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Broløs L, Kilde MD, Nielsen MB. Novel synthetic strategy towards subphthalocyanine-functionalized acetylenic scaffolds via various dibromo-enynes. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6077-6085. [PMID: 32613222 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00988a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Boron subphthalocyanine (SubPc) is a strong chromophore with interesting applications in the field of functional materials and can be synthetically modified in both the peripheral and axial positions, allowing tuning of optical and redox properties. Herein we present novel acetylenic scaffolds where SubPc units are bridged via acetylenic moieties at the boron atoms. Specifically, we show that dibromo-functionalized enyne and enediyne units (vinylic dibromides) can be attached to one or two SubPc boron atoms using an AlCl3-mediated alkynylation protocol of trimethylsilyl-protected alkynes, and such compounds can conveniently be employed for further Sonogashira or Glaser-Hay coupling reactions. Thereby, new tetraethynylethene (TEE) - SubPc scaffolds were obtained. The degree of communication between two SubPc units incorporated in dimeric scaffolds was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. When bridged by one TEE unit, the oxidations of the SubPc units occurred sequentially, while the two SubPc units behaved as independent redox centers when separated by two TEE units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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2
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Synthesis of radiaannulene oligomers to model the elusive carbon allotrope 6,6,12-graphyne. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3714. [PMID: 31420550 PMCID: PMC6697750 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphyne allotropes of carbon are fascinating materials, and their electronic properties are predicted to rival those of the “wonder material” graphene. One allotrope of graphyne, having rectangular symmetry rather than hexagonal, stands out as particularly attractive, namely 6,6,12-graphyne. It is currently an insurmountable challenge, however, to design and execute a synthesis of this material. Herein, we present synthesis and electronic properties of molecules that serve as model compounds. These oligomers, so-called radiaannulenes, are prepared by iterative acetylenic coupling reactions. Systematic optical and redox studies indicate the effective conjugation length of the radiaannulene oligomers is nearly met by the length of the trimer. The HOMO-LUMO gap suggested by the series of oligomers is still, however, higher than that expected for 6,6,12-graphyne from theory, which predicts two nonequivalent distorted Dirac cones (no band gap). Thus, the radiaannulene oligomers present a suitable length in one dimension of a sheet, but should be expanded in the second dimension to provide a unique representation of 6,6,12-graphyne. 6,6,12-graphyne is an intriguing synthetic allotrope of carbon that is predicted to have unique electronic properties but has not been successfully synthesized. Here, the authors prepare a series of radiaannulene oligomers that can be regarded as large segments of this elusive graphyne allotrope.
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3
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Dini D, Calvete MJF, Hanack M. Nonlinear Optical Materials for the Smart Filtering of Optical Radiation. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13043-13233. [PMID: 27933768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The control of luminous radiation has extremely important implications for modern and future technologies as well as in medicine. In this Review, we detail chemical structures and their relevant photophysical features for various groups of materials, including organic dyes such as metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines (and derivatives), other common organic materials, mixed metal complexes and clusters, fullerenes, dendrimeric nanocomposites, polymeric materials (organic and/or inorganic), inorganic semiconductors, and other nanoscopic materials, utilized or potentially useful for the realization of devices able to filter in a smart way an external radiation. The concept of smart is referred to the characteristic of those materials that are capable to filter the radiation in a dynamic way without the need of an ancillary system for the activation of the required transmission change. In particular, this Review gives emphasis to the nonlinear optical properties of photoactive materials for the function of optical power limiting. All known mechanisms of optical limiting have been analyzed and discussed for the different types of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Dini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza" , P.le Aldo Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mário J F Calvete
- CQC, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Coimbra , Rua Larga, P 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michael Hanack
