1
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Sidler E, Hein R, Doellerer D, Feringa BL. Redox-Switchable Aromaticity in a Helically Extended Indeno[2,1- c]fluorene. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19168-19176. [PMID: 38954739 PMCID: PMC11258684 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Molecular switches have received major attention to enable the reversible modulation of various molecular properties and have been extensively used as trigger elements in diverse fields, including molecular machines, responsive materials, and photopharmacology. Antiaromaticity is a fascinating property that has attracted not only significant fundamental interest but is also increasingly relevant in different applications, in particular organic (opto)electronics. However, designing systems in which (anti)aromaticity can be judiciously and reversibly switched ON and OFF remains challenging. Herein, we report a helicene featuring an indenofluorene-bridged bisthioxanthylidene as a novel switch wherein a simultaneous two-electron (electro)chemical redox process allows highly reversible modulation of its (anti)aromatic character. Specifically, the two thioxanthylidene rotors, attached to the initially aromatic indenofluorene scaffold via overcrowded alkenes, adopt an anti-folded structure, which upon oxidation convert to singly bonded, twisted conformations. This is not only associated with significant (chir)optical changes but importantly also results in formation of the fully conjugated, formally antiaromatic as-indacene motif in the helical core of the switch. This process proceeds without the buildup of radical cation intermediates and thus enables highly reversible switching of molecular geometry, aromaticity, absorbance, and chiral expression under ambient conditions, as evidenced by NMR, UV-vis, CD, and (spectro)electrochemical analyses, supported by DFT calculations. We expect this concept to be extendable to a wide range of robust antiaromatic-aromatic switches and to provide a basis for modulation of the structure and properties of these fascinating inherently chiral polycyclic π-scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Doellerer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The
Netherlands
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2
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Ishigaki Y, Harimoto T, Shimajiri T, Suzuki T. Carbon-based Biradicals: Structural and Magnetic Switching. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13952-13965. [PMID: 37948658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Sterically hindered C═C double bonds often deform into a bent or twisted geometry. Thus, many overcrowded ethylenes or anthraquinodimethanes can adopt multiple conformations, such as a folded form or a twisted form, which are interconvertible under the application of external stimuli. A perpendicular form with biradical character can also be adopted when designed to incorporate a stable carbon-based radical unit, which is involved in stimuli-responsive magnetic switching accompanied by a structural change. This review focuses on recent advances in the development of such strained π-electron systems and reveals the factors that affect the mutual interconversion and switching behavior. The energy barrier for the interconversion of conformational isomers is affected by the tricyclic skeleton or bulky substituents on the C═C double bonds, whereas the relative stability of the perpendicular biradical form increases with the additional insertion of 9,10-anthrylene units into the C═C double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Ishigaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takashi Harimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Takuya Shimajiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Creative Research Institution, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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3
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Yamada K, Adachi Y, Ohshita J. Synthesis and Properties of Boron-Containing Heteromerous Bistricyclic Aromatic Enes: Structural Effects on Thermodynamic Stability and Photoreactivity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302370. [PMID: 37793988 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes (BAEs) have several conformations such as twisted and anti-folded conformers, and their stereochemistry and chromism have been studied in earnest. In this study, boron-containing heteromerous BAEs having various tricyclic structures were synthesized and their photophysical properties investigated. Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the introduction of a rigid fluorene unit resulted in a twisted conformer, whereas the introduction of flexible units such as thioxanthene and 9,9-dimethyl-9,10-dihydroanthracene units resulted in an anti-folded conformer. The absorption spectra of the heteromerous BAEs were dependent on the introduced tricyclic structures, suggesting the immense impact of the tricyclic structures on the electronic structures of BAEs. DFT calculations revealed the large effect of the flexibility of the tricyclic structures on the thermodynamic stability of the conformers. In addition, the boron-containing heteromerous BAEs underwent photocyclization reactions, indicating their potential application as precursors of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and helical aromatic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Yamada
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Yohei Adachi
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Smart Innovation Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
- Division of Materials Model-Based Research, Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education and Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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4
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Zhu X, Liu F, Ba X, Wu Y. Synthesis of Fused-Ring Derivatives Containing Bifluorenylidene Units via Pd-Catalyzed Tandem Multistep Suzuki Coupling/Heck Cyclization Reaction. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15964-15968. [PMID: 37897428 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of bifluorenylidene derivatives has been facilely synthesized via a palladium-catalyzed tandem multistep Suzuki cross-coupling and Heck cyclization in one pot. The tandem reaction involves two sequential Suzuki couplings and a subsequent Heck cyclization. The target products are obtained in good yields up to 94%. Even in an extended conjugated substrate, the anticipated products can be prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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5
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Tobe Y. An open-shell molecule that exhibits conformational dynamics. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1490-1492. [PMID: 37907606 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center, The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Japan.
