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He L, Deng T, Huang Y, Yang W, Yang J, Song G. Association between 23 drugs and inflammatory bowel disease: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1371362. [PMID: 38835788 PMCID: PMC11149542 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1371362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases characterized by chronic and recurrent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The etiology of IBD remains multifaceted and poorly understood, resulting in limited treatment options that primarily target disease induction and remission maintenance. Thus, the exploration of novel therapeutic options for IBD among existing medications is advantageous. Mendelian randomization analysis (MR) serves as a valuable tool in investigating the relationship between drugs and diseases. In this study, MR analysis was employed to investigate the potential causal relationship between 23 approved drugs for the treatment of various diseases and IBD. Method We performed a two-sample MR analysis using publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) statistics. The inverse variance weighting (IVW) method was used as the main analysis method, supplemented by the remaining four methods (weighted median, MR Egger regression, simple and weighted models), and Meta-analysis was performed to expand the sample size to obtain a more reliable composite causal effect. Finally, Cochran's Q statistic and the MR-Egger test for directed pleiotropy were applied to determine whether significant heterogeneity or directed pleiotropy existed. Results In the main MR analysis (IVW), drugs with a negative causal association with the risk of IBD were immunosuppressant {OR (95% CI) = 0.7389 [0.6311-0.8651], p = 0.0046} and diabetes drugs {OR (95% CI) = 0.9266 [0.8876-0.9674], p = 0.0058}. A positive causal association with the risk of IBD was found for salicylic acid and derivatives {OR (95% CI) = 1.2737 [1.0778-1.5053], p = 0.0345}. Negative causal associations with UC risk were identified for immunosuppressants {OR (95% CI) = 0.6660 [0.5133-0.8640], p = 0.0169} and diabetes medications {OR (95% CI) = 0.9020 [0.8508-0.9551], p = 0.0046}; positive causal associations with UC risk were found for β-receptor blockers {OR (95% CI) = 1.1893 [1.0823-1.3070], p = 0.0046}. A negative causal association with the risk of CD was found for immunosuppressants {OR (95% CI) = 0.6957 [0.5803-0.8341], p = 0.0023}. There was no statistically significant association between the remaining 19 drugs and IBD and subtypes. Conclusion This MR study provides evidence suggesting that immunosuppressants have a mitigating effect on the risk of IBD and demonstrate consistent efficacy in subtypes of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Additionally, diabetes medications show potential in reducing the risk of IBD, particularly in cases of UC, while β-blockers may elevate the risk of UC. Conversely, salicylic acid and its derivatives may increase the risk of IBD, although this effect is not consistently observed in the subtypes of the disease. These findings offer new insights into the prevention and management of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yurong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liupanshui People's Hospital, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Wangliu Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Liupanshui People's Hospital, Liupanshui, Guizhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Gengqing Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Metrohealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Ozato Y, Hara T, Meng S, Sato H, Tatekawa S, Uemura M, Yabumoto T, Uchida S, Ogawa K, Doki Y, Eguchi H, Ishii H. RNA methylation in inflammatory bowel disease. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:723-733. [PMID: 38263895 PMCID: PMC10920996 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications, including the renowned m6A, have recently garnered significant attention. This chemical alteration, present in mRNA, exerts a profound influence on protein expression levels by affecting splicing, nuclear export, stability, translation, and other critical processes. Although the role of RNA methylation in the pathogenesis and progression of IBD and colorectal cancer has been reported, many aspects remain unresolved. In this comprehensive review, we present recent studies on RNA methylation in IBD and colorectal cancer, with a particular focus on m6A and its regulators. We highlight the pivotal role of m6A in the pathogenesis of IBD and colorectal cancer and explore the potential applications of m6A modifications in the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Grants
- 18KK0251 19K22658 20H00541 21K19526 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 22H03146 22K19559 23K19505 16H06279 (PAGS) Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- grant nos. 17cm0106414h0002 JP21lm0203007 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 2021-48 Mitsubishi Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Mitsubishi Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ozato
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Tomoaki Hara
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Sikun Meng
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hiromichi Sato
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Shotaro Tatekawa
- Department of Radiation OncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Mamoru Uemura
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | | | - Shizuka Uchida
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for RNA MedicineAalborg UniversityCopenhagen SVDenmark
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation OncologyOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastrointestinal SurgeryOsaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Medical Data ScienceCenter of Medical Innovation and Translational Research, Osaka University Graduate School of MedicineSuitaJapan
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3
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Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Akobeng AK, Sarian A, Moran GW. Infliximab for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 2:CD012609. [PMID: 38372447 PMCID: PMC10875719 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012609.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody that binds and neutralises tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) which is present in high levels in the blood serum, mucosa and stool of patients with Crohn's disease. OBJECTIVES To determine the efficacy and safety of infliximab for maintaining remission in patients with Crohn's disease. SEARCH METHODS On 31 August, 2021 and 23 June, 2023, we searched CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov, and WHO ICTRP. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in which infliximab was compared to placebo or another active comparator for maintenance, remission, or response in patients with Crohn's disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Pairs of review authors independently selected studies and conducted data extraction and risk of bias assessment. We expressed outcomes as risk ratios and mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. We assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. Our primary outcome was clinical relapse. Secondary outcomes were loss of clinical response, endoscopic relapse, and withdrawal due to serious and adverse events. MAIN RESULTS Nine RCTs with 1257 participants were included. They were conducted between 1999 and 2022; seven RCTs included biologically-naive patients, and the remaining two included a mix of naive/not naive patients. Three studies included patients in clinical remission, five included patients with a mix of activity scores, and one study included biologic responders with active disease at baseline. All studies allowed some form of concomitant medication during their duration. One study exclusively included patients with fistulating disease. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 69 years old. All but one single-centre RCT were multicentre RCTs. Four studies were funded by pharmaceutical companies, two had a mix of commercial and public funding, and two had public funding. Infliximab is probably superior to placebo in preventing clinical relapse in patients who have mixed levels of clinical disease activity at baseline, and are not naive to biologics (56% vs 75%, RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.84, NNTB = 5, moderate-certainty evidence). We cannot draw any conclusions on loss of clinical response (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.96), withdrawals due to adverse events (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.19), or serious adverse events (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.36 to 1.00) because the evidence is very low certainty. Infliximab combined with purine analogues is probably superior to purine analogues for clinical relapse (12% vs 59%, RR 0.20, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.42, NNTB = 2, moderate-certainty evidence), for patients in remission, and who are not naive to biologics. We cannot draw any conclusions on withdrawals due to adverse events (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.15 to 1.49), and serious adverse events (RR 1.19, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.64) because the evidence is very low certainty. We cannot draw any conclusions about the effects of infliximab on serious adverse events compared to purine analogues (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.37 to 1.68) for a population in remission at baseline because the evidence is very low certainty. There was no evidence available for the outcomes of clinical relapse, loss of clinical response, and withdrawal due to adverse events. Infliximab may be equivalent to biosimilar for clinical relapse (47% vs 40% RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.69), and it may be slightly less effective in averting loss of clinical response (49% vs 32%, RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.23, low-certainty evidence), for a population with mixed/low disease activity at baseline. Infliximab may be less effective than biosimilar in averting withdrawals due to adverse events (27% vs 0%, RR 20.73, 95% CI 2.86 to 150.33, low-certainty evidence). Infliximab may be equivalent to biosimilar for serious adverse events (10% vs 10%, RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.39 to 2.50, low-certainty evidence). We cannot draw any conclusions on the effects of subcutaneous biosimilar compared with intravenous biosimilar on clinical relapse (RR 1.01, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.57), loss of clinical response (RR 0.94, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.25), and withdrawals due to adverse events (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.97) for an active disease population with clinical response at baseline because the evidence is of very low certainty. We cannot draw any conclusions on the effects of infliximab compared to adalimumab on loss of clinical response (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.59), withdrawals due to adverse events (RR 0.10, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.72), serious adverse events (RR 0.09, 95% CI 0.01 to 1.54) for an active disease population with clinical response at baseline because the evidence is of very low certainty. There was no evidence available for the outcome of clinical relapse. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Infliximab is probably more effective in preventing clinical relapse than placebo (moderate-certainty evidence). Infliximab in combination with purine analogues is probably more effective in preventing clinical and endoscopic relapse than purine analogues alone (moderate-certainty evidence). No conclusions can be drawn regarding prevention of loss of clinical response, occurrence of withdrawals due to adverse events, or total adverse events due to very low-certainty evidence for both of these comparisons. There may be little or no difference in prevention of clinical relapse, withdrawal due to adverse events or total adverse events between infliximab and a biosimilar (low-certainty evidence). Infliximab may lead to more loss of clinical response than a biosimilar (low-certainty evidence). We were unable to draw meaningful conclusions about other comparisons and outcomes related to missing data or very low-certainty evidence due to serious concerns about imprecision and risk of bias. Further research should focus on comparisons with other active therapies for maintaining remission, as well as ensuring adequate power calculations and reporting of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morris Gordon
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | | | - Anthony K Akobeng
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Arni Sarian
- School of Medicine, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Gordon William Moran
- National Institute of Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham and Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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Bayoumy AB, Mulder CJJ, Ansari AR, Barclay ML, Florin T, Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Derijks L, Sharma V, de Boer NKH. Uphill battle: Innovation of thiopurine therapy in global inflammatory bowel disease care. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024; 43:36-47. [PMID: 38383877 PMCID: PMC10924016 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses two major conditions: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Historically, IBD has been primarily reported in western countries, but over the past decades, its prevalence is rapidly increasing, especially in lower and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as India and China and also in Sub-Saharan Africa. The prevalence of IBD in LMICs has been the subject of growing concern due to the impact of access to public healthcare and the burden it places on healthcare resources. The classical thiopurines face significant challenges due to cessation of therapy in approximately half of patients within one year due to side effects or ineffectiveness. In this article, we highlight innovating thiopurine treatment for IBD patients in downregulating side effects and improving efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Bayoumy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Azhar R Ansari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, London Bridge Hospital, London, UK
| | - Murray L Barclay
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, Waitaha - Canterbury, New Zealand
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, Waitaha - Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Tim Florin
- Mater Research, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marianne Kiszka-Kanowitz
- Copenhagen Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children, Adolescents and Adults, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Luc Derijks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160 012, India
