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Farhadi SA, Fettis MM, Liu R, Hudalla GA. A Synthetic Tetramer of Galectin-1 and Galectin-3 Amplifies Pro-apoptotic Signaling by Integrating the Activity of Both Galectins. Front Chem 2020; 7:898. [PMID: 31998689 PMCID: PMC6966408 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-1 (G1) and galectin-3 (G3) are carbohydrate-binding proteins that can signal apoptosis in T cells. We recently reported that a synthetic tetramer with two G1 and two G3 domains ("G1/G3 Zipper") induces Jurkat T cell death more potently than G1. The pro-apoptotic signaling pathway of G1/G3 Zipper was not elucidated, but we hypothesized based on prior work that the G1 domains acted as the signaling units, while the G3 domains served as anchors that increase glycan-binding affinity. To test this, here we studied the involvement of different cell membrane glycoproteins and intracellular mediators in pro-apoptotic signaling via G1/G3 Zipper, G1, and G3. G1/G3 Zipper induced Jurkat T cell death more potently than G1 and G3 alone or in combination. G1/G3 Zipper, G1, and G3 increased caspase-8 activity, yet only G1 and G3 depended on it to induce cell death. G3 increased caspase-3 activity more than G1/G3 Zipper and G1, while all three galectin variants required it to induce cell death. JNK activation had similar roles downstream of G1/G3 Zipper, G1, and G3, whereas ERK had differing roles. CD45 was essential for G1 activity, and was involved in signaling via G1/G3 Zipper and G3. CD7 inhibited G1/G3 Zipper activity at low galectin concentrations but not at high galectin concentrations. In contrast, CD7 was necessary for G1 and G3 signaling at low galectin concentration but antagonistic at high galectin concentrations. Collectively, these observations suggest that G1/G3 Zipper amplifies pro-apoptotic signaling through the integrated activity of both the G1 and G3 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaheen A Farhadi
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Margaret M Fettis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Renjie Liu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Gregory A Hudalla
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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2
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Galectin-3: its role in asthma and potential as an anti-inflammatory target. Respir Res 2013; 14:136. [PMID: 24313993 PMCID: PMC3878924 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-14-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins constitute an evolutionary conserved family that bind to β-galactosides. Increasing evidence shows that galectins are involved in many fundamental biological processes such as cellular communication, inflammation, differentiation and apoptosis. Changes in galectin-3 (Gal-3) expression are commonly seen in cancer and pre-cancerous conditions, and Gal-3 may be involved in the regulation of diverse cancer cell activities that contribute to tumourigenesis, cancer progression and metastasis. In addition, Gal-3 is a pro-inflammatory regulator in rheumatoid arthritis. Gal-3 has been shown to be involved in many aspects in allergic inflammation, such as eosinophil recruitment, airway remodeling, development of a Th2 phenotype as well as increased expression of inflammatory mediators. In an in vivo model it was shown that bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid from ovalbumin-challenged mice contained significantly higher levels of Gal-3 compared to control mice. The molecular mechanisms of Gal-3 in human asthma have not been fully elucidated. This review will focus on what is known about the Gal-3 and its role in the pathophysiological mechanisms of asthma to evaluate the potential of Gal-3 as a biomarker and therapeutic target of asthma.
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Yang H, Taylor HS, Lei C, Cheng C, Zhang W. Hormonal Regulation of Galectin 3 in Trophoblasts and Its Effects on Endometrium. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:1118-27. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111407212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hugh S. Taylor
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caixia Lei
- Shanghai Ji Ai Genetics and IVF China-USA Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Tegtmeyer N, Hartig R, Delahay RM, Rohde M, Brandt S, Conradi J, Takahashi S, Smolka AJ, Sewald N, Backert S. A small fibronectin-mimicking protein from bacteria induces cell spreading and focal adhesion formation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:23515-26. [PMID: 20507990 PMCID: PMC2906342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibronectin, a 250-kDa eukaryotic extracellular matrix protein containing an RGD motif plays crucial roles in cell-cell communication, development, tissue homeostasis, and disease development. The highly complex fibrillar fibronectin meshwork orchestrates the functions of other extracellular matrix proteins, promoting cell adhesion, migration, and intracellular signaling. Here, we demonstrate that CagL, a 26-kDa protein of the gastric pathogen and type I carcinogen Helicobacter pylori, mimics fibronectin in various cellular functions. Like fibronectin, CagL contains a RGD motif and is located on the surface of the bacterial type IV secretion pili as previously shown. CagL binds to the integrin receptor alpha(5)beta(1) and mediates the injection of virulence factors into host target cells. We show that purified CagL alone can directly trigger intracellular signaling pathways upon contact with mammalian cells and can complement the spreading defect of fibronectin(-/-) knock-out cells in vitro. During interaction with various human and mouse cell lines, CagL mimics fibronectin in triggering cell spreading, focal adhesion formation, and activation of several tyrosine kinases in an RGD-dependent manner. Among the activated factors are the nonreceptor tyrosine kinases focal adhesion kinase and Src but also the epidermal growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor family member Her3/ErbB3. Interestingly, fibronectin activates a similar range of tyrosine kinases but not Her3/ErbB3. These findings suggest that the bacterial protein CagL not only exhibits functional mimicry with fibronectin but is also capable of activating fibronectin-independent signaling events. We thus postulate that CagL may contribute directly to H. pylori pathogenesis by promoting aberrant signaling cross-talk within host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Tegtmeyer