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6
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Incorporating sulfur into redox-active reagents and materials. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Wilming FM, Becker J, Schreiner PR. Quantifying Solvophobic Effects in Organic Solvents Using a Hydrocarbon Molecular Balance. J Org Chem 2021; 87:1874-1878. [PMID: 34758618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate the use of the cohesive energy density (ced) as a quantitative descriptor for solvophobic effects in organic solvents by measuring ΔGZ/E of the rigid Z- and E-2,2'-diethynyl-9,9'-bifluorenylidene. In line with previously employed balances, solvent-dependent changes in ΔGZ/E are predominantly induced by solvophobic effects, leading to a strong correlation with the solvent's ced. We re-emphasize the role of ceds as quantitative descriptors of solvophobic effects of organic solvents. Our experimental findings are well supported by B3LYP-D3/def2TZVP computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Finn M Wilming
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schreiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (ZfM), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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8
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Wonink MBS, Corbet BP, Kulago AA, Boursalian GB, de Bruin B, Otten E, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Three-State Switching of an Anthracene Extended Bis-thiaxanthylidene with a Highly Stable Diradical State. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18020-18028. [PMID: 34695359 PMCID: PMC8569810 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multistable molecular switching system based on an anthracene-extended bis-thiaxanthylidene with three individually addressable states that can be interconverted by electrochemical, thermal, and photochemical reactions is reported. Besides reversible switching between an open-shell diradical- and a closed-shell electronic configuration, our findings include a third dicationic state and control by multiple actuators. This dicationic state with an orthogonal conformation can be switched electrochemically with the neutral open-shell triplet state with orthogonal conformation, which was characterized by EPR. The remarkably stable diradical shows kinetic stability as a result of a significant activation barrier for isomerization to a more stable neutral closed-shell folded geometry. We ascribe this activation barrier of ΔG⧧(293 K) = 25.7 kcal mol-1 to steric hindrance in the fjord region of the overcrowded alkene structure. The folded closed-shell state can be converted back to the diradical state by irradiation with 385 nm. The folded state can also be oxidized to the dicationic state. These types of molecules with multiple switchable states and in particular stable diradicals show great potential in the design of new functional materials such as memory devices, logic gates, and OFETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco B S Wonink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Brian P Corbet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Artem A Kulago
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gregory B Boursalian
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Otten
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wesley R Browne
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Budy H, Kaese T, Bolte M, Lerner H, Wagner M. A Chemiluminescent Tetraaryl Diborane(4) Tetraanion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19397-19405. [PMID: 34161639 PMCID: PMC8456833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two subvalent, redox-active diborane(4) anions, [3]4- and [3]2- , carrying exceptionally high negative charge densities are reported: Reduction of 9-methoxy-9-borafluorene with Li granules without stirring leads to the crystallization of the B(sp3 )-B(sp2 ) diborane(5) anion salt Li[5]. [5]- contains a 2,2'-biphenyldiyl-bridged B-B core, a chelating 2,2'-biphenyldiyl moiety, and a MeO substituent. Reduction of Li[5] with Na metal gives the Na+ salt of the tetraanion [3]4- in which two doubly reduced 9-borafluorenyl fragments are linked via a B-B single bond. Comproportionation of Li[5] and Na4 [3] quantitatively furnishes the diborane(4) dianion salt Na2 [3], the doubly boron-doped congener of 9,9'-bis(fluorenylidene). Under acid catalysis, Na2 [3] undergoes a formal Stone-Wales rearrangement to yield a dibenzo[g,p]chrysene derivative with B=B core. Na2 [3] shows boron-centered nucleophilicity toward n-butyl chloride. Na4 [3] produces bright blue chemiluminescence when exposed to air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Budy
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
| | - Thomas Kaese
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 760438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
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10
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Corbet BP, Wonink MBS, Feringa BL. Fast synthesis and redox switching of di- and tetra-substituted bisthioxanthylidene overcrowded alkenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7665-7668. [PMID: 34254090 PMCID: PMC8330637 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method for the synthesis of overcrowded alkenes using (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane provides a range of substituted bisthioxanthylidenes. We show large conformational redox switching from folded to orthogonal states, which tolerates many substitution patterns. The facile access to bisthioxanthylidene switches with the potential for further functionalization, in combination with the reliable redox chemistry, provides major opportunities for the design of electrochemically responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Corbet
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco B S Wonink
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands.