| | - Nanne K H de Boer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AGEM Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Yokota Y, Imai T, Kawahara M, Inatomi O, Nishida A, Kakuta Y, Masamune A, Andoh A. Thiopurines exert harmful effects on spermatogenesis in Nudt15 R138C knock-in mice. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:109-118. [PMID: 38097780 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between thiopurine use and testicular reproductive functions remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether thiopurines affect testicular functions based on the NUDT15 genotypes using Nudt15R138C knock-in mice. METHODS The male Nudt15R138C knock-in mice (9-12 weeks) were treated with mercaptopurine (MP: 0.5 mg/kg/day) for 4 or 12 weeks. To examine reversibility, some mice were maintained for a further 12 weeks under MP-free condition. RESULTS After MP treatment for 4 weeks, Nudt15R138C/R138C mice exhibited a significant reduction of testis weight compared to Nudt15+/+ mice and Nudt15+/R138C mice. The epithelial height and diameter of seminiferous tubules were significantly reduced in Nudt15R138C/R138C mice compared to Nudt15+/+ and Nudt15+/R138C mice. Apoptotic cells were significantly increased in Nudt15R138C/R138C mice, and most of apoptotic cells were spermatogonia. There were no significant changes in sperm counts and sperm morphology in MP-treated Nudt15R138C/R138C mice after 4-week MP treatment. On the other hand, after MP treatment for 12 weeks, the Nudt15+/R138C mice, but not Nudt15+/+ mice, exhibited a significant reduction in the testis weight and atrophic changes of seminiferous tubules, but these changes disappeared after 12-week rearing under MP-free condition. Despite a significant increase in abnormal sperm rate, there were no changes in the ability to conceive. No differences in serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone or testosterone were observed between MP-treated Nudt15+/R138C and Nudt15+/+ mice after 12-week MP treatment. CONCLUSIONS Thiopurines exert harmful effects on testicular reproductive function according to host NUDT15 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Yokota
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Osamu Inatomi
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishida
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
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6
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Gensmyr-Singer H, Karling P. What Happens to Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease Who Are Intolerant to Thiopurines? Inflamm Intest Dis 2024; 9:135-146. [PMID: 39015258 PMCID: PMC11249451 DOI: 10.1159/000539287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The clinical consequences for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who stop treatment owing to side effects have not been fully investigated. Methods This retrospective observational study aimed to compare patients who discontinued thiopurine treatment due to side effects with those who tolerated thiopurine treatment in the use of other IBD drugs, surgery, and fecal calprotectin values in the first 5 years after the start of thiopurine treatment. Results The proportion of patients with IBD who initiated thiopurine treatment at our clinic was 44% (32% ulcerative colitis and 64% Crohn's disease) and 31% (n = 94) of those patients had to stop thiopurine treatment within 5 years due to side effects. Patients who discontinued thiopurine treatment due to intolerance were significantly older (median age 33 vs. 27 years, p = 0.003), significantly more often used prednisolone (89 vs. 76%, p = 0.009), and used to a lesser extent TNF inhibitors at the start of thiopurine treatment (3% vs. 9%, p = 0.062). Budesonide treatment and non-TNF inhibitor second-line therapy were significantly more commonly used in patients who discontinued thiopurine treatment owing to side effects, but there were no statistically significant differences in the use of other treatments. The proportion of patients with a median FC >200 μg/g was significantly higher during follow-up in patients with UC who discontinued thiopurine treatment owing to side effects. Conclusions Patients who discontinued thiopurines owing to side effects were prescribed more budesonide and non-TNF inhibitor second-line therapy, but there were no differences in the use of TNF inhibitors, prednisolone, or surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pontus Karling
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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da Silva Júnior RT, Apolonio JS, de Souza Nascimento JO, da Costa BT, Malheiro LH, Silva Luz M, de Carvalho LS, da Silva Santos C, Freire de Melo F. Crohn's disease and clinical management today: How it does? World J Methodol 2023; 13:399-413. [PMID: 38229938 PMCID: PMC10789097 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v13.i5.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's Disease (CD) is an Inflammatory Bowel Disease and is characterized by an immune-mediated nature. Its etiology results from the interaction between genetic, enviromental and microbial factors. Regarding pathophysiology, it involves high levels of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-17, and Th1 profile, along with loss of tolerance mechanisms, an increase in pro-inflammatory interleukins, beyond the possibility to affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Its symptoms include abdominal pain, chronic diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, and fatigue, as well as blood in the stool or rectum. Additionally, conditions comprising musculoskeletal, cutaneous, ocular, hepatic, and hematological alterations may be associated with this scenario and extra-intestinal presentation, such as erythema nodosum, anterior uveitis, osteoporosis, and arthritis can also occur. Today, clinical history, exams as fecal calprotectin, ileocolonocopy, and capsule endoscopy can be performed in the diagnosis investigation, along with treatments to induce and maintain remission. In this sense, anti-inflammatory drugs, such as corticosteroids, immunomodulators, and biological agents, as well as surgery and non-pharmacological interventions plays a role in its therapy. The aim of this review is to bring more current evidence to clinical management of CD, as well as to briefly discuss aspects of its pathophysiology, surveillance, and associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Santos Apolonio
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna Teixeira da Costa
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Hasimoto Malheiro
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Marcel Silva Luz
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lorena Sousa de Carvalho
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Cleiton da Silva Santos
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Freire de Melo
- Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
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8
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Clinton JW, Cross RK. Personalized Treatment for Crohn's Disease: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2023; 16:249-276. [PMID: 38111516 PMCID: PMC10726957 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s360248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a complex, relapsing and remitting inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a variable disease course. While the treatment options for Crohn's disease have dramatically increased over the past two decades, predicting individual patient response to treatment remains a challenge. As a result, patients often cycle through multiple different therapies before finding an effective treatment which can lead to disease complications, increased costs, and decreased quality of life. Recently, there has been increased emphasis on personalized medicine in Crohn's disease to identify individual patients who require early advanced therapy to prevent complications of their disease. In this review, we summarize our current approach to management of Crohn's disease by identifying risk factors for severe or disabling disease and tailoring individual treatments to patient-specific goals. Lastly, we outline our knowledge gaps in implementing personalized Crohn's disease treatment and describe the future directions in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph William Clinton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Raymond Keith Cross
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Yamashita N, Kawahara M, Imai T, Tatsumi G, Asai-Nishishita A, Andoh A. Loss of Nudt15 thiopurine detoxification increases direct DNA damage in hematopoietic stem cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11908. [PMID: 37488179 PMCID: PMC10366091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines, such as 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), are widely used as cytotoxic agents and immunosuppressants for leukemia and autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (p.Arg139Cys; R139C) of the nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) gene causes the loss of thiopurine detoxification, inducing myelosuppression. To understand such hematotoxicity, we investigate the effects of NUDT15 R139C on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) upon thiopurine administration. Using previously established Nudt15R138C knock-in mice, which mimic myelosuppression in NUDT15R139C homozygous or heterozygous patients following thiopurine administration, we investigated the numerical changes of HSCs and hematopoietic progenitor cells following 6-MP administration using in vivo flowcytometry and ex vivo HSC expansion. Genes differentially expressed between Nudt15+/+ HSCs and Nudt15R138C/R138C HSCs were identified using RNA-sequencing before the emergence of 6-MP-induced HSC-damage. Gene Ontology (GO) and Transcriptional Regulatory Relationships Unraveled by Sentence-based Text Mining (TRRUST) analyses were performed to elucidate the molecular effects of 6-MP on HSCs. In Nudt15R138C/R138C mice, 6-MP induced exhaustion of HSCs faster than that of multipotent progenitors and as fast as that of myeloid-committed progenitors. Ex vivo-expanded Nudt15R138C/R138C HSCs were dose- and time-dependently damaged by 6-MP. GO analysis identified the DNA damage response and cell cycle process as the most strongly influenced processes in Nudt15R138C/R138C HSCs. TRRUST analysis revealed that the Trp53-regulated transcriptional regulatory network is influenced prior to HSC exhaustion in Nudt15R138C/R138C HSCs. The loss of NUDT15 thiopurine detoxification enhances thiopurine-mediated DNA damage via the Trp53 networks in HSCs. Therefore, caution is required in long-term thiopurine use in patients with NUDT15 R139C in view of its adverse effects on HSCs in the form of DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yamashita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Goichi Tatsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ai Asai-Nishishita
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Akira Andoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
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10
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Claytor J, Kumar P, Ananthakrishnan AN, Colombel JF, Agrawal M, Ungaro RC. Mild Crohn's Disease: Definition and Management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2023; 25:45-51. [PMID: 36753033 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-023-00863-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Crohn's Disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disease that can lead to progressive damage to the gastrointestinal tract and significant disability. Early, "top-down" biologic therapy is recommended in moderate-to-severe CD to induce remission and to prevent hospitalization and complications. However, an estimated 20-30% of patients with CD have a mild disease course and may not garner sufficient benefit from expensive, immunosuppressing agents to justify their risks. Herein, we review characteristics of patients with mild CD, the available options for disease treatment and monitoring, and future directions of research. RECENT FINDINGS For ambulatory outpatients with low-risk, mild, ileal or ileocolonic CD, induction of remission with budesonide is recommended. For colonic CD, sulfasalazine is a reasonable choice, although other aminosalicylates have no role in the treatment of CD. No large, randomized trial has supported the use of antibiotics or antimycobacterials in the treatment of CD. Partial Enteral Nutrition and Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diets may be appropriate for inducing remission in some adult patients, with trials ongoing. Select patients with mild-to-moderate CD may benefit from maintenance therapy with azathioprines or gut specific biologics, such as vedolizumab. The role of complementary and alternative medicine is not well defined. The identification, risk stratification, and monitoring of patients with mild CD can be a challenging clinical scenario. Some patients with low risk of disease progression may be appropriate for initial induction of remission with budesonide or sulfasalazine, followed by close clinical monitoring. Future research should focus on pre-clinical biomarkers to stratify disease, novel therapies with minimal systemic immune suppression, and validation of rigorous clinical monitoring algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Claytor
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Pushkar Kumar
- Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashwin N Ananthakrishnan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Manasi Agrawal
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Center for Molecular Prediction of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (PREDICT), Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ryan C Ungaro
- The Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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11
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Thiopurines impair the apical plasma membrane expression of CFTR in pancreatic ductal cells via RAC1 inhibition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:31. [PMID: 36609875 PMCID: PMC9825359 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04662-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Thiopurine-induced acute pancreatitis (TIP) is one of the most common adverse events among inflammatory bowel disease patients treated with azathioprine (AZA), representing a significant clinical burden. Previous studies focused on immune-mediated processes, however, the exact pathomechanism of TIP is essentially unclear. METHODS To model TIP in vivo, we triggered cerulein-induced experimental pancreatitis in mice receiving a daily oral dose of 1.5 mg/kg AZA. Also, freshly isolated mouse pancreatic cells were exposed to AZA ex vivo, and acinar cell viability, ductal and acinar Ca2+ signaling, ductal Cl- and HCO3- secretion, as well as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) expression were assessed using microscopy techniques. Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (RAC1) activity was measured with a G-LISA assay. Super-resolution microscopy was used to determine protein colocalization. RESULTS We demonstrated that AZA treatment increases tissue damage in the early phase of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in vivo. Also, both per os and ex vivo AZA exposure impaired pancreatic fluid and ductal HCO3- and Cl- secretion, but did not affect acinar cells. Furthermore, ex vivo AZA exposure also inhibited RAC1 activity in ductal cells leading to decreased co-localization of CFTR and the anchor protein ezrin, resulting in impaired plasma membrane localization of CFTR. CONCLUSIONS AZA impaired the ductal HCO3- and Cl- secretion through the inhibition of RAC1 activity leading to diminished ezrin-CFTR interaction and disturbed apical plasma membrane expression of CFTR. We report a novel direct toxic effect of AZA on pancreatic ductal cells and suggest that the restoration of ductal function might help to prevent TIP in the future.
