely Dvl2 and Dvl3, which are involved in LRP6 phosphorylation. H. pylori-induced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and its transcriptional activation, and expression of Wnt target genes are strongly reduced in stable knockdown cell lines deficient for LRP6, Dvl2 or Dvl3. Conclusion We analysed the H. pylori-induced activation of Wnt-signaling factors and demonstrate for the first time that the canonical Wnt-signaling proteins LRP6 and Dvl2 and Dvl3 are involved in the regulation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Gnad
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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24
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Carl-McGrath S, Gräntzdörffer I, Lendeckel U, Ebert MP, Röcken C. Angiotensin II-generating enzymes, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and mast cell chymase (CMA1), in gastric inflammation may be regulated by H. pylori and associated cytokines. Pathology 2010; 41:419-27. [PMID: 19424904 DOI: 10.1080/00313020902885037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The local angiotensin II system (LAS) has numerous functions, including the regulation of growth and differentiation in the gastrointestinal tract. Angiotensin II (AngII) may be generated by angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE) or mast cell chymase (CMA1) and plays an important role in inflammatory processes, although opinions differ as to which AngII-generating enzyme is primarily associated with AngII-mediated effects. ACE inhibitors have been shown to have a protective or healing effect on gastric ulcers and colitis in animal models, which could be related to the local expression of ACE. METHODS The localisation of ACE and CMA1 was examined immunohistochemically in Helicobacter pylori gastritis, non-H. pylori gastritis, gastric ulcers and non-lesional gastric tissues. Using real-time qRT-PCR, ACE- and CMA1-mRNA expression in gastric cell lines were examined and changes in ACE levels after exposure to H. pylori or cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF, TGFbeta1) were quantified. RESULTS ACE and CMA1 were not expressed in the non-lesional foveolar epithelium. Cytoplasmic staining for ACE in fundic chief cells, and apical membranous expression of ACE in the mucin-secreting cells of the antral and pyloric region was observed. ACE was found in endothelial cells of the gastric ulcer granulation tissue and CMA1 was strongly expressed in mast cells. ACE but not CMA1 was expressed in the MKN28, N87 and MKN45 gastric cell lines, and ACE mRNA expression was regulated by both H. pylori and the cytokines. CONCLUSIONS ACE in the gastric mucosa and the microvasculature of granulation tissue may represent a novel therapeutic target for the promotion of healing processes in gastritis and ulceration using ACE inhibitors or AT1R antagonists.
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25
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Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and interleukin-8 produced by gastric epithelial cells during Helicobacter pylori exposure induce expression and activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Infect Immun 2008; 76:3233-40. [PMID: 18474653 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01534-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While a link between Helicobacter pylori exposure and gastric cancer has been established, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. H. pylori induces a chronic inflammatory response in infected individuals. A link between chronic inflammation and carcinogenesis has long been suggested but never elucidated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an important role in both proinflammatory and procarcinogenic mechanisms and is upregulated on gastric epithelial cells (GECs) during H. pylori exposure. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two important proinflammatory cytokines released during H. pylori infection, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and interleukin-8 (IL-8), on the expression and transactivation of EGFR and on the proliferation of GECs during H. pylori exposure. The expression of EGFR by GECs was increased by exposure to either H. pylori, recombinant MIF, or recombinant IL-8. However, cag pathogenicity island knockout strains of H. pylori had very little effect on expression. MIF and IL-8 also induced phosphorylation of EGFR, signaling events, and proliferation during H. pylori exposure, all of which were decreased when they were neutralized by these cytokines or were blocked from their receptors. The overall role of EGFR in these responses to H. pylori exposure was assessed by knocking down EGFR expression by small interfering RNA.
