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Horton BL, D’Souza AD, Zagorulya M, McCreery CV, Abhiraman GC, Picton L, Sheen A, Agarwal Y, Momin N, Wittrup KD, White FM, Garcia KC, Spranger S. Overcoming lung cancer immunotherapy resistance by combining nontoxic variants of IL-12 and IL-2. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172728. [PMID: 37669107 PMCID: PMC10619440 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineered cytokine-based approaches for immunotherapy of cancer are poised to enter the clinic, with IL-12 being at the forefront. However, little is known about potential mechanisms of resistance to cytokine therapies. We found that orthotopic murine lung tumors were resistant to systemically delivered IL-12 fused to murine serum albumin (MSA, IL12-MSA) because of low IL-12 receptor (IL-12R) expression on tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. IL2-MSA increased binding of IL12-MSA by tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells, and combined administration of IL12-MSA and IL2-MSA led to enhanced tumor-reactive CD8+ T cell effector differentiation, decreased numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD4+ regulatory T cells, and increased survival of lung tumor-bearing mice. Predictably, the combination of IL-2 and IL-12 at therapeutic doses led to significant dose-limiting toxicity. Administering IL-12 and IL-2 analogs with preferential binding to cells expressing Il12rb1 and CD25, respectively, led to a significant extension of survival in mice with lung tumors while abrogating dose-limiting toxicity. These findings suggest that IL-12 and IL-2 represent a rational approach to combination cytokine therapy whose dose-limiting toxicity can be overcome with engineered cytokine variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L. Horton
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alicia D. D’Souza
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- MIT-Harvard Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Zagorulya
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Gita C. Abhiraman
- Program in Immunology
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
| | - Lora Picton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allison Sheen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - Noor Momin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - K. Dane Wittrup
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Forest M. White
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering and
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, and
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stefani Spranger
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Fernando R, Atkins SJ, Smith TJ. Slit2 May Underlie Divergent Induction by Thyrotropin of IL-23 and IL-12 in Human Fibrocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1724-1735. [PMID: 32086386 PMCID: PMC7365299 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
IL-23 and IL-12, two structurally related heterodimeric cytokines sharing a common subunit, divergently promote Th cell development and expansion. Both cytokines have been implicated in the pathogenesis of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), an autoimmune component of Graves disease. In TAO, CD34+ fibrocytes, putatively derived from bone marrow, can be identified in the orbit. There they masquerade as CD34+ orbital fibroblasts (OF) (CD34+ OF) and cohabitate with CD34- OF in a mixed fibroblast population (GD-OF). Slit2, a neural axon repellent, is expressed and released by CD34- OF and dampens the inflammatory phenotype of fibrocytes and CD34+ OF. In this study we report that thyrotropin (TSH) and the pathogenic, GD-specific monoclonal autoantibody, M22, robustly induce IL-23 in human fibrocytes; however, IL-12 expression is essentially undetectable in these cells under basal conditions or following TSH-stimulation. In contrast, IL-12 is considerably more inducible in GD-OF, cells failing to express IL-23. This divergent expression and induction of cytokines appears to result from cell type-specific regulation of both gene transcription and mRNA stabilities. It appears that the JNK pathway activity divergently attenuates IL-23p19 expression while enhancing that of IL-12p35. The shift from IL-23p19 expression in fibrocytes to that of IL-12p35 in their derivative CD34+ OF results from the actions of Slit2. Thus, Slit2 might represent a molecular determinant of balance between IL-23 and IL-12 expression, potentially governing immune responses in TAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshini Fernando
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Stephen J Atkins
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105; and
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105
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3
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Burke JD, Young HA. IFN-γ: A cytokine at the right time, is in the right place. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101280. [PMID: 31221552 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interferon gamma has long been studied as a critical mediator of tumor immunity. In recent years, the complexity of cellular interactions that take place in the tumor microenvironment has become better appreciated in the context of immunotherapy. While checkpoint inhibitors have dramatically improved remission rates in cancer treatment, IFN-γ and related effectors continue to be identified as strong predictors of treatment success. In this review, we provide an overview of the multiple immunosuppressive barriers that IFN-γ has to overcome to eliminate tumors, and potential avenues for modulating the immune response in favor of tumor rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Burke
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA.