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12
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Lenti MV, Scribano ML, Biancone L, Ciccocioppo R, Pugliese D, Pastorelli L, Fiorino G, Savarino E, Caprioli FA, Ardizzone S, Fantini MC, Tontini GE, Orlando A, Sampietro GM, Sturniolo GC, Monteleone G, Vecchi M, Kohn A, Daperno M, D’Incà R, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Personalize, participate, predict, and prevent: 4Ps in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1031998. [PMID: 37113615 PMCID: PMC10126747 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1031998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a complex, immune-mediated, disorder which leads to several gastrointestinal and systemic manifestations determining a poor quality of life, disability, and other negative health outcomes. Our knowledge of this condition has greatly improved over the last few decades, and a comprehensive management should take into account both biological (i.e., disease-related, patient-related) and non-biological (i.e., socioeconomic, cultural, environmental, behavioral) factors which contribute to the disease phenotype. From this point of view, the so called 4P medicine framework, including personalization, prediction, prevention, and participation could be useful for tailoring ad hoc interventions in IBD patients. In this review, we discuss the cutting-edge issues regarding personalization in special settings (i.e., pregnancy, oncology, infectious diseases), patient participation (i.e., how to communicate, disability, tackling stigma and resilience, quality of care), disease prediction (i.e., faecal markers, response to treatments), and prevention (i.e., dysplasia through endoscopy, infections through vaccinations, and post-surgical recurrence). Finally, we provide an outlook discussing the unmet needs for implementing this conceptual framework in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Livia Biancone
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, A.O.U.I. Policlinico G.B. Rossi and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniela Pugliese
- CEMAD Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pastorelli
- Liver and Gastroenterology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, Milan, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gionata Fiorino
- IBD Unit, Ospedale San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University,, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Savarino
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Flavio Andrea Caprioli
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Ardizzone
- Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy Unit, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Claudio Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria (AOU) di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Eugenio Tontini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Orlando
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti "Villa Sofia-Cervello" Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Carlo Sturniolo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Unit of Gastroenterology, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Vecchi
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico and Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Kohn
- Gastroenterology Operative Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini FR, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Daperno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Ospedale Ordine Mauriziano di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Renata D’Incà
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Raffaele Hospital and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University,, Milan, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Antonio Di Sabatino,
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13
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Becker HEF, Demers K, Derijks LJJ, Jonkers DMAE, Penders J. Current evidence and clinical relevance of drug-microbiota interactions in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107976. [PMID: 36910207 PMCID: PMC9996055 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing-remitting disease. An adverse immune reaction toward the intestinal microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology and microbial perturbations are associated with IBD in general and with flares specifically. Although medical drugs are the cornerstone of current treatment, responses vary widely between patients and drugs. The intestinal microbiota can metabolize medical drugs, which may influence IBD drug (non-)response and side effects. Conversely, several drugs can impact the intestinal microbiota and thereby host effects. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current evidence on bidirectional interactions between the microbiota and relevant IBD drugs (pharmacomicrobiomics). Methods Electronic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane databases to identify relevant publications. Studies reporting on microbiota composition and/or drug metabolism were included. Results The intestinal microbiota can both enzymatically activate IBD pro-drugs (e.g., in case of thiopurines), but also inactivate certain drugs (e.g., mesalazine by acetylation via N-acetyltransferase 1 and infliximab via IgG-degrading enzymes). Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, thiopurines, calcineurin inhibitors, anti-tumor necrosis factor biologicals and tofacitinib were all reported to alter the intestinal microbiota composition, including changes in microbial diversity and/or relative abundances of various microbial taxa. Conclusion Various lines of evidence have shown the ability of the intestinal microbiota to interfere with IBD drugs and vice versa. These interactions can influence treatment response, but well-designed clinical studies and combined in vivo and ex vivo models are needed to achieve consistent findings and evaluate clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike E F Becker
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Karlijn Demers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luc J J Derijks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Máxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daisy M A E Jonkers
- Division Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - John Penders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, NUTRIM School of Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Infection Prevention, CAPHRI School of Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, Netherlands
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14
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Rezazadeh Ardabili A, Jeuring S, Mujagic Z, Oostenbrug L, Romberg‐Camps M, Jonkers D, van Bodegraven A, Pierik M. Classic drugs in the time of new drugs: real-world, long-term outcomes of thiopurine monotherapy in 1016 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:1030-1043. [PMID: 35794735 PMCID: PMC9544244 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiopurines remain recommended as maintenance therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite their widespread use, long-term effectiveness data are sparse and safety is an increasingly debated topic which thwarts proper delineation in the current IBD treatment algorithm. AIMS To document effectiveness and safety of thiopurine monotherapy in patients with IBD, using the population-based IBD South-Limburg (IBDSL) cohort METHODS: All patients starting thiopurine monotherapy as maintenance between 1991 and 2014 were included. Therapy was defined as effective if there was no escalation to biologicals, no course of corticosteroids, no surgery and no hospitalisation for active disease during treatment. Long-term effectiveness was assessed by adjusting for differences in follow-up using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Mid- to long-term safety regarding cancer incidence and clinically relevant liver disease was documented. RESULTS In total, 1016 patients (643 Crohn's disease [CD]; 373 ulcerative colitis [UC]) received thiopurine monotherapy at a median of 15.2 (Q1-Q3 4.2-48.5) months after diagnosis. During follow-up, effectiveness rates at 1, 5 and 10 years were 64%, 45%, 32%, respectively, in CD and and 66%, 41%, 36%, respectively in UC. No statistically significant differences in effectiveness were observed after stratification for era of initiation (pre-biological vs biological, CD: p = 0.56; UC: p = 0.43). Sixteen non-melanoma skin cancers (incidence rate [IR] 3.33/1000 PY), five lymphomas (IR 1.04/1000 PY) and one urinary tract cancer (IR 0.21/1000 PY) were recorded. Two cases of portal hypertension were identified. CONCLUSION In real-world practice, thiopurine monotherapy remains effective, safe and durable for patients with CD or UC, including in the era of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkan Rezazadeh Ardabili
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Steven Jeuring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Zlatan Mujagic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Liekele Oostenbrug
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co‐MIK)Zuyderland Medical CentreSittard‐GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle Romberg‐Camps
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co‐MIK)Zuyderland Medical CentreSittard‐GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Adriaan van Bodegraven
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatrics, Internal and Intensive Care Medicine (Co‐MIK)Zuyderland Medical CentreSittard‐GeleenThe Netherlands
| | - Marieke Pierik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM)Maastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
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15
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Yao LY, Shao BL, Tian F, Ye M, Li YQ, Wang XL, Wang L, Yang SQ, Lv XP, Jia Y, Wang XH, Zhang XQ, Wei YL, Cao Q. Trends in medication use and treatment patterns in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:4102-4119. [PMID: 36157116 PMCID: PMC9403423 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i30.4102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medications for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have changed dramatically over time. However, no study on long-term medication profiles has been conducted in the Chinese population.
AIM To evaluate temporal changes in medication use and treatment patterns for Chinese patients with IBD.
METHODS A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted among Chinese patients newly diagnosed with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) between January 1999 and December 2019. Baseline characteristics and drug prescriptions were collected. Trends in medication use and therapeutic patterns were analyzed.
RESULTS In total, 3610 patients were analyzed. During follow-up, 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) and corticosteroids (CS) prescriptions gradually decreased, accompanied by a notable increase in immunosuppressants (IMS) and infliximab (IFX) prescriptions in patients with CD. Prescription rates of 5-ASA and CS were stable, whereas IMS and IFX slightly increased since 2007 in patients with UC. Subgroup (n = 957) analyses showed a switch from conventional medications to IFX in patients with CD, while 5-ASA and CS were still steadily prescribed in patients with UC. Logistic regression analyses revealed that surgical history, disease behavior, and disease location were associated with initial therapeutic strategies in patients with CD. However, medications before diagnosis, disease location, and diagnostic year might affect initial strategies in patients with UC.