- From the
University College Dublin, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Ardmore House, Belfield Campus, Dublin 4, Ireland
- the Departments of
Microbiology and
| | - Roland Hartig
- Immunology, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robin M. Delahay
- the
Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Rohde
- the
Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Inhoffen Strasse 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Jens Conradi
- the
Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Seiichiro Takahashi
- the
Department of Molecular Medicine, Max-Planck-Institute for Biochemistry, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany, and
| | - Adam J. Smolka
- the
Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Norbert Sewald
- the
Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- From the
University College Dublin, School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, Ardmore House, Belfield Campus, Dublin 4, Ireland
- the Departments of
Microbiology and
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Autenrieth SE, Autenrieth IB. Yersinia enterocolitica: subversion of adaptive immunity and implications for vaccine development. Int J Med Microbiol 2007; 298:69-77. [PMID: 17702651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric Yersinia spp. invade Peyer's patches, disseminate to lymphoid tissues, and induce mucosal and systemic immune responses. Many virulence factors of Yersinia enterocolitica have been investigated in detail and were found to act on host cells involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Recent work explored as to whether attenuated Y. enterocolitica or recombinant components of Y. enterocolitica can be used as tools for vaccination. We and others have tested whether by means of the type three secretion system in attenuated Y. enterocolitica strains antigens might be delivered to antigen-presenting cells in order to induce CD8 and CD4 T cell responses. Alternatively, recombinant components of Y. enterocolitica such as invasin protein which binds to beta1 integrins of host cells have been tested for their ability to target antigen along with microparticles (fused to invasin) to antigen-presenting cells and to act as adjuvant. The work summarized in this article demonstrates that Y. enterocolitica and its components might be useful tools for novel vaccination strategies; in fact, invasin when fused to antigen and coated to microparticles might induce both CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. Likewise, attenuated Y. enterocolitica live carrier strains were reported to induce both CD8 and some CD4 T cell responses. However, we need to know more about how Y. enterocolitica subverts functions of antigen-presenting cells in order to design mutants with optimized antigen delivery features and deletion in those virulence factor that contribute to subversion of innate or adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella E Autenrieth
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Strasse 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Abstract
The pathogenicity of many bacteria colonizing the gastrointestinal tract often depends on their ability to gain access to cells that are normally non-phagocytic. Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of over half the world population and is the main cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. It is generally considered to be a non-invasive pathogen present only in the lumen of the stomach and attached to gastric epithelial cells although a number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that H. pylori is in fact invasive. In addition, H. pylori can repopulate the extracellular environment after complete elimination of extracellular bacteria with gentamicin, suggesting it may be considered a facultative intracellular bacterium. This review examines the validity of these observations and describes the evidence suggesting that the intracellular presence of H. pylori plays a role in the induction of diseases, in immune evasion, and in life-long persistence of the bacterium in the stomach of a majority of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Dubois
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal and Liver Studies, Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799, USA.
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Stillman BN, Hsu DK, Pang M, Brewer CF, Johnson P, Liu FT, Baum LG. Galectin-3 and galectin-1 bind distinct cell surface glycoprotein receptors to induce T cell death. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:778-89. [PMID: 16393961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of mammalian beta-galactoside-binding proteins that positively and negatively regulate T cell death. Extracellular galectin-1 directly induces death of T cells and thymocytes, while intracellular galectin-3 blocks T cell death. In contrast to the antiapoptotic function of intracellular galectin-3, we demonstrate that extracellular galectin-3 directly induces death of human thymocytes and T cells. However, events in galectin-3- and galectin-1-induced cell death differ in a number of ways. Thymocyte subsets demonstrate different susceptibility to the two galectins: whereas galectin-1 kills double-negative and double-positive human thymocytes with equal efficiency, galectin-3 preferentially kills double-negative thymocytes. Galectin-3 binds to a complement of T cell surface glycoprotein receptors distinct from that recognized by galectin-1. Of these glycoprotein receptors, CD45 and CD71, but not CD29 and CD43, appear to be involved in galectin-3-induced T cell death. In addition, CD7 that is required for galectin-1-induced death is not required for death triggered by galectin-3. Following galectin-3 binding, CD45 remains uniformly distributed on the cell surface, in contrast to the CD45 clustering induced by galectin-1. Thus, extracellular galectin-3 and galectin-1 induce death of T cells through distinct cell surface events. However, as galectin-3 and galectin-1 cell death are neither additive nor synergistic, the two death pathways may converge inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N Stillman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Superti