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Jiang X, O’Brien ZJ, Yang S, Lai LH, Buenaflor J, Tan C, Khan S, Houk KN, Garcia-Garibay MA. Crystal Fluidity Reflected by Fast Rotational Motion at the Core, Branches, and Peripheral Aromatic Groups of a Dendrimeric Molecular Rotor. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4650-6. [PMID: 26973017 PMCID: PMC5155508 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low packing densities are key structural features of amphidynamic crystals built with static and mobile components. Here we report a loosely packed crystal of dendrimeric rotor 2 and the fast dynamics of all its aromatic groups, both resulting from the hyperbranched structure of the molecule. Compound 2 was synthesized with a convergent strategy to construct a central phenylene core with stators consisting of two layers of triarylmethyl groups. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a low-density packing structure consisting of one molecule of 2 and approximately eight solvent molecules per unit cell. Three isotopologues of 2 were synthesized to study the motion of each segment of the molecule in the solid state using variable temperature quadrupolar echo (2)H NMR spectroscopy. Line shape analysis of the spectra reveals that the central phenylene, the six branch phenylenes, and the 18 periphery phenyls all display megahertz rotational dynamics in the crystals at ambient temperature. Arrhenius analysis of the data gives similar activation energies and pre-exponential factors for different parts of the structure. The observed pre-exponential factors are 4-6 orders of magnitude greater than those of elementary site-exchange processes, indicating that the dynamics are not dictated by static energetic potentials. Instead, the activation energies for rotations in the crystals of 2 are controlled by temperature dependent local structural fluctuations and crystal fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Zachary J. O’Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Song Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Lan Huong Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Jeffrey Buenaflor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Colleen Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Saeed Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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5
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Beaudoin D, Levasseur-Grenon O, Maris T, Wuest JD. Building Giant Carbocycles by Reversible C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201509608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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6
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Beaudoin D, Levasseur-Grenon O, Maris T, Wuest JD. Building Giant Carbocycles by Reversible C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 55:894-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201509608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | | | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - James D. Wuest
- Département de Chimie; Université de Montréal; Montréal Québec H3C 3J7 Canada
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Ramsaywack S, Karaca S, Gholami M, Murray AH, Hampel F, McDonald R, Elmaci N, Lüthi HP, Tykwinski RR. Donor- and/or Acceptor-Substituted Expanded Radialenes: Theory, Synthesis, and Properties. J Org Chem 2014; 79:10013-29. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5016085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharwatie Ramsaywack
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Sila Karaca
- Department
of Chemistry, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mojtaba Gholami
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Adrian H. Murray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Frank Hampel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Nuran Elmaci
- Department
of Chemistry, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, 35430 İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hans Peter Lüthi
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg
2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center of Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Henkestrasse 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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8
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Gholami M, Ramsaywack S, Chaur MN, Murray AH, McDonald R, Ferguson MJ, Echegoyen L, Tykwinski RR. Synthesis and Derivatization of Expanded [n]Radialenes (n=3, 4). Chemistry 2013; 19:15120-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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9
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Allen SE, Walvoord RR, Padilla-Salinas R, Kozlowski MC. Aerobic copper-catalyzed organic reactions. Chem Rev 2013; 113:6234-458. [PMID: 23786461 PMCID: PMC3818381 DOI: 10.1021/cr300527g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1228] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott E. Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ryan R. Walvoord
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rosaura Padilla-Salinas
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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10