CONCLUSION Long-term treatment strategies analyses has provided unique insight into the switch from conventional drugs to IFX in Chinese patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ya Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bu-Le Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mei Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yu-Qin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shao-Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Lv
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530000, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan Jia
- Department of Gastroenterology, The 7th Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Xue-Hong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Changsha 410011, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing 210000, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wei
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400000, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
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16
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Monotherapy with thiopurines in stricturing Crohn's disease: A real-life experience from low- and middle-income countries. Indian J Gastroenterol 2022; 41:343-351. [PMID: 35997952 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-022-01258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stricturing Crohn's disease (CD) is difficult to manage medically with limited treatment options, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy being the first-line therapy. Although thiopurines are also recommended first-line treatment option for maintenance of remission in steroid-dependent CD, evidence on their use in stricturing CD is lacking. We evaluated the efficacy of azathioprine (AZA) in patients with stricturing CD. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study (January 2005 to July 2020), patients with stricturing CD who were managed with AZA as a primary therapy for at least 6 months, and had a follow-up of at least 6 months after AZA initiation were included. Disease characteristics, complications, long-term response, and adverse events were noted. RESULTS One hundred and fifteen patients were included (mean age 33.8±14 years, 67.8% males, median disease duration 98 months [IQR: 60-158], median follow-up duration 60 months [IQR: 50-96]). 46.1% (n=53) patients had significant anemia at presentation, and 73% (n=84) had isolated small bowel involvement. Median dose of AZA was 100 mg (equivalent to 1.5 mg/kg). Median therapy and follow-up duration (after AZA initiation) was 17 (IQR: 9-42) and 33 months (IQR 18-60), respectively. The cumulative probability of maintaining response without treatment failure at 1, 2, and 5 years was 73.1%, 40.7%, and 18.5%, respectively. Among patients with AZA failure, 15.6% received methotrexate, 13% received anti-TNFs, and 9.5% underwent surgery. Significant anemia (<10 g/dL) at presentation and steroid dependence predicted AZA failure. 31.3% patients experienced adverse events, commonest being leukopenia (n=29, 25.2%). CONCLUSION Azathioprine demonstrated good short-term and modest long-term response rates in patients with stricturing CD.
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17
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Shao S, Huang M, Zhang H, Peng G, Song M, Liu J, Xu D. A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features and Treatment of the Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3587-3597. [PMID: 35757458 PMCID: PMC9231537 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s353329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To retrospectively collect and analyze demographic information as well as symptoms, laboratory results, endoscopic and pathologic findings, and treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) patients in Wuhan, China. Methods Patients who were diagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and hospitalized from January 2012 to December 2017 were enrolled in this study. The clinical characteristics including symptoms, laboratory results, and treatment were reviewed and analyzed. Results Totally 821 cases were screened, and finally 430 UC patients and 286 CD patients were selected and enrolled in this study. The most common symptom in UC patients was bloody stool (90.7%) followed by diarrhea (87.7%), mucus in stool (72.1%), and abdominal pain (66.3%), which were significantly different from those of CD patients (P < 0.01). In contrast, the most common symptom in CD patients was abdominal pain (80.0%) followed by diarrhea (58.4%), bloody stool (27.6%), and fever (18.2%). Erythrocyte sedimentation, C-reactive protein, and platelets were significantly increased, while hemoglobin was decreased, in the moderately or highly active IBD. The percentage of positive perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was significantly higher in UC patients (31.1%) than that in CD patients (4.8%, P < 0.001), while the percentage of positive anti-intestinal goblet cell antibody was significantly higher in CD patients (23.1%) than that in UC patients (14.9%, P = 0.037). Conclusion The findings of the current study may provide evidence-based information for Chinese gastroenterologists to treat IBD more effectively in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su'e Shao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meifang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gangqiang Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Mallick B, Malik S. Use of Azathioprine in Ulcerative Colitis: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e24874. [PMID: 35698683 PMCID: PMC9184176 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.24874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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19
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Therapy Strategies for Children Suffering from Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)—A Narrative Review. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050617. [PMID: 35626795 PMCID: PMC9140197 DOI: 10.3390/children9050617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing, and more children at a younger age are affected. The pathogenesis seems to be an interaction of microbial factors, a sensitivity of the immune system, and the intestinal barrier, leading to an inappropriate immune response. Not only has the role of biological agents become more important in the last decade in the treatment of children and adolescents, but also new insights into the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome and personal diet implications have increased our understanding of the disease and opened up potential therapeutic pathways. This narrative review provides an overview of current recommendations, therapeutic options, drug monitoring, and practical guidelines for paediatricians involved with paediatric IBD patients. Furthermore, the off-label use of potential helpful drugs in the treatment of these patients is discussed.
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20
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Cytotoxicity of Thiopurine Drugs in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10040151. [PMID: 35448412 PMCID: PMC9026123 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of thiopurine drugs in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was confirmed more than a half-century ago. It was proven that these can be essential immunomodulatory medications. Since then, they have been used routinely to maintain remission of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The cytotoxic properties of thiopurines and the numerous adverse effects of the treatment are controversial. However, the research subject of their pharmacology, therapy monitoring, and the search for predictive markers are still very relevant. In this article, we provide an overview of the current knowledge and findings in the field of thiopurines in IBD, focusing on the aspect of their cytotoxicity. Due to thiopurines’ benefits in IBD therapy, it is expected that they will still constitute an essential part of the CD and UC treatment algorithm. More studies are still required on the modulation of the action of thiopurines in combination therapy and their interaction with the gut microbiota.
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21
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Shen JL, Zhou Z, Cao JS, Zhang B, Hu JH, Li JY, Liu XM, Juengpanich S, Li MS, Feng X. Biologic therapy for Crohn’s disease over the last 3 decades. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:594-606. [PMID: 35097085 PMCID: PMC8771400 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i2.594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the overload of publications on Crohn’s disease (CD), no comprehensive analysis of biologic therapy for CD has been reported.
AIM To determine knowledge gaps and identify areas of interest of biologic therapy for CD.
METHODS The top 100 highest-cited original articles were identified from January 1991 to December 2020 in the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science Core Collection database. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of biologic therapy for CD based on total citations, summarized the bibliographic information of the articles related to CD biologic therapy, and explored the research hotspots.
RESULTS The top 100 highest-cited original articles were identified with total citations ranging from 307 to 2978. The 2000s (Period II, n = 66) yielded the most influential original articles and saw the most dramatic growth. Among the top 10 countries, including 8 European countries and 2 North American countries, the United States (n = 37) and Belgium (n = 20) contributed the most publications. Among the top 10 institutions, the University Hospital Gasthuisberg in Belgium (n = 23), the University of Chicago in the United States (n = 20), and the Mayo Clinic in the United States (n = 17) published the most papers. Regarding authors, Rutgeerts P in Belgium (n = 32), Sandborn WJ in the United States (n = 23), and Feagan BG in Canada (n = 18) published the highest number of studies. The cooperation relationships between the United States and Europe were most frequent. Gastroenterology (impact factor = 22.682) published the most articles on biologic therapy for CD (n = 32) with 17654 total citations. Anti-tumor necrosis factor biologics and monoclonal antibodies were the most studied topics.
CONCLUSION The bibliometric analysis emphasized the key contributions to the development of the specialized field. These data would provide useful research insights into biologic therapy for CD for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Liang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Hao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Ying Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sarun Juengpanich
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Song Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xu Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, Zhejiang Province, China
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22
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AlAmeel T, Al Sulais E, Raine T. Methotrexate in inflammatory bowel disease: A primer for gastroenterologists. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:250-260. [PMID: 35042318 PMCID: PMC9408741 DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_496_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate is an antineoplastic agent that is also used at lower doses for anti-inflammatory properties. Along with thiopurines (azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine), it has historically been an important part of pharmacological treatment for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Despite an increase in therapeutic options, these immunomodulators continue to play important roles in the management of inflammatory bowel disease, used either as a monotherapy in mild to moderate cases or in combination with monoclonal antibodies to prevent immunogenicity and maintain efficacy. In light of data linking the use of thiopurines with the risk of malignancies, methotrexate has regained attention as a potential alternative. In this article, we review data on the pharmacology, safety, and efficacy of methotrexate and discuss options for the positioning of methotrexate alone, or in combination, in therapeutic algorithms for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turki AlAmeel
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Al Sulais
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Address for correspondence: Dr. Eman Al Sulais, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. E-mail:
| | - Tim Raine
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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23
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Turbayne AK, Sparrow MP. Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol: The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:5382-5391. [PMID: 36242689 PMCID: PMC9652213 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are complex immune-mediated inflammatory diseases that are associated with significant morbidity around the world. As our understanding of IBD, and other immune-mediated inflammatory diseases, advances the number of therapeutic targets has increased which has rapidly driven the development and introduction of new therapies. While these new therapies have shown promise they come with the significant drawback of high costs. For many IBD patients around the world the cost of newer therapies is prohibitive which means treating clinicians often need to turn to optimising simpler, older, and inexpensive medications. The concept of optimising well established cheaper medications is not unique to the management of IBD as health systems all over the world look to reduce costs while simultaneously improving patient outcomes. Despite thiopurines being used in the management IBD for over 60 years, many clinicians are still hesitant to use them due to perceptions around limited efficacy and poor tolerance. One method identified to potentially increase utilisation of thiopurines involves the coadministration of allopurinol. In this review we will explore the history, pharmacology, recent studies and give recommendations for the utilisation of the usual duo of azathioprine combined with allopurinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Keith Turbayne
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Miles Patrick Sparrow
- grid.1623.60000 0004 0432 511XDepartment of Gastroenterology, Alfred Hospital, 55 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800 Australia
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24
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Hryhorowicz S, Kaczmarek-Ryś M, Zielińska A, Scott RJ, Słomski R, Pławski A. Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease - A Systematic Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:790803. [PMID: 35003109 PMCID: PMC8727741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a general term used to describe a group of chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract of unknown etiology, including two primary forms: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in modulating many physiological processes including intestinal homeostasis, modulation of gastrointestinal motility, visceral sensation, or immunomodulation of inflammation in IBD. It consists of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), transporters for cellular uptake of endocannabinoid ligands, endogenous bioactive lipids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol), and the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation (fatty acid amide hydrolase and monoacylglycerol lipase), the manipulation of which through agonists and antagonists of the system, shows a potential therapeutic role for ECS in inflammatory bowel disease. This review summarizes the role of ECS components on intestinal inflammation, suggesting the advantages of cannabinoid-based therapies in inflammatory bowel disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Colitis, Ulcerative/drug therapy
- Colitis, Ulcerative/immunology
- Colitis, Ulcerative/pathology
- Crohn Disease/drug therapy
- Crohn Disease/immunology
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Endocannabinoids/agonists
- Endocannabinoids/antagonists & inhibitors
- Endocannabinoids/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Motility/drug effects
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rodney J. Scott
- Discipline of Medical Genetics and Centre for Information-Based Medicine, The University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Division of Molecular Medicine, New South Wales Health Pathology North, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pławski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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25
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Manthey CF, Reher D, Huber S. [What is confirmed in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel diseases]. Internist (Berl) 2021; 62:1269-1279. [PMID: 34727190 PMCID: PMC8561375 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-021-01207-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of the chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (CIBD) Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is on the rise worldwide. In Germany CIBDs are also a significant healthcare problem. The pathogenesis is complex and involves genetic factors, environmental aspects and changes in the immunological constitution. Furthermore, the gut microbiota plays a role in the maintenance of intestinal inflammation. Fortunately, several new drugs, in particular biologicals, have been approved for the treatment of CIBDs. The treatment of UC is mainly based on 5‑aminosalicylic acid formulations, preferably as a topical form for distal colitis and proctitis as well as local budesonide formulations. In the case of extensive spread, high disease activity and refractory disease antibodies (biologicals) are successfully used, similar to CD. In addition to anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies (infliximab, adalimumab, golimumab), vedolizumab, an anti-integrin antibody and the interleukin 12/23 antibody ustekinumab can be successfully used. The intravenous and also subcutaneous administration of antibodies are increasing in importance and are now available for all forms. Furthermore, the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib is an orally administered option for UC. Clinical scores, endoscopy, ultrasound, laboratory parameters and calprotectin determination in stool are employed to evaluate treatment response (treat to target approach). Ultimately, the long-term goal is mucosal healing. Despite advances in the pharmaceutical treatment, a significant number of patients with CIBD still suffer from treatment refractory courses and need surgery at some time during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin F Manthey
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
| | - Dominik Reher
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Samuel Huber
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Deutschland.