| | - Howard A Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
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4
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Dai SX, Wu G, Zou Y, Feng YL, Liu HB, Feng JS, Chi HG, Lv RX, Zheng XB. Balance of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes is vital for patients with ulcerative colitis. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:88-96. [PMID: 22851040 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-012-2327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune balances are important for many diseases including ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to explore the role of the balance between CD8+ CD28+ and CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes for the immunological pathogenesis of UC. METHODS Sixteen patients with UC, 16 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and 15 healthy volunteers were enrolled. The frequencies of CD8+ CD28+ and CD8+CD28- T lymphocytes in peripheral blood and colon tissue were tested using flow cytometry and immunofluorescent, respectively. The cytokines of the two lymphocytes were detected by protein chips and ELISA. The expression of the signal transducers, the JAK3 and STAT6, as well the transcription factors, the NFATc2 and GATA3, was all detected by both western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS For UC patients, the frequencies of CD8+ CD28+ T lymphocytes, together with the ratios of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes in blood and colon tissue, were significantly lower than those in both IBS patients and healthy volunteers. But the frequencies of CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes in blood and colon tissue of the UC patients were significantly higher than the other two groups. The concentration of IL-7 and -13, and the expression of JAK3 and STAT6 in UC patients, were significantly lower when compared with the other two groups. Conversely, the concentration of IL-12p40 and -15, and the expression of GATA3 and NFATc2 in UC patients, were significantly higher than both IBS and control group. CONCLUSIONS The balance of CD8+ CD28+ / CD8+ CD28- T lymphocytes plays a vital role in UC, while the balance tilt towards CD8+ CD28+ T lymphocytes is beneficial for patients with UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Xue Dai
- Emergency Department of Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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5
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Finley SD, Gupta D, Cheng N, Klinke DJ. Inferring relevant control mechanisms for interleukin-12 signaling in naïve CD4+ T cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:100-10. [PMID: 20479776 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine involved in shaping the cell-mediated immunity to intracellular pathogens. IL-12 initiates a cellular response through the IL-12 signaling pathway, a member of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) family of signaling networks. The JAK/STAT pathway includes several regulatory elements; however, the dynamics of these mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to infer the relative importance of regulatory mechanisms that modulate the activation of STAT4 in naïve CD4(+) T cells. Dynamic changes in protein expression and activity were measured using flow cytometry and these data were used to calibrate a mathematical model of IL-12 signaling. An empirical Bayesian approach was used to infer the relative strengths of the different regulatory mechanisms in the system. The model predicted that IL-12 receptor expression is regulated by a dynamic, autonomous program that was independent of STAT4 activation. In summary, a mathematical model of the canonical IL-12 signaling pathway used in conjunction with a Bayesian framework provided high-confidence predictions of the system-specific control mechanisms from the available experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey D Finley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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6
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Loss of Jak2 selectively suppresses DC-mediated innate immune response and protects mice from lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9593. [PMID: 20231889 PMCID: PMC2834745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of Jak2 in cell signaling, a critical role for Jak2 in immune cells especially dendritic cells (DCs) has long been proposed. The exact function for Jak2 in DCs, however, remained poorly understood as Jak2 deficiency leads to embryonic lethality. Here we established Jak2 deficiency in adult Cre(+/+)Jak2(fl/fl) mice by tamoxifen induction. Loss of Jak2 significantly impaired DC development as manifested by reduced BMDC yield, smaller spleen size and reduced percentage of DCs in total splenocytes. Jak2 was also crucial for the capacity of DCs to mediate innate immune response. Jak2(-/-) DCs were less potent in response to inflammatory stimuli and showed reduced capacity to secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-12. As a result, Jak2(-/-) mice were defective for the early clearance of Listeria after infection. However, their potency to mediate adaptive immune response was not affected. Unlike DCs, Jak2(-/-) macrophages showed similar capacity secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that Jak2 selectively modulates innate immune response in a DC-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, Jak2(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock, a deadly sepsis characterized by the excessive innate immune response, and adoptive transfer of normal DCs restored their susceptibility to LPS-induced septic shock. Mechanistic studies revealed that Jak2/SATA5 signaling is pivotal for DC development and maturation, while the capacity for DCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by both Jak2/STAT5 and Jak2/STAT6 signaling.