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Leu WCW, Fritz AE, Digianantonio KM, Hartley CS. Push–Pull Macrocycles: Donor–Acceptor Compounds with Paired Linearly Conjugated or Cross-Conjugated Pathways. J Org Chem 2012; 77:2285-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jo2026004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wade C. W. Leu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Amanda E. Fritz
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | | | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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11
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Lincke K, Christensen MA, Diederich F, Nielsen MB. Acetylenic Tetrathiafulvalene Scaffolds - Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Molecules. Helv Chim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Geng XL, Ott S. Acetylene-expanded dendralene segments with exotopic phosphaalkene units. Chemistry 2011; 17:12153-62. [PMID: 21915927 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bis-TMS protected C,C-diacetylenic phosphaalkene (A(2)PA) 1 (Mes*P=C(C≡CTMS)(2); Mes* = 2,4,6-tBu(3)Ph) has been used as a building block for the construction of butadiyne-expanded dendralene fragments in which phosphaalkenes feature as exotopic double bonds. Treatment of 1 with CuCl gives rise to a Cu(I) acetylide that is selectively formed at the acetylene trans to the Mes* group. The cis-TMS-acetylene engages in similar chemistry, albeit at higher temperatures and longer reaction times. The differentiation between the two acetylene termini of 1 allows for the controlled synthesis of the title compounds by a variety of different Cu- and Pd-catalyzed oxidative acetylene homo- and heterocoupling protocols. Crystallographic characterization of A(2)PA 1 and dimeric Mes*P=C(C≡CR(1))C(4)(R(2) C≡C)C=PMes* (3b, R(1) = R(2) = Ph; 6, R(1) = R(2) = TMS), and 10 (R(1) = R(2) = C≡CPh) verifies that the stereochemistry across the P=C bond is conserved during the coupling reactions, whereas spectroscopic evidence reveals cis/trans isomerization in an iodo-substituted A(2)PA intermediate 4 (Mes*P=C(C≡CTMS)(C≡CI). UV/Vis spectroscopic and electrochemical studies reveal that efficient π conjugation operates through the entire acetylenic phosphaalkene framework, even in the cross-conjugated dimeric structures. The P centers contribute considerably to the frontier molecular orbitals of the compounds, thereby leading to smaller HOMO-LUMO gaps than in all-carbon-based congeners. Phenyl- and/or ethynylphenyl substituents at the A(2)PA framework influence the HOMO and LUMO to a varying degree depending on their relationship to the Mes* group, thus enabling a fine-tuning of the frontier molecular orbitals of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Li Geng
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Science, Ångström Laboratories, Uppsala University, Regementsvagen 1, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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13
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Rivera-Fuentes P, Nieto-Ortega B, Schweizer WB, López Navarrete JT, Casado J, Diederich F. Enantiopure, Monodisperse Alleno-acetylenic Cyclooligomers: Effect of Symmetry and Conformational Flexibility on the Chiroptical Properties of Carbon-Rich Compounds. Chemistry 2011; 17:3876-85. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Limacher PA, Lüthi HP. Cross-conjugation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Rivera-Fuentes P, Alonso-Gómez JL, Petrovic A, Seiler P, Santoro F, Harada N, Berova N, Rzepa H, Diederich F. Enantiomerically Pure Alleno-Acetylenic Macrocycles: Synthesis, Solid-State Structures, Chiroptical Properties, and Electron Localization Function Analysis. Chemistry 2010; 16:9796-807. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Hoheisel T, Schrettl S, Szilluweit R, Frauenrath H. Nanostrukturierte Kohlenstoffmaterialien aus molekularen Vorstufen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200907180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Hoheisel T, Schrettl S, Szilluweit R, Frauenrath H. Nanostructured Carbonaceous Materials from Molecular Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:6496-515. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200907180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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18
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Wu YL, Bureš F, Jarowski P, Schweizer WB, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Diederich F. Proaromaticity: Organic Charge-Transfer Chromophores with Small HOMO-LUMO Gaps. Chemistry 2010; 16:9592-605. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Diederich F, Kivala M. All-carbon scaffolds by rational design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:803-12. [PMID: 20217790 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for new molecular and regular polymeric allotropes of carbon has greatly stimulated the preparation and investigation of pi-conjugated acetylenic macrocycles, which often represent substructures of proposed 2D carbon networks. Perethynylated dehydroannulenes, expanded radialenes, and radiaannulenes with large, multi-nanometer-sized all-carbon cores are potent electron acceptors, and their optoelectronic as well as stability and solubility properties are greatly enhanced by peripheral donor substitution. Acetylenic scaffolding into three dimensions has generated an expanded cubane with a C(56) core, the first representative of a new class of "platonic" objects. Exceptional chiroptical properties displayed by enantiomerically pure alleno-acetylenic, shape-persistent macrocycles promise fascinating perspectives for the development of molecular and supramolecular chiroptical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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20