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26
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Łodyga M, Eder P, Gawron-Kiszka M, Dobrowolska A, Gonciarz M, Hartleb M, Kłopocka M, Małecka-Wojciesko E, Radwan P, Reguła J, Zagórowicz E, Rydzewska G. Guidelines for the management of patients with Crohn's disease. Recommendations of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the Polish National Consultant in Gastroenterology. PRZEGLAD GASTROENTEROLOGICZNY 2021; 16:257-296. [PMID: 34976235 PMCID: PMC8690943 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2021.110914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper is an update of the diagnostic and therapeutic recommendations of the National Consultant for Gastroenterology and the Polish Society of Gastroenterology from 2012. It contains 46 recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment, both pharmacological and surgical, of Crohn's disease in adults. The guidelines were developed by a group of experts appointed by the Polish Society of Gastroenterology and the National Consultant in the field of Gastroenterology. The methodology related to the GRADE methodology was used to assess the quality and strength of the available recommendations. The degree of expert support for the proposed statement, assessment of the quality of evidence and the strength of the recommendation was assessed on a 6-point Likert scale. Voting results, quality and strength ratings with comments are included with each statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Łodyga
- Department of Gastroenterology with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subdivision, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Eder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Heliodor Święcicki University Hospital, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gawron-Kiszka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Dobrowolska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Heliodor Święcicki University Hospital, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Gonciarz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Hartleb
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Kłopocka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutritional Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Radwan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Reguła
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edyta Zagórowicz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Center of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Oncological Gastroenterology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grażyna Rydzewska
- Department of Gastroenterology with the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Subdivision, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland
- Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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27
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Toyonaga T, Kobayashi T, Kuronuma S, Ueno A, Kiyohara H, Okabayashi S, Takeuchi O, Redfern CPF, Terai H, Ozaki R, Sagami S, Nakano M, Coulthard SA, Tanaka Y, Hibi T. Increased DNA-incorporated thiopurine metabolite as a possible mechanism for leukocytopenia through cell apoptosis in inflammatory bowel disease patients with NUDT15 mutation. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:999-1007. [PMID: 34480209 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Polymorphisms in the nucleotide diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) gene are associated with thiopurine-induced leukopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). NUDT15-associated subcellular thiopurine metabolism has not been investigated in primary lymphocytes. We hypothesized that NUDT15 mutation increases DNA-incorporated deoxythioguanosine (dTG) and induces apoptosis in lymphocytes. METHODS DNA-incorporated dTG in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and 6-thioguanine nucleotides (6-TGN) in red blood cells were measured in patients with IBD undergoing thiopurine treatment. The association of a single nucleotide polymorphism for NUDT15 (rs116855232) with dTGPBMC was examined. The pro-apoptotic effect of DNA-incorporated dTG was examined ex vivo in association with NUDT15 genotypes by co-culturing patient-derived peripheral CD4+ T lymphocytes with 6-thioguanine (6-TG). RESULTS dTGPBMC was significantly higher in NUDT15 variants than in non-variants. dTGPBMC, but not 6-TGNRBC, negatively correlated with peripheral lymphocyte counts (r = - 0.31 and - 0.12, p = 0.012 and 0.173, respectively). DNA-incorporated dTG significantly accumulated to a greater extent in lymphocytes from NUDT15 variants when co-cultured with 6-TG ex vivo than in those from non-variants and was associated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. CONCLUSION Increased DNA-incorporated dTG may be responsible for thiopurine-induced leukocytopenia through cell apoptosis in IBD patients with NUDT15 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Toyonaga
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Taku Kobayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Kuronuma
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Aito Ueno
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kiyohara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Shinji Okabayashi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Osamu Takeuchi
- Biomedical Laboratory, Department of Research, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Christopher P F Redfern
- The Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Hideki Terai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Ryo Ozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Shintaro Sagami
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Masaru Nakano
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
| | - Sally A Coulthard
- The Newcastle Cancer Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yoichi Tanaka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Center for Clinical Pharmacy and Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1, Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Center for Advanced IBD Research and Treatment, Kitasato University Kitasato Institute Hospital, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8642, Japan
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28
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Mateen BA, Patel M, Akobeng AK, Gordon M, Hayee B. 6-thioguanine nucleotide monitoring in azathioprine and mercaptopurine monotherapy for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Hippokratia 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd014795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Akhter Mateen
- Department of Gastroenterology; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | - Mehul Patel
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
| | | | - Morris Gordon
- School of Medicine; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Bu'Hussain Hayee
- Department of Gastroenterology; Kings College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust; London UK
- School of Life Sciences & Medicine; Kings College London; London UK
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29
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Zudeh G, Franca R, Stocco G, Decorti G. Biomarkers for gastrointestinal adverse events related to thiopurine therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6348-6356. [PMID: 34720526 PMCID: PMC8517779 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i38.6348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines are immunomodulators used in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and inflammatory bowel diseases. Adverse reactions to these agents are one of the main causes of treatment discontinuation or interruption. Myelosuppression is the most frequent adverse effect; however, approximately 5%-20% of patients develop gastrointestinal toxicity. The identification of biomarkers able to prevent and/or monitor these adverse reactions would be useful for clinicians for the proactive management of long-term thiopurine therapy. In this editorial, we discuss evidence supporting the use of PACSIN2, RAC1, and ITPA genes, in addition to TPMT and NUDT15, as possible biomarkers for thiopurine-related gastrointestinal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Zudeh
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Raffaella Franca
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34149, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health I.R.C.C.S Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
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30
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Andoh A, Kawahara M, Imai T, Tatsumi G, Inatomi O, Kakuta Y. Thiopurine pharmacogenomics and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2021; 56:881-890. [PMID: 34287682 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-021-01805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The thiopurine drugs azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are widely used for the maintenance of clinical remission in steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Thiopurines are recommended to be continued throughout pregnancy in IBD patients, but conclusive safety data in pregnant patients remain still insufficient. On the other hand, a strong association between a genetic variant of nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys) and thiopurine-induced myelotoxicity has been identified. Pharmacokinetic studies have revealed that thiopurine metabolism is altered in pregnant IBD patients and suggested that the fetus may be exposed to the active-thiopurine metabolite, 6-thioguaninetriphosphate, in the uterus. A recent study using knock-in mice harboring the p.Arg138Cys mutation which corresponds to human p.Arg139Cys showed that oral administration of 6-MP at clinical dose induces a severe toxic effect on the fetus harboring the homozygous or heterozygous risk allele. This suggests that NUDT15 genotyping may be required in both women with IBD who are planning pregnancy (or pregnant) and their partner to avoid adverse outcomes for their infant. The risk to the fetus due to maternal thiopurine use is minimal but there are some concerns that are yet to be clarified. In particular, a pharmacogenomic approach to the fetus is considered necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Andoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Kawahara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Goichi Tatsumi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Osamu Inatomi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Seta-Tsukinowa, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2192, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
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Bayoumy AB, Mulder CJJ, Loganayagam A, Sanderson JD, Anderson S, Boekema PJ, Derijks LJJ, Ansari AR. Relationship Between Thiopurine S-Methyltransferase Genotype/Phenotype and 6-Thioguanine Nucleotide Levels in 316 Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease on 6-Thioguanine. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 43:617-623. [PMID: 34521801 PMCID: PMC8437045 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), conventional thiopurine users cease treatment in 60% of cases within 5 years, mostly because of adverse events or nonresponse. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the role of 6-thioguanine nucleotide (TGN) measurements, geno/phenotyping of thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT), and their mutual relationship with TG therapy in IBD. METHODS An international retrospective, multicenter cohort study was performed at 4 centers in the Netherlands (Máxima Medical Centre) and the United Kingdom (Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospital, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, and East Surrey Hospital). RESULTS Overall, 526 6-TGN measurements were performed in 316 patients with IBD. The median daily dosage of TG was 20 mg/d (range 10-40 mg/d), and the median duration of TG use was 21.1 months (SD, 28.0). In total, 129 patients (40.8%) had a known TPMT status. In the variant-type and wild-type TPMT genotype metabolism groups, median 6-TGN values were 1126 [interquartile range (IQR) 948-1562] and 467.5 pmol/8 × 10E8 red blood cells (RBCs) (IQR 334-593). A significant difference was observed between the 2 groups (P = 0.0001, t test). For TPMT phenotypes, in the slow, fast, and normal metabolism groups, the median 6-TGN values were 772.0 (IQR 459-1724), 296.0 (IQR 200-705), and 774.5 pmol/8 × 10E8 RBCs (IQR 500.5-981.5), with a significant difference observed between groups (P < 0.001, analysis of variance). CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that TPMT measurements at TG initiation can be useful but are not necessary for daily practice. TPMT genotypes and phenotypes are both associated with significant differences in 6-TGN levels between metabolic groups. However, the advantage of TG remains that RBC 6-TGN measurements are not crucial to monitor treatments in patients with IBD because these measurements did not correlate with laboratory result abnormalities. This presents as a major advantage in countries where patients cannot access these diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B. Bayoumy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J. J. Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aathavan Loganayagam
- Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy D. Sanderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Anderson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Boekema
- Department of Gastroenterology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. J. Derijks
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Máxima Medical Centre, Veldhoven, The Netherlands; and
| | - Azhar R. Ansari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Surrey and Sussex NHS, East Surrey Hospital, Surrey, United Kingdom
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Kim YS. Treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: focusing on 5-aminosalicylates and immunomodulators. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2021. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2021.64.9.596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, the incidence and prevalence rates of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have increased worldwide, including in Korea. Although there has been considerable progress in the management of IBD following the discovery of biologic agents, 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA) and immunomodulators are still considered cornerstones in the management of mild to moderate IBD.Current Concepts: 5-ASA plays a key role in inducing remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. High doses of 5-ASA are more effective in inducing remission in patients with moderate ulcerative colitis, and combination therapy of oral 5-ASA and topical 5-ASA agents is recommended. Although the effect of 5-ASA in patients with Crohn disease is limited, high doses of 5-ASA can be effective for patients with mild disease, inflammatory behavior, and colonic involvement. Maintaining remission is essential for patients with IBD. Good doctor-patient relationships and encouraging drug adherence are recommended. Regarding drug adherence, a once-daily regimen is preferred for patients’ satisfaction. Thiopurines, the most important immunomodulators, show therapeutic benefits, such as steroid-sparing effects and remission maintenance in ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease after induction therapy. However, several side effects, including severe leukopenia, can induce the discontinuation of thiopurines. Close monitoring and management decisions should be individualized according to the risk of relapse and adverse events.Discussion and Conclusion: In conclusion, 5-ASA and immunomodulators are cornerstones in the management of IBD. As such, clinicians should have knowledge of these drugs and patients’ characteristics for proper prescription.
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Tanaka Y, Saito Y. Importance of NUDT15 Polymorphisms in Thiopurine Treatments. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11080778. [PMID: 34442422 PMCID: PMC8399029 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11080778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines, mercaptopurine, and azathioprine are used as immunosuppressants in the treatments of inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and organ transplantation and as chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia. This drug class sometimes causes severe adverse reactions, including bone marrow suppression and hair loss. Genetic polymorphisms of the metabolizing enzyme thiopurine S-methyltransferase have been used for predicting these reactions in Caucasians, but these allele frequencies are less frequently observed in Asian populations. Recently, nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) polymorphisms have been shown to play an important role in thiopurine-induced adverse reactions in Asians. In this review, we summarize the NUDT15 studies, mainly in Asian countries, and their implementation in several countries.
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Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, Laredo V, Gomollón F. Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. How to Optimize Thiopurines in the Biologic Era? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:681907. [PMID: 34336887 PMCID: PMC8322650 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.681907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiopurines have been a cornerstone in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although they have been used for more than 50 years, there are still some unsolved issues about their efficacy and, also, some safety concerns, mainly the risk of myelosuppression and life-threatening lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore, the development of biological therapy raises the question whether there is still a role for thiopurines in the IBD treatment algorithm. On the other hand, limited cost and wide availability make thiopurines a reasonable option in settings of limited resources and increasing prevalence of IBD. In fact, there is a growing interest in optimizing thiopurine therapy, since pharmacogenomic findings suggest that a personalized approach based on the genotyping of some molecules involved in its metabolism could be useful to prevent side effects. Polymorphisms of thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme (TPMT) that result in low enzymatic activity have been associated with an increased risk of myelotoxicity, especially in Caucasians; however, in Asians it is assumed that the variants of nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) are more relevant in the development of toxicity. Age is also important, since in elderly patients the risk of complications seems to be increased. Moreover, the primo-infection of Epstein Barr virus and cytomegalovirus under thiopurine treatment has been associated with severe lymphoproliferative disorders. In addition to assessing individual characteristics that may influence thiopurines treatment outcomes, this review also discusses other strategies to optimize the therapy. Low-dose thiopurines combined with allopurinol can be used in hypermethylators and in thiopurine-related hepatotoxicity. The measurement of metabolites could be useful to assess compliance, identify patients at risk of adverse events and also facilitating the management of refractory patients. Thioguanine is also a rescue therapy in patients with toxicity related to conventional thiopurine therapy. Finally, the current indications for thiopurines in monotherapy or in combination with biologics, as well as the optimal duration of treatment, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Viviana Laredo
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Fernando Gomollón
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Clinic Hospital Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Psychiatry and Dermatology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Institute for Health Research Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
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Verstockt B, Boets L, Sabino J, Vermeire S, Ferrante M. Thiopurine monotherapy has a limited place in treatment of patients with mild-to-moderate Crohn's disease. Gut 2021; 70:1416-1418. [PMID: 32928916 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verstockt
- Dpt Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dpt Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Boets
- Dpt Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João Sabino
- Dpt Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dpt Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Dpt Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Dpt Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Dpt Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium .,Dpt Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), IBD, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Yoon J, Kim DS, Kim YJ, Lee JW, Hong SW, Hwang HW, Hwang SW, Park SH, Yang DH, Ye BD, Byeon JS, Myung SJ, Yang SK. Risk factors and prognostic value of acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding in Crohn’s disease. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:2353-2365. [PMID: 34040327 PMCID: PMC8130046 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i19.2353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is an uncommon but challenging complication of Crohn’s disease (CD).
AIM To identify the predictors of acute severe LGIB and to evaluate the impact of acute severe LGIB on the subsequent clinical course in CD patients.
METHODS A retrospective inception cohort study was conducted in 75 CD patients with acute severe LGIB and 1359 CD patients without acute severe LGIB who were diagnosed between February 1991 and November 2019 at Asan Medical Center, a tertiary university hospital in Korea. Multivariable analysis with Cox proportional hazard regression was performed to identify the risk factors for acute severe LGIB. A matched analysis using 72 patients with bleeding and 267 matched patients without within the cohort was also conducted to investigate whether acute severe LGIB is a predictor of clinical outcomes of CD.
RESULTS Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that early use of thiopurines [hazard ratio (HR): 0.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.12-0.48; P < 0.001] and female sex (HR: 0.51, 95%CI: 0.27-0.94; P = 0.031) were significantly associated with a lower risk of acute severe LGIB. The cumulative risks of behavioral progression and intestinal resection were not significantly different between the two matched groups (P = 0.139 and P = 0.769, respectively). The hospitalization rate was higher in the bleeding group than in the matched non-bleeding group (22.1/100 vs 13.2/100 patient-years; P = 0.012). However, if hospitalizations due to bleeding episodes were excluded from the analysis, the hospitalization rate was not significantly different between the bleeding group and the matched non-bleeding group (14.5/100 vs 13.2/100 patient-years; P = 0.631).
CONCLUSION Early use of thiopurines may reduce the risk of acute severe LGIB. History of acute severe LGIB may not have a significant prognostic value in patients with CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Ye-Jee Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Seung Wook Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Ha Won Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Sung Wook Hwang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyoung Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Byong Duk Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Sik Byeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
| | - Suk-Kyun Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, South Korea
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Poor Drug Sustainability in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients in Clinical Remission on Thiopurine Monotherapy. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1650-1657. [PMID: 32591969 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06427-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunomodulator monotherapy is an important component in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, there is conflicting literature about thiopurines maintaining long-term remission in patients with active IBD. AIM To determine the durable clinical remission rate in adults with Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) on thiopurine monotherapy over 5 years. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of adult patients identified at McGill University Health Centre from 2009 to 2012. We included IBD patients who initiated thiopurine monotherapy and were in remission for at least 3 months (Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) < 5 points for CD and partial Mayo Score (pMS) < 2 points in UC). The primary endpoint was sustained clinical remission on thiopurines during a 5-year follow-up. This included patients who had not relapsed or discontinued the drug due to side effects. The secondary endpoint was clinical relapse over the follow-up period, which was defined as HBI > 5 in CD and pMS > 2 in UC. RESULTS There were 148 patients included in the study (100 CD; 48 UC). At 5 years, 23% (34/148) patients remained in clinical remission on thiopurine monotherapy (25 CD and 9 UC patients). Thirty-three percent (33/100) of CD and 46% (22/48) of UC patients relapsed while on thiopurines. There was no difference in relapse rates between CD and UC patients. Eighty-four percent (42/50) of patients with CD with side effects and all UC (17/17) patients who experienced side effects discontinued the drug. CONCLUSION This analysis demonstrates that there is poor sustainability of clinical remission in IBD patients on thiopurine monotherapy given that a high proportion of patients discontinue thiopurines due to either relapse or side effects.