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7
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Wei J, DeAngulo G, Sun W, Hussain SF, Vasquez H, Jordan J, Weinberg J, Wolff J, Koshkina N, Heimberger AB. Topotecan enhances immune clearance of gliomas. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:259-70. [PMID: 18594817 PMCID: PMC11030728 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Despite aggressive surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is refractory to therapy, recurs quickly, and results in a median survival time of only 14 months. The modulation of the apoptotic receptor Fas with cytotoxic agents could potentiate the response to therapy. However, Fas ligand (FasL) is not expressed in the brain and therefore this Fas-inducing cell death mechanism cannot be utilized. Vaccination of patients with gliomas has shown promising responses. In animal studies, brain tumors of vaccinated mice were infiltrated with activated T cells. Since activated immune cells express FasL, we hypothesized that combination of immunotherapy with chemotherapy can activate Fas signaling, which could be responsible for a synergistic or additive effect of the combination. When we treated the human glioma cell line U-87 and GBM tumor cells isolated from patients with TPT, Fas was up regulated. Subsequent administration of soluble Fas ligand (sFasL) to treated cells significantly increased their cell death indicating that these Fas receptors were functional. Similar effect was observed when CD3(+) T cells were used as a source of the FasL, indicating that the up regulated Fas expression on glioma cells increases their susceptibility to cytotoxic T cell killing. This additive effect was not observed when glioma cells were pre-treated with temozolomide, which was unable to increase Fas expression in tumor. Inhibition of FasL activity with the antagonistic antibody Nok-1 mitigated these effects confirming that these responses were specifically mediated by the Fas-FasL interaction. Furthermore, the CD3(+) T cells co-cultured with topotecan treated U-87 and autologous GBM tumor cells showed a significant increase in expression in IFN-gamma, a key cytokine produced by activated T cells, and accordingly enhanced tumor cytotoxicity. Based on our data we conclude that drugs, such as topotecan, which cause up regulation of Fas on glioma cells can be potentially exploited with immunotherapy to enhance immune clearance of tumors via Fas signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Guillermo DeAngulo
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit 87, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sakina F. Hussain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Hernan Vasquez
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit 87, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Justin Jordan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Jeffery Weinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Johannes Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit 87, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Nadya Koshkina
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit 87, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Amy B. Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Unit 442, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030 USA
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8
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Diehl L, Schurich A, Grochtmann R, Hegenbarth S, Chen L, Knolle PA. Tolerogenic maturation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promotes B7-homolog 1-dependent CD8+ T cell tolerance. Hepatology 2008; 47:296-305. [PMID: 17975811 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are unique organ-resident antigen-presenting cells capable of cross-presentation and subsequent tolerization of naïve CD8(+) T cells. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this tolerance induction in naive CD8(+) T cells. MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation by LSEC led to initial stimulation of naïve CD8(+) T cells, which up-regulated CD69, CD25, CD44, and programmed death (PD)-1 and proliferated similar to dendritic cell (DC)-activated CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, cognate interaction with naïve CD8(+) T cells triggered increased expression of co-inhibitory B7-H1 but not co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules exclusively on LSEC but not DC. This matured phenotype of B7-H1(high) CD80/86(low) was critical for induction of CD8(+) T cell tolerance by LSEC: B7-H1-deficient LSEC, that failed to interact with PD-1 on stimulated T cells, were incapable of inducing CD8(+) T cell tolerance. Moreover, increased costimulation via CD28 interfered with tolerance induction, indicating that the noninducible low expression levels of CD80/86 on LSEC supported B7-H1-dependent tolerance induction. LSEC-tolerized CD8(+) T cells had a distinctive phenotype from naïve and activated T cells with CD25(low), CD44(high), CD62L(high). They also expressed the homeostatic cytokine receptors CD127, CD122, and high levels of Bcl-2, indicating survival rather than deletion of tolerant CD8(+) T cells. On adoptive transfer into congenic animals, tolerized CD8(+) T cells failed to show specific cytotoxicity in vivo. CONCLUSION Cognate interaction of LSEC with naïve CD8(+) T cells elicits a unique tolerogenic maturation of LSEC and permissiveness of T cells for tolerogenic signals, demonstrating that LSEC-induced tolerance is an active and dynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Diehl
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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9