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Becker HC, Kilså K. Size- and solvent-dependent kinetics for cis-trans isomerization in donor-acceptor systems. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 72:1014-1019. [PMID: 19196546 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2008.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated, using time-resolved and steady-state optical spectroscopy, the cis-trans isomerization dynamics in a series of charge transfer, donor-acceptor compounds. The number of donor (dithiafulvene) and acceptor (p-nitrophenyl) moieties as well as their spatial arrangement around a central ethynylethene core has been varied in a systematic way. All compounds in the series are weakly fluorescent. We show that the fluorescence spectrum red-shifts within a few picoseconds, a shift which occurs concurrently with a blue-shift of the transient absorption spectrum. The kinetics following the initial relaxation are in all cases multi-exponential, and the time constants correlate with molecular size and solvent viscosity. We interpret the data as a result of conformational change where the conjugation through the central double bond is broken upon excitation into the charge-transfer transition, and the time for rotation around this bond is dependent on the molecular interactions between solute and solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Becker
- Department of Photochemistry and Molecular Sciences, Box 523, Uppsala University, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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Kivala M, Diederich F. Acetylene-derived strong organic acceptors for planar and nonplanar push-pull chromophores. Acc Chem Res 2009; 42:235-48. [PMID: 19061332 DOI: 10.1021/ar8001238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Though investigated for decades, interest in push-pull chromophores (D-pi-A), strong electron donors (D) connected by pi-conjugating spacers to strong electron acceptors (A), continues to grow. Such chromophores are of substantial interest for optoelectronic devices such as waveguides. Also, strong donors and acceptors form bimolecular charge-transfer (CT) complexes and salts, some of which exhibit electrical conductivity and magnetic behavior. Furthermore, strong organic acceptors are increasingly explored as dopants in the fabrication of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and solar cells. This Account describes systematic efforts pursued over the past decade in our laboratory to generate new families of organic electron acceptors (A) and conjugate them via pi-spacers to electron donors (D) under formation of push-pull systems with intense intramolecular CT interactions and high third-order optical nonlinearities. First, we describe donor-acceptor-substituted tetraethynylethenes (TEEs). In these chromophores, the peripherally attached p-nitrophenyl acceptors and N,N-dimethylanilino donors behave as nearly independent redox centers. Acetylenic scaffolding using TEE building blocks produces large all-carbon sheets, such as perethynylated dehydroannulenes, expanded radialenes, and radiaannulenes with potent electron-acceptor properties. Arylated TEEs act as molecular switches allowing two-way photochemical interconversion that is not perturbed by thermal isomerization pathways. Upon sequential substitution of the acetylene moieties in TEEs, we formed another family of potent acceptors, the cyanoethynylethenes (CEEs). Donor-substituted CEEs are planar CT chromophores with very high third-order optical nonlinearities. Their high environmental stability allows for the formation of thin films by vapor-phase deposition. Through careful analysis of the physicochemical properties of CEEs, we established useful guidelines for evaluating and tuning the optical gap in strong push-pull chromophores: increasing the length of the pi-spacer in D-pi-A systems reduces ground-state D-A conjugation and lowers the HOMO-LUMO gap. By taking advantage of "click-chemistry"-type [2 + 2] cycloadditions of tetracyanoethene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) with appropriately activated alkynes, followed by retro-electrocyclization, the formation of donor-substituted 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs), 1,1,2,4,4-pentacyanobuta-1,3-dienes (PCBDs), and novel TCNQ adducts is possible. Some of these stable, nonplanar CT chromophores form high optical quality amorphous thin films by vapor-phase deposition. Despite donor substitution, the new acceptors (TCBDs, PCBDs, and the TCNQ adducts) rival TCNE and TCNQ in their ease for reversible electron uptake. High-yielding cycloaddition/retro-electrocyclization cascades provide access to multivalent, dendritic chromophores acting as "molecular batteries" with a remarkable capacity for multiple electron uptake in a narrow potential range. Finally, we used a one-pot protocol for electronically controlled consecutive TCNE and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) additions to end-capped polyynes to form [AB]-type oligomers with a dendralene-type backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kivala