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Singh A, Mahajan R, Kedia S, Dutta AK, Anand A, Bernstein CN, Desai D, Pai CG, Makharia G, Tevethia HV, Mak JW, Kaur K, Peddi K, Ranjan MK, Arkkila P, Kochhar R, Banerjee R, Sinha SK, Ng SC, Hanauer S, Verma S, Dutta U, Midha V, Mehta V, Ahuja V, Sood A. Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: an update. Intest Res 2021; 20:11-30. [PMID: 33845546 PMCID: PMC8831775 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2020.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), once considered a disease of the Western hemisphere, has emerged as a global disease. As the disease prevalence is on a steady rise, management of IBD has come under the spotlight. 5-Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents and biologics are the backbone of treatment of IBD. With the advent of biologics and small molecules, the need for surgery and hospitalization has decreased. However, economic viability and acceptability is an important determinant of local prescription patterns. Nearly one-third of the patients in West receive biologics as the first/initial therapy. The scenario is different in developing countries where biologics are used only in a small proportion of patients with IBD. Increased risk of reactivation of tuberculosis and high cost of the therapy are limitations to their use. Thiopurines hence become critical for optimal management of patients with IBD in these regions. However, approximately one-third of patients are intolerant or develop adverse effects with their use. This has led to suboptimal use of thiopurines in clinical practice. This review article discusses the clinical aspects of thiopurine use in patients with IBD with the aim of optimizing their use to full therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshdeep Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Ramit Mahajan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - Abhinav Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Charles N Bernstein
- University of Manitoba IBD Clinical and Research Centre, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Devendra Desai
- P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - C Ganesh Pai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India
| | - Govind Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Joyce Wy Mak
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Kirandeep Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Kiran Peddi
- Citizens Centre for Digestive Disorders, Hyderabad, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar Ranjan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Perttu Arkkila
- Department of Gastroenterology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rupa Banerjee
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Saroj Kant Sinha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Siew Chien Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Stephen Hanauer
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Suhang Verma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vandana Midha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College, Ludhiana, India
| | - Varun Mehta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajit Sood
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
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Stournaras E, Qian W, Pappas A, Hong YY, Shawky R, Raine T, Parkes M. Thiopurine monotherapy is effective in ulcerative colitis but significantly less so in Crohn's disease: long-term outcomes for 11 928 patients in the UK inflammatory bowel disease bioresource. Gut 2021; 70:677-686. [PMID: 33004550 PMCID: PMC7948184 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thiopurines are widely used as maintenance therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but the evidence base for their use is sparse and their role increasingly questioned. Using the largest series reported to date, we assessed the long-term effectiveness of thiopurines in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), including their impact on need for surgery. DESIGN Outcomes were assessed in 11 928 patients (4968 UC, 6960 CD) in the UK IBD BioResource initiated on thiopurine monotherapy with the intention of maintaining medically induced remission. Effectiveness was assessed retrospectively using patient-level data and a definition that required avoidance of escalation to biological therapy or surgery while on thiopurines. Analyses included overall effectiveness, time-to-event analysis for treatment escalation and comparison of surgery rates in patients tolerant or intolerant of thiopurines. RESULTS Using 68 132 patient-years of exposure, thiopurine monotherapy appeared effective for the duration of treatment in 2617/4968 (52.7%) patients with UC compared with 2378/6960 (34.2%) patients with CD (p<0.0001). This difference was corroborated in a multivariable analysis: after adjusting for variables including treatment era, thiopurine monotherapy was less effective in CD than UC (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.51, p<0.0001). Thiopurine intolerance was associated with increased risk of surgery in UC (HR 2.44, p<0.0001); with a more modest impact on need for surgery in CD (HR=1.23, p=0.0015). CONCLUSION Thiopurine monotherapy is an effective long-term treatment for UC but significantly less effective in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Stournaras
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wendi Qian
- Cambridge Clinical Trials Unit, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Apostolos Pappas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - You Yi Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rasha Shawky
- IBD BioResource, NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tim Raine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- IBD BioResource, NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Maeda T, Sakuraba H, Hiraga H, Yoshida S, Kakuta Y, Kikuchi H, Kawaguchi S, Hasui K, Tatsuta T, Chinda D, Mikami T, Fukuda S. Long-term efficacy and tolerability of dose-adjusted thiopurine treatment in maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease patients with NUDT15 heterozygosity. Intest Res 2021; 20:90-100. [PMID: 33472343 PMCID: PMC8831774 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2020.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Thiopurines are key drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Recently, NUDT15 polymorphism (R139C, c.415C > T) has been shown to be associated with thiopurine-induced adverse events in Asian populations. In patients with the C/T genotype, low-dose thiopurine treatment is recommended, but its long-term efficacy and tolerability remain unclear. This study aimed to uncover the long-term efficacy and appropriate dosage of thiopurine for IBD patients with the C/T genotype. Methods A total of 210 patients with IBD (103 UC and 107 CD) determined to have NUDT15 R139C variants were enrolled. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed from medical records. Results Of 46 patients (21.9%) with the C/T genotype, 30 patients (65.2%) were treated with thiopurines. Three of whom (10.0%) discontinued thiopurine treatment due to adverse events and 27 of whom continued. The median maintenance dosage of 6-mercaptopurine was 0.25 mg/kg/day (range, 0.19–0.36 mg/kg/day), and 6-thioguanine nucleotides level was 230 (104–298) pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells. Cumulative thiopurine continuation rates for 120 months for patients with the C/C and C/T genotypes were not significantly different (P = 0.895). Cumulative non-relapse rates in the patients with UC treated with thiopurine monotherapy and surgery-free rates in CD patients treated with combination therapy (thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents) for maintenance remission were not significantly different at 60 months (C/C vs. C/T, P = 0.339 and P = 0.422, respectively). Conclusions Low-dose thiopurine treatment is an effective and acceptable treatment for patients with C/T genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takato Maeda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hirotake Sakuraba
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hiroto Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shukuko Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Shibata Irika Co. Ltd, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidezumi Kikuchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Division of Endoscopy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shogo Kawaguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tatsuta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Chinda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Department of Community Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mikami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan.,Division of Endoscopy, Hirosaki University Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinsaku Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Xu Y, Qiao YQ, Li HY, Zhou M, Cai CW, Shen J, Ran ZH. NUDT15 genotyping during azathioprine treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: implications for a dose-optimization strategy. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2021; 8:437-444. [PMID: 33442476 PMCID: PMC7793196 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NUDT15 R139C is an Asian-prevalent genetic variant related to azathioprine (AZA) intolerance in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, it remains unclear how to utilize the genotyping results to improve the step-up dosing strategy with an already low starting dose in Asian practice. Methods Clinical data of eligible IBD patients who received AZA therapy and NUDT15 R139C testing were retrospectively collected. The relationship between NUDT15 genotype, AZA doses, and AZA-induced toxicity and efficacy were comprehensively analysed. Results A total of 159 patients were included for toxicity analysis. Compared with the wild genotype, patients heterozygous for R139C are more prone to developing myelotoxicity and alopecia (P = 0.007; P = 0.042). In particular, they had a 5.4-fold risk of developing myelotoxicity when AZA dosage was increased from 25 mg/d to 50 mg/d (P < 0.001). Regarding efficacy, 115 patients who had received AZA for >4 months and maintained clinical remission on AZA monotherapy were included for further analysis. R139C heterozygotes were finally titrated to a significantly lower dose than the wild genotype [median (interquartile range): 0.83 (0.75-0.96) vs 1.04 (0.89-1.33) mg/kg/d, P = 0.001], whereas the clinical remission rates did not differ between groups (P = 0.88). Conclusions IBD patients with R139C heterozygote are highly susceptible to AZA-induced myelotoxicity at an escalated dose of 50 mg/d. Thus, they may require a smaller dose increase after a starting dose of 25 mg/d. The final target dose of these patients could be set lower than that of the wild genotypes without compromising efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qi Qiao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han-Yang Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Wen Cai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Ran
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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42
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Calafat M, Mañosa M, Cañete F, Domènech E. Clinical Considerations Regarding the Use of Thiopurines in Older Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Drugs Aging 2021; 38:193-203. [PMID: 33438138 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-020-00832-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The number of older patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing due to both improvements in the life expectancy of patients with long-lasting IBD and later onset of the disease. In spite of a less aggressive IBD phenotype, disease management in older patients is hampered by comorbidities and polypharmacy (which increase the risk of drug-related adverse events and errors in medication intake) and also by an increased risk of the infections and malignancies associated with the immunosuppressive drugs that are frequently used to treat IBD. Thiopurines are the most frequently used immunosuppressive drugs in IBD, though they are often discontinued due to adverse events. However, when tolerated, thiopurines are efficient in the maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. In fact, thiopurines still have a role to play in the treatment algorithm of older patients with IBD because anti-tumor necrosis factor agents do not provide clear advantages for this population in terms of their safety profile, while data on the new biological drugs are still scarce. In this article, we review the optimal use of thiopurines in older patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margalida Calafat
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Míriam Mañosa
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fiorella Cañete
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eugeni Domènech
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Carretera del Canyet s/n, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepaticas y Digestivas, Madrid, Spain.
- Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Alkhatry M, Al-Rifai A, Annese V, Georgopoulos F, Jazzar AN, Khassouan AM, Koutoubi Z, Nathwani R, Taha MS, Limdi JK. First United Arab Emirates consensus on diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel diseases: A 2020 Delphi consensus. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6710-6769. [PMID: 33268959 PMCID: PMC7684461 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i43.6710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are the main entities of inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic remittent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The incidence and prevalence are on the rise worldwide, and the heterogeneity between patients and within individuals over time is striking. The progressive advance in our understanding of the etiopathogenesis coupled with an unprecedented increase in therapeutic options have changed the management towards evidence-based interventions by clinicians with patients. This guideline was stimulated and supported by the Emirates Gastroenterology and Hepatology Society following a systematic review and a Delphi consensus process that provided evidence- and expert opinion-based recommendations. Comprehensive up-to-date guidance is provided regarding diagnosis, evaluation of disease severity, appropriate and timely use of different investigations, choice of appropriate therapy for induction and remission phase according to disease severity, and management of main complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Alkhatry
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, Ibrahim Bin Hamad Obaid Allah Hospital, Ministry of Health and Prevention, Ras Al Khaiman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmad Al-Rifai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sheikh Shakbout Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vito Annese
- Department of Gastroenterology, Valiant Clinic, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, American Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Ahmad N Jazzar
- Gastroenterology Division, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M Khassouan
- Digestive Disease Unit, Rashid Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zaher Koutoubi
- Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rahul Nathwani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mazen S Taha
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tawam Hospital, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jimmy K Limdi
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Pennine Acute Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M8 5RB, United Kingdom
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44
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Houwen JPA, Egberts ACG, de Boer A, van Maarseveen EM, Houwen RHJ, Lalmohamed A. Influence of allopurinol on thiopurine associated toxicity: A retrospective population-based cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 87:2333-2340. [PMID: 33118191 PMCID: PMC8246992 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Thiopurines are important for treating inflammatory bowel disease, but are often discontinued due to adverse effects. Concomitant use of allopurinol might lower the risk of these unwanted effects, but large studies in the general population are lacking. The aims of this study were to evaluate rates of hepatotoxicity, myelotoxicity, pancreas toxicity and therapy persistence in adult thiopurine users with or without allopurinol. Methods A retrospective population‐based cohort study was conducted within current thiopurine users (Clinical Practice Research Datalink). Among these patients, co‐use of allopurinol was compared to non‐use. Hazard ratios (HRs) for hepatotoxicity, myelotoxicity and pancreatitis were derived using time‐dependent Cox proportional hazards models, and were adjusted for potential confounders. Persistence of thiopurine use was evaluated using Log‐rank statistics. Results Patients using thiopurines (n = 37 360) were identified of which 1077 were concomitantly taking allopurinol. A 58% decreased risk of hepatotoxicity was observed in those concomitantly taking allopurinol (HR 0.42; 95% CI 0.30–0.60; NNT 46). Rate of myelotoxicity (HR 0.96; 95% CI 0.89–1.03) was not influenced. Risk of pancreatitis was increased (HR 3.00; 95% CI 1.01–8.93; NNH 337), but was only seen in those with active gout (suggesting confounding by indication). Finally, allopurinol co‐users were able to maintain thiopurine therapy over twice as long as those not on allopurinol (3.9 years vs. 1.8 years, P < 0.0001). Conclusion In thiopurine users, allopurinol is associated with a 58% reduced risk of hepatotoxicity. In addition, thiopurine persistence was prolonged by 2.1 years in allopurinol users. These data support the use of allopurinol in individuals requiring thiopurine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen P A Houwen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Antoine C G Egberts
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Dutch Medicines Evaluation Board (CBG/MEB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Erik M van Maarseveen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Roderick H J Houwen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Arief Lalmohamed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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45
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Harmand PO, Solassol J. Thiopurine Drugs in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis: Identification of a Novel Deleterious Mutation in TPMT. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101212. [PMID: 33081236 PMCID: PMC7602704 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Both are characterized by inflammation of part of the digestive tract lining. Azathioprine (AZA) is a well-known immunosuppressant that has been known for many years for its ability to provide long-term disease remission in IBDs, but has important side effects, most of which are related to a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene for thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), which ensures the degradation and efficacy of AZA. Since a direct correlation between TPMT gene polymorphisms and the haematological toxicity of the AZA treatment has been widely demonstrated, TPMT genotyping has been made necessary prior to any introduction of AZA. The monitoring of thiopurine metabolites presents one of the factors that limit wide adaptation of these thiopurines in clinical practice. Thus, identifying patients with asymmetric metabolism could help clinicians provide an ideal treatment recommendation to improve response and reduce adverse effects. Here, we review the role of AZA in the treatment of IBD and discuss the usefulness of TPMT genotyping to guide clinical decision-making. In addition, we report the identification of a new molecular alteration, never described, TPMT mutation affecting the TPMT activity and responsible for deleterious side effects in a clinical case of a 20-year-old woman patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Harmand
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jérôme Solassol
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Tumeurs Solides, Département de Pathologie et Oncobiologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France;
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 33-4673-358-71
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46
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van Hoeve K, Vermeire S. Thiopurines in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current and Future Place. Paediatr Drugs 2020; 22:449-461. [PMID: 32797366 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-020-00411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Thiopurines have been widely used to maintain steroid-free remission in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, within the expanding treatment armamentarium, the role of these non-selective immunomodulators has been questioned, especially in pediatric patients, who often present with a more aggressive disease course, which can impact growth and development. The less favorable safety but also inferior efficacy profile associated with thiopurines, in contrast to the newer biological therapies, has interfered with their use. The future place of thiopurines in the management of childhood IBD, therefore, needs revisiting. This review provides a practical overview on the historical and current use of thiopurines in pediatric IBD with specific attention for thiopurine S-methyltransferase testing and monitoring of thiopurine metabolite levels as an approach to improve outcomes. We also give a personal expert opinion on the future role of these drugs in childhood IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen van Hoeve
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Nutrition, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,TARGID, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- TARGID, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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47
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Labarile N, Ghosh S, Ng SC, Walters J, Iacucci M. Tests that now deserve to be more widely adopted in IBD clinical practice. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2020; 13:1756284820944088. [PMID: 32782481 PMCID: PMC7385848 DOI: 10.1177/1756284820944088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic relapsing immune-mediated diseases of the intestinal tract with multifaceted manifestations and treatment related morbidity. Faecal and blood tests, radiological, endoscopic and histologic investigations are now widely used for managing both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Over the years, a number of new investigations have been proposed but not widely adopted yet. Patients with Crohn's disease may have multiple causes of diarrhoea, not always attributable to disease exacerbation, but sometimes linked to bile acid malabsorption; we have a reliable serum test, C4, that allows us to recognize and treat this cause of diarrhoea efficaciously and not empirically, but it is not available or used widely. There is genetic inter-individual variability in drug responses, in terms of both efficacy and toxicity, leading to high rates of therapeutic failure. Patients treated with thiopurine or, more rarely, 5-aminosalicylic acid may suffer from unpredictable and serious adverse events, some of these with pathogenesis related to genetic variants: myelosuppression, acute pancreatitis and nephrotoxicity. The identification of pre-treatment genetic tests can optimize therapeutic choice and avoid adverse events. With regard to biological drugs, patients can experience primary non-response or loss of response due to induction of immune responses to the drugs affecting drug efficacy and determining hypersensitivity reactions. We have specifically reviewed a number of investigations, whose use is currently limited, and highlighted four tests that deserve to be more widely incorporated in clinical practice as these could improve medical decision-making and patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- Institute Translational of Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julian Walters
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Imperial College London, Imperial College Healthcare, London, UK
| | - Marietta Iacucci
- Institute Translational of Medicine, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy and NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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48
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Mokhtari M, Mostanbet F, Nekooee Fard S, Shekarkhar G, Sepaskhah M, Sadati MS. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase and Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Phenotype-Genotype Study. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:299-305. [PMID: 32944042 PMCID: PMC7477690 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.121365.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: Thiopurine drugs are considered as a treatment modality in various autoimmune disorders including pemphigus vulgaris (PV). These drugs are metabolized by an enzyme “Thiopurine S-methyl transferase” (TPMT). Various variants of this enzyme may have decreased activity leading to serious drug side effects. To investigate the phenotype and genotype of TPMT in PV patients receiving thiopurine drugs. Methods: A total of 50 patients (29 women and 21 men) with pemphigus vulgaris treating with standard dose of Thiopurine drugs were selected. Sex, age, result of liver function test and complete blood count were recorded. Genotyping of two common non-functional allele (TPMT*2 and TPMT*3C) by Allele-specific and RFLP-PCR was performed. TPMT enzymatic level was determined by an ELISA based method. Results: Of patients, 36 (72%) were found to have normal TPMT level; and 12, (24%) had higher level of enzyme and 2, 4% had low TPMT enzyme, but none of the patients showed mutant TPMT*2 and TPMT*3C alleles. None of the patients showed hepatotoxicity and bone marrow suppression. Conclusion: The phenotypic assay based on ELISA method may have false positive and misleading results but genotyping using PCR-RFLP and allele specific PCR is accurate, simple and cost-effective and can be used in patients decided to undergo thiopurine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Mokhtari
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Mostanbet
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saideh Nekooee Fard
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Golsa Shekarkhar
- Pathology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mozhdeh Sepaskhah
- Dermatology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Sadati
- Dermatology Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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49
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Gkikas K, Gerasimidis K, Milling S, Ijaz UZ, Hansen R, Russell RK. Dietary Strategies for Maintenance of Clinical Remission in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Are We There Yet? Nutrients 2020; 12:E2018. [PMID: 32645980 PMCID: PMC7400838 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a result of a complex interaction between host immune response, the gut microbiome and environmental factors, such as diet. Although scientific advances, with the use of biological medications, have revolutionized IBD treatment, the challenge for maintaining clinical remission and delaying clinical relapse is still present. As exclusive enteral nutrition has become a well-established treatment for the induction of remission in pediatric Crohn's disease, the scientific interest regarding diet in IBD is now focused on the development of follow-on dietary strategies, which aim to suppress colonic inflammation and delay a disease flare. The objective of this review is to present an extensive overview of the dietary strategies, which have been used in the literature to maintain clinical remission in both Crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis, and the evidence surrounding the association of dietary components with clinical relapse. We also aim to provide study-related recommendations to be encompassed in future research studies aiming to investigate the role of diet during remission periods in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Gkikas
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK; (K.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Konstantinos Gerasimidis
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK; (K.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Simon Milling
- Institute for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Umer Z. Ijaz
- Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK;
| | - Richard Hansen
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK;
| | - Richard K. Russell
- Department of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh EH9 1LF, UK
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Martín-Masot R, Ortiz Pérez MP, Ramos Rueda N, Serrano Nieto J, Blasco-Alonso J, Navas-López VM. Análisis de la determinación de niveles de tiopurínicos en pacientes pediátricos con enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 93:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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