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11
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Budy H, Kaese T, Bolte M, Lerner H, Wagner M. A Chemiluminescent Tetraaryl Diborane(4) Tetraanion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Budy
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Thomas Kaese
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Hans‐Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt (Main) Germany
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12
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Adachi Y, Nomura T, Tazuhara S, Naito H, Ohshita J. Thiophene-based twisted bistricyclic aromatic ene with tricoordinate boron: a new n-type semiconductor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:1316-1319. [PMID: 33471001 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of tricoordinate boron into conjugated systems is of current interest in the field of organic electronics. In this study, a tricoordinate boron-embedded thiophene-based bistricyclic aromatic ene (BAE) was synthesized as a new boron-containing conjugated system. The combination of tricoordinate boron and fused thiophene rings imposed the twisted conformation in the BAE structure, resulting in the narrow energy absorption with the low-lying LUMO. Preliminary studies on the application of the highly electron-deficient boron-embedded BAE to organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) were also performed, revealing its moderately high electron mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Adachi
- Applied Chemistry Program, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
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13
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Iitsuka H, Li K, Kobayashi M, Iida K, Yonezawa N, Okamoto A. Crystal structure of 1,2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxy-2,3,8-trimethoxyacenaphthene: formation of a five-membered intramolecular O—H...O hydrogen-bonded ring. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2021; 77:175-179. [PMID: 33614149 PMCID: PMC7869547 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989021000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the crystal of the title compound, the formation of an intramolecular O–H⋯O hydrogen bond between the hydroxy group and the methoxy group at the 1,2-positions of the acenaphthene ring core giving rise to a five-membered cyclic organization is observed. In the molecular packing, a pair of non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forms centrosymmetric dimeric structures. The structure of the title compound, C27H22F2O4, at 193 K has triclinic (P) symmetry. The hydroxy and methoxy groups at the 1,2-positions of the acenaphthene core display a cis configuration. Both substituents are involved in the formation of a five-membered intramolecular O—H⋯O hydrogen-bonded ring. The 4-fluorophenyl rings make dihedral angles of 87.02 (7) and 51.86 (8)° with the naphthalene ring system. In the crystal, a pair of non-classical C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds forms centrosymmetric dimeric structures. The dimeric aggregates are linked in the ac plane through non-classical C—H⋯F hydrogen bonds and C—H⋯π interactions.
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14
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Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of chromic overcrowded fluorenylidene-acridanes with modified fluorene moieties. Commun Chem 2020; 3:93. [PMID: 36703367 PMCID: PMC9814365 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromic materials, an important class of stimuli-responsive materials, have aroused extensive attention in recent years. Normally, their color is based on changes in morphology. Few examples of chromic material based on conformational isomerization, such as in overcrowded alkenes, have been reported previously. Furthemore, experimental thermodynamic studies of overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes have not been carried out to our knowledge. Here, we show that N-phenyl-substituted fluorenylidene-acridanes, with a properly modified fluorene moiety, performs chromisms originating from conformational changes. Thermodynamic studies determine equilibrium constants, changes in enthalpy, entropy, and free energy in solution, enabling in-depth understanding of the equilibrium behavior of overcrowded alkenes and providing useful information for designing functional chromic compounds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of fluorenylidene-acridanes in this work clearly shows well-tuned charge transfer from the acridane to the fluorene moiety. Various chromic behaviors such as mechanochromism, thermochromism, solvatochromism, vapochromism, and proton-induced chromism also support understanding of conformational isomerism.