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Ge S, Meetsma A, Hessen B. Scandium, Yttrium, and Lanthanum Benzyl and Alkynyl Complexes with theN-(2-Pyrrolidin-1-ylethyl)-1,4-diazepan-6-amido Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, andZ-Selective Catalytic Linear Dimerization of Phenylacetylenes. Organometallics 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/om8004228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhong Ge
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Auke Meetsma
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Hessen
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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23
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Shanks D, Preus S, Qvortrup K, Hassenkam T, Nielsen MB, Kilså K. Excitation energy transfer in novel acetylenic perylene diimide scaffolds. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b811565f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fujimoto T, Suizu R, Yoshikawa H, Awaga K. Molecular, Crystal, and Thin-Film Structures of Octathio[8]circulene: Release of Antiaromatic Molecular Distortion and Lamellar Structure of Self-Assembling Thin Films. Chemistry 2008; 14:6053-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Kivala M, Diederich F. Conjugation and optoelectronic properties of acetylenic scaffolds and charge-transfer chromophores. PURE APPL CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1351/pac200880030411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Our group started a research program in acetylene chemistry in 1987; since then, an intense research effort led to a fascinating journey into acetylenic scaffolding, aimed at exploring conjugative and optoelectronic properties of acetylenic chromophores. This journey included the generation of a unique molecular construction kit for acetylenic scaffolding, consisting of (E)-1,2-diethynylethenes [DEEs, (E)-hex-3-ene-1,5-diynes], tetraethynylethenes (TEEs, 3,4-diethynylhex-3-ene-1,5-diynes), chiral 1,3-diethynylallenes (DEAs, hepta-3,4-diene-1,6-diynes), 1,4-di and 1,1,4,4-tetraethynylbutatrienes, chiral trialkynylmethanes, and 1,1,2,2-tetraethynylethanes. These building modules were subsequently applied to the synthesis of carbon-rich architectures extending into one, two, and three dimensions. They include multinanometer-long monodisperse oligomers as models for infinite acetylenic polymers, molecular switches, perethynylated dehydroannulenes, expanded radialenes, and radiaannulenes, and an octamethoxy-substituted expanded cubane with a central C56 core. Donor-substituted cyanoethynylethenes (CEEs) and 1,1,4,4-tetracyanobuta-1,3-dienes (TCBDs) were introduced as new push-pull chromophores featuring intense intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interactions. Dendritic multivalent CT chromophores were constructed using atom-economic, "click"-like reactions, and these systems were shown to behave as "molecular batteries", featuring exceptional electron uptake and storage capacity. The research finally led to the development of an unprecedented cascade reaction for the preparation of dendritic and oligomeric donor-acceptor (D-A) molecules. New [AB]-type oligomers become accessible in domino reactions involving repetitive sequences of [2+2] cycloadditions of tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) to polyynes, followed by retro-electrocyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kivala
- 1Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, and NCCR Nanoscale Science, Basel, Switzerland
| | - François Diederich
- 1Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, and NCCR Nanoscale Science, Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
During the past two decades, shape-persistent conjugated macrocycles with a broad spectrum of attributes and topologies have been synthesized. This includes macrocycles with remarkable electronic, optical, and supramolecular properties, as well as intriguing frameworks. Expanded radialenes are a class of conjugated shape-persistent macrocycles that arise from the formal insertion of acetylene units into a radialene framework. A related class of macrocycles, the expanded radiaannulenes, contains both endo- and exocyclic vinylene and vinylidene segments, respectively, and accordingly exhibits properties intermediate between radialenes and annulenes. Enyne building blocks have been developed that are suitable for forming a macrocyclic framework through a step-wise sequence of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This "building-block" approach allows us to explore a range of molecular architectures that will ultimately provide for an understanding of π-delocalization in these compounds. The synthesis and structural characterization of the first members of this new class of expanded radialenes and radiaannulenes are described.