F, Pietrantoni A, Di Biase AM, Longhi C, Valenti P, Tinari A. Inv-mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells infected with enteropathogenic Yersinia: A protective effect of lactoferrin. Res Microbiol 2005; 156:728-37. [PMID: 15950128 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia spp., Gram-negative bacteria infecting animals and humans, contain plasmid and chromosomal genes coding for different virulence factors, of which outer membrane proteins are the most important. Among these, the inv gene product allows bacterial adherence and penetration of cells exposed at the intestinal lumen surface, and subsequent colonization of lymph nodes. In this research, we have studied the effects of bovine lactoferrin (bLf) on Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis Inv-mediated interactions with epithelial cells. In particular, we analyzed bLf activity toward adhesion, invasion, and cell death induction by Yersinia spp. and the Escherichia coli HB101 (pRI203) strain (expressing the cloned Yersinia inv gene). Results showed that bLf was ineffective in bacterial adhesivity and invasivity whereas it inhibited apoptosis with a dose-dependent relationship. As epithelial cell apoptosis helps enteropathogenic Yersinia to attack the host and to gain access to the tissue, our results demonstrate a new potential antimicrobial application for bLf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Superti
- Department of Technology and Health, National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Conant K, St Hillaire C, Nagase H, Visse R, Gary D, Haughey N, Anderson C, Turchan J, Nath A. Matrix metalloproteinase 1 interacts with neuronal integrins and stimulates dephosphorylation of Akt. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:8056-62. [PMID: 14679206 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m307051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are cytotoxic. The responsible mechanisms, however, are not well understood. MMPs may promote cytotoxicity through their ability to disrupt or degrade matrix proteins that support cell survival, and MMPs may also cleave substrates to generate molecules that stimulate cell death. In addition, MMPs may themselves act on cell surface receptors that affect cell survival. Among such receptors is the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin, a complex that has previously been linked to leukocyte death. In the present study we show that human neurons express alpha(2)beta(1) and that pro-MMP-1 interacts with this integrin complex. We also show that stimulation of neuronal cultures with MMP-1 is associated with a rapid reduction in the phosphorylation of Akt, a kinase that can influence caspase activity and cell survival. Moreover, MMP-1-associated dephosphorylation of Akt is inhibited by a blocking antibody to the alpha(2) integrin, but not by batimastat, an inhibitor of MMP-1 enzymatic activity. Such dephosphorylation is also stimulated by a catalytic mutant of pro-MMP-1. Additional studies show that MMP-1 causes neuronal death, which is significantly diminished by both a general caspase inhibitor and anti-alpha(2) but not by batimastat. Together, these results suggest that MMP-1 can stimulate dephosphorylation of Akt and neuronal death through a non-proteolytic mechanism that involves changes in integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Conant
- Departments of Neurology and Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Grassl GA, Bohn E, Müller Y, Bühler OT, Autenrieth IB. Interaction of Yersinia enterocolitica with epithelial cells: invasin beyond invasion. Int J Med Microbiol 2003; 293:41-54. [PMID: 12755365 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chromosomally encoded inv gene product is an outer membrane protein that is functionally expressed in the enteropathogenic Yersinia species Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Invasin protein is a high-affinity ligand for beta1 integrins and especially important in the early phase of intestinal infection for efficient translocation through the M cells located in the follicle-associated epithelium overlying the Peyer's patches. In addition to bacterial internalization, Yersinia invasin mediates proinflammatory epithelial cell reactions. Epithelial cells exhibit immunological functions including production of cytokines thereby signaling to the immune system the presence of invasive or pathogenic bacteria. Several other enteropathogenic bacteria also induce cytokine production in epithelial cells. However, the signaling pathways by which this reaction is accomplished differ for various pathogens. Binding of invasin-expressing Yersinia to beta1 integrin receptors of epithelial cells induces activation of a signal cascade involving Rac1, MAP kinases, activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and the subsequent production of chemotactic cytokines. The Yersinia invasin-triggered inflammatory epithelial cell reaction may lead to the recruitment of phagocytes followed by tissue disruption which may be part of the strategy of the pathogen to promote its dissemination in the host tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntram A Grassl
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen, Elfriede-Aulhorn-Str. 6, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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MacDonald TT, Frankel G, Dougan G, Goncalves NS, Simmons C. Host defences to Citrobacter rodentium. Int J Med Microbiol 2003; 293:87-93. [PMID: 12755369 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4221-00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural non-invasive bacterial pathogen which infects the distal colon of mice. It uses the same molecular mechanisms of type III secretion as human enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli to colonise the epithelial cells of the gut and is therefore an ideal model to study host-bacterial pathogen interactions in vivo. Infection elicits mucosal inflammation with similarities to inflammatory bowel disease, and so it is a readily accessible model to investigate the relationship between inflammation and anti-bacterial immunity in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T MacDonald
- Division of Infection, Inflammation and Repair, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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