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Watanabe M, Watanabe S, Hara Y, Harada Y, Kubo M, Tanabe K, Toma H, Abe R. ICOS-mediated costimulation on Th2 differentiation is achieved by the enhancement of IL-4 receptor-mediated signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:1989-96. [PMID: 15699127 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ICOS is the third member of the CD28 family molecules and plays a critical role in many T cell-dependent immune responses. Although accumulated data suggest that ICOS costimulatory signals play an important role in Th2-mediated immune responses, the molecular basis for this selective differentiation mechanism is largely unknown. To clarify this mechanism, we used DO11.10 TCR transgenic ICOS-/- mice and evaluated the nature of ICOS costimulatory signals during the process of Ag-specific activation and differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells. Results obtained from these experiments demonstrated that Ag stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells in the absence of an ICOS signal resulted in impaired Th2 development. Unlike previous reports, we found that primary IL-4 production by these T cells was intact and that IL-4R sensitivity of these T cells was reduced as evidenced by a profound defect in IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation and the early induction of GATA-3. The fact that ICOS ligation of wild-type T cells significantly enhanced IL-4-induced Stat6 phosphorylation and primary GATA-3 induction, but not IL-4 transcription, of naive CD4+ T cells was consistent with the results obtained from ICOS-/- T cell experiments. These observations led us to propose that the predominant effect of ICOS-mediated costimulation on Th2 differentiation is achieved by the enhancement of IL-4R-mediated signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- GATA3 Transcription Factor
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/physiology
- Repressor Proteins/physiology
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/immunology
- STAT6 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 3 Protein
- Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/physiology
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Watanabe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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10
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Acuto O, Michel F. CD28-mediated co-stimulation: a quantitative support for TCR signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 3:939-51. [PMID: 14647476 DOI: 10.1038/nri1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 504] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oreste Acuto
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 25 Rue du Dr Roux, Cedex 15, 75724 Paris, France.
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11
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Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3:133-46. [PMID: 12563297 DOI: 10.1038/nri1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2734] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), favours the differentiation of T helper 1 (T(H)1) cells and forms a link between innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Dendritic cells (DCs) and phagocytes produce IL-12 in response to pathogens during infection. Production of IL-12 is dependent on differential mechanisms of regulation of expression of the genes encoding IL-12, patterns of Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and cross-regulation between the different DC subsets, involving cytokines such as IL-10 and type I IFN. Recent data, however, argue against an absolute requirement for IL-12 for T(H)1 responses. Our understanding of the relative roles of IL-12 and other factors in T(H)1-type maturation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is discussed here, including the participation in this process of IL-23 and IL-27, two recently discovered members of the new family of heterodimeric cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Trinchieri
- Laboratory for Immunological Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 27 Chemin des Peupliers, B.P. 11, 69571 Dardilly, France.
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12
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Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003. [DOI: 10.1038/nri1001 'a=0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Valenzuela J, Schmidt C, Mescher M. The roles of IL-12 in providing a third signal for clonal expansion of naive CD8 T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:6842-9. [PMID: 12471116 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of an effective in vitro or in vivo response by naive CD8 T cells requires three signals: TCR engagement, costimulation/IL-2, and a third signal that can be provided by IL-12. In addition to being required for acquisition of cytolytic function, IL-12 is required for optimal IL-2-dependent proliferation and clonal expansion. In experiments examining in vitro stimulation of naive CD8 T cells, IL-12 is shown to stimulate expression of the IL-2R alpha-chain (CD25) to much higher levels than are reached in response to just TCR and costimulation and/or IL-2. In addition, high CD25 expression is substantially prolonged in the presence of IL-12. As a consequence, the cells proliferate more effectively in response to low levels of IL-2. Examination of adoptively transferred TCR transgenic CD8 T cells responding to peptide Ag confirmed that IL-12 up-regulates CD25 in vivo, even when B7-mediated costimulation is largely blocked. TCR- and IL-2-dependent proliferation of CD8 T cells from mice deficient in CD25 was also found to increase in the presence of IL-12, indicating that CD25 up-regulation is not the only mechanism by which IL-12 increases clonal expansion of the cells. IL-2 and IL-12 both act to increase expression of both CD25 and the IL-12R, thus providing positive cross-regulation of receptor expression. These results suggest that when cross-priming dendritic cells present class I/Ag and costimulatory ligands, and produce IL-12, naive CD8 T cells will begin to produce IL-2 and both receptors will be optimally up-regulated to insure that an effective response is generated.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Synergism