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Gholami M, Melin F, McDonald R, Ferguson M, Echegoyen L, Tykwinski R. Synthesis and Characterization of Expanded Radialenes, Bisradialenes, and Radiaannulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Gholami M, Melin F, McDonald R, Ferguson M, Echegoyen L, Tykwinski R. Synthesis and Characterization of Expanded Radialenes, Bisradialenes, and Radiaannulenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:9081-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Patra A, Wijsboom Y, Shimon L, Bendikov M. Planar [6]Radialenes: Structure, Synthesis, and Aromaticity of Benzotriselenophene and Benzotrithiophene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Patra A, Wijsboom Y, Shimon L, Bendikov M. Planar [6]Radialenes: Structure, Synthesis, and Aromaticity of Benzotriselenophene and Benzotrithiophene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:8814-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Ge S, Norambuena VFQ, Hessen B. Highly Efficient Regio- and Stereoselective Dimerization of (Hetero)aromatic Terminal Alkynes by Organo Rare-Earth Metal Catalysts. Organometallics 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/om700893f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhong Ge
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Victor F. Quiroga Norambuena
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Hessen
- Center for Catalytic Olefin Polymerization, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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van Assema SG, Kraikivskii PB, Zelinskii SN, Saraev VV, de Jong GB, de Kanter FJ, Schakel M, Chris Slootweg J, Lammertsma K. Building blocks for phospha[n]pericyclynes. J Organomet Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bandyopadhyay A, Varghese B, Hopf H, Sankararaman S. Synthesis and Structures of Cross-Conjugated Bis-dehydroannulenes with a Y-Enediyne Motif and Different π Topologies. Chemistry 2007; 13:3813-21. [PMID: 17225231 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of cross-conjugated bis-dehydroannulenes with different topologies of the pi electrons by Cu(II)-mediated oxidative coupling of the corresponding terminal acetylenic precursors is reported. In general, of the two possible modes of cyclization, which would yield either a [13]annulene or an [18]annulene, the precursors yielded exclusively the bis-dehydro[13]annulenes. However, one example of the formation of a bis-dehydro[18]annulene is also reported. The mode of cyclization to form either the [13]annulene or the [18]annulene is explained on the basis of the conformational preference of the core unit bearing the Y-enediyne moieties. The structures of the two types of bis-annulenes have been unequivocally established by means of single-crystal X-ray crystallographic analysis.
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35
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Anand S, Schlegel HB. Electronic excitations in anti-aromatic dehydro[12]- and aromatic dehydro[18]annulenes: a time-dependent density functional theory study. Mol Phys 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970500418042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Anand
- a Department of Chemistry and Institute for Scientific Computing , Wayne State University , Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - H. Bernhard Schlegel
- b Department of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Science , Christopher Newport University , 1 University Place, Newport News, VA23606, USA
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Ortiz RP, Osuna RM, Hernandez V, Navarrete JTL, Vercelli B, Zotti G, Sumerin VV, Balenkova ES, Nenajdenko VG. Push-pull bithienyl chromophore with an unusual transverse path of conjugation. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:841-51. [PMID: 17266224 DOI: 10.1021/jp0666176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, structure, and electronic properties of a novel cross-conjugated 10H-bisthienodithiocin-10-dicyanoethylene are reported. The X-ray single-crystal structure of the compound reveals a nonplanar conformation. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the compound show a great resemblance, which is a spectroscopic observation common to many push-pull systems. The UV-vis spectrum in CHCl3 displays a strong absorption at 370 nm accompanied by a shoulder at 430 nm so that the optical gap is 2.88 eV. On the other hand, the electrochemical gap amounts to 2.38 V. DFT and TDDFT quantum chemical calculations, at the B3LYP/6-31G** level, have been also performed to (i) determine the minimum-energy molecular structure, (ii) gain knowledge about the equilibrium atomic charges distribution, the topologies, and absolute energies of the frontier molecular orbitals around the gap and about the molecular vibrations which give rise to the most outstanding Raman bands experimentally evidenced, and (iii) to analyze the nature of the vertical one-electron excitations associated to the strongest UV-vis absorptions.