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Yap YL, Zhang XW, Smith D, Soong R, Hill J. Molecular gene expression signature patterns for gastric cancer diagnosis. Comput Biol Chem 2007; 31:275-87. [PMID: 17631416 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It is an accepted clinical practice to diagnose gastric cancer by using histological techniques on tissue obtained through endoscopic biopsy. However, the use of these techniques often results in difficulty distinguishing between benign and malignant growth due to the ambiguous nature of some of the morphological features observed. In order to improve this situation, public domain gene expression data has been analysed and a set of molecular gene expression signatures has been discovered that distinguishes between normal and malignant growth. In addition, a separate distinct gene expression signature has been identified that appears to aid in the prognosis and indicate survival rates of patients. It is proposed that the use of the molecular gene expression signatures described in this manuscript when used in conjunction with the traditional histological techniques already in clinical practice will enhance and improve the diagnosis of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Leng Yap
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), 30 Biopolis Street, #07-01, Matrix, Singapore 138671, Singapore.
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Krueger S, Hundertmark T, Kuester D, Kalinski T, Peitz U, Roessner A. Helicobacter pylori alters the distribution of ZO-1 and p120ctn in primary human gastric epithelial cells. Pathol Res Pract 2007; 203:433-44. [PMID: 17509776 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is related to the development of diverse gastric pathologies, possibly by affecting epithelial junctional complexes that define cell polarity and play an essential role in transepithelial transport and cell-cell adhesion. Using primary gastric epithelial cell cultures, effects of H. pylori on the expression and localization of tight/adherence junction proteins and the resulting morphological changes and migratory capabilities were studied under in vivo-like conditions. Gastric epithelial cells were isolated from biopsies or gastrectomies and maintained in Quantum286 on collagen I-coated culture dishes or cover-slips. Cell cultures were characterized and further analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescent staining for ZO-1, p120ctn, and H. pylori CagA. Morphological changes and migratory response were monitored by time-lapse digital image microscopy. ZO-1 and p120ctn protein expression levels remain unaffected by H. pylori infection. Immunocytochemistry on H. pylori-infected primary cell monolayers focally showed disruption of intercellular ZO-1 staining and accumulation of ZO-1 in small vesicles. H. pylori infection recruited non-phosphorylated p120ctn to perinuclear vesicles. The fraction of phosphorylated p120ctn increased and could be detected in the nucleus, at the cell membrane, and at the leading edge of migrating cells. These alterations, triggered by H. pylori infection, are associated with an elongation phenotype and increased migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Krueger
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Tani Y, Akiyama Y, Fukamachi H, Yanagihara K, Yuasa Y. Transcription factor SOX2 up-regulates stomach-specific pepsinogen A gene expression. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2006; 133:263-9. [PMID: 17136346 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcription factor SOX2 is expressed in normal gastric mucosae but not in the normal colon. We aimed to clarify the role of SOX2 with reference to pepsinogen expression in the gastrointestinal epithelium. METHODS We analyzed expression of SOX2 and pepsinogens, differentiation markers of the stomach, in ten gastric cancer (GC) and ten colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. The effects of over-expression and down-regulation of SOX2 on pepsinogen expression were also examined. RESULTS Six GC and five CRC cell lines showed SOX2 expression on RT-PCR. Expression of pepsinogen A was detectable in eight GC and seven CRC cell lines, whereas the majority of the cell lines expressed pepsinogen C. Over-expression of SOX2 up-regulated expression of pepsinogen A but not that of pepsinogen C in 293T human embryonic kidney cells, and some GC and CRC cell lines. Moreover, pepsinogen A expression was significantly reduced by SOX2 RNA interference in two GC cell lines. CONCLUSION These data suggest that SOX2 plays an important role in regulation of pepsinogen A, and ectopic expression of SOX2 may be associated with abnormal differentiation of colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyo Tani
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