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interphase/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Valenzuela
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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McDyer JF, Li Z, John S, Yu X, Wu CY, Ragheb JA. IL-2 receptor blockade inhibits late, but not early, IFN-gamma and CD40 ligand expression in human T cells: disruption of both IL-12-dependent and -independent pathways of IFN-gamma production. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2736-46. [PMID: 12193748 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
mAbs directed against the alpha-chain (Tac/CD25) of the IL-2R are an emerging therapy in both transplantation and autoimmune disease. However, the mechanisms underlying their therapeutic efficacy have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we examined the effect of IL-2R blockade on Th1 and Th2 cytokine production from human PBMC. Addition of a humanized anti-Tac Ab (HAT) to activated PBMC cultures inhibited IFN-gamma production from CD4 and CD8 T cells by 80-90%. HAT partially inhibited production of TNF-alpha and completely inhibited production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Furthermore, IL-12, a central regulatory cytokine that induces IFN-gamma, was undetectable in treated cultures. As T cell-dependent induction of IL-12 is regulated via CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40L) interactions, we examined the effect of HAT on CD40L expression. We found CD40L expression to be biphasic with an early (6 h) peak that is CD28/IL-2-independent, but a later peak (48 h) being CD28/IL-2-dependent and inhibited by HAT. Similarly, IFN-gamma production at 6 h was CD28/IL-2-independent but CD28/IL-2-dependent and inhibited by HAT at 48 h. Nonetheless, addition of rCD40L or exogenous IL-12 to HAT-treated cultures could not restore IFN-gamma production. The IFN-gamma deficit in such cultures appears to be due to a direct inhibition by HAT of IL-12-independent IFN-gamma production from T cells rather than altered expression of either the IL-12Rbeta1 or IL-12Rbeta2 chains. These data demonstrate that IL-2 plays a critical role in the regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses and impacts both IL-12-dependent and -independent IFN-gamma production.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- CD28 Antigens/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD40 Ligand/biosynthesis
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Daclizumab
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-12/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-12/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Janus Kinase 3
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/enzymology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Milk Proteins
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-12
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/physiology
- STAT5 Transcription Factor
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- John F McDyer
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sun K, Jin BQ, Feng Q, Zhu Y, Yang K, Liu XS, Dong BQ. Identification of CD226 ligand on colo205 cell surface. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:108-13. [PMID: 11833083 PMCID: PMC4656598 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i1.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To confirm the existence of CD226 ligand and its distribution, which is a novel molecule that was cloned in 1996.
METHODS: The mRNA was extracted from TPA activated Jurkat cells and used as a template for reverse-transcription. After PCR amplification, the fragment including CD226 extracellular region and the splice donor sequence “ACTTACCTGT” was obtained and cloned into fusion expression vector pIG. The recombinant vector pCD226/Ig was transfected in COS-7 cells by DEAE-Dextran method, the secreting fusion protein was identified by Sandwich ELISA, and was purified by anti-CD226 affinity chromatography. This fusion protein was used as a probe in the investigation of CD226 ligand by immunohistochemistry. Existence of CD226 ligand was further identified by adhesion experiment.
RESULTS: Expression of a secreting fusion protein was identified by sandwich ELISA, indicating that both CD226 extracellular domain and IgGFc domain could be recognized respectively by anti-CD226 and anti-hIgFc mAb. About 130 μg CD226/Ig fusion protein could be obtained from 100 mL COS-7 culture supernatants by anti-CD226 affinity chromatography purification. SDS-PAGE showed that this fusion protein has a molecular mass of 83 ku. It was confirmed by immunohistochemistry that CD226 ligand expressed on the Colo205 cells, but not on Jurkat cell, U937 cell and mixed lymphocyte culture cells. In adhesive assay, resting Jurkat cells did not have significant adhesion to Colo205 cells. In contrast, activated Jurkat cells could bind to colon carcinoma Colo205 cells and this adhesive reaction could be blocked by CD226/Ig fusion protein or anti-CD226 mAb. Immunochemical experiment showed that Colo205 cells could be specifically stained by CD226/Ig, indicating that CD226 ligand exists on the surface of Colo205 cells.
CONCLUSION: Existence of CD226 ligand on the surface of Colo205 cells was identified by immunohistochemistry and adhesion blocking experiment. In addition, the secreting CD226/Ig fusion protein prepared in this study will be a potential tool for further investigation of CD226 ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi province, China.
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