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15
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Synthesis and characterization of an unexpected mechanochromicbistricyclic aromatic ene. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Zhang A, Jiang W, Wang Z. Fulvalene‐Embedded Perylene Diimide and Its Stable Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:752-757. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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17
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Nishiuchi T, Ito R, Stratmann E, Kubo T. Switchable Conformational Isomerization of an Overcrowded Tristricyclic Aromatic Ene. J Org Chem 2019; 85:179-186. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryuoh Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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18
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Zhang A, Jiang W, Wang Z. Fulvalene‐Embedded Perylene Diimide and Its Stable Radical Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular EngineeringDepartment of ChemistryTsinghua University Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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19
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Shimizu M, Nishimura K, Mineyama M, Fuji H. Palladium-Catalyzed Annulation of Phenazastannines with 9-(Dibromomethylene)fluorene and -(thio)xanthenes: Facile Synthesis of Acridine Moiety-Containing Bis(tricyclic) Aromatic Enes. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimizu
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Kenta Nishimura
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Mizuki Mineyama
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Haruka Fuji
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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20
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Nishiuchi T, Ito R, Takada A, Yasuda Y, Nagata T, Stratmann E, Kubo T. Anthracene-Attached Persistent Tricyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Radicals. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1830-1836. [PMID: 30614632 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthracene-attached tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals having different central polygons, Ant-5, Ant-6, and Ant-7, were synthesized to evaluate the role of an anthracene substituent group in the stability and reactivity of tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon radicals. The bulky anthryl group effectively protects a carbon atom with high spin density, resulting in high persistence of the radicals. On the other hand, the combination of the anthryl group and the tricyclic aromatic scaffold makes the molecular structure drastically change from a twisted form to a folded form and an unpaired electron moves into the anthryl moiety, eventually affording a tail-to-tail σ-dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ryuoh Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Aya Takada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuri Yasuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takaya Nagata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Erik Stratmann
- Department of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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21
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Klein P, Jötten HJ, Aitchison CM, Clowes R, Preis E, Cooper AI, Sprick RS, Scherf U. Aromatic polymers made by reductive polydehalogenation of oligocyclic monomers as conjugated polymers of intrinsic microporosity (C-PIMs). Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00869a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of tetrabenzohepta- or -pentafulvalene connectors into soluble, aromatic polymers results in significantly different optical spectra and intrinsic microporosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Klein
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | - Hauke J. Jötten
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | | | - Rob Clowes
- Materials Innovation Factory
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Eduard Preis
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
| | | | | | - Ullrich Scherf
- Macromolecular Chemistry
- University of Wuppertal
- 42119 Wuppertal
- Germany
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22
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Hirao Y, Hamamoto Y, Nagamachi N, Kubo T. Solvent viscosity-dependent isomerization equilibrium of tetramethoxy-substituted bianthrone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:12209-12216. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01836k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The designed and synthesized tetramethoxy-substituted bianthrone exists as an equilibrium mixture of the folded and twisted conformers in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Yosuke Hamamoto
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nagamachi
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
- Japan
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23
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Urieta-Mora J, García-Benito I, Molina-Ontoria A, Martín N. Hole transporting materials for perovskite solar cells: a chemical approach. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:8541-8571. [PMID: 30283961 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00262b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic solar cells based on perovskites have come to the forefront in science by achieving exceptional power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in less than a decade of research. This "still young" generation of solar cells is currently rivalling, in PCEs, well-established technologies, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and silicon. Further improvements in device stability by means of innovative materials are yet to come, with technology becoming closer to meeting the market requirements. Emerging from this groundbreaking discovery, a great number of charge transporting materials have flourished, which is particularly true for hole transporting materials (HTMs). The huge number of molecules prepared stem from design and engineering of a wide variety of new and also chemically modified old molecules where organic synthesis has played a fundamental role. In this review, the contribution of chemistry through those synthetic protocols used for producing new and innovative HTMs from relatively simple organic molecules is presented in a rational and systematic manner. The variety and impact of synthetic strategies followed, the structure-property relationship and stability, conductivity and device performance are highlighted from a chemical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Urieta-Mora
- Departamento Química Orgánica, Facultad C. C. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Av. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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24
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Kuwahara S, Suzuki Y, Sugita N, Ikeda M, Nagatsugi F, Harada N, Habata Y. Thermal E/Z Isomerization in First Generation Molecular Motors. J Org Chem 2018; 83:4800-4804. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kuwahara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Research Center for Materials with Integrated Properties, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yuri Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Naoya Sugita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mari Ikeda
- Education Center, Faculty of Engineering, Chiba Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Shibazono, Narashino, Chiba 275-0023, Japan
| | - Fumi Nagatsugi
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Harada
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yoichi Habata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
- Research Center for Materials with Integrated Properties, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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25
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Hirao Y, Nagamachi N, Hosoi K, Kubo T. Polarity-Dependent Isomerization of an Unsymmetrical Overcrowded Ethylene Promoted by Zwitterionic Contribution in the Twisted Isomer. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:510-514. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama; Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nagamachi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama; Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Katsuma Hosoi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama; Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama; Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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26
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Takai A, Freas DJ, Suzuki T, Sugimoto M, Labuta J, Haruki R, Kumai R, Adachi SI, Sakai H, Hasobe T, Matsushita Y, Takeuchi M. The effect of a highly twisted CC double bond on the electronic structures of 9,9′-bifluorenylidene derivatives in the ground and excited states. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A highly twisted CC double bond elicits changes in the physicochemical properties of π-systems.