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Ferreira B, Marcos NT, David L, Nakayama J, Reis CA. Terminal α1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine in Helicobacter pylori-associated Intestinal Metaplasia of the Human Stomach and Gastric Carcinoma Cell Lines. J Histochem Cytochem 2006; 54:585-91. [PMID: 16618943 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.5a6836.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is associated with the development of gastric lesions including gastritis, intestinal metaplasia (IM), and gastric carcinoma. In humans, Hp is found almost exclusively in the foveolar epithelium of the gastric mucosa and rarely colonizes the deeper portions where mucous cells of the glands produce mucins with terminal α1, 4-GlcNAc O-glycans. This structure exerts antimicrobial activity against Hp. The development of IM in the stomach is characterized by Hp clearance from the metaplastic glands and by major alterations in the expression of mucins and mucin-carbohydrates. The present work evaluated whether terminal α1,4-GlcNAc and sialyl-Tn antigen are implicated in the process of Hp clearance from metaplastic glands by analyzing the expression of these antigens in different types of IM—complete ( n=12) and incomplete ( n=8)—and in gastric cell lines. Terminal α1,4-GlcNAc was not detected in IM except in a single foci of one case, indicating that this structure is not implicated in the clearance of Hp from IM, in contrast to what is observed in normal gastric mucosa. None of the gastric carcinoma cell lines studied showed terminal α1,4-GlcNAc, suggesting that they do not display a gastric gland mucous cell phenotype and therefore are useful models for in vitro Hp studies. Finally, sialyl-Tn antigen colocalizes with MUC2 mucin and is present in all cases of complete and incomplete IM, suggesting that either or both can be implicated in Hp clearance from IM. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:585-591, 2006)
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Ferreira
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal
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Freire T, Bay S, von Mensdorff-Pouilly S, Osinaga E. Molecular Basis of Incomplete O-Glycan Synthesis in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: Putative Role of MUC6 in Tn Antigen Expression. Cancer Res 2005; 65:7880-7. [PMID: 16140958 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An incomplete elongation of O-glycan saccharide chains in mucins have been found in epithelial cancers, leading to the expression of shorter carbohydrate structures, such as the Tn antigen (GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr). This antigen is one of the most specific human cancer-associated structures and is capable of inducing effective immune responses against cancer cells. We aimed to investigate the causes of the expression of Tn antigen in the Tn-rich MCF-7 breast cancer cell line focusing on the first step of the O-glycosylation process. Interestingly, amino acid sequences derived from "non-mammary" apomucins (MUC5B and MUC6) were very good acceptor substrates for ppGalNAc-Ts, which are the enzymes catalyzing the Tn antigen synthesis. MUC6 peptide glycosylation with MCF-7 microsome extracts as source of ppGalNAc-T activity yielded 95% conversion of the peptide into MUC6-Tn. In addition, the MUC6-Tn glycopeptide was a poor acceptor substrate for core 1 beta3Gal-T, the next enzyme involved in the saccharide chain biosynthesis, yielding only 5% conversion of MUC6-Tn into MUC6-TF. These results indicate that non-mammary apomucin expression could be responsible, at least in part, for Tn antigen expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells due to a combined action on glycosyltransferases: an increase of ppGalNAc-T activity and a decrease of core 1 beta3Gal-T activity. Our hypothesis is supported by experiments in vivo showing that (a) native MUC6 glycoproteins express the Tn antigen in MCF-7 cells and (b) Tn antigen expression is increased after transfection with a construct encoding for a MUC6 recombinant protein into the low Tn-expressing breast cancer cell T47D. These results open new horizons in breast cancer glycoimmunology, stressing the potential role of non-mammary apomucins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Freire
- Laboratorio de Oncología Básica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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31
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Kang W, Rathinavelu S, Samuelson LC, Merchant JL. Interferon gamma induction of gastric mucous neck cell hypertrophy. J Transl Med 2005; 85:702-15. [PMID: 15765119 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the gastric epithelium is believed to induce mucosal changes that can eventually develop into gastric cancer. In gastrin-deficient (G-/-) mice exhibiting chronic inflammation in the hypochlorhydric stomach, we documented a prominent fundic mucous cell lineage sharing morphological similarity with preneoplastic changes reported in Helicobacter-infected mice. To study the identity and origin of this cell lineage, we screened for different gastric mucosal cell markers. The clusters of large, foamy cells stained for trefoil factor 2 (TFF2/SP), MUC6 and the lectin Griffonia Simplicifolia II (GSII), but not for the intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2, suggested that they arise from gastric mucous neck cells. Ki67-labeled GSII-positive neck cells in Helicobacter felis-infected, but not G-/- stomachs, suggested that mucous neck cell proliferation accounted for expansion of this compartment in the H. felis model of gastritis, but not the G-/- model. Using RNase protection assays and quantitative PCR, we found that interferon gamma (IFNgamma) was the most abundant proinflammatory cytokine in the G-/- stomach. We also found that this Th1 cytokine can increase the abundance of mucous neck cells, since its infusion into mice recapitulated the appearance of these cells as observed in both G-/- and H. felis-infected mice. Using the human gastric cell line NCI-N87, we showed that IFNgamma induces the secretion of mucus and expression of MUC6, TFF2 and pepsinogen II, but not of pepsinogen I and intrinsic factor. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that inflammation, specifically the proinflammatory cytokine IFNgamma, induced expansion of the fundic mucous neck cell compartment, which likely represents both increased mucus production and cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqun Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Tétreault MP, Chailler P, Rivard N, Ménard D. Differential growth factor induction and modulation of human gastric epithelial regeneration. Exp Cell Res 2005; 306:285-97. [PMID: 15878352 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2005.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
While several autocrine/paracrine growth factors (GFs) can all stimulate epithelial regeneration in experimentally wounded primary gastric cultures, clinical relevance for their non-redundant cooperative actions in human gastric ulcer healing is suggested by the sequential pattern of GF gene induction in vivo. Using new HGE cell lines able to form a coherent monolayer with tight junctions as well as using primary human gastric epithelial cultures, we show that EGF, TGFalpha, HGF and IGFs accelerate epithelial restitution upon wounding, independently of the TGFbeta pathway (as opposed to intestinal cells). However, they differently modulate cell behavior: TGFalpha exerts strong effects (even more than EGF) on cytoplasmic spreading and non-oriented protruding activity of bordering cells whereas HGF preferentially coordinates single lamella formation, cell elongation and migration into the wound. IGF-I and IGF-II rather induce the alignment of bordering cells and maintain a compact monolayer front. The number of mitotic cells maximally increases with EGF, followed by TGFalpha and IGF-I,-II. The current study demonstrates that GFs differentially regulate the regeneration of human gastric epithelial cells through specific modulation of cell shape adaptation, migration and proliferation, further stressing that a coordination of GF activities would be necessary for the normal progression of post-wounding epithelial repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Tétreault
- CIHR Group on the Functional Development and Physiopathology of the Digestive Tract, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th Avenue N, Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada J1H 5N4
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Chailler P, Ménard D. Establishment of human gastric epithelial (HGE) cell lines exhibiting barrier function, progenitor, and prezymogenic characteristics. J Cell Physiol 2005; 202:263-74. [PMID: 15389599 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The unavailability of human cell lines representative of the gastric glandular epithelium while able to form a functional barrier restricts the application of a cell culture approach to the field of gastric epithelial physiology. In the current study, we have characterized new non-transfected clones isolated from gastric carcinoma cell lines known to express functional markers of the human gastric mucosa (J Cell Biochem 2001;81:241). Twenty-one clones exhibiting epithelial-type junctions (renamed HGE cell lines) were isolated from NCI-N87 (ATCC CRL 5822), whereas only squamous cell lines could be generated from other native strains. Of these 21 clones, HGE-17 and HGE-20 formed dense coherent monolayers and displayed true epithelial phenotype. E-cadherin and ZO-1 proteins were consistently localized at the periphery of all cells which also generated transepithelial electrical resistance. Moreover, growth factors known to be trophic for the gastric mucosa were able to stimulate mitogenesis at subconfluence. HGE-17 exhibited a poorly differentiated precursor-like status and responded strongly to EGF/TGFalpha treatment in restitution assays. HGE-20 cells, on the other hand, exhibited a higher degree of differentiation at the ultrastructural level as well as higher gastric lipase and pepsinogen levels. These latter zymogens were compartmentalized into granules which also contained mucin-6 (MUC6, prezymogenic-like status). Exogenous hormones, i.e., 1 mug/ml hydrocortisone and 5 microM retinoic acid, significantly increased enzyme levels in HGE-20. In conclusion, HGE-17 and HGE-20 represent the first human gastric cell lines with true epithelial characteristics, opening a venue to important applications for the study of re-epithelization, permeability, and regulation of digestive functions in the context of gastric physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chailler
- CIHR Group on Functional Development and Physiopathology of the Digestive Tract, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke (Québec), Canada