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Maraval V, Chauvin R. From Macrocyclic Oligo-acetylenes to Aromatic Ring Carbo-mers. Chem Rev 2006; 106:5317-43. [PMID: 17165690 DOI: 10.1021/cr050964e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Maraval
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, UPR 8241, 205 Route de Narbonne 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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38
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Gholami M, Tykwinski RR. Oligomeric and Polymeric Systems with a Cross-conjugated π-Framework. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4997-5027. [PMID: 17165681 DOI: 10.1021/cr0505573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Gholami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2 Canada
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Kivala M, Mitzel F, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Seiler P, Gross M, Diederich F. Two-Dimensional Acetylenic Scaffolding: Extended Donor-Substituted Perethynylated Dehydroannulenes. Chem Asian J 2006; 1:479-89. [PMID: 17441085 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200600131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Starting from (Z)-bis(N,N-diisopropylanilino)-substituted tetraethynylethene (TEE), perethynylated octadehydro[12]- and dodecadehydro[18]annulenes were prepared by oxidative Hay coupling. The dodecadehydro[18]annulene with six peripheral N,N-diisopropylanilino substituents was characterized by X-ray crystallography. Elongation of the Z-bisdeprotected TEE by Cadiot-Chodkiewicz coupling with 1-bromo-2-(triisopropylsilyl)ethyne provided a Z-configured bis(butadiyne), which after alkyne deprotection afforded under Hay coupling conditions N,N-diisopropylanilino-substituted perethynylated hexadecadehydro[20]- and tetracosadehydro[30]annulenes. The diisopropylanilino substituents enhance the properties of these unprecedented all-carbon perimeters in several distinct ways. They ensure their solubility, increase their stability, and importantly, engage in strong intramolecular charge-transfer interactions with the electron-accepting all-carbon cores, resulting in intense, bathochromically shifted charge-transfer bands in the UV/Vis spectra. The charge-transfer character of these bands was confirmed by protonation-neutralization experiments. The redox properties of the new carbon-rich chromophores were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk voltammetry, which indicated different redox behavior for aromatic (4n+2 pi electrons) and antiaromatic (4n pi electrons) dehydroannulenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Kivala
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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40
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Ogura K, Matsumoto S, Kobayashi T, Ogura K. Conformations of 2,2’-Bipyrrole p-Systems Having an Electron-donating Site at One Terminal and Electron-accepting Site at the Other Terminal in the Ground and Excited States. HETEROCYCLES 2006. [DOI: 10.3987/com-05-10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Kuwatani Y, Yamamoto G, Oda M, Iyoda M. Nickel-Catalyzed Dimerization of [5]Cumulenes (Hexapentaenes). BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2005. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.78.2188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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42
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Sune Andersson A, Qvortrup K, Rossel Torbensen E, Mayer JP, Gisselbrecht JP, Boudon C, Gross M, Kadziola A, Kilså K, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Synthesis and Characterization of Extended Tetrathiafulvalenes with Di-, Tri-, and Tetraethynylethene Cores. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Moonen NNP, Pomerantz WC, Gist R, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Kawai T, Kishioka A, Gross M, Irie M, Diederich F. Donor-Substituted Cyanoethynylethenes: π-Conjugation and Band-Gap Tuning in Strong Charge-Transfer Chromophores. Chemistry 2005; 11:3325-41. [PMID: 15798969 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An extensive series of silyl-protected cyanoethynylethenes (CEEs) and N,N-dimethylanilino donor-substituted CEEs have been synthesized. More extended chromophores were constructed by selective silyl deprotection and subsequent oxidative acetylenic coupling. The strong electron-accepting nature of the CEEs was revealed by a combination of 13C NMR spectroscopic and electrochemistry measurements. Donor-substituted CEEs display strong intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) character, resulting in intense, bathochromically shifted CT bands in the UV/Vis spectrum. Their structural diversity establishes them as suitable models for the study of pi-conjugation and band gap tuning in strong charge-transfer chromophores. The extent of pi-conjugation in the donor-substituted CEEs was investigated by a combination of ground-state techniques, such as X-ray crystallography, electrochemistry, B3 LYP calculations, and NMR spectroscopy. The comparison of these ground-state results with the features observed in the UV/Vis spectra reveals that-contrary to expectations-more extensive pi-conjugation can lead to larger band gaps in molecules with strong donor and acceptor moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle N P Moonen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH-Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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44