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27
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Sarkar S, Row TNG. A heuristic approach to evaluate peri interactions versus intermolecular interactions in an overcrowded naphthalene. IUCRJ 2017; 4:37-49. [PMID: 28250940 PMCID: PMC5331464 DOI: 10.1107/s205225251601808x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Octachloronaphthalene (OCN), a serious environmental pollutant, has been investigated by charge density analysis to unravel several unexplored factors responsible for steric overcrowding. The topological features of the enigmatic peri interactions contributing to steric overcrowding are qualified and quantified from experimental and theoretical charge-density studies. A new facet in the fundamental understanding of peri interactions is revealed by NCI (non-covalent interaction) analysis. The potential role of these interactions in deforming the molecular geometry and subsequent effect on aromaticity are substantiated from NICS (Nuclear Independent Chemical Shift) and QTAIM (Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules) calculations. The eye-catching dissimilarity in the out-of-plane twisting of OCN renders the molecule in an asymmetric geometry in the crystalline phase compared with symmetric geometry in the optimized solvated phase. This is uniquely characterized by their molecular electrostatic potential (MESP), respectively, and is explained in terms of conflict between two opposing forces - peri interactions, and symbiotic intermolecular Cl⋯Cl and Cl⋯π contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sarkar
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Tayur N. Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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28
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Wentrup C, Regimbald‐Krnel MJ, Müller D, Comba P. A Thermally Populated, Perpendicularly Twisted Alkene Triplet Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14600-14605. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Michèle J. Regimbald‐Krnel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Dennis Müller
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and IWR Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Comba
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and IWR Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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29
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Wentrup C, Regimbald-Krnel MJ, Müller D, Comba P. A Thermally Populated, Perpendicularly Twisted Alkene Triplet Diradical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Curt Wentrup
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Michèle J. Regimbald-Krnel
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Dennis Müller
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and IWR; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Peter Comba
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut and IWR; Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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30
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Kistemaker JCM, Pizzolato SF, van Leeuwen T, Pijper TC, Feringa BL. Spectroscopic and Theoretical Identification of Two Thermal Isomerization Pathways for Bistable Chiral Overcrowded Alkenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:13478-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jos C. M. Kistemaker
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Stefano F. Pizzolato
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas van Leeuwen
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Thomas C. Pijper
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ben L. Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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31
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Oruganti B, Fang C, Durbeej B. Computational design of faster rotating second-generation light-driven molecular motors by control of steric effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:21740-51. [PMID: 26234787 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02303c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a systematic computational investigation of the possibility to accelerate the rate-limiting thermal isomerizations of the rotary cycles of synthetic light-driven overcrowded alkene-based molecular motors through modulation of steric interactions. Choosing as a reference system a second-generation motor known to accomplish rotary motion in the MHz regime and using density functional theory methods, we propose a three-step mechanism for the thermal isomerizations of this motor and show that variation of the steric bulkiness of the substituent at the stereocenter can reduce the (already small) free-energy barrier of the rate-determining step by a further 15-17 kJ mol(-1). This finding holds promise for future motors of this kind to reach beyond the MHz regime. Furthermore, we demonstrate and explain why one particular step is kinetically favored by decreasing and another step is kinetically favored by increasing the steric bulkiness of this substituent, and identify a possible back reaction capable of impeding the rotary rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden.