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Rieder G, Tessier AJ, Qiao XT, Madison B, Gumucio DL, Merchant JL. Helicobacter-induced intestinal metaplasia in the stomach correlates with Elk-1 and serum response factor induction of villin. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:4906-12. [PMID: 15576363 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection results in serious sequelae, including atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and gastric cancer. Intestinal metaplasia in the stomach is defined by the presence of intestine-like cells expressing enterocyte-specific markers, such as villin. In this study, we demonstrate that villin is expressed in intestine-like cells that develop after chronic infection with H. pylori in both human stomach and in a mouse model. Transfection studies were used to identify specific regions of the villin promoter that are inducible by exposure of the cells to H. pylori. We demonstrated that induction of the villin promoter by H. pylori in a human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line (AGS) required activation of the Erk pathway. Elk-1 and the serum response factor (SRF) are downstream transcriptional targets of the Erk pathway. We observed inducible binding of Elk-1 and the SRF after 3 and 24 h of treatment with H. pylori, suggesting that the bacteria alone are sufficient to initiate a cascade of signaling events responsible for villin expression. Thus, H. pylori induction of villin in the stomach correlates with activation and cooperative binding of Elk-1 and the SRF to the proximal promoter of villin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Rieder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0682, USA
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35
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Conlin VS, Curtis SB, Zhao Y, Moore EDW, Smith VC, Meloche RM, Finlay BB, Buchan AMJ. Helicobacter pylori infection targets adherens junction regulatory proteins and results in increased rates of migration in human gastric epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2004; 72:5181-92. [PMID: 15322013 PMCID: PMC517469 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.9.5181-5192.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori attaches to antral epithelial cells in vivo. Cultured human antral epithelial cells, AGS and NCI-N87 cell lines, were grown in the absence or presence of H. pylori and compared with respect to gene transcript levels, protein expression, organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and the regulation of cell migration. The Clontech Neurobiology array detected differentially expressed transcripts, while Western blots were used to investigate related changes in protein levels. Infection with H. pylori consistently upregulated annexin II, S100 A7, Rho-GTP, and IQGAP-1, whereas SSTR-1 was downregulated upon H. pylori infection. In the adherens junction, E-cadherin and IQGAP-1 were translocated from the plasma membrane to intracellular vesicles. The primary and NCI-N87 cells were similar with respect to cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion and cell migratory behavior; in contrast the AGS cells were significantly different from the primary gastric epithelial cell preparations, and thus caution must be used when using this cell line for studies of gastric disease. These studies demonstrate a correlation between H. pylori infection and alterations to epithelial cell adhesion molecules, including increased levels of Rho-GTP and cell migration. These data indicate that destabilizing epithelial cell adherence is one of the factors increasing the risk of H. pylori-infected individuals developing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Conlin
- Department of Physiology, University of British Columbia, 2146 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Tsutsumi S, Mima S, Tomisato W, Hoshino T, Tsuchiya T, Mizushima T. Molecular mechanism of adaptive cytoprotection induced by ethanol in human gastric cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003; 228:1089-95. [PMID: 14530521 DOI: 10.1177/153537020322800917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive cytoprotection is the process by which the pretreatment of cells with low concentrations of a noxious agent prevents the damage caused by a subsequent exposure of those cells to higher concentrations of that same agent. In this study, a human gastric carcinoma cell line was used to examine the molecular mechanism of adaptive cytoprotection induced by ethanol. Pretreatment of cells with 1%-4% ethanol made cells resistant to a subsequent exposure to 8% ethanol. This adaptive cytoprotection was accompanied by an increase in prostaglandin E2 synthesis and was partially inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, but not by an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1. Furthermore, the adaptive cytoprotection was not dependent on newly synthesized proteins and was inhibited by a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Based on these results, it is proposed that the stimulation of cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 synthesis, which is regulated post-translationally by protein tyrosine phosphorylation, plays an important role in adaptive cytoprotection induced by ethanol in gastric cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tsutsumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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37