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Jarowski PD, Diederich F, Houk KN. Structures and stabilities of diacetylene-expanded polyhedranes by quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. J Org Chem 2005; 70:1671-8. [PMID: 15730286 DOI: 10.1021/jo0479819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The structures, heats of formation, and strain energies of diacetylene (buta-1,3-diynediyl) expanded molecules have been computed with ab initio and molecular mechanics calculations. Expanded cubane, prismane, tetrahedrane, and expanded monocyclics and bicyclics were optimized at the HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels. The heats of formation of these systems were obtained from isodesmic equations at the HF/6-31G(d) level. Heats of formation were also calculated from Benson group equivalents. The strain energies of these expanded molecules were estimated by several independent methods. An adapted MM3 molecular mechanics force field, specifically parametrized to treat conjugated acetylene units, was employed for one measure of strain energy and as an additional method for structural analysis. Expanded dodecahedrane and icosahedrane were calculated by this method. Expanded molecules were considered structurally in the context of their potential material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Jarowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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45
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Nielsen MB, Diederich F. Conjugated Oligoenynes Based on the Diethynylethene Unit. Chem Rev 2005; 105:1837-67. [PMID: 15884791 DOI: 10.1021/cr9903353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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46
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Kabalka GW, Dong G, Venkataiah B. Synthesis of conjugated enediynes via palladium catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of potassium alkynyltrifluoroborates. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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47
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Abstract
Functional π-systems with unusual opto-electronic properties are intensively investigated from both fundamental research and technological application viewpoints. This article reports on novel π-conjugated systems obtained by acetylenic and fullerene scaffolding. Linearly conjugated acetylenic nanorods, consisting of monodisperse poly(triacetylene) (PTA) oligomers and extending up to 18 nm length, were prepared to investigate the limits of effective conjugation and to explore at which length a monodisperse oligomer reaches the properties of an infinite polydisperse polymer. With the cyanoethynylethenes (CEEs), a powerful new class of electron acceptors is introduced that undergo intense intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) interactions with appended donors. Macrocyclic scaffolds with unusual opto-electronic properties are perethynylated dehydroannulenes, expanded radialenes, and radiaannulenes bearing peripheral dialkylanilino donor groups. Extended porphyrin-fullerene conjugates are investigated for their novel photophysical and efficient multicharge storage properties. Self-assembly of fullerenes and porphyrins, governed by weak interactions between the two components, leads to unprecedented nanopatterned surfaces that are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM).
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Affiliation(s)
- François Diederich
- 1Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, HCI G313, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland and NCCR "Nanoscale Science", Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Auffrant A, Diederich F, Boudon C, Gisselbrecht JP, Gross M. Synthesis of 1,4-Diethynyl- and 1,1,4,4-Tetraethynylbutatrienes. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200490277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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49
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Steffen W, Laskoski M, Morton JG, Bunz UH. Synthesis of the first pentaethynylferrocene derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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50
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Gisselbrecht J, Moonen N, Boudon C, Nielsen M, Diederich F, Gross M. Redox Properties of Linear and Cyclic Scaffolds Based on Di‐ and Tetraethynylethene. European J Org Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200300797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐Paul Gisselbrecht
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, UMR 7512, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolle N. P. Moonen
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Hönggerberg, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Boudon
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, UMR 7512, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - François Diederich
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH‐Hönggerberg, Wolfgang‐Pauli‐Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Gross
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Chimie Physique du Corps Solide, UMR 7512, CNRS, Université Louis Pasteur, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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