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32
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Assadi N, Pogodin S, Agranat I. Dynamic Stereochemistry of Monobridged Tetraarylethene Naphthologues. Variations of Bistricyclic Aromatic Enes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naela Assadi
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Philadelphia Bldg. #201/205, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Sergey Pogodin
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Philadelphia Bldg. #201/205, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Israel Agranat
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Philadelphia Bldg. #201/205, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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33
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Levy A, Cohen S, Pogodin S, Agranat I. Selenium- and tellurium-bridged heteromerous overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes with central six-member and seven-member rings. Struct Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-015-0675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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34
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Suissa MR, Cohen S, Pogodin S, Agranat I. Heteromerous Bistricyclic Aromatic Enes: Dynamic Stereochemistry of Xanthylidene-Anthrones. Chirality 2015; 27:919-28. [PMID: 26425788 DOI: 10.1002/chir.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The heteromerous bistricyclic aromatic ene (BAE) 2,2'-dimethyl-10-(9H-xanthylidene)-9(10H)-anthrone (DMXA) was synthesized by a condensation of 10,10-dichloro-2-methylxanthene with 2-methylanthrone. X-ray crystallography of (E)-DMXA and xanthylidene-anthrone (XA) indicated that the molecules adopt anti-folded conformations with folding dihedral angles of 44°/44° and 39°/41°, respectively. The crystal structure of anti-folded (E)-DMXA does not indicate any xanthenylium-anthracenolate push-pull effect. E,Z-diastereomerization of DMXA was studied by (1) H-NMR coalescence-temperature measurements at different magnetic field strengths and by kinetic equilibration experiments. Free energy of activation for this process was 81.5 (±1.3) kJ/mol. B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) calculations showed that anti-folded conformers of XA, (E)-DMXA, bianthrone (AA), and dixanthylene (XX) were global minima. The twisted conformers of XA, AA, and XX were local minima (ΔG298 = 16, 18, and 24 kJ/mol) with a substantial dipolar xanthenylium-anthracenolate dipolar contribution for XA. Chirality 27:919-928, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rachel Suissa
- Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Oslo, Norway
| | - Shmuel Cohen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sergey Pogodin
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Israel Agranat
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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35
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Biedermann PU, Agranat I. Stereochemistry of bistricyclic aromatic enes and related polycyclic systems. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2015; 350:177-277. [PMID: 25005068 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bistricyclic aromatic enes (BAEs) and related polycyclic systems are a class of molecular materials that display a rich variety of conformations, dynamic stereochemistry and switchable chirality, color, and spectroscopic properties. This is due to the a subtle interplay of the inherent preference for planarity of aromatic systems and the competing necessity of non-planarity due to intramolecular overcrowding in the fjord regions built into the general molecular structure of BAEs. The conformational, dynamic, and spectroscopic properties may be designed and fine-tuned, e.g., by variation of the bridging groups X and Y, the overcrowding in the fjord regions, extensions of the aromatic system, or other modifications of the general BAE structure, based on the fundamental understanding of the structure-property relationships (SPR). The present review provides an analysis of the conformational spaces and the dynamic stereochemistry of overcrowded bistricyclic aromatic enes applying fundamental symmetry considerations. The symmetry analysis presented here allows deeper insight into the conformations, chirality, and the mechanisms of the dynamic stereochemistry, and will be instrumental in future computational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ulrich Biedermann
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Philadelphia Bldg. #201-205, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel,
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36
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Hammer N, Shubina TE, Gisselbrecht JP, Hampel F, Kivala M. Synthesis and Properties of Arylvinylidene-Bridged Triphenylamines. J Org Chem 2015; 80:2418-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502605e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hammer
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tatyana E. Shubina
- Computer
Chemistry Center (CCC), Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, D-91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jean-Paul Gisselbrecht
- Laboratoire
d’Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, Institut
de Chimie-UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue
Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frank Hampel
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Milan Kivala
- Lehrstuhl
für Organische Chemie I, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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38
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Tian Y, Uchida K, Kurata H, Hirao Y, Nishiuchi T, Kubo T. Design and Synthesis of New Stable Fluorenyl-Based Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12784-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ja507005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tian