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Ebert MPA, Yu J, Hoffmann J, Rocco A, Röcken C, Kahmann S, Müller O, Korc M, Sung JJ, Malfertheiner P. Loss of beta-catenin expression in metastatic gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:1708-14. [PMID: 12721245 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2003.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Beta-catenin (beta-catenin) participates in intercellular adhesion and is an integral part of the Wnt signaling pathway. The role of beta-catenin in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer and its metastasis is largely unknown. PATIENTS AND METHODS Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were used to analyze the expression of beta-catenin in 87 human gastric cancers, in metastasis and cancer cell lines. The beta-catenin and the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes were analyzed for gene mutations. Furthermore, methylation of the beta-catenin promoter in cell lines was assessed by treatment with 5'-azadeoxycytidine and sodium bisulfite genomic sequencing. RESULTS beta-Catenin expression was present at either the cell membrane or the cytoplasm in 34 of 75 primary gastric cancers. Expression of beta-catenin was significantly more frequent in intestinal-type (P =.0049) and well-differentiated gastric cancers (P <.001). There were no quantitative differences between gastric cancers and the nonmalignant gastric tissues, as determined by Western blot analysis. One of 18 metastatic cancer lesions and four of five gastric cancer cell lines expressed beta-catenin protein. N87 cells, derived from the liver metastasis of a gastric cancer, did not express beta-catenin. Treatment with 5'-azadeoxycytidine restored beta-catenin protein levels in this cell line, which exhibited significantly more 5-methylcytosines in the beta-catenin promoter compared with the other cell lines. CONCLUSION beta-Catenin expression is lost in a subgroup of primary gastric cancers, is frequently absent in metastases, and exhibits nuclear localization in cancers with either beta-catenin or APC gene mutations. Interestingly, the loss of beta-catenin expression in metastatic gastric cancers may result from hypermethylation of the beta-catenin promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias P A Ebert
- Otto-von-Guericke University, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Infectious Diseases, Leipzigerstr 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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38
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Akagi M, Kawaguchi M, Liu W, McCarty MF, Takeda A, Fan F, Stoeltzing O, Parikh AA, Jung YD, Bucana CD, Mansfield PF, Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Induction of neuropilin-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor by epidermal growth factor in human gastric cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:796-802. [PMID: 12618892 PMCID: PMC2376351 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) pathway plays a pivotal role in the progression of human gastric cancer. The angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be induced by EGF in various cancer cell lines. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) acts as a coreceptor for VEGF-165 and increases its affinity for VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in endothelial cells. Furthermore, NRP-1 has been found to be expressed by tumour cells and has been shown to enhance tumour angiogenesis and growth in preclinical models. We examined the expression of NRP-1 mRNA and EGF-R protein in seven human gastric cancer cell lines. NRP-1 expression was expressed in five of seven cell lines, and EGF-R expression closely mirrored NRP-1 expression. Moreover, in EGF-R-positive NCI-N87 and ST-2 cells, EGF induced both NRP-1 and VEGF mRNA expression. C225, a monoclonal antibody to EGF-R, blocked EGF-induced NRP-1 and VEGF expression in NCI-N87 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of NCI-N87 cells with EGF resulted in increases in phosphorylation of Erk1/2, Akt, and P38. Blockade of the Erk, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt, or P38 pathways in this cell line prevented EGF induction of NRP-1 and VEGF. These results suggest that regulation of NRP-1 expression in human gastric cancer is intimately associated with the EGF/EGF-R system. Activation of EGF-R might contribute to gastric cancer angiogenesis by a mechanism that involves upregulation of VEGF and NRP-1 expression via multiple signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M Kawaguchi
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - W Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - M F McCarty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A Takeda
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - F Fan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - O Stoeltzing
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - A A Parikh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Y D Jung
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - C D Bucana
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - P F Mansfield
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - D J Hicklin
- ImClone Systems, Inc., 180 Varick Street, New York, NY 10014, USA
| | - L M Ellis
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Box 444, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail:
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