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kurata
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Hirao
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry,
Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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39
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40
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Zhang J, Xu B, Chen J, Ma S, Dong Y, Wang L, Li B, Ye L, Tian W. An organic luminescent molecule: what will happen when the "butterflies" come together? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:739-45. [PMID: 24306899 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201303639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cross dipole stacking based on a novel fluorescent molecule, 9,10-bis (2,2-diphenylvinyl) anthracene (BDPVA), is presented. The butterfly-like structure of BDPVA is the key feature to form the unique aggregation structure and such a stacking mode is highly beneficial for fluorescence emission, resulting in high-performance amplified spontaneous emission and electroluminescence of BDPVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No.2699, Changchun, 130012, China
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41
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Kim HU, Kim JH, Suh H, Kwak J, Kim D, Grimsdale AC, Yoon SC, Hwang DH. High open circuit voltage organic photovoltaic cells fabricated using 9,9′-bifluorenylidene as a non-fullerene type electron acceptor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:10950-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46557h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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44
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Takezawa H, Murase T, Fujita M. Temporary and Permanent Trapping of the Metastable Twisted Conformer of an Overcrowded Chromic Alkene via Encapsulation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17420-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja308101a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takezawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-8656, Japan
| | - Takashi Murase
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-8656, Japan
| | - Makoto Fujita
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo
113-8656, Japan
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Assadi N, Pogodin S, Agranat I. Peterson Olefination: Unexpected Rearrangement in the Overcrowded Polycyclic Aromatic Ene Series. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Filatov M. Theoretical Study of the Photochemistry of a Reversible Three-State Bis-Thiaxanthylidene Molecular Switch. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:3348-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Naumov P, Ishizawa N, Wang J, Pejov L, Pumera M, Lee SC. On the origin of the solid-state thermochromism and thermal fatigue of polycyclic overcrowded enes. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:8563-70. [PMID: 21692530 DOI: 10.1021/jp2040339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aimed at unraveling the relative contribution of the folding, twisting and bending in the mechanism of the solid-state thermochromism of overcrowded polycyclic aromatic enes (PAEs), the structures of two typical heteromeric and homomeric representatives, 2-(thioxanthen-9-ylidene)indane-1,3-dione (1) and 9,9'-bi-9(10H)-anthracenylidene-10,10'-dione (bianthrone, 2), were studied by temperature-resolved single crystal X-ray diffraction (120-530 K) and solid-state UV-visible spectroscopy. Aside from negligibly small unfolding of the tricyclic moiety of 1, this first direct diffraction study of the high-temperature structures of solid PAEs did not unravel any significant and detectable changes in the time- and space-averaged intramolecular structures, thus, showing that the PAE-type thermochromism is not due to phase transitions or to major and permanent molecular distortions of a large portion of the material that would be caused by folding, twisting and/or bending. Instead, the experimental observations and theoretical modeling indicated that the color change is probably due to a dynamic process, where the absorption spectrum changes as a result of enhanced thermal oscillations of the two halves of the molecules around the central bridge. In addition to the reversible coloration, we also observed irreversible processes of thermal fatigue that afford stable chemical products that absorb in the visible region. We showed that the stable products are conductive and they act electrocatalytically toward oxidation of several biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panče Naumov
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Ababneh-Khasawneh M, Fortier-McGill BE, Occhionorelli ME, Bain AD. Solvent Effects on Chemical Exchange in a Push–Pull Ethylene as Studied by NMR and Electronic Structure Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:7531-7. [PMID: 21627168 DOI: 10.1021/jp201885q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blythe E. Fortier-McGill
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Marzia E. Occhionorelli
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Alex D. Bain
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4M1
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Luo J, Song K, Gu FL, Miao Q. Switching of non-helical overcrowded tetrabenzoheptafulvalene derivatives. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1sc00340b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Aikawa H, Takahira Y, Yamaguchi M. Synthesis of 1,8-di(1-adamantyl)naphthalenes as single enantiomers stable at ambient temperatures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:1479-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